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LOOMS
BY-ADITI PADHY
FDV
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LOOM

Introduction
Loom is a machine which used to manufacture woven fabric. A
loom contains different parts. Every part has individual
function.
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Parts Of Looms And

Their Functions

Different Parts of Loom

Weaving looms can range from quite simple to very complex. Looms have been used to produce cloth for thousands of
years, and while technology has improved the loom, the basic strategies and practices remain much the same.There are
different parts of a loom. All these together take part in making a complete fabric. So all parts are important here .
 Warp Beam
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Located at the rear of the loom on that with the warp yarns are wound. it’s a cylinder on that the
warp threads square measure in parallel lines. The yarns pass to the front of the loom wherever
they’re connected to textile roll.

Harness

This is the frame consisting of variety of wires of heddles. So, every heddle consists an eye fixed
through that one or additional warp yarns passes. In addition, the harness is that the necessary a
part of the loom because, it has upward or downward movement of warp yarn, ensures the right
TH running of the filling yarn over or below the warp yarn to supply the designed pattern within the
textile. Harness contains variety of heddles.

Heddle

It is a were with a hole within the center through the warp yarn goes. There square measure as
several heddles as there square measure warp yarns within the textile. All the heddles square
measure control in 2 or additional harnesses the warp is raised and down by a harness-haddle
arrangement. once the harness is raised shed is created through that the filling yarn are often
inserted.
 Shuttle

IV Shuttle is the device used in weaving to carry the weft warn. The picking are completed by shuttle
at shuttle loom. The filling thread is wound on a bobbin which sets into the shuttle or bobbin
container. As the shuttle passes back and forth through the warp shed, it releases thread from the
bobbin and so forms the filling cloth.

Reed

This is inevitably a combination made up of steel wire rods set vertically in a frame. The spaces
between the wires are known as splits or dents and are kept even and parallel. This is the first
function of reed. Its second function is to feed the filling thread into position. To do this it has to
TH move in a back and forth motion. It attach the pick with fell of the cloth.

Cloth Roller

The cloth beam, which holds the fabrics , is located at the front of the machine. The produced fabric
are wind on this beam by take up motion.

Picker

It is a parts which attach with a spindle. Its get motion from picking arm and this motion help the
shuttle to passing one side to another side. It made by plastics.
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Picking Stick or Arm:

It is a wooden arm or stick which give motion on the picker.

Temple

The parts at the edges of the cloth which supports to maintain fixed dimension in width.
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Lease Rod

Another guiding device it is for the warp yarns. These are two sorts of wooden or glass rods set
between the whip rolls and the heddles. Alternating warp threads can be kept separate by passing
over and under these rods.
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Motion Of
The Loom

Types of Loom Motions

The conversion of warp sheet into fabric by interlacing with weft yarn
requires the basic operations to be carried out on loom in a specific
order. It involves the primary motions, secondary motions and the stop
motions.
Loom has three types of motion:
Primary motion
Secondary motion
Tertiary motion or Stop motion
Primary motions of VII

loom
These are the motion which are most necessary in any loom to produce the fabric without these motions
weaving is not possible. These are the fundamental motions of a loom that is why these are called as primary
motions. There are three primary motions of loom;

Shedding Picking Beat up

The process of making shed The method of passing the The process in which yarns
is called shedding. It is the weft threads traversely are sent to the fell of the
process of separating the through warp yarn is called cloth is called beat up.
warp yarn into two layers to picking.
form a tunnel which is called
shed, is known as shedding.
 Secondary
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Secondary Motion

motion of loom The secondary motions facilitate the weaving of fabric in a

continuous way. These include:

TH Let-off motion Take Up motion

This is the motion which delivers warp to the weaving

This is the motion that withdraws fabric from the weaving area at a
area at the required rate and at a suitable constant
constant rate. It ensures that the required pick spacing is maintained,
tension by unwinding it from a flanged tube known as and then winds it onto the cloth roller.
the weaver’s beam. 1. Positive take up motion: It is the motion in which the take up
1. Positive let-off motion: A mechanism controlling roller is gear driven, a change wheel or variable-throw pawl and
the rotation of the beam on a weaving or other ratchet being provided to allow the required rate to be obtained,
fabric forming machine where the beam is driven so determining the pick spacing.
2. Negative take up motion: It is the motion in which the take up
mechanically.
roller is rotated by means of a weight or spring, this roller only
2. Negative let-off motion: A mechanism controlling
rotates when the force applied by the weight or spring is greater
the rotation of the beam on a weaving or other than the warp lay tension in the fabric. The take up rate is
fabric forming machine where the beam is pulled controlled by the size of the force applied by the weight or spring
round by warp against a braking force applied to and/or the warp tension.
beam.
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Auxiliary motions of
loom
These motions are optional and not necessary but to get high productivity and good quality of fabric these are very
useful motion.

Warp stop motion Weft Stop motion Warp protector motion

In this motion when there is a warp This motion stop the loom, if the This motion is used in shuttle loom. This
break due to any reason, the loom weft is not present in the shuttle or motion stops the loom when the shuttle
stops automatically and prevent the there is a missing Weft.It is a very gets trapped into the shed and the reed
comes forward for beat up This motion
defect to take place. important motion and helps to
protects the reed and warp yarns from
improve the quality of fabric.
being damage by the shuttle.
The warp stop motion is of two types
a) Electrical warp stop motion This motion is of two types It is of two types
b) Mechanical warp stop motion a) Side weft fork motion 1. Loose Reed motion
b) Centre weft fork motion 2. Fast reed motion
X Types of Looms
Shuttle Loom
The shuttle loom is the oldest type of weaving loom which uses a shuttle which contains a bobbin of filling yarn that appears through a hole
situated in the side. The shuttle is batted across the loom and during this process, it leaves a trail of the filling at the rate of about 110 to 225
picks per minute (ppm). Although very effective and versatile, the shuttle looms are slow and noisy. Also, the shuttle sometimes leads to
abrasion on the warp yarns and at other times causes thread breaks. As a result, the machine has to be stopped for tying the broken yarns.

Shuttleless loom
Many kinds of shuttleless looms are used for weaving such as Projectile Looms; Rapier Looms, Water Jet Looms, and Air Jet Looms.

Circular Looms
These looms are particularly used for making tubular fabrics rather than flat fabrics. A shuttle device in it circulates the weft in a shed formed
around the machine. A circular loom is primarily used for bagging material.

Multiphase loom
The multiphase loom can form many different sheds at different places, thereby enabling insertion of a number of filling yarns, one behind
the other.
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Rapier Loom Shuttleless loom

Rapier looms are machines in which the means of carrying the weft through the shed is fixed at the end of a rigid rod or in a flexible ribbon, this
being positively driven. A rapier machine may have a single rapier to carry the weft across the full width or a single rapier operating bilaterally
with a centrally located bilateral weft supply, or two rapiers operating opposites sides of the machines.Rapier loom comes in many types. Early
models of it use one long rapier device that travels along the width of the loom to carry the weft from one side to the other. Another type of
rapier loom has two rapiers, one on each side of the loom. They may be rigid, flexible or telescopic.One rapier feeds the weft halfway through the
sheds of warp yarns to the arm on the other side, which reaches in and carries it across the rest of the way.Rapier looms are very efficient and
their speed ranges from 200 to 260 ppm. These looms can manufacture a variety of fabrics ranging from muslin fabric to drapery fabrics and
even upholstery fabrics.
Water Jet Loom
.
In water jet loom, a water jet is propelled across the shed with the force, that takes the filling yarn to the other side.In it, a pre-measured length of
weft yarn is carried across the loom by a jet of water. These looms are very fast with speeds up to 600 ppm and very low noise. Also, they don’t
place much tension on the filling yarn.As the pick is tensionless, very high quality of warp yarns are needed for efficient operation. Also, only
yarns that are not readily absorbent can be used to make fabrics on water jet looms such as filament yarn of acetate, nylon, polyester, and glass.
However, it can produce very high-quality fabrics having a great appearance and feel.
Air Jet Looms
In air jet loom, a jet of air is projected across the shed with the force, that takes the filling yarn to the other side ie. a jet of air is used to propel the
weft yarn through the shed at speeds of up to 600 ppm. Uniform weft yarns are needed to make fabrics on this loom.
Also, heavier yarns are suitable for air jet looms as the lighter fabrics are very difficult to control through the shed. However, too heavy yarns also
can’t be carried across the loom by an air jet. In spite of these limitations, air jet loom can produce a wide variety of fabrics.

.ZIMCORE HUBS | TOWN HALL MEETING

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Magazine loom
This is the type of automatic loom in which the loom takes the empty bobbin from the shuttle and automatically replaces it with a new, full
bobbin into the same shuttle. This exchange is made without stopping the loom. In this case, the weaver is restricted to one shuttle and one
color warp yarn ( called battery type). Another new type can use four colors in the warp.

Ribbon loom
This is the type of loom used for making narrow fabrics.

Needle loom
This is the type of shuttleless weaving machine in which the weft is drawn from a stationary supply and introduced into the shed in the form
of a double-pick by a weft inserter needle. The weft is retained at the opposite selvedge by the action of knitting or by the introduction of a
locking thread from a separate supply.

Swivel loom
This is the type of loom meant for narrow fabric such as ribbons and tapes, the picking is done by a special type of small shuttle controlled by
a swivel.
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Backstrap Loom
The backstrap loom is a simple loom developed by ancient civilizations and it's still used in many
countries today. The warp is tied around a stationary object on one end and to the weaver at the
other. The weight of the weaver keeps the warp taut. A skilled weaver can produce beautiful and
complex patterns using a backstrap loom.

Tapestry Looms
Tapestry looms include the simplest of looms, the frame loom. Frame looms do not have any ability to
create a shed, and a tapestry you create on a frame loom is constrained to the size of the frame. Some
larger types of tapestry looms hold longer warps and offer methods of creating a shed.

Inkle Looms
Inkle looms are used to weave narrow strips of fabric such as straps and belts. They are portable and
while they are a great beginner’s loom, experienced weavers also use them to create complex
patterns.
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Rigid Heddle Looms
A rigid-heddle loom is a good beginner’s loom. It also offers a lot in terms of patterning to
an experienced weaver through hand manipulation of the warp and weft. With one rigid
heddle, the can be used for two-shaft weaving using yarns that are generally thicker than
those used by shaft looms. By adding another heddle, the weaver can use thinner yarns
and weave more intricate patterns using pick-up sticks and hand manipulation
techniques. Rigid-heddle looms are portable. They can be used with or without a stand.

Table Looms
Table looms are smaller and more portable than floor looms, but more complex than the
other small looms in this list. They are made to be used on top of a table or on a stand.
While you can get table loom that has more than 8 shafts, the most common types have
either 4 or 8.

Floor Looms
IThese are the largest of the home weaver’s looms. They’re freestanding and made for
weaving larger projects. Use a floor loom to produce longer and wider pieces of fabric,
home linens, accessories, and rugs. Floor looms generally have either 4 or 8 shafts but
they can have more. They can also be electronically controlled by a dobby that lifts and
lowers the harnesses to create sheds.
Refrences-
https://textilehelp.org/parts-of-non-automatic-loom-weavers-beam/
https://www.textileschool.com/463/parts-of-weaving-loom/
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functions-of-loom-40940f891c49
https://textilelearner.net/different-parts-of-loom-and-their-functions/
https://texpedia.org/blog/2016/09/03/different-parts-loom-functions-parts-functions-loom/
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https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2014/08/primary-secondary-motions-auxiliary-functions-weaving.html
https://textilefashionstudy.com/loom-motion-mechanism-classification-of-loom-motion/
https://textilelearner.net/primary-secondary-and-stop-motions-of-loom/
https://textile-craft.blogspot.com/2013/12/motions-of-loom.html
https://handwovenmagazine.com/weaving-looms-types/
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TH THANK YOU