1

Acid, Base and

4 Buffer WS 1

21 (a) State briefly what is meant by the following terms. For

Examiner’s
(i) reversible reaction Use

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) dynamic equilibrium

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Water ionises to a small extent as follows.

H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ΔH = +58 kJ mol–1

(i) Write an expression for Kc for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write down the expression for Kw, the ionic product of water, and explain how this
can be derived from your Kc expression in (i).

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) State and explain how the value of Kw for hot water will differ from its value for cold
water.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Kw can be used to calculate the pH of solutions of strong and weak bases.

(i) Use the value of Kw in the Data Booklet to calculate the pH of 0.050 mol dm–3
NaOH.

pH = ...........................................

Ammonia ionises slightly in water as follows.

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)

The following expression applies to this equilibrium.

[H2O] × Kc= [NH4+][OH–] / [NH3] = 1.8 × 10–5 mol dm–3

Bilal Hameed
© UCLES 2011 9701/41/M/J/11 Acid, Base and Buffer 1
 2 5

(ii) Calculate [OH–(aq)] in a 0.050 mol dm–3 solution of NH3. You may assume that only For
a small fraction of the NH3 ionises, so that [NH3] at equilibrium remains at Examiner’s
0.050 mol dm–3. Use

[OH–(aq)] = .................................

(iii) Use the value of Kw in the Data Booklet, and your answer in (ii), to calculate [H+(aq)]
in 0.050 mol dm–3 NH3(aq).

[H+(aq)] = ...................................

(iv) Calculate the pH of this solution.

pH = ...........................................
[6]
[S’11 P41 Q02]
[Total: 11]

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed

© UCLES 2011 9701/41/M/J/11 [Turn over
 [3]

[Total : 12]
3

2
2 (a) Methanoic acid, HCO2H, is a weak acid, with Ka = 1.77 x 10–4 mol dm–3.

(i) Write an expression for the Ka of methanoic acid.

...................................................................................................................................
–3
(ii) Use your expression to calculate the [H+] in a 0.0500 mol dm solution of
methanoic acid.

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the percentage of HCO2H molecules that are ionised in this solution.

(iv) Calculate the pH of this solution.

...................................................................................................................................
[4]
9701/4/O/N/03

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1

 4 5 For
Examiner’s
Use
(b) Calculate the pH of a 0.0500 mol dm–3 solution of the strong acid HCl.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Both HCO2H and HCl react with powdered magnesium metal, giving off hydrogen gas.
For a fixed amount of magnesium, the rate equation for the reaction is as follows.

rate = k [H+(aq)]

(i) Write an equation for the reaction between HCO2H and Mg.

...................................................................................................................................

When 20.0 cm3 of a 0.0500 mol dm–3 solution of either acid is reacted with an excess of
powdered magnesium, the same volume of hydrogen is given off, but the methanoic
acid solution reacts much more slowly than the hydrochloric acid.

(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen given off.

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) Explain why the hydrogen is evolved more slowly from the methanoic acid solution.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(iv) Explain why, eventually, the methanoic acid solution produces just as much
hydrogen as the hydrochloric acid solution.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[5]

[W’03 P4 Q02]
[Total : 10]

9701/4/O/N/03 [Turn over

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed

 compound containing the functional group you named in (i).
(e) Solutions of amino acids are good buffers. For
.................................................................................................................................... Examiner’s
(i) What is meant by the term buffer? 5 [3]
Use

3 (f) ..................................................................................................................................
A solution containing a mixture of tartaric acid and its sodium salt is used as a buffer in
some pre-prepared food dishes.
(ii) Write
Calculatean equation
the pH of to show how
a solution a solution
containing 0.50of molalanine,
dm–3 of CH 3CH(NH
tartaric )CO0.80
acid 2and 2H, mol
behaves
dm–3
as a buffer
sodium in the presence of an acid such as HCl(aq).
tartrate.
[Ka(tartaric acid) = 9.3 10–4 mol dm–3]
..................................................................................................................................

(iii) Briefly describe how the pH of blood is controlled.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
pH = ...............................
[2]
..................................................................................................................................

[W’12 P43 Q03]

[Total: 20]
(iv)
4 Calculate the pH of the buffer formed when 10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 NaOH is
added to 10.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm–3 CH3CO2H, whose pKa = 4.76.
© UCLES 2012 9701/43/O/N/12 [Turn over

pH = ......................................................

[7]
[W’11 P43 Q03]

[Total: 19]

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1

© UCLES 2011 9701/43/O/N/11
 6 For
4
Examiner’s
Use
52 Ibuprofen is one of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used to
treat chronic arthritic pain caused by inflammation of the joints.

CH3

CH3 CH O
C
CH
CH3 CH2 OH

ibuprofen

(a) (i) Draw a circle around any chiral centre(s) in the above structure.

(ii) Write down the molecular formula of ibuprofen.

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the Mr of ibuprofen and use it to calculate how many grams are
needed to make 100 cm3 of a 0.15 mol dm–3 solution.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(iv) Vigorous oxidation of ibuprofen produces a dibasic acid A. A solution containing

0.10 g of A required 12.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 NaOH for neutralisation.
Suggest a structure for A, showing your working.

...................................................................................................................................
[7]
(b) The Ka value for ibuprofen is 6.3 × 10 mol dm . –6 –3

(i) Write an expression for Ka.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use the Ka value to calculate the pH of a 0.15 mol dm–3 solution of ibuprofen.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[3]

[W’06 P4 Q02]
© UCLES 2006 9701/04/O/N/06

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed

 7
5
6 (b) A buffer solution is to be made using 1.00 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, and
For
Examiner’s
1.00 mol dm–3 sodium ethanoate, CH3CO2Na. Use
Calculate to the nearest 1 cm3 the volumes of each solution that would be required to
make 100 cm3 of a buffer solution with pH 5.50.
Clearly show all steps in your working.
Ka (CH3CO2H) = 1.79 10–5 mol dm–3

volume of 1.00 mol dm–3 CH3CO2H = ......................... cm3

volume of 1.00 mol dm–3 CH3CO2Na = ......................... cm3

[4]

(c) Write an equation to show the reaction of this buffer solution with each of the following.

(i) added HCl .................................................................................................................

(ii) added NaOH ..............................................................................................................

[2]

[S’13 P42 Q02]

(d) Choose one reaction in organic chemistry that is catalysed by an acid, and write the
structural formulae of the reactants and products in the boxes below.

H+

[3]

[Total: 17]

© UCLES 2013 9701/42/M/J/13 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1
 86

For
73 (a) (i) Using the symbol HZ to represent a Brønsted-Lowry acid, write equations which Examiner’s
show the following substances acting as Brønsted-Lowry bases. Use

NH3 +

CH3OH +

(ii) Using the symbol B– to represent a Brønsted-Lowry base, write equations which
show the following substances acting as Brønsted-Lowry acids.

NH3 +

CH3OH +

[4]

(b) State briefly what is meant by the following terms.

(i) reversible reaction

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) dynamic equilibrium

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) (i) Explain what is meant by a buffer solution.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how the working of a buffer solution relies on a reversible reaction involving
a Brønsted-Lowry acid such as HZ and a Brønsted-Lowry base such as Z–.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2013 9701/41/O/N/13

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed
 99

85 The phosphate buffer system operates in biological cells. The buffer contains dihydrogen phosphate,
H2PO4–, which acts as a weak acid.

H2PO4– + H2O HPO42– + H3O+

(a) Write an expression for the Ka of H2PO4–.

Ka =

[1]

(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Write two equations to show how a solution containing a mixture of H2PO4– and HPO42–
acts as a buffer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The pH in many living cells is 7.40.

H2PO4– + H2O HPO42– + H3O+ Ka = 6.31 10–8 mol dm–3

Calculate the value of [HPO42–] / [H2PO4–] needed to give a pH of 7.40 in the cells.

[HPO42–] / [H2PO4–] = ............................. [3]

(d) (i) The H2PO4– ion can also act as a base.

Write an equation to show H2PO4– acting as a base.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The HPO42– ion can also act as an acid.

Write an equation to show HPO42– acting as an acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[W’16 P42 Q02]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/O/N/16 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1

 106

93 (a) Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is a weak acid in aqueous solution.

HCN(aq) H+(aq) + CN–(aq) Ka = 6.2 10–10 mol dm–3

(i) Calculate the pH of 0.10 mol dm–3 HCN(aq).

pH = .............................. [2]

[M'18 P42 Q03]

(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to represent the bonding in the hydrogen cyanide molecule.
Show the outer shell electrons only.

[1]

(iii) State the hybridisation of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in hydrogen cyanide, and give
the H–C–N bond angle.

hybridisation of C ................................................................................................................

hybridisation of N ................................................................................................................

H–C–N bond angle .............................................................................................................

[2]

(iv) Suggest structures for the organic products A and B in the following reactions. Assume
that HCN reacts in a similar way to RCN.

H2 + Ni

HCN
B

heat with HCl (aq)

[2]

© UCLES 2018 9701/42/F/M/18

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed

 13
11

10 (d) Nitrous acid, HNO2, is a weak acid with a Ka of 6.9 10–4 mol dm–3 at 298 K.

(i) Explain the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for HNO2.

Ka =

[1]

(iii) Calculate the pH of 0.15 mol dm–3 HNO2.

pH = .............................. [2]

(iv) Calculate the percentage of HNO2 molecules that are ionised in 0.15 mol dm–3 HNO2.

% ionisation = .............................. [1]

(e) Solutions containing a mixture of HNO2 and NaNO2 are buffer solutions.

(i) buffer solution.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Write two equations to show how a solution containing a mixture of HNO2 and NaNO2 acts
as a buffer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[W'18 P42 Q05]

© UCLES 2018 9701/42/O/N/18 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1

 12
8

311 (a) (i)

.............................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

Ka for a weak acid, HA = ..............................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Write equations to show how a buffer solution consisting of a mixture of HA(aq) and
NaA(aq) controls pH when an acid or an alkali is added.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When chlorine dissolves in water the following reaction occurs.

Cl 2(g) + H2O(l) HCl O(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl –(aq)

kept near to pH 7 by the addition of a base.

Chlorine is dissolved in water to produce 1000 cm3 of a solution containing 0.170 mol of HCl O
and 0.170 mol of HCl.

A buffer solution is then prepared by adding 0.200 mol of NaOH(s) to this solution. The NaOH
reacts initially with the HCl.

Calculate the pH of the buffer solution.

[HCl O is a weak acid with Ka = 2.9 10–8 mol dm–3.]

pH = .............................. [3]

[M’19[Total: 7]
P42 Q03]

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/F/M/19

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed

 mechanism ................................................................................................................................
[2]
13

12 (d)

stage 1 H2SO4 H+ + HSO4–

stage 2 HSO4– H+ + SO42– Ka2 = 1.0 10–2 mol dm–3

Ka2 is the acid dissociation constant for stage 2.

(i) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant Ka2.

Ka2 =

[1]

(ii) H2SO4 is considered a strong acid whereas HSO4– is considered a weak acid.

Suggest how the magnitude of the acid dissociation constant for stage 1 compares to Ka2.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) 6 H5CO2 –3

of 2.90.

Calculate the Ka

Ka = .............................. mol dm–3

[2]

[Total:
[`S’19 14]
P41 Q07]

© UCLES 2019 9701/41/M/J/19

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1

 14
11

13 (b) Bromic(I) acid, HOBr(aq), is a weak acid. Its Ka is 2.0 10–9 mol dm–3.

(i) Calculate the pH of 0.20 mol dm–3 HOBr(aq).

pH = .............................. [2]

(ii) 5.0 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide, KOH, are added to 20.0 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm–3
HOBr(aq).

Calculate the pH of the buffer solution produced.

pH = .............................. [2]

[W’19[Total: 9]
P41 Q05]

© UCLES 2019 9701/41/O/N/19 [Turn over

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed

 15
6

3
14 4Cl (s), dissolves in water to form an acidic solution. This is due to the
dissociation of the ammonium ions.

4
+
(aq) +
3 (aq)

(a) –3
solution of ammonium chloride
is 4.89 under standard conditions.

(i) +
] in a 0.300 mol dm–3 solution of ammonium chloride.

+
] = .............................. mol dm–3 [1]

(ii) Calculate the value of pKa of the ammonium ion.

pKa = .............................. [2]

(b) A buffer solution can be made by mixing ammonium chloride with ammonia solution.

(i) Explain, with the aid of an equation, how this solution can behave as a buffer when a small
amount of a strong acid is added.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain, with the aid of an equation, how this solution can behave as a buffer when a small
amount of a strong base is added.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/O/N/19

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1

 16
7

(c) (i) Use the value of Kw ] in pure water under standard conditions.
+

Show your working.

] = .............................. mol dm–3 [1]

+

(ii) C is 6.64.

Calculate the numerical value of Kw at 50 C.

Kw = .............................. [2]

[`W’19[Total: 8]
P42 Q03]

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/O/N/19 [Turn over

Acid, Base and Buffer 1 Bilal Hameed

 17
16

815 (a) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ammonium ions, NH4+(aq).

Ka =

[1]

(ii) Write two equations to describe how a solution containing ammonium ions, NH4+(aq), and
ammonia, NH3(aq), can act as a buffer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) The numerical value of Ka for NH4+(aq) is 5.6 10–10 at 298 K.

A buffer solution was prepared by adding 0.80 dm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3 ammonia, an excess,
to 0.20 dm3 of 0.20 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed at 298 K.

pH = .............................. [3]

[`S’20[Total: 8]
P41 Q08]

© UCLES 2020 9701/41/M/J/20

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 1

 18 2
For
Examiner's
Use
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided
Acid, Base and Buffer WS 2
11 (a) Write an expression for Kw.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use your expression to help you calculate the pH of 0.200 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq).

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The pH of 0.200 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) is 11.3. Explain why this answer differs from your
answer in (b).

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) A 20.0 cm3 sample of 0.200 mol dm–3 NH3(aq) was titrated with 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl.
On the following axes, sketch how the pH changes during this titration. Mark clearly
where the end point occurs.

14

pH 7

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
volume of added acid / cm3
[3]

9701/4/S02

Acid, Base and Buffer 2 Bilal Hameed

 19 3
23
For
Examin
Use
(e) From the following list of indicators, put a tick in the box by the side of the indicator you
consider most suitable for this titration.

pH at which colour place one tick only

indicator
changes in this column
methyl violet 0.0 - 1.6

methyl orange 3.1 - 4.4

bromothymol blue 6.0 - 7.6

phenolphthalein 8.3 - 10.0

[1]

[S'02 P4 Q01]
(f) A solution containing NH3(aq) and NH4Cl(aq) acts as a buffer solution, resisting
changes in pH when acids or alkalis are added.

Explain with the help of equations how this mixture acts as a buffer.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[S'02 P4 10]
[Total: Q01]

Bilal Hameed 9701/4/S02 [Turn

Acid and base 12over
Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 2
 20 2 For
Examiner’s
Use
2 1 Sulphuric acid is a strong dibasic acid, which ionises in solution as follows.

H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO42–(aq)

(a) The organic base guanidine contains carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. Its reaction with
acids can be represented as follows.

B(aq) + H+ (aq) BH+(aq)

where B represents the molecule of guanidine.

When a 25.0 cm3 sample of dilute sulphuric acid was titrated against a solution of
guanidine, the following titration curve was obtained.

14

pH

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Volume of guanidine added / cm3

Use this curve to answer the following questions.

(i) Is guanidine a strong or a weak base? Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) The pH at the start of the titration was 0.70. Calculate the [H+], and hence the
concentration of sulphuric acid, at the start of the titration.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2004 9701/04/O/N04

Acid, Base and Buffer 2 Bilal Hameed

 For
25 3
21 Examiner’s
Use
(iii) Calculate the concentration of guanidine in the solution in mol dm–3.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(iv) The guanidine solution contained 8.68 g of the base per dm3. Use your answer to
(iii) calculate the Mr of guanidine.

.............................................................................................................................. [6]

(b) One of the major industrial uses of sulphuric acid is to convert phosphate rock (calcium
fluorophosphate(V)) into ‘superphosphate’ for use as a fertiliser. The process can be
represented by the following partially balanced equation.

2 Ca5(PO4)3F + 7H2SO4 → ....... CaSO4 + ....... Ca(H2PO4)2 + ....... HF

‘superphosphate’

(i) Balance the above equation.

(ii) Use your balanced equation to calculate the mass of H2SO4 required to
manufacture 1.0 kg of superphosphate fertiliser.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [4]
[W’04 P4 Q01]
(c) Solutions of hydrogenphosphates make useful buffers for biochemical experiments.

H2PO4– HPO42– + H+

(i) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution that contains 0.20 mol dm–3 NaH2PO4 and
0.10 mol dm–3 Na2HPO4. [Ka (H2PO4–) = 6.3 x 10–8 mol dm–3]

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[W’04 P4 Q01]
[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2004 9701/04/O/N04 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Ionic Equilibria 12
Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 2
 Section A For
Examiner’s
22 in the spaces provided.
Answer all questions Use

31 (a) Explain what is meant by the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The Ka values for some organic acids are listed below.

acid Ka /mol dm−3

CH3CO2H 1.7 ! 10−5

Cl CH2CO2H 1.3 ! 10−3

Cl 2CHCO2H 5.0 ! 10−2

(i) Explain the trend in Ka values in terms of the structures of these acids.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm−3 solution of Cl CH2CO2H.

pH = ...........................................

© UCLES 2009 9701/04/M/J/09

Acid, Base and Buffer 2 Bilal Hameed

 23 3

(iii) Use the following axes to sketch the titration curve you would obtain when 20 cm3 of For
0.10 mol dm−3 NaOH is added gradually to 10 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 Cl CH2CO2H. Examiner’s
Use

14

pH 7

0
0 5 10 15 20
3
volume of NaOH added / cm

[8]

(c) (i) Write suitable equations to show how a mixture of ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, and
sodium ethanoate acts as a buffer solution to control the pH when either an acid or
an alkali is added.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.10 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid and
0.20 mol dm−3 sodium ethanoate.

pH = ...........................................
[4]

[S’09 P4 Q01]
[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2009 9701/04/M/J/09 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 2
 24 12

47 When an aqueous solution of compound G, NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2, is titrated with HCl(aq), For

two successive acid-base reactions take place. Examiner’s
Use

(a) Write equations for these two acid-base reactions.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A 0.10 mol dm–3 solution of G has a pH of 11.3. When 30 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 HCl is
added to 10 cm3 of a 0.10 mol dm–3 solution of G, the final pH is 1.6.
Using the following axes, sketch the pH changes that occur during this addition of
HCl(aq).

12

pH 7

0
0 10 20 30
volume of HC (aq) added / cm3
[2]

[W’10 P43 Q07]

[Total: 4]

© UCLES 2010 9701/43/O/N/10

Acid, Base and Buffer 2 Bilal Hameed

 25
8

5 (c) (i) Write the expression for Kw.

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use your expression and the value of Kw in the Data Booklet to calculate the pH of
0.150 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq).

(iii) The pH of a 0.150 mol dm–3 solution of piperidine is 11.9.

HN

piperidine

Suggest why this answer differs from your answer in (c)(ii).

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(iv) How would you expect the basicity of piperidine to compare to that of ammonia?
Explain your reasoning.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[5]

© UCLES 2014 9701/41/M/J/14

Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 2

 26
9

(d) 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl was slowly added to a 10.0 cm3 sample of 0.150 mol dm–3
piperidine. The pH was measured throughout the addition.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of HCl remaining at the end of the addition.

moles of HCl = .....................

(ii) Hence calculate the [H+] and the pH at the end of the addition.

pH = .....................

(iii) On the following axes, sketch how the pH will change during the addition of a total of
20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl. Mark clearly where the end point occurs.

14

pH
7

0
0 5 10 15 20
volume HCl added / cm3

(iv) From the following list of indicators, put a tick in the box by the side of the indicator most
suitable for this titration.

pH at which place one tick only

indicator
colour changes in this column

A 0-1
B 3-4
C 11 - 12
D 13 - 14

[6]

[S’14 P41 Q03]

[Total: 16]

© UCLES 2014 9701/41/M/J/14 [Turn over

Acid, Base and Buffer 2 Bilal Hameed

 278

6 (c) The acid dissociation constant, Ka, of ethanoic acid is 1.75 10–5 mol dm–3.

(i) Explain why this value of Ka is

much larger than that of ethanol, CH3CH2OH,

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

smaller than that of chloroethanoic acid, Cl CH2CO2H.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid.

[4]

(d) 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 NaOH were slowly added to a 10.0 cm3 sample of 0.100 mol dm–3
ethanoic acid, and the pH was measured throughout the addition.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH remaining at the end of the addition.

(ii) Calculate the [OH–] at the end of the addition.

(iii) Using the expression Kw = [H+][OH–] and your value in (ii), calculate [H+] and the pH of the
solution at the end of the addition.

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9

(iv) On the following axes, sketch how the pH will change during the addition of a total of
20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 NaOH. Mark clearly where the end point occurs.

14

pH
7

0
0 5 10 15 20
volume NaOH added / cm3

(v) From the following list of indicators, put a tick in the box by the side of the indicator you
consider most suitable for this titration.

pH at which place one tick only

indicator
colour changes in this column

malachite green 0-1

thymol blue 1-2
bromophenol blue 3-4
thymolphthalein 9 - 10
[7]

[S’14 P42 Q03]

[Total: 15]

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18

77 (a) Sodium chlorate(I), NaCl O, is the active ingredient in commercial bleach. The concentration
of chlorate(I) ions was determined by titration.

10.0 cm3 3
in a volumetric flask using distilled
water.
Dilute sulfuric acid and an excess of potassium iodide solution were added to a
3
portion of this solution to liberate iodine.
The resulting solution required 20.80 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium thiosulfate
solution to react with the iodine produced.

The titration reactions are shown.

Cl O– I– I2 l– 2 O

I2 2 O32– 2I– 4 O62–

Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of Cl O– ions in the bleach solution.

concentration of Cl O– = ............................. mol dm–3 [3]

(b) An indicator was used in the thiosulfate-iodine titration.

(i) Name a suitable indicator for this titration.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the expected colour change you would observe at the end-point in this titration.

from ............................................................ to ............................................................ [1]

(iii) State when in the procedure you would add the indicator.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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19

(c) The concentration of chlorate(I) ions can also be determined by adding an excess of
hydrogen peroxide to the sample of bleach and measuring the volume of oxygen gas produced.

H2O2 lO NaCl 2 2 O

hydrogen peroxide

oxygen gas

100 cm3 measuring

cylinder

water
5.0 cm3 bleach

3
of a different bleach
solution, 82 cm3 of oxygen was produced at room temperature and pressure.

Calculate the concentration of Cl O– ions in this bleach solution.

concentration of Cl O– = ............................. mol dm–3 [2]

(d) Trichlorocyanuric acid, C3Cl 3N3O3, acts as a chlorine buffer and disinfectant for swimming
pools. It reacts with water to give chloric(I) acid, HCl O.

C3Cl 3N3O3 2 O C3H3N3O3 lO

(i) Write the expression for Kc for this equilibrium.

Kc =

[1]

(ii) In outdoor swimming pools, the HCl O is decomposed by sunlight. The decomposition of
HCl O is a redox reaction which forms a gas that relights a glowing splint.

Describe and explain the effect of the decomposition of HCl O on the equilibrium in (d).
State the effect on Kc.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

effect on Kc .........................................................................................................................
[2]

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(iii) The decomposition of HCl O is a redox reaction.

Suggest an equation for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) The buffer solution in blood is a mixture of carbonic acid, H2CO3, and hydrogencarbonate ions,
HCO3–. Healthy blood has a pH of 7.40.

H2CO3 2 O HCO3– 3 O Ka = 7.94 10–7 mol dm–3

(i) Explain how this buffer system acts to control the blood pH. Include equations in your
answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A patient’s blood has a [HCO3–] : [H2CO3

Calculate the pH of the patient’s blood.

pH = ............................ [2]

[W’16 P41 Q07]

[Total: 16]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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 32
4

82 (a) One atom of each of the four elements H, C, N and O can bond together in different ways.
Two examples are molecules of cyanic acid, HOCN, and isocyanic acid, HNCO. The atoms are
bonded in the order they are written.

(i) Draw ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams of these two acids, showing outer shell electrons only.

HOCN, cyanic acid

HNCO, isocyanic acid

[3]

(ii) Suggest the values of the bond angles HNC and NCO in isocyanic acid.

HNC .............................. NCO .............................. [1]

(iii) Suggest which acid, cyanic or isocyanic, will have the shorter C–N bond length.
Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Isocyanic acid is a weak acid.

HNCO H+ + NCO– Ka = 1.2 10–4 mol dm–3

Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm–3 solution of isocyanic acid.

pH = .............................. [2]

(ii) Sodium cyanate, NaNCO, is used in the production of isocyanic acid.

Sodium cyanate is prepared commercially by reacting urea, (NH2)2CO, with sodium
carbonate. Other products in this reaction are carbon dioxide, ammonia and steam.

Write an equation for the production of NaNCO by this method.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 335

(c) Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is completely ionised in aqueous solutions.

During the addition of 30.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 Ba(OH)2 to 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
isocyanic acid, the pH was measured.

(i) Calculate the [OH–] at the end of the addition.

[OH–] = .............................. mol dm–3 [2]

(ii) Use your value in (i) to calculate [H+] and the pH of the solution at the end of the addition.

+
] = .............................. mol dm–3

[2]

(iii) On the following axes, sketch how the pH changes during the addition of a total of 30.0 cm3
of 0.100 mol dm–3 Ba(OH)2 to 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 isocyanic acid.

14

pH
7

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
volume of Ba(OH)2 added / cm3
[3]

[S’17 P41 Q02]

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10

49 (a) The enthalpy change of solution, , of the Group 2 sulfates becomes more endothermic
down the group.

State and explain the trend in the solubility of the Group 2 sulfates down the group.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) (i) Write the expression for Kw , the ionic product of water.

Kw =

[1]

(ii) The numerical value of Kw increases with increasing temperature.

Place a tick ( ) in the appropriate column in each row to show the effect of increasing the
temperature of water on the pH and on the ratio [H+] : [OH–].

effect of increasing
decrease stay the same increase
temperature of water

pH

ratio [H+] : [OH–]

[2]

(c) An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide has a pH of 13.25 at 298 K.

Calculate the concentration of this sodium hydroxide solution.

concentration = .............................. mol dm–3 [2]

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 35
11
11
(d) Buffer solutions are used to regulate the pH11of a solution to keep its pH value within a narrow
range.
(d) Buffer solutions are used to regulate the pH of a solution to keep its pH value within a narrow
(d)
range.Buffer solutions are used to regulate the pH of a solution to keep its pH value within a narrow
Write two equations to describe how hydrogencarbonate ions, HCO3–, and carbonic acid,
range.
H2CO3, control the pH of blood.
Write two equations to describe how hydrogencarbonate ions, HCO3–,– and carbonic acid,
H2CO Write two equations
, control the pH of to describe how hydrogencarbonate ions, HCO3 , and carbonic acid,
blood.
H23CO3, control the pH of blood.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) The Ka for ethanoic acid is 1.75 –5
mol dm–3 at 298 K.
The Ka for
(e) (e) Ka ethanoic acid is 1.75
is 1.75 inmol
–5
dmdm
–3
atat298 K.K.
(i) The for ethanoic acid mol 298
–5 –3
When ethanoic acid is dissolved water, an equilibrium mixture containing two acid-base
pairs is formed.
(i) (i)
When ethanoic
When acid
ethanoic is dissolved
acid in in
is dissolved water, anan
water, equilibrium
equilibriummixture
mixturecontaining
containingtwo
two acid-base
acid-base
pairs is formed.
pairs is formed.
Write an equation for this equilibrium. In the boxes label each species acidic or basic to
show its behaviour in this equilibrium.
Write an equation
Write an equation for for
thisthis
equilibrium.
equilibrium.In In
the
theboxes
boxeslabel labeleacheachspecies
speciesacidic
acidic or or basic
basic to
show
showits behaviour
its behaviour in this equilibrium.
in this equilibrium.
CH3CO2H + +
.............................. .............................. ..............................
CH CO
CH3CO32H 2 H + + ++
..............................
.............................. ..............................
.............................. ..............................
..............................

[2]
[2]
[2]
(ii) 3 –3
ethanoic acid, an
3
sodium hydroxide.–3
(ii) (ii) –3 ethanoic acid, an
3 –3
3
ethanoic acid, an
3
3
–3
–3
sodium
sodium hydroxide.
hydroxide.
Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed at 298 K. Give your answer to one decimal
place.
Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed at 298 K. Give your answer to one decimal
Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed at 298 K. Give your answer to one decimal
place.
place.

pH
pH==..............................
.............................. [4]
pH = .............................. [4]
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© UCLES 2018 2018 9701/41/O/N/18
9701/41/O/N/18 [Turn over
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36

(f) Titration curves for two different acid-base reactions, M and N, are shown.

reaction M reaction N
14 14

12 12

10 10

8 8
pH pH
6 6

4 4

2 2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
volume of acid added / cm3 volume of acid added / cm3

(i) Use the titration curve for reaction M to deduce the volume of acid added at the end-point
for this titration.

volume of acid added at the end-point = .............................. cm3 [1]

(ii) The table shows some acid-base indicators.

pH range of
name of indicator
colour change
malachite green
bromocresol green 3.8–5.4
bromothymol blue
thymolphthalein

Name a suitable indicator for each of the acid-base titrations M and N. Explain your
answers.

reaction M .................................................... reaction N ...................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total:
[W’18 19]
P41 Q04]

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Bilal Hameed Acid, Base and Buffer 2