Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Direct estimation of Hydrocarbon in place of JAKS

Offshore Field, Niger Delta using empirical formulae
Technique
*Osaki, L.J.1, Itiowe, K.2, Mgbeojedo, T.I.2, Agoha, C.C.3, Onwubuariri, C.N.4, Okoro, E.M.5
1
(Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara Mokin, Ondo state, Nigeria)
2
(Department of Earth Sciences, Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Cross River State)
2
(Geotechnical Department, Arab Center for Engineering Studies, Doha Qatar)
3
(Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria)
4
(Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria)
5
(Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka)

Abstract:- The 3D seismic intėrpretation and bbls / STB . The primary extraction reserve is
petrophysical assessment of thė JAKS oil field in the 20,381,028.23 barrels, which can be extracted with a
Niger Dėlta was successfully carried out by performing a primary extraction factor of 10%. The Empirical
comprehensive structural analysis, reservoir delineation forecast approach for hydrocarbon in place is a
and volumetric assessment of the field using seismic substitute and reliable remedial method pending a
data, drilling logs and empirical formulas. The work was qualitative 3D geostatic model technique.
carried out in two stages; seismic data interpretation and
petrophysical data analysis. These phases are combined Keywords: - Empirical formulae technique, Porosity,
to evaluate the hydrocarbon reserves of the reservoir Permeability, Hydrogen Saturation, Primary Recovery.
using the empirical formula approach. The methodology
includes the delineation of lithology from the gamma ray I. INTRODUCTION
log, the identification of reservoir fluid types from the
resistivity and the neutron / density combination log, Hydrocarbon exploration becomes more complex and
borehole correlation, horizon and fault mapping from expensive. As most of the prospect zones are drilled
seismic data, determination of petrophysical parameters especially onshore, hydrocarbon exploration and production
from empirical equations. The reservoirs' original require further innovation and creativity. This is because a
hydrocarbon stocks were also assessed based on the substantial reserve can only be developed and produced
weighted averages of porosity, water saturation, gross once and mistakes can be tragic and wasteful. In mature oil
rock volume and net to gross ratio. The research shows a provinces, where exploration and production strategies
deep structure map with massive, NNW running merge, a comprehensive understanding of petrophysical
anticline, with four associated fold-related synthetic and properties in reservoir systems can be critical to reservoir
antithetical normal faults (F1, F2, F3, F4); understand management practices (AAPG Bulletin, 2005). A well-
that they were folded and faulted by localized understood reservoir will ultimately result in a well-
overburden stresses resulting from a combination of managed field, therefore, effectively identifying the fluid
differential loading on the deep-seated overpressure- present within the reservoir, predicting petrophysical
ductile beneath compacted marine Akata shale and the parameters, accurately modeling and estimating the volume
gravitational collapse of the Niger Delta continental of reserves in the reservoir will help a successful
slope due to the inflow of sediments. The petrophysical exploitation of hydrocarbons.
analyzes have shown that the mean porosity value of the
deposit sand units is in the range of 25, -31%, the mean 3D geostatistical model approach is no doubt
permeability values of the deposit sand units are in the represents the reservoir as accurately as possible in
range of 61-1452 mD, the mean slate volume in the range calculating reserves, which is the uttermost successful
of 20.5-38.6% lies. The water saturation and system to recover the greatest amount of oil economically,
hydrocarbon content of the reservoirs ranged from 15 to according to several authors Lucia and Fogg (1990), Lake et
41% and 59 to 85%, respectively. The results of the al. (1991). However, the empirical formulae technique gives
study show that the field has good structural and preliminary understanding and a constraint validation to the
petrophysical parameters for hydrocarbon potential and formal. it is a source of remedial support for developmental
enables hydrocarbon production. The average Original appraisal. This quantitative research work idėntifies and
Oil in Place (OOIP), which is calculated using the characterizės the different units in the arėa of study in
empirical formula method with the petrophysical addition to the hydrocarbon in place of the JAKS field by
parameter, is 29 bbls / STB, while the Stock Tank Oil In the synergetic approach of seismic interpretation and
Place (STOIP), the oil volume after production, is 22 empirical formulae techniques from rock petrophysical

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 602

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
properties evaluation of the well logs. This flexibility can be wedges. The Akada Formation is from the Paleocene to the
used to assess the result of the various three-dimensional Pliocene, and is a basal layer composed mainly of marine
geological model layout that contribute to streamlining a shales, which is the main source rock of the basin. The
field development plan. Agbada Formation is composed of alternating sands and
shale, and it’s Eocene to Quaternary of age, and the Benin
II. GEOLOGY OF THE AREA Formation is Oligocene to recent ages, mainly fine to coarse
non-oceanic sand. Sandstone lenses (rings) are found near
The Niger Delta forms one of the world's major the top of the formation, particularly in contact with the
hydrocarbon basins and is located in the Gulf of Guinea on overlying Agbada Formation. The Akata Formation is the
the west coast of Central Africa, southern Nigeria. It covers main source rock for Hydrocarbons in the Niger Delta
the area between 4-9ºE longitude and 4-9ºN latitude (Figure (Evamy et al., 1978). Its thickness is uncertain but can reach
1). It is formed by a common regression debris sequence 7000 m in the central part of the delta (Reyment, 1965). The
that reaches a maximum thickness of about 12 km (Evamy Agbada Formation which covers the Akata Formation
et al., 1978). (basal) is a parallel sequence represented by an alternation
of sandstone and shale in various proportions (Doust and E.
The Niger Delta generally has three major lithological Omatsola, 1990). JAKS offshore field which covers
stratification units that lie below the Niger Delta. They are approximately 720 km² is located within the western part of
Bėnin, Agbada and Akatḁ Formation. Each of these the Niger Delta offshore depobelt as shown in Figure 1. The
formations is deposited in the oceanic, transitional and fault model is NWSE and the traps involved in this area are
continental environments, forming thick passive marginal mostly structural in nature.

Figurė 1: Seismic bḁse map of thė study Area Niger delta basin with well locations

III. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY oil occurrences. The investigative method in a chronological
fashion involves working with check data to correlate the
A modern method of seismic interpretation technique, section with well logs, interpreting faults and marker
which is carried out on a work station is adopted for this horizons at multiple depths to constrain the timing and
research work. The research interpretation was done at a progression of the fault in three dimensions.
workstation using the Schlumberger Petrel Software
workflow tool, version 2017, an efficient and easy-to-use The quality of the logs in the well was first checked to
Windows-based software for reservoir characterization and avoid any problems. All the datasets used in this research
seismic model visualization. The work was done in two were imported into the Petrel software platform.
phases namely interpretation of seismic data and evaluation Lithological assessment was performed on well logs to
of petro physical data. These phases are put in synergy to identify probable areas containing hydrocarbons, as well as
evaluate the hydrocarbon reserves of the reservoir using the types of lithology within the wells studied, analysis of
approach of empirical formulas. The interpretation of gamma ray recordings, resistivity, density and porosity
seismic data focuses on interpreting the structural model of revealed marked reservoirs at various depths. A horizon is a
the area from the available reflection seismic and correlated plane which separates two different layers of rock but then,
well log data, and reveals its effect on the interpretation of a horizon map, a surface linked with a reflection that

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 603

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
possible be transported along a large area, hence creating a The horizons selected were along the troughs of the seismic
map based on the reflection event. These horizons should data and after correlation, it was found that the horizons
guide the interpolation occurring between well logs and mark the top of the two reservoir sections (H1 and H 2) in
seismic sections. The depth of these sand units is then the field, as shown in Figure 3. Sand intervals were assessed
converted to time using the control data (checkshot), where and individual reservoirs in these horizons were analyzed.
the nearest, brightest and most continuous reflection is The demarcation of the reservoir was performed by initially
mapped to the cross and lines, respectively. In this research, identifying the sand units of interest from the four wells in a
however, two seismic horizons were entered into the seismic well correlation panel that is (Top 1 & Base 1) and (Top 2 &
data using the well-to-seismic link as shown in Figure 2. Base 2), as shown in Figure 4

Fig 2: Cross line 1607 of the seismic section penetrated by JAKS-02 well revealing well to seismic tie.

Fig 3: A section of Seismic of inline 5890 exhibiting the fault geometry and picked horizon (H1 and H2)

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 604

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Petro physical data analysis requires application of ῥ b = Log density
simple empirical equations in calculating the rock ῥ fluid = Fuid in void space density
parameters of a studied reservoir zones depicted from the
well logs. The reservoir zones were picked out through the Formation Factor determined by the use Humble equation,
use of Gamma Ray, Resistivity also with combine logs of Formation factor ( Ḟ ) = ἀ/ⱷᶬ
neutron and density signatures were then further evaluated 4
quantitatively to establish the petrophysical properties of the
reservoirs. The empirical formula approach to estimating the where;
quantity of oil available requires the application of some Ḟ=formation factor
simple formulas which describe the amount of interstitial ἀ=tortuosity factor (0.62)
space occupied with oil in the permeable zones and how ⱷ=porosity
same amount of oil converts from time to time in the ᶬ= cementation factor (2.15)
reservoir when it gets at the surface. The following
parameters generated from the research are shale volume, Determination of water saturation was actualized by using
formation factor, irreducible water saturation, porosity, net of Archie model, 1942.
to gross, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, gamma
ray index, and hydrocarbon pore volume. This hydrocarbon S w2 = (Ḟ * R w) /RT
volume can either be estimated straight from contour map 5
(volume of hydrocarbon column), where the map column
covered by hydrocarbon eventually been determined in but; F = Ro / R w
parts, considering the contour gabs. The product of the 6
various discrete zones and discrete contour will generate
volumes of hydrocarbon in place while the total volume of where ,
petroleum resources in the field (OOIP) is the summation of S w2 =Ro / RT
all the discrete volumes generated. However, the empirical 7
formulae approach was adopted for hydrocarbon in place
estimation (OOIP), this is calculated directly by the use of but,
the mean result for hydrocarbon saturation, net pay
thicknesses and mean porosity. The subsequent empirical S w=Saturated water of the Zone that is Uninvaded
equation below are relevant in estimating the rock properties R o=Formation resistivity (100% Water Saturation)
(petrophysical parameters). R T=Resistivity Formation true resistivty

Gamma Ray Index was determined using the gamma ray The hydrocarboṇ saturation is calculated as shown below
log as propounded by Asquith and Gibson, 1982, S hy =1 – S w
8
Gamma Ray Index (IGṛ ) = (Gṛ log – Gṛ min)/(Gṛ max – Gṛ min)
1 Shy is the hydrocarbon saturation that could be written as
where: percentage or fraction.
IGR = Gamma ray index
Gṛ log = Gamma ray log reading of the formation The resistivity index is determined as true resistivity to the
Gṛ min =Gamma ray minimum for porous and permeable resistivity at 100% saturation.
medium
Gṛ max =Gamma ray maximum for impermeable medium Ị = R t / R o (where; I is the Resistivity Index.)
9
shaliness was estimated using the IGr in the ideal equation
as proposed by Larionov, 1969 The (BVW), which is Bulk volume of water was calculated
by multiplying porosity and saturated water of the
Shaliness = 0.0830{2.0(3.70 * IGr) – 1.00} uninvaded unit
2 hence,
Where; Bulk volume water = S w * Ø
IGr = Gamma Ray Index. 10

Porosity was estimated by the application of Wyllie where; Ø=Porosity.

equation for bulk density estimation porosity is exbited
below: The (HCPV), which is hydrocarbon pore volume was
estimated by multiplying porosity and hydrocarbon
Porosity from density = (ῥ max – ῥ b ) ÷ ( ῥ max – ῥ fluid) saturation
3
Hydrocarbon Pore Volume = Ø * (1- Sw)
where: 11
ῥ max = Rock matrix density

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 605

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Where, (Sh) = (1- Sw)
ɵeffective =(1–volume of shale) × ɵ
The irreducible water saturation was estimated as shown 17
below;
Irreducible Water Saturation (𝑆 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 ) =(F/2000)0.5 The Storage Volume is;
12 Storage Volume = ɵ × Net Pay Thickness
Where: F is the Ḟormation factor. 18

ῥermeability is considered as the relationship between IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

irreducible water saturation ánd porosity as proposed by
Wyllie and Rose, (1950) Seismic interpretation of JAKS field
Interpretations of the faults revealed two listric faults
Where: permeability (K)=[(250 * (Ø)3 ) ÷S wi] 2.0 labeled F1 and F3 delineated on seismic data in figure 3, F1
13 and F3 are the main structural building faults, corresponding
to growth faults in the region, while the F2 faults and F4 are
Shaliness (Vsh Total, it is determine as indicated below; antithetical faults. All the faults (F1, F2, F3 and F4) trend
about NWSE, but F1 and F3 faults dip in the south the
Shaliness (Vsh Total)=Average Vshale* Gross thickness antithetic faults F2 and F4 dip counter-current in the
14 northern direction. The depth and time structure maps
mapped from the seismic section from the horizons as
The Net Thickness, it is determine as shown below; revealed in Fig 5, 6,7 &8 are structural maps of H1 and H2,
these depth maps are extracted by the conversion of the time
Net Thickness =Gross Thickness –Total volume of shale maps. As a result of the nearness of the horizons the
structural style is similar, the entire structural trapping
15 mechanism consist an anticline (structural highs) at the NW
zone and ‘two ways’ roll-over structurally supported by (F2
The Net to Gross Ratio is; & F3) faults. This happens to be the major structure
N/G = Net Ţhickness / Gross Ţhickness accountable for the entrapment of hydrocarbon in the oil
16 field and it trends NNE direction.

The effective porosity is;

Fig 4: Correlation panel of well logs in JAKS field showing delineated reservoir sand units (Top1&Base 1) and (Top 2&Base 2).

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 606

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig. 5: Structure map in time of horizon (H1) revealing Fault patterns

Fig. 6: Structure map in time of horizon (H2) exhibiting Fault patterns

Fig 7:Structure map in depth of horizon (H1) showing major Faults and anticlinal structure of the JAKS field

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 607

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 8:Structure map in depth of horizon (H2) showing major Faults and anticlinal structure of the JAKS field

Petro physical Evaluation of JAKS oilfield reservoir increases, the volume of the pore opening in the
Four composite well logs comprising sonic logs, reservoir decreases significantly due to the compression and
resistivity, density, neutron and gamma ray were run in pressure that results from over burden pressure of the
JAKS-01, JAKS-02, JAKS-03 and JAKS-04 wells. The logs overlying strata (Nelson, 1994; Ehrenberg et al., 2006). The
acquired made it possible to assess the characteristics of the water saturation results of the sand-A reservoir ranged from
reservoir. Although resistivity logs have been used to detect 18 to 41%, sand-B reservoir ranged from 15 to 23% while
the presence of hydrocarbons in reservoirs, the combined irreducible water saturation results of the sand-A reservoir
response (gas effect) of the log neutron density across the ranged from 12 – 32.7%, sand-B reservoir ranged from 10.5
sand units (clastic reservoirs) indicates that the hydrocarbon – 34.5%. The reservoir zones have bulk volume water that
will be predominantly of petroleum inferred by La Vigne et are not constant in all wells, this depicts variance in
al. (1994) and Doust (1989). The petrophysical evaluation irreducible water and water saturation (sw>swir), it also
results as represented in Tables 1 and 2, show that the suggests heterogeneity in the reservoirs. The high variance
porosity values for the Sand-A reservoir ranges from 29.3 to of the results of the irreducible water saturation and water
31% and for the Sand-B reservoir ranged from 25 to 29%. saturation depicts that reservoir will certainly not generate
The permeability values of the Sand-A reservoir range from water-free hydrocarbon. Also, from the gamma ray logs of
61 to1079md and the Sand-B reservoir range from 83 to the wells, the reservoirs show roughly funnel log motif
1452md.The volume of shale ranges from 20.5 -28.7% suggesting coaṛsening upwḁrd sequences which is a
across the Sand A and 28.3-38.6% in Sand B reservoir. The reflection of high energy environments during sedimentation
net pay permeability and mean porosity of the reservoir are (Weber and Daukoru,1975). The hydrocarbon saturation
favourable to hydrocarbon production. The tables show values for the sand A reservoir ranges from 59 - 82%, in
porosity decreases with increase in volume of shale (Vsh) sand B reservoir it ranges from 77 – 85%. Reservoir sands
while increase porosity is a function of increase in have very good hydrocarbon saturation which are favourable
permeability. Porosity is also found to change with depth in indicators for commercial hydrocarbon accumulation.
the two-study reservoir. This shows that as the depth of the

Table 1: Summarized petrophysical data for reservoir sand unit A

WELL Gross Vsh Porosit Eff Swr Permeabilit Net/Gros Oil Water Hydrocarbo
S thicknes (%) y Porosit r y s Water Saturatio n
s (m) (%) y (%) (mD) (%) Contac n Saturation
(%) t (%) (%)
(m)
JAK-01 18 20. 31 25 32.7 99.0 76 3300 25 75
5
JAK-02 20 22 30 23 13.0 1079.0 79 3290 18 82
JAK-03 12 22. 30.7 24 20.0 61.0 81 3350 33 67
1
JAK-04 11 28. 29.3 21 12.0 106.0 72 3331 41 59
7

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 608

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 2: Summarized petrophysical data for reservoir sand unit B
WELL Gross Vsh Porosit EffectivePorosit Swr K Net/Gros Oil Water Hydrocarbo
S thicknes (%) y y r (mD) s /Water Saturatio n
s (m) (%) (%) (%) (%) Contac n Saturation
t (%) (%)
(m)
JAK-01 24 28. 29 29 34.5 83.0 84 3420 20 80
3
JAK-02 26 35. 27.8 27.8 10.5 1452. 75 3400 15 85
1 0
JAK-03 24 38. 26.9 26.9 14.0 93.0 77 3430 23 77
6
JAK-04 8 38. 25 25 10.7 122.0 61 3450 18 82
0

Estimation of Hydrocarbon in Place in place. The Hydrocarbon in place is then determine by

To estimate hydrocarbon in place from well logs, direct computation using the mean results of the average
empirical formulars or equation are used to calculate the hydrocarbon, saturations net pay thicknesses and mean
petrophysical parameters or properties of the prospect porosity values and this is inputted in the formular as shown
reservoir. Also Gross Rock Volume of the area of interest below:
are calculated by estimating the reserve with the aid of
empirical formulae method and the integration of the depth Hydrocarbon volume (OOIP) = (7758.0×Aoil×hoil×sh(oil)×
structure maps of the JAKS field from seismic ф)/bo 22
interpretation. The determination of OOIP; oil volume in
place includes the use of some formulars which explains the Where, Aoil=Ḁrea occupied by oil ; hoil= Mean height of oil
volume of hydṛocarbon filled poṛe spacė in the permeable column; sh(oil) =Hydrocárbon saturation (oil zone), Bo is the
zone of the reservoir and how change occurs in the amount Ḟormation oil volume factor=1.20 bbls/SŢB,OOIP
of hydrocarbon at the surface from the reservoir. The unit=stock tank barrels (STB)
properties calculated from the analysis which include
Irreducible Water Saturation, Hydrocarbon Saturation, The reservoir volumetrics is depicted by volumetric
Porosity, Water Saturation, Net ȶo Gross, Shaliness, values of 2 reservoir sand-A and B units. The Original Oil in
Formation Ḟactor (F), Gamma Ray Index and Oil Pore Place (OOIP) is 29,163,451.6 STB while the Stock Tank Oil
Volume also, fluid contact was estimated by use the density, in Place (STOIP) which is the volume of oil after production
resistive log and neutron log for hydrocarbon and water is 22,433,424.31 STB. The Primary Recovery Reserve is
contact. The properties are integral in interpretation 20,381,028.23 barrels producible with a Primary Recovery
processes in most phases of the reservoirs as regard Factor of 10% as summarized in table 4
hydrocarbon poṛe volume and total ámount of hydrocarbon

TABLE 4: Showing volumetric data of reservoir sand unit A and B

V. CONCLUSIONS synergized to estimate the oil reserves in the JAKS reservoir

by using the empirical formulae approach. The fault
Reservoir evaluation and reserve estimation of the interpretations from the seismic data revealed two listric
JAKS oilfield offshōre Nıger Delta was successful analyze faults labeled F1and F3, which are crucial structure building
using 3-D seismic, empirical formulas composite and well faults corresponding with the grōwth faults of the study
logs. The work was done in two phases; petro physical dḁta area. They appear to be the principal structure accountable
analysis and seismic datá interpretation. These phases are for oil entrapment in the oilfield. The faults (Ḟ1, Ḟ2, F3 ánd

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 609

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
F4) trend about NW-SĒ but then, F1 and F3 faults dip in the drivė; 35-45% recovery can be achieved. For enhancėd
south the antithetic faults F2 and F4 dip in the northern or tertiary oil rėcovery mėthods, thermal enhanced oil
direction. It discloses that the zone is extremely faulted, recovery methods (TEOR) may be increasing the mobility
which is a classic model of the tėctonic setting of the Niger of the oil by heating the oil to reduce its viscosity making it
Delta (Olowokere and Abe, 2013). Four composite suitės of easiėr to extrḁct, i.e., steḁm injėction, fire flooding or
logs comprising sonic, neutron, resistivity, density and microbial treatments can be induced hence, another 5% to
gamma ray logs are used to evaluate the reservoir 15% could be recovered.
characteristics of JAKS-01, JAKS-02, JAKS-03 and JAKS-
04 wells. The petrophysical evaluation have mean porosity Although recovery methods are dependent on the cost
value of the reservoir sand units ranged from 25-31%, the of the extrḁction mėthod and the currėnt price of crude oil
mean permeability values of reservoir sand units range from economic feasibility can be factual with an average oil price
61-1452m, the mean volume of shale ranges from 20.5 - of about USD50.00 per barrel which will generate about
38.6%. The net pay permeability and mean porosity of the USD1.02billion from a primḁry productiōn of 20.38million
reservoir are favourable to hydrocarbon production. Porosity barrels in the JAKS oilfield.
is also found to change with depth in the two-study
reservoir. This shows that as the depth of the reservoir ACKNOWLĒDGEMENT
increases, the volume of the pore opening in the reservoir
decreases significantly due to the compression and pressure The ḁuthors of this paper are grateful to the
that results from over burden pressure of the overlying strata managėment of Monipulo Petrolėum Limited for providing
(Nelson, 1994; Ehrenberg et al., 2006). The average water the necessḁry data and softwḁre needed for the research
saturation values for the reservoirs ranges from 15 - 41%, work and the management of Elizade University, ilara
while for irreducible water saturation values ranges from Mokin, Ondo State for logistic support during this study.
10.5 – 34.5%. The reservoir zones have bulk volume water
that are not constant in all wells, this depicts variance in REFERENCES
irreducible water and water saturation (sw>swir), it also
suggests heterogeneity in the reservoirs. The high variance [1]. Beka, F.T., and Oti, M.N., 1995. The distal offshore
in the results of the irreducible water saturation and water Niger Delta: frontier prospects of a mature petroleum
saturation also depicts that the reservoir will certainly not province, in, Oti, M.N., and Postma, G., eds., Geology
generate water-free hydrocarbon, from the gamma ray logs of Deltas: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 237-241.
of the wells, the reservoirs show roughly funnel log motif [2]. Bustin, R.M., 1988. Sedimentology and characteristics
suggesting coaṛsening upwḁrd sequences which is a of dispersed organic matter in Tertiary Niger Delta:
reflection of high energy environments during sedimentation origin of source rocks in a deltaic environment:
(Weber and Daukoru,1975). The mean hydrocarbon American Association of Petroleum Geologists
saturation value for reservoirs ranges from 59 - 85%. The Bulletin, v. 72, p. 277-298.
outcome of this research reveals that the study area has [3]. Doust, H and Omatsola, E. (1990). Niger Delta, in,
satisfactory petrophysical and structural properties a Edwards, J. D., and Santogrossi, P.A., eds., /passive
reservoir and to will permit hydrocarbon production. The Margin Basins, AAPG Memoir 48: Tulsa, American
average Original Oil in Place (OOIP) calculated using the Association of Petroleum Geologists. 239-248p.
empirical formula method with the petro physical parameter [4]. Doust, H. (1989). The Niger Delta hydrocarbon
is 29 bbls/STB while the Stock Tank Oil in Place (STOIP) potential, a major Tertiary NigerProvince; Proceedings
which is the volume of oil after production is 22 bbls/STB. of KNGMG Symposium, Coastal Lowstands, Geology
The Primary Recovery Reserve is 20,381,028.23 barrels andGeotechnology, The Hague, Kluiver Acad. Publ.,
producible with a Primary Recovery Factor of 10%. Dordrecht. 22-25p.
Empirical forecast approach for hydrocarbon in place is a [5]. Ejedawe, J.E., 1981. Patterns of incidence of oil
substitute and reliable remedial method pending a reserves in Niger Delta Basin: American Association
qualitative 3D geostatic model technique. of Petroleum Geologists, v. 65, p. 1574-1585.
[6]. Ejedawe, J.E., et al., 1984. Evolution of oil-generative
RECOMMENDATION ON JAKS RESERVOIRS window and oil and gas occurrence in Tertiary Niger
DRIVE MECHANISM APPROACH Delta Basin: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists, v. 68, p. 1744-1751.
Reservoir type will materially influence the production [7]. Ekweozor, C.M., and Daukoru, E.M., 1994. Northern
rate, hence the type of artificial lift installation. It is also delta depobelt portion of the Akata-Agbada(!)
obvious that recovėry factor is based on the drive petroleum system, Niger Delta, Nigeria, in, Magoon,
mechḁnism. The appreciable low gas and water drives in the L.B., and Dow, W.G., eds., The Petroleum System--
JAKS reservoirs will contribute to low primary recovery From Source to Trap, AAPG Memoir 60: Tulsa,
factor. However, recovery production rate can be improved American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p.
by engineering techniques such as water flooding. 599-614.
[8]. Evamy, B.D., et al., 1978. Hydrocarbon habitat of
The external enėrgy in the foṛm of fluids should be Tertiary Niger Delta: American Association of
injected to incrėase reservoir prėssure, to replace or increase Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, p. 277-298.
the diminished natural resėrvoir drivė with an artificial

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 610

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[9]. Evamy, B.D., Haremboure, J., Kamerling, P., Molloy, [25]. Smith-Rouch, L.S., et al., 1996. Tectono-stratigraphic
F.A., and Rowlands, (1978) Hydrocarbon habitat of computer experiments—Nigeria example: American
Tertiary Niger Delta: American Association of Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62, 1-39. Abstracts, May 1996.
[10]. Frost, B.R.. 1997. A Cretaceous Niger Delta Petroleum [26]. Weber, K.J., 1987. Hydrocarbon distribution patterns
System, in, Extended Abstracts, AAPG/ABGP in Nigerian growth fault structures controlled by
Hedberg Research Symposium, Petroleum Systems of structural style and stratigraphy: Journal of Petroleum
the South Atlantic Margin, November 16-19, 1997, Science and Engineering, v. 1, p. 91-104.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [27]. Weber, K.J., and Daukoru, E.M., 1975. Petroleum
[11]. Haldersen, H.H and E. Dasleth, “Challenges in geology of the Niger Delta: Proceedings of the Ninth
Reservoir Characterization,” AAPG Bulletin, Vol. 77, World Petroleum Congress, volume 2, Geology:
No. 1, 1993, pp. 541-551. London, Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., p. 210-221.
[12]. Hospers, J., 1965. Gravity field and structure of the [28]. Worthington, P.F.(1991) “Reservoir Characterization
Niger Delta, Nigeria, West Africa: Geological Society at the Me- soscopic Scale,” In: I. W. Lake, H. B.
of American Bulletin, v. 76, p. 407-422. Carrol and T. C. Wesson, Eds., Reservoir
[13]. Kulke, H., 1995. Nigeria, in, Kulke, H., ed., Regional characterization, Academic Press, Waltham, pp. 123-
Petroleum Geology of the World. Part II: Africa, 165.
America, Australia and Antarctica: Berlin, Gebrüder [29]. Xiao, H., and Suppe, J., 1992. Origin of rollover:
Borntraeger, p. 143-172. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
[14]. La Vigne, J., Herron, M., and Hertzog, R., (1994). Bulletin, v. 76, p. 509-229.
Density-Neutron Interpretation in Shaly Sands, paper
PWLA
[15]. Lake, I.W, Carrol, H.B and T. C. Wesson (1991)
“Reservoir Characterization,” Academic Press, San
Diego.
[16]. Lehner, P., and De Ruiter, P.A.C., 1977. Structural
history of Atlantic Margin of Africa: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 61, p.
961-981.
[17]. Lucia, F.J. and Fogg, G. E. “Geologic/Stochastic Map-
ping of Heterogeneity in a Carbonate Reservoir,”
Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 42, No. 1,
1990, pp. 1298- 1303.
[18]. Nwachukwu, S.O. (1972). The tectonic evolution of
the southern portion of the Benue Trough, Nigeria:
Geology Magazine, v. 109, p. 411-419.
[19]. Olowokere, M.T., Abe, S.J.,(2013).Structure and
Facies Development Resulting From Neogene Gravity
Tectonics and Depositional Processes: Application to
Afo Field Niger Delta, Nigeria
[20]. Opara, A.I. (2010). Prospectivity Evaluation of “Usso”
Field, Onshore Niger Delta Basin, Using 3-D Seismic
and Well Log Data. Petroleum & Coal 52 (4) 307-315,
2010.
[21]. Opara, A.I., et al., 2011. 3-D Seismic Interpretation
and Structural Analysis of Ossu Oil Field, Northern
Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Pacific
Journal of Science and Technology; Volume 12.
Number 1. May 2011 (Spring).
[22]. Reijers, T.J.A., et al., 1997. The Niger Delta
Basin, in Selley, R.C., ed., African Basins--
Sedimentary Basin of the World 3: Amsterdam,
Elsevier Science, pp. 151-172.
[23]. Reyment, R.A., (1965). Aspects of the geology of
Nigeria, university of Ibadan press, Nigeria. 145p.
[24]. Short, K.C., and Stäuble, A.J., (1965) Outline of
geology of Niger Delta: American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin.51 761-779p.

IJISRT21OCT405 www.ijisrt.com 611