ANG KWENTO NI

MABUTI
GENOVEVA EDROZA MATUTE
 Say something about these Filipino
words.
malirip agam-agam napatda
naulinig kandungan magmasid
kariktan
 Narrative Conventions In Writing Fiction

- these are the techniques used

by the author in making meaning in the fiction.
These may be particular to characters,
development of plot, settings, point-of-view, or
style.
PLOT CONVENTION TECHNIQUES
-backstory
-Chekhov's gun
- in media res
- narrative hook
- story within a story or Hypodiegesis
- deus-ex-machina
-plot twist
-poetic justice
-cliff hanger
-flash back
-flash forward
-foreshadowing
 BACKSTORY
- a story that tells
what led up to the
main story or plot
 CHEKHOV'S GUN
- plot device whereby you introduce
an item in the first part of your novel
that doesn't seem important to the
story at the time, but takes on greater
significance later on. ... It also makes
the story a bit predictable, once the
reader realizes that every minor item
is going to be crucial later on.
 IN MEDIA RES
- narration that
starts in the middle
of the story
NARRATIVE HOOK
- tells a catchy
story opening to
hook the attention
of the readers
HYPODIEGESIS ( STORY
WITHIN A STORY)
- (narratology) Pertaining
to a secondary narrative
embedded within the
primary narrative (a story
within a story)
Deus-ex-Machina
- tells a good
character in a bad
situation ensures
character wins with an
unexpected or
implausible used to
resolve the situation
PLOT TWIST
- TELLS A SURPRISE ENDING

Poetic Justice
- tells a reward to the good
characters and punishes the bad
characters
Cliffhanger
- tells and abrupt ending
which places the main
characters in a
perilous situation with no
resolution
 FLASHBACK
- TELLS AN INTERJECTED SCENE
OF THE STORY
THAT TAKES IT BACK IN TIME
FROM THE CURRENT POINT IN
THE STORY AND OFTEN USED
TO TELL THE
EVENTS THAT HAPPENED
BEFORE ANOTHER IMPORTANT
EVENT
 Flash Forward
- tells a scene that
takes the narrative to a
future time from the
current point of the story
 Foreshadowing
-indicates or hints
something is coming
in the latter part of
the story
 First-person POV uses the
pronouns "I" and "we". Ex: "I run
through the woods, tearing
through branches and tripping
over roots."
Second-person POV uses the
pronoun "you". ...
Third-person POV uses the
pronouns "he", "she", "it", or
"they".
 Style
Figures of speech like hyperbole, metonymy,
euphemism, oxymoron, and
many more are style techniques. Pathos or emotional
appeal is another style technique
used to inspire or pity a character.
Hyperbole - exaggerated statements or
claims
Metonymy - figure of speech in which a
thing or concept is referred to by the
name of something closely associated
with that thing or concept.
Euphemism - is an innocuous word or
expression used in place of one that may
be found offensive or suggest something
unpleasant.
Oxymoron - is a self-contradicting word
or group of words
 In addition to these techniques for style are
sensory detail, which forms mental images
of scenes using descriptive words; Leitwortstil,
which repeats on purpose the words
that usually express a motif or theme important
to the story; dramatic visualization,
which presents an object or character with much
description or gestures and dialogues
making scenes vivid for the audience.
 The theme of the story is the
underlying message or the central
idea. It is about life that
the author is conveying in the story
which is universal in nature.it is
about human
experience.
Short stories often have one
theme. The theme is
entwined in the story which
is reflected in the
characters’ words and
actions, events, and other
elements.
 Emotional appeal moves the emotion of the
reader or audience. It is a way or method
used by the author to create emotional
response among his reader or audience.
Persuasive writing is used. The language should
sway the emotion to convince the
readers. The author fills more emotional
content with descriptive details to make the
readers feel the scene.
Authors show emotional scenes rather
than telling, making characters
sympathetic or
unsympathetic, using words which can
greatly affect reader emotions, turning
the
story in an unexpected direction, and
using details to mire readers in the
reality of the
scene.
 Feminism uplifts women goals by defining and
establishing equality in the
family,civil, social, political, and economic arena.
Feminist literature is often
associated with literary pieces written by women
that deal with women in the
society.It also involves characters or ides which
chide the common gender norms
dominated with masculinity. This approach gives an
impact to the voice of women.
 New Historicism deals with the cultural
context during the writing of the piece of
literature. This approach interprets
literature for its meaning or idea in a
particular
socio-historical atmosphere.it needs an
understanding of the author’s milieu and the
cultural context during its production.
 TATA SELO
ni
ROGELIO SIKAT
paulik-ulik istaked cabesa
tinungkod propitaryo lilik
naembargo
 POV or Perspective
* Impersonal Narrator
narration whose narrator did not participate in
the events of the story world and who tells or
shows the story from a vantage point outside
that world.
*Personal Narrator
if the narrator/speaker of a text refers to
himself/herself then the text is considered to be
personal
 * Unreliable Narrator
it involves the use of an untrustworthy narrator
mode may be em[ployednto give the audience a
deliberate sense of disbelief in the story or a level
of suspicion or mystery as to what information is
meant to be true and what is meant to be false.
*Audience Surrogate
a character who expresses the questions and
confusion of the audience.
 * Stream of Consciousness
refers to a style of writing that is organized around the
interior flow of thoughts of the narrator just as out
thoughts flow unconnected and sometimes disorganized
stream of consciousness writing is often disjointed and
often lacks traditional sentence structure and punctuation
Symbol in literature is anything that stands for something else Authors
.

use symbols to give deeper and significant meaning to their content or

story Symbolism makes the author convey ideas to readers audience in a
. /

poetic matter instead of its outright expression.

Examples
:

Poseidon is a symbol for the sea

Albert Einstein is the symbol of intelligence and scientific genius
The dove is a symbol of peace
A ladder may be a symbol for a connection between heaven and earth
VIETNAM
TYPES OF POETRY Example:
❑ Lyric Poetry Fowls In The Faith
- highly musical verse that Anonymous
expresses the observations and Foules in the frith
The fishes in the flod
feelings of a single speaker. It
And I mon waxed wod
creates a single unified impression. much source I walk with
- Short For beste of bon and bold
- Usually in first person point of
view Explanation:
- expresses emotion or describes a frith is a wood or forest; the
a scene poem written in middle English
- does not tell a story features a speaker who, he tells
us, ‘mon waxe wod” ( i.e must
- no rhyme scheme requirements
go mad) because of the school
he walks with, because the last
line is ambiguous (the best of
bone and blood could refer to a
woman or christ, the poem can
be read either as a love lyric or
as a religious lyric.
SUB CATEGORIES - from the seventeenth
Elegy – form of poetry that century onwards the sonnet
typically reflects on death or loss was also used for other
Ode topics than love, for
– kind of poem usually praising instance for religious
something experience (by Donne and
- Addresses and often celebrates Milton) reflections on art (by
a person, place, thing, or idea Keats or Shelley) or even the
- Purpose is to memorialize and war experience ( by Brooke
celebrate something of great or Owen). The sonnet uses a
value or significance single stanza of (usually)
- Moderate length fourteen lines and an
- Serious subject intricate rhyme pattern.
Sonnet Many poets wrote a senses
- Love poem which dealt with the of sonnets linked by the
lovers sufferings and hopes same theme, so called
- Became popular in England and sonnet cycles ( for instance
Renaissance, when Thomas Petrarch, Spenser,
Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey Shakespeare, Drayton,
translated and imitated the Barret-Browning, Meredith)
sonnets written by Petrarch which depict the various
(Petrarchan Sonnet) stages of a love relationship.
❑ Narrative Poetry But he just ran and didn’t
- Primary goal: tell a story hear me holler.
in verse where the poetry I chased him down the
and story balance each sidewalk
other. And through the playground
- Not simply a poem with a too
little bit of story or a story I almost caught him at the
told in verse side
- Like short stories, But he pulled a swtch a roo!
narrative poems usually Just when I thought I coul run
follow the basic pattern no more
of plot development and He came right back to me
use of characters. For my crocodile can be a bit
crazy
Example: But in the end he loves me!
Crocodile On the Loose
by: Mrs. Prejna
I went out walking with my
crocodile
When he slipped out from his
collar
I yelled. “Comeback!”
SUB CATEGORIES - These works either put a fool in
Epics the role of the hero exaggerate
– long narrative poem the heroic qualities to such a
recounting heroic deeds point that they become absurd
- In literary usage it - Classical works that use humor
encompasses both oral and in order to make a new point
written compositions Ballad
Example: - Is a song or a poem narrating a
Gilgamesh story in short stanzas
- an Assyrian epic - Passed on orally from one
- about a young Assyrian generation to the next as part
king who is sent on a quest of the folk culture
by the gods - It recounts tragic, comic, or
Beowulf heroic stories with emphasis on
- National epic for the british a central dramatic event
Limericks
Mock epic
- Kind of humorous verse of five
- are typically satires or lines, in which the first, second and
parodies that mock fifth lines rhyme with each other
common classical and the third and fourth lines ,
stereotype of heroes and which are shorter, formed a rhyme
heroic literature couplet.
- Pure non sense
❑ Descriptive Poetry Or else, departing dream, and
- or didactic poetry shadowing form
- notable for its vividness Of midnight vision, gathering up
- Uses descriptions that thy skirts;
appeal to the senses By night star veiling, and by day
- Engages the imagination Barkening the light and blotting
- Through memorable out the sun
descriptions that appeal to Go thou my incense upward from
our senses, engages our this hearth
minds, our hearts and our And ask the gods to pardon this
imaginations. clear flame.”

Smoke - Both lyric and narrative poetry

by Henry David Thoreau can contain lenthy and detailed
“ Light-winged smoke, Icarian bird descriptions (descriptive
Melting thy pinions in thy upward poetry) or scenes in direct
flight speech (dramatic poetry)
Lark without song, and messenger
- The purpose of a didactic
of dawn,
Circling above the hamlets as thy poem is primarily to teach
nest; something.
This can take the form of very openly as a teaching tool.
specific instructions, such as
how to catch a fish as in James SOUND DEVICES
Thomsons The Seasons ❑ Alliteration
(Spring 379-442) or how to -term for repeated letter sounds
write a good poetry as in (usually consonants but now
Alexander Popes Essays on always) at the stressed part of
Criticism. But it can also be two or more words. One
meant an instructive in a example is “ glowing golden
general way. Until the grains”
twentieth century all literature - Initial rhyme or lead rhyme
was expected to have a ❑ Assonance
didactic purpose in a general - Repetition of sounds in
sense, that is to impart moral, multiple words. Assonance
theoretical or even practical describes repeated vowel
knowledge, Horace famously sounds in the middle of
demanded that poetry should words with different
combine (prodesse) (learning) consonant end sounds.
and delectare (pleasure) the Example: faded gray waves
twentieth century was more
reluctant to proclaim literature
❑ Consonance The repeated –ing sound not
- While alliteration occurs at only sets a pleasing pattern
the stressed syllable in each for the reader, it also creates
word, consonance can the sound of church bells
happen anywhere, ringing.
especially at the end of a
word. When consonance ❑ Onomatopeia
happens at the end of the - Bang! Zip! Screech! Sound
word along with assonance, words that are written out
it’s a rhyme. are known as
Example: onomatopoeia. Poetry
I Saw a Chapel uses onomatopoeia for
by William Blake both sensory language
I saw a chapel all of gold and short choppy lines.
That none did dare to enter in Example:
And many weeping stood Softly, in the dusk, a woman is
without singing to me,
Weeping mourning Taking me back down the
worshipping vista of years, till I see
A child sitting under the
piano, in the boom of the
tingling strings
And pressing the small, posed Example:
feet of a mother who smiles as “Because I could not stop for
she sings. death”
by Emily Dickinsons
❑ Rhyme Because I could not stop for
- Rhyming words have the death
same end sound repeated at He kindly stopped for me
the end of a line The carriage held but just
- Free verse don’t use rhyme ourselves
scheme And immortality

❑ Rhythm Example of common rhythms

- Rhythm is its beat and pace. It used in English Literature
marks the accented syllables as symbol “x” to indicate an
well as the downbeats. You can unstressed syllable “/” stressed
track its rhythm by feet and syllable.
meter.
1. Iamb (x/) US , SS 3. Spondee / Spondaic (//)
- Most common rhythm SS SS
pattern - Made up of two or more
- Alternating unstressed and consecutively stressed
stressed (x,/) syllable
- give a poem a sense of
Example: That time of year thou urgency
mayst in me behold. Example: Break, break, break
-5 iambs, 10 syllables on thy cold gray stones, o seal

2. Trochee/ Trochaic (/x) SS, 4. Anapestic (xx/) US, US, SS

US Example: And the sound of a
- Starts with a stressed syllable voice that is still
followed by unstressed - 3 anapests, 9 syllables
syllable
5. Dactylic (/xx) SS, US, US
Example: Tell me not in Example: this is the forest
mournful numbers primeval the murmuring pine
- 4 trochees 8 syllables and the hemlocks
- 6 dactyls and 17 syllables
 Rhythm – pattern of stressed sense of it. To scan a poem is
and unstressed syllable in a line one way to indicate how to
Meter – the number of feet in a read it aloud; in order to see
line where stresses fall, you have to
Iambic and Anapestic – rising see the places where the poet
meters because their wishes to put emphasis. That is
movements rises from why when scanning a poem
unstressed syllable to stressed you may find yourself
Trochaic and Dactylic – falling suddenly understanding it.
Spondee and Pyrric
– called feet In everyday life, nobody
- they contain only one kind of speaks or writes in perfect
stressed syllable iambic rhythm poets don’t
even write in iambic very long
Why do we study rhythm although when they do they
- To scan a poem is to make a have chosen iambic because it
diagram of the stresses and is the rhythm that most closely
absence of stress we find in it. resembles everyday speech.
Studying rhythms, scanning, is And even after this lengthy
not just a way of pointing to discussion of rhythm, it must
syllables; it is also a matter of be stated that most poems do
listening to a poem and making not employ the same rhythm
 throughout. Variety in rhythm is Metonymy
not merely desirable it’s a - figure of speech in which a
necessity. Very few poets favor thing or concept is referred
rhythms for very long. to by the name of
something closely
FIGURES OF SPEECH associated with that thing
Simile or concept
-comparison with the use of the Synecdoche
words like or as - figure of speech in which
Metaphor part is made to represent
- Comparison without the use the whole or vice versa
of the word like or as Example:
Personification new wheels – new car
- is when an object which is
not alive is given human
qualities
Irony
- Statement which conveys the
exact opposite meaning of
what is literally being said
Example: fire station burns
down
 LYRIC POETRY
1. ELEGY

2. ODE
3.SONNET
 NARRATIVE POETRY
1. EPIC

2. MOCK EPIC
3. Ballad

4. LIMERICK
BRUNEI
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
 FLAT Characteristics
• Personality of Flat
• Predictable Character
• Do not change throughout • One dimensional
the story • Not integral to the plot
• One single idea or quality • Never experiences internal conflict
• We often know little or • Doesn’t surprise the reader
nothing about their past
 EXAMPLE OF FLAT CHARACTERS
❖ In Hamlet, Polonius is a flat character who can be easily summed up in a few words. He is a sneaky, and
foolish old man who doesn’t change from the moment we meet him to the moment he dies. While he speaks
in cliches, Polonius is a concerned father who offers sound advice to his children.

Although he is far from perfect, Polonius contributes to the plot by acting as a contrast to Hamlet’s family, both
before (caring deeply for his children) and after his death (being swiftly avenged by his son). Played by the right
actor, he also provides a form of comic relief by lightening up long speeches with his blissful lack of self-
awareness.

❖ In Star Wars IV — A New Hope, Han Solo is a flat character. He remains the same sarcastic, opportunistic
scoundrel from the beginning of the film to its end. Although Solo provides transport for Luke Skywalker and
Obi-Wan Kenobi and helps rescue Princess Leia, his character isn’t actually integral to the plot. We could
technically remove him from the action without interfering too much with the storyline.

In Star Wars IV — A New Hope, Han Solo is a flat character. He remains the same sarcastic, opportunistic
scoundrel from the beginning of the film to its end. Although Solo provides transport for Luke Skywalker and
Obi-Wan Kenobi and helps rescue Princess Leia, his character isn’t actually integral to the plot. We could
technically remove him from the action without interfering too much with the storyline.
 The fact that Han Solo is flat could be the reason why the 2018
film Solo bombed at the box office. Unlike Obi-Wan, there aren’t
enough mystery boxes about Han Solo for the audience to want answers to
them. Developing a character enough to be interesting as a protagonist with
little to go on is a difficult task in a prequel.

❖ In Harry Potter, Crabbe and Goyle are flat characters, acting as henchmen
to Draco Malfoy. Virtually indistinguishable, they are slow and dim-witted
and are both described as having long, ape-like arms. Partly, these bullies
are present as a force of antagonism, and partly they’re there for comic
effect. If we were to remove Crabbe and Goyle from Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer’s Stone (or for that matter, any of the Harry Potter books), the
overall narrative would not change.
 ROUND
CHARACTERSISTICS
• Personality
OF ROUND
• Complicated like a real
CHARACTERS
human
• Is important to the plot
• Fully fleshed out and have
• Experiences conflict (internal or
backgrounds, goals and
external)
personalities
• Is multi-dimensional
• Surprising and convincing
• Is capable of surprising the reader
“ The test of a round character
is whether it is capable of
surprising in a convincing
way. If it never suprises, it is
flat” – E.M FORSTER
Examples of a rounded character:
❖ Characters don’t have to be positive to be round. In Hamlet, the antagonist, King Claudius is a well-rounded
character. Our first impression of Claudius is that he is a charming and capable leader. On the surface, he is
calculating and ambitious and is driven by a lust for power and his sexual appetite. What makes him a
rounded character are the moments where he demonstrates humanity. Claudius shows remorse for killing
his brother (praying for forgiveness) and expresses genuine affection for his wife, Queen Gertrude — and it’s
these moments where he displays humanity that make it much harder for Hamlet to enact his revenge.
❖ In Star Wars IV — A New Hope, Princess Leia is a round character. She is essential to the plot because she is
the catalyst that spurs Luke to action. She experiences external change — going from a damsel in distress to
empowered Rebel leader — surprising the viewer by refusing to play to stereotype and instead, picking up a
gun and joining the battle. She demonstrates braveness by stealing the plans and by standing up to Darth
Vader. and she proves herself as a worthy leader, in her role at the Command Center as the rebels attack the
Death Star
❖ In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling introduces Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley as
rounded, yet differentiated characters — going way beyond the core of their wands! Hermione is confident,
intelligent, and brave. Ron is funny, stubborn, and insecure. They have different likes and dislikes — Hermione
likes cats, books, and learning, and dislikes rats, flying and divination; Ron likes rats, quidditch and eating, and
hates cats, homework, and spiders. Hermione is a very talented, booksmart witch, whereas Ron doesn’t seem
to have any specific talents other than his common sense, and drive to prove himself.
 STATIC
• Movement Characteristics of
• Refers to characters a static character:
growth • Supports a leading role, either providing
• Asking whether the assistance or conflict
character has changed or • Remains the same from the beginning to the
not is an easy way of end of a story
working out whether a • Rarely faces internal (mental) conflict
character is static or • Has only one aspect to their personality
dynamic. (e.g., they are only seen as very happy or
• Stay the same from the very sad).
beginning to the end of the
story
Example of a static character:
❖ Ophelia is one of Hamlet’s static characters, but she’s not (as some might claim), flat. Hamlet’s love interest
is interesting in her own right, with a complex personality. Ophelia’s role is to provide a moral contrast to the
Queen, Gertrude. Ophelia appears to be impeccable, but (judgment clouded by his mother’s behavior),
Hamlet accuses her of hiding her true nature.
Ophelia finds herself wrestling between two worlds — her overprotective father and brother are convinced that
Hamlet will user her for sex and never marry her — but in her heart, she is confident that the prince once loved
her, although he denies it. If Ophelia were the heroine of the play, she would choose between her family and the
man she loves and move on from her fixed emotional state. But, rather than taking action, she remains static and
declines into a tragic madness.
❖ In Star Wars IV — A New Hope, Obi-Wan Kenobi is a static character, serving the mentor archetype. He’s there
to teach Luke Skywalker how to harness the Force. Obi-Wan is a round character with an intriguing past. We
know that he served Leia Organa’s father in the Clone Wars, and we know that he was good friends with Luke’s
father, but we don’t really know why he’s living as a hermit on Tatooine, why he is no longer a Jedi Knight, or
why he has been going by a different name. He doesn’t grow in A New Hope, but his personal sacrifice serves
as a catalyst for Luke to take action against Darth Vader.
❖ Draco Malfoy is one ofseveral static characters in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. His role is to act as a
foil to Harry. In dramatic contrast to our hero, Draco is both selfish and snobbish, but also more cowardly than
he would like to be known and it’s this cowardice that makes him a static rather than a flat character. Rather
than growing, he remains consistent in personality throughout the first in the Harry Potter series, and it’s only
much later on in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, that he becomes more dynamic.
 DYNAMIC Characteristics
• Ability to change their outlook of a dynamic
or personality throughout the character:
story • Is a central character or plays the leading
• Dynamic character can learn a role
lesson from their experiences • Experiences internal change throughout
that can change them either the telling of a story
good or bad • Has more than one aspect to their
personality (e.g. they appear outwardly
happy, but on the inside, they are
terrified of everything)
• Surprises and delights the reader.
 Examples of a Dynamic Character:
❖ It comes as no surprise that the most dynamic character in Hamlet is the prince himself (after all, the full title of the
play is, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark). Arguably one of Shakespeare’s more complicated and mysterious
characters, Hamlet wrestles with duty and depression. When his father is murdered, and his throne usurped, Hamlet
doesn’t immediately spring to take vengeance.
And that’s understandable, given the fact his father has come back from the dead to tell him how awful it is. It’s
Hamlet’s fascination with death and his contemplative nature that delays his decision to enact revenge. It’s only when he
visits the graveyard and finds Yorick’s skull that he comes to accept its inevitability. Hamlet goes through a metamorphosis
from helpless to determined, yet his lack of timely action ultimately leads to his tragic end.
❖ Luke Skywalker begins Star Wars IV — A New Hope as a bit of a wet blanket. Unlike many of the other characters (Han
Solo, Leah, even RD2D) he is reluctant to take action and spends a lot of time in the film complaining about having to do
things (see Luke Skywalker’s Complain Count). It’s only under Obi-Wan’s tutorage, that he goes through a personal
transformation. Once he starts believing he begins to take decisive action, accepting his fate, demonstrating his
understanding of the Force, and destroying the Death Star to restore freedom to the galaxy.
❖ Another excellent example of a dynamic character is Harry Potter. We see him at the start of the story as a young boy,
who is small and skinny for his age and lives in a cupboard under the stairs with his aunt and uncle, who don’t much like
him. By the end of the first book, he gains enough courage to lead his classmates on a mission to find the Sorcerer’s
Stone before the evil Lord Voldemort obtains it, and helps win the house cup for Gryffindor. His transformation from an
unloved nephew to popular schoolboy is an enormous personal leap.
THAILAND
• It is known as Siam until 1939
• Siamese cats are native to Thailand
• Thailand is the worlds largest exporter of rice
• Thailand is a constitutional monarchy
• Around 90% of Thai people are buddhist
• Muay thai boxing is their national sport
• Thailand means land of free
• Film Review is a critical judgment of a motion picture. It focuses on the art of the film
maker and evaluates the techniques employed by the director.

Elements of Film Review

• GENRE- is the kind or type of film. Is it comedy? Tragedy? Musical? Action? Thriller?
Horror? Sci-Fi? Romance? Historical? Melodrama? Animation?
• SYNOPSIS- is the gist or summary of the film. What is the film all about? What are the
objectives of the film? How were the elements of the story interrelated with one another?
• CHARACTERIZATION- is the development or portrayal of the characters. How will you
describe the characters in the film? What are their deprivations and motivations? Are their
acting skills convincing and powerful for the viewers?
• SOUND- is the essential aspect of the film and it consists SPEECH as the voice of the
actors, the MUSIC, as the soundtrack or song laid in the film, and the SOUND EFFECT or
embedded sound in the film.
• CINEMATOGRAPHY- is the manipulation of the filmstrip and photographic image by the
camera. How was the
coordination of one shot with the succeeding shot? Does the speed, motion, and transformation
of each photographic image help in the quality of the film?
• PRODUCTION DESIGN- refers to the costumes and make-ups matched to the characters’
role? Do the props stimulate
the ambiance for the scene? Does the production design depict the setting of the story?
 PARAPHRASING
• is a restatement of an original text or passage.
• Original passage
Only those you love most can hurt you the most. Non-verbalized feelings are unhealthy in any
relationship.
• Paraphrased Passage
Those people you love most are capable to hurt you. Feelings not expressed are dangerous in any
kind of relationship.