GENERAL BOTANY (LEC) Artificial Classification
LESSON 2 (PLANT DIVERSITY)
Based in a single or few characters
Biodiversity
1. Theophrastus – habits – physical appearance of a
- biological diversity
plant in its natural environment
Refers to: no. of species, organisms of species,
variations - (herbs, undershrubs, shrubs, trees, etc.)
Genetic differences in genetic makeup of 2. John Ray – herbs, trees, dicots, monocots
individuals
3. Carolus Linnaeus – Binomial nomenclature
Ecosystem levels (desert, tropical rainforest,
(genus and specific etiquette)
grassland, etc)
– numerical characteristics of sexual parts (e.g. pistil
How diverse are plants?
or carpel)
Approx. 374K species, mostly in the tropics
- monandria – single stamen
Habitat (aquatic, terrestrial, submerged,
bottom, half-submerged, rocks, desert, etc) - diandria – 2 androecium
Habit – physical appearance (shrubs, trees, - dydinamia – 4 stamens of 2 unequal lengths
vines, herbs, lianas) (labiatae, coleus/mayana)
Size (smallest: wolffia [duck weed]- used for
- tetradinamia – 6 stamens, 4 long: 2 short (cabbage
ecotoxical experiments)
family)
Adaptations of plants on terrestrial condition
*monoecia – sexes are united (flower possesses
a. system of absorption – moss – 1 cell thick both carpel & stamen) (plant produces both male &
b. structure to prevent desiccation female flower)
(drying/dehydration) – cuticle – fatty substance (wax; * dioecia – sexes are separate (flower: male or
doesn’t get wet); highly developed in harsh female) (plant: male or female)
environment
Natural System of Classification
c. system of gas exchange – stomata – carbon dioxide
1. Michael Adanson – multiple characters
enters; oxygen exits
- plant genus (Adansonian/baobab tree)
- water vapor
2. Antoine Laurent De Jussieu – uncles: botanists
- vacuum-transpirational pool
- first to publish natural classification
- dicots: kidney-shaped
- ICBN – International Code of Botanical
- monocots: dumbbell-shaped
Nomenclature
- evapotranspiration-98% of water is lost
- in 2011, it was changed to ICN (The International
d. system of support – vessels also provide support Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants)
besides transport
3. George Bentham & Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker –
- schlerenchyma classification of seed plants
- fibers – are thick because they are lignified - cryptogamia – seedless plants (moss, ferns, etc.)
- xylem – usually has larger diameter than tracheids Major Plant Groups
e. system of conduction – xylem (collective term) – *-phyta: divisions of plants
made of tracheids; transport of water
*-sida: class
- phloem – transport of sugar
Bryophyta – bryophytes
- sieve tube
Mosses (Bryopsida)
- companion cells
has leafy parts
f. method of gamete transport – anther (pollen is Sporangium (erect), supported by seta
inside)
Liverworts (Hepatosida)
- there are many agents of pollination (insects, birds,
wind, water, humans) to reach the stigma Flat lobes
Resembles a liver
Hornworts (Anthocerophyta/Anthocerosopsida)
Plant produces sporophytes (resembles a horn) Sperma = “seeds” (gymnosperms = naked seeds)
Pterophyta/Pterodophyta – pterophytes Development of female gametophyte
Sphenophyta (Equisetum) Monosporic development (gymno) (n)
Bamboo-like because of nodes Megasporocites (will undergo meiosis 1 & meiosis 2
Soft twice, will have 4 cells but only one will develop into) >
High in silica (silicon dioxide) megaspores (will undergo mitosis thrice, will have 8
nuclei) > megagametophytes (embryo sac)
Lycophyta (Lycopodium)
Bisporic development (angio) (n)
Hanging plant
Mild temperature Occur after the 1st meiotic division but not on the 2nd
Shady places Cytokinesis – 2 cells will be produced (2 haploid nuclei),
Psilotaphyta (Psilotum nudum) embryo sac will develop in one of these cells
Gymnosperms Tetrasporic development (n)
Cycas Cytokinesis doesn’t occur at all. Single cell with 4
haploid nuclei
Slow growing
Used for landscaping Phylogenetic relationship of plants
Looks like palms Cladogram – is a branching diagram that represents the
Leaf is hard due to the presence of proposed phylogeny of the group
Schlerenchyma
- Used to show evolutionary relationships &
Ginkgo bhoba patterns of divergence.
Fan-shaped leaf - Constructed based on shared, derived
Maiden hair tree characters
- Derived characters – appear by mutation in the
Gnetum gnemora most recent ancestor of the group
Dioecious 3 basic parts:
Leaves are dicot-like
1. root - common ancestor of all groups included in
Intermediate bet. Angiosperms & gymnosperms
the cladogram. Found at the bottom
Coniferophyta
2. nodes – correspond to hypothetical common
Evergreen ancestor which is speciated (undergone speciation)
during the course of evolution to give rise to 2 or
more daughter taxa
3. clades – groups of organisms with similar
characters due to common descent.
Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a group of
organisms
*anemophily – wind
*entomophily – insects
*hydrophily – water
*zoophily – animals
Gymno = “naked”
*ancestral characters: the presence of the chlorophyll A
& B and obviously, autotropic
* derived characters:
a. presence of cuticle, multicellular gametangia and
multicellular embryos
b. the sporophyte being the dominant generation and
the presence of vascular tissues
c. seeds
*outgroup – species that have more ancestral
characters with respect to the other organisms being
compared
* the closeness of the clades in the diagram indicate the
number of characters being shared.
(cladogram in ppt; slide 15)
*ancestral characters: extinct algal group that appeared
several million yrs ago
*clades:
- chloropytes
- charophytes (include both unicellular and multicellular
green algee)
- bryophytes
- lycophytes
- monilophytes (ferns)
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
*shared derived characters:
a. presence of multicellular sporophytes
b. presence of vascular tissues (vasculature)
c. the sporophyte being dominant
d. presence of roots (microphylls, megaphylls)
e. presence of seeds
f. presence of flowers
*just like in the previous slide, we can say that
gymnosperms are more closely related to angiosperms
because there are more derived characters that are
being shared. (e.g. vasculature, dominance of
sporophyte, presence of megaphylls & seeds) therefore,
share a more recent common ancestor tan bryophytes
are to the angiosperms.
*charopytes – are also green algae but they differ in
chlorophytes in a sense that they have a structure
(phragmoplast) used during cell division (initiates the
formation of cell plate, present in plants
- also have multicellular antheridia and are considered
more structurally complex than green algae
