Quick Learning Guide Chapter 17
Business in Action, 5th Edition Financial Information and
Accounting Concepts
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: Define LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: Explain the LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: Describe
accounting, and describe the roles impact of accounting standards such the accounting equation, and
of private and public accountants. as GAAP and the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act explain the purpose of double‐entry
on corporate accounting. bookkeeping and the matching
principle.
Summary: Accounting is the system a Summary: Accounting standards such as Summary: The basic accounting
business uses to identify, measure, and GAAP help ensure consistent financial equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners’
communicate financial information to reporting, which is essential for equity. Double‐entry bookkeeping is a
others, inside and outside the regulators and investors to make system of recording every financial
organization. Accountants perform a informed decisions. To ensure transaction twice in order to keep the
wide variety of tasks, including preparing consistency on a global scale, GAAP is accounting equation in balance. The
financial statements, analyzing and likely to be merged with the matching principle makes sure that
interpreting financial information, international financial reports standards expenses incurred in producing revenues
preparing financial forecasts and (IFRS) in the coming years. Sarbanes‐ are deducted from the revenue they
budgets, preparing tax returns, Oxley introduced a number of rules generated during the same accounting
interpreting tax law, computing and covering the way publicly traded period.
analyzing production costs, evaluating a companies manage and report their
Critical thinking: (1) How does double‐
company’s performance, and analyzing finances, including restricting loans to
entry bookkeeping help eliminate
the financial implications of business directors and executives, creating a new
errors? (2) Why is accrual‐based
decisions. Private accountants work for board to oversee public auditors,
accounting considered more fraud‐proof
corporations, government agencies, and requiring corporate lawyers to report
than cash‐based accounting?
not‐for‐profit organizations, performing financial wrongdoing, requiring CEOs and
various accounting functions for their CFOs to sign financial statements under It’s your business: (1) Does looking at
employers. Public accountants, in oath, and requiring companies to the accounting equation make you
contrast, sell their services to individuals document their financial systems. reconsider your personal spending
and organizations. One of the most habits? (Think about taking on liabilities
Critical thinking: (1) Should U.S. public
important functions of public that don’t create any long‐term assets,
companies with no significant overseas
accountants is performing audits, a for example.) (2) How would accrual
business activity be forced to follow
formal evaluation of a company’s basis accounting give you better insights
international accounting standards? Why
accounting records and processes. into your personal finances?
or why not? (2) How does requiring CEOs
Critical thinking: (1) Why would a private to personally attest to the accuracy of Key terms to know: assets, liabilities,
accountant bother with becoming a financial statements eliminate errors and owners’ equity, accounting equation,
CPA? (2) What effect can unreliable or misrepresentations? double‐entry bookkeeping, matching
uncertain accounting have on the principle, accrual basis, cash basis,
economy? It’s your business: (1) How might the
depreciation
convergence of GAAP and IFRS in the
It’s your business: (1) How rigorous are coming years affect you as an investor?
your personal bookkeeping and (2) If you were considering buying stock
accounting efforts? Do you keep in a company, would you support
accurate records, analyze spending, and rigorous and detailed financial
set budgets? (2) If you don’t really accountability such as that called for by
account for your personal finances, how Section 404 of Sarbanes‐Oxley? Why or
might doing so help you, now and in the why not?
future?
Key terms to know: generally accepted
Key terms to know: accounting, financial
accounting principles (GAAP), external
accounting, management accounting,
auditors, international financial reporting
bookkeeping, private accountants,
standards (IFRS), Sarbanes‐Oxley
controller, certified public accountants
(CPAs), public accountants, audit
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: Identify the LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5: Explain the LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6: Explain the
major financial statements, and purpose of the income statement purpose of ratio analysis, and list
explain how to read a balance sheet. and statement of cash flows. the four main categories of financial
ratios.
Summary: The three major financial Summary: The income statement, also Summary: Financial ratios provide
statements are the balance sheet, the known as the profit and loss statement, information for analyzing the health and
income statement, and the statement of reflects the results of operations over a future prospects of a business. Ratios
cash flows. The balance sheet provides a period of time. It gives a general sense of facilitate financial comparisons among
snapshot of the business at a particular a company’s size and performance. The different‐size companies and between a
point in time. It shows the size of the statement of cash flows shows how a company and industry averages. Most of
company, the major assets owned, the company’s cash was received and spent the important ratios fall into one of four
ways the assets are financed, and the in three areas: operations, investments, categories: profitability ratios, which
amount of owners’ investment in the and financing. It gives a general sense of show how well the company generates
business. Its three main sections are the amount of cash created or consumed profits; liquidity ratios, which measure
assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity. by daily operations, fixed assets, the company’s ability to pay its short‐
investments, and debt over a period of term obligations; activity ratios, which
Critical thinking: (1) Why do analysts
time. analyze how well a company is managing
need to consider different factors when
its assets; and debt ratios, which
evaluating a company’s ability to repay Critical thinking: (1) How could two
measure a company’s ability to pay its
short‐term versus long‐term debt? (2) companies with similar gross profit
long‐term debt.
Would the current amount of the figures end up with dramatically
owners’ equity be a reasonable price to different net operating income? (2) How Critical thinking: (1) Why is it so
pay for a company? Why or why not? might a statement of cash flows help a important to be aware of extraordinary
turnaround expert decide how to rescue items when analyzing a company’s
It’s your business: (1) What are your
a struggling company? finances? (2) Why is the quick ratio
current and long‐term financial
frequently a better indicator than the
liabilities? Are these liabilities restricting It’s your business: (1) What would your
current ratio of a firm’s ability to pay its
your flexibility as a student or consumer? personal income statement look like
bills?
(2) As a potential employee, what today? Are you operating “at a profit” or
intangible assets can you offer a “at a loss”? (2) What steps could you It’s your business: (1) Assume you are
company? take to reduce your “operating about to make a significant consumer
expenses”? purchase, and the product is available at
Key terms to know: closing the books,
two local stores, one with high inventory
balance sheet, calendar year, fiscal year, Key terms to know: income statement,
turnover and one with low. Which store
current assets, fixed assets, current expenses, net income, cost of goods
would you choose based on this
liabilities, long‐term liabilities, retained sold, gross profit, operating expenses,
information? Why? (2) If you were
earnings EBITDA, statement of cash flows
applying for a home mortgage loan
today, would a lender view your debt‐to‐
assets ratio favorably? Why or why not?
Key terms to know: return on sales,
return on equity, earnings per share,
working capital, current ratio, quick
ratio, inventory turnover ratio, accounts
receivable turnover ratio, debt‐to‐equity
ratio, debt‐to‐assets ratio