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Running Modes Analysis

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
107 views15 pages

Running Modes Analysis

Uploaded by

Vili Kamenova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Running modes analysis

LMS Test.Lab

16A

Copyright Siemens Industry Software NV


Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Running mode analysis ................................................................................ 5

Chapter 2 Measuring running modes ........................................................................... 7


Section 2.1 Transmissibility functions .................................................................... 7
Section 2.2 Crosspower spectra .............................................................................. 9

Chapter 3 Identification and scaling of running modes ............................................ 11


Section 3.1 Scaling of running modes .................................................................. 11

Chapter 4 Interpretation of results .............................................................................. 13


Section 4.1 Modal Scale Factors and Modal Assurance Criterion ........................ 13
Section 4.2 Modal decomposition ........................................................................ 14

16A 3
Chapter 1 Running mode analysis

Chapter 1 Running mode analysis


The aim of modal analysis is to identify a modal model that describes the
dynamic behavior of a (mechanical) system. This behavior is identified by
means of the transfer function measured between any two degrees of freedom of
the system.

The outcome of a modal analysis therefore is the estimated modal parameters of


the system, which are the natural frequencies (ωn), damping ratios (δ) and
scaled mode shapes (Vik).

One of the most common ways of estimating the modal parameters is based
upon the measurement of FRFs between one or more input (reference DOFs)
and all response DOFs of interest. These measurements are made under well
defined and controlled conditions, where all input and output signals are
measured and no unknown forces (external or internal) are acting on the system.

The modal model is (ideally) valid under any circumstances; that is to say,
whatever the frequency contents, level or nature of the acting forces. This
makes modal analysis a very powerful tool, and the modal model (once
identified) can be used in a number of ways, such as trouble shooting, forced
response prediction, sensitivity analysis or modification prediction.

For many reasons, a complete modal analysis can be impracticable. It may be


that the cost of the test setup is too high, the measurement object (e.g. a
prototype) cannot be made available for the period of time required to perform a
modal analysis, or it is found to be simply impossible to isolate the object from
all the forces acting on the system and excite it artificially.

In this case, it is possible to take measurements of the system while it is


operating. A number of output signals can be measured (one at each response
DOF), while the system is operating under stationary conditions. This provides
a set of measurements (Xi(ω)) as a function of frequency.

The measured quantity Xi(ω) at DOF i can be any number of things:


displacement, acceleration, voltage, angular position or acceleration, for
example. It is however measured for one particular operating condition, with
an unknown level or nature of the acting forces or inputs.

If you are interested in a particular phenomenon at a well defined frequency, it


is very often most helpful to see what the output levels are at that frequency for
each measurement DOF. So you might, for example, want to know what the
harmonic motion of measurement point 13 is at 85.6 Hz, or perhaps its level of
acceleration. These values can then be assembled in a vector {X}, having one
element for each of the measurement DOFs.

Animating the system's wire frame model can lead to a better understanding of
these phenomena. This makes it possible to show each motion (or acceleration)
level at the corresponding DOF, in a cyclic manner. Because of the external
resemblance of the animated representation of the vector quantity {X} with the
mode shape vector {V}, the vector {X} is called a running mode, or an
operational deflection shape.

16A 5
Chapter 1 Running mode analysis

These running modes must be interpreted entirely differently from modal


modes. Running modes only reflect the cyclic motion of each DOF under
specific operational conditions, and at a specific frequency. Using a modal
model based on displacement/force frequency response functions {H}, the
displacement running mode {X} can be described as follows.

where:

i = the DOF counter

wp = the particular angular frequency

Fj(w) = the force input spectrum at DOF

jm = the number of acting forces

The above equation clearly shows that running modes:


 can be identified at any of the measured frequencies ωp, whereas a modal
mode has a fixed natural frequency determined by the structural
characteristics of the system (mass, size, Young's modulus, etc.).
 depend on the level and nature of the acting force(s).
 depend on the structural characteristics of the system, through its FRF
behavior.
 depend on the frequency contents of each of the acting forces : if F3(ωp)
happens to be zero at ωp, it will not contribute to the running mode {x(ωp)}.
 will be dominant at structural resonances (ωp ≅ λk), but also at peaks in the
acting force spectra.

6 LMS Test.Lab Running modes analysis


Chapter 2 Measuring running modes

Chapter 2 Measuring running modes

In This Chapter
Transmissibility functions ..................................................7
Crosspower spectra.............................................................9
Ideally, all response spectra for a running mode analysis would be acquired:
 simultaneously
 in a short period of time in which the operating conditions of the test object
remain constant
 with signals having a high signal to noise ratio, so that no averaging is
required.
In practice, the number of acquisition channels on the measurement system
limits the number of response signals which can be measured simultaneously,
and so different sets of responses have to be measured at different periods of
time. Additionally, if a relatively high level of noise is present on the signals,
an averaging procedure may be necessary during the acquisition of the response
signals.

Because of varying operation conditions, it is usual to choose a specific


response DOF as a reference station and then measure the responses relative to
this reference. If the operating conditions then change slightly from one
measurement to the next, this will hopefully affect all response signals in the
same way and the change will be cancelled out because of the relative nature of
the measurements. This procedure also guarantees a fixed phase relationship
between the different response signals, using the phase of the reference signal as
a reference.

The two measured functions available for running mode analysis are:
transmissibility functions and crosspower spectra.

Section 2.1 Transmissibility functions

When the response signals are related to the reference by simply dividing each
response signal frequency spectrum by the reference frequency spectrum, the
result is the transmissibility function (T)

where j is the reference station.

16A 7
Chapter 2 Measuring running modes

When averaging is involved, transmissibilities can be calculated from measured


crosspower and autopower spectra.

The transmissibility function represents the complex ratio (amplitude and


phase) between two spectra. A peak in this function may thus be caused either
by a peak in the numerator crosspower (i.e. a structural resonance or peak in the
excitation spectrum), or a zero (anti-resonance) in the denominator autopower
spectrum. As resonance peaks will occur at the same frequencies for cross and
autopower spectra, while antiresonances do not, the denominator zeros will
cause more peaks in Tij. Resonance peaks tend to cancel each other out.

In the case of Frequency Response Functions (acceleration over force), different


estimators (H1, H2, HV) can be used to estimate the transmissibility functions.
In practice, the difference between these different methods of estimating Tij (w)
is small when the coherence function is high (near 100 %).

When estimating the transmissibility functions from Equation 4-4 above, the
coherence function (g) can also be calculated using the following equation.

The coherence function expresses the linear relationship between both response
signals of the measured system. This coherence function is expected to be high,
since both responses are caused by the same acting forces. In practice, however,
it can be low for the same reasons as those affecting the measurement of FRFs,
that is to say due to low signal to noise ratio for one or both of the signals, bad
signal conditioning, etc.

Another interesting reason why the coherence between two measured signals
may be low, can be derived from equation 4-1, when it is substituted in equation
4-3. The linear relationship (and hence the coherence) will vary as a function of
the weighting factors Fj(w), this can be because of changing operating
conditions during the averaging process for example. High coherence function
values in the frequency regions of interest therefore indicate both a high quality
of the measurement signals and stationary operating conditions.

Absolutely scaled running mode coefficients for each DOF i can be obtained by
multiplying the transmissibility spectra by the RMS value of the reference
autopower spectrum.

When the measured autopower spectrum has units of displacement squared, the
scaled running mode will be expressed in units of displacement (for example,

8 LMS Test.Lab Running modes analysis


Chapter 2 Measuring running modes

meters, or inches), if the transmissibility functions themselves are


dimensionless. Displacement running modes can be converted to velocity or
accelerations by simply multiplying by jw or (jw)2. For a certain value of w (say
wo), the following relationships apply.

Section 2.2 Crosspower spectra

When it can be assumed that the operating conditions are not going to change
while measuring all response signals, then it is possible to measure just
crosspower spectra between each response DOF i and a certain reference DOF j

where * denotes the complex conjugate.

Compared to transmissibility functions, crosspower functions have the


advantage that peaks clearly indicate high response levels (which may still be
caused by a structural resonance or a peak in the acting force spectrum). This
technique is especially useful when all the response signals are measured
simultaneously by a multi-channel measurement system. In this case, the
operating conditions are indeed the same for all response DOFs.

Absolutely scaled running modes can, in this case, be obtained again by means
of the autopower spectrum of the reference station j

When displacements were measured, the running mode coefficient will have
units of displacement. Equations 4-8 and 4-9 can be used to derive velocity or
acceleration values.

16A 9
Chapter 3 Identification and scaling of running modes

Chapter 3 Identification and scaling of running modes

In This Chapter
Scaling of running modes ...................................................11
Unlike modal modes, a running mode can be identified at any arbitrary
frequency of the measured spectra.

Simple peak picking and mode picking methods can be used to extract the
sampled values, corresponding to a certain spectral line from the measured
spectra. They can then be scaled, and assembled into a vector which can be
listed, or animated using a 3D wire frame model of the measured object. For a
measurement blocksize of 1024 (512 spectral lines), it is thus possible to
identify 512 running modes - or even more when interpolating between the
spectral lines.

Note: There is no such quantity as damping defined for a running mode.


Similarly other modal parameter concepts such as residues or modal
participation factors have no meaning for running mode analysis.

Section 3.1 Scaling of running modes

It is possible to scale the identified running modes to values with absolute


meaning.

The scaling of running modes coefficients that have been determined using peak
picking methods, depends upon the nature of the measurement data (e.g.
transmissibilities, or autopowers).

Several ways of scaling running modes can be considered:


 If transmissibility spectra were measured, then scaling can be performed
using the reference autopower spectrum, as described in equation 4-6.
 If crosspowers were measured, then equation 4-11 can be applied to scale
the running modes, again using the reference autopower spectrum.
 It is possible to convert between displacement, velocity and acceleration
coefficients using equations 4-7, 4-8 and 4-9 where it is possible to integrate
or differentiate once or twice.
 A number of running modes can be scaled manually, by entering a complex
scale factor. Each individual mode shape coefficient will be multiplied
with this scaling factor.
 Finally, a very general scaling mechanism can be used to scale a number of
running modes using a spectrum. Individual running mode coefficients will
be multiplied by the (possibly complex) value of the spectrum block,
belonging to the spectral line that corresponds to the frequency of that

16A 11
Chapter 3 Identification and scaling of running modes

particular mode.
Each one of the above scaling methods may change and influence the units of
the scaled running mode. The scaling factor's units will be incorporated into
the mode shape coefficient units, which were initially obtained from the
measurement data.

12 LMS Test.Lab Running modes analysis


Chapter 4 Interpretation of results

Chapter 4 Interpretation of results

In This Chapter
Modal Scale Factors and Modal Assurance Criterion ........13
Modal decomposition .........................................................14
A set of functions exists, that are designed to assess the validity of modes.
These include the functions of Modal Scale Factor, Modal Assurance Criterion
and Modal decomposition.

Section 4.1 Modal Scale Factors and Modal Assurance


Criterion

Both the Modal Scale Factor and Modal Assurance Criterion are mathematical
tools used to compare two vectors of equal length. They can be used to compare
running and modal, mode shape information.

The Modal Scale Factor between columns l and j of mode shape k or MSFjlo is
the ratio between two vectors. Although this ratio should be independent of the
row index i (the response station), a least squares estimate has to be computed
for it when more than one output station coefficient is available.

where {V jk} is the jth column of [Vk].

The corresponding Modal Assurance Criterion expresses the degree of


confidence in this calculation, which is obtained using equation 4-13.

If a linear relationship exists between the two complex vectors {V jk} and {V
lk}, then the MSF is the corresponding proportionality constant between them,
and the MAC value will be near to one. If they are linearly independent, the
MAC value will be small (near zero), and the MSF not very meaningful.

Modal Scale Factors and Modal Assurance Criterion values can be used to
compare an obtained modal model with the accepted running modes. The
MAC values for corresponding modeshapes should be near 100 % and the MSF
between corresponding vectors should be close to unity. When multiple inputs
are used, the MSF can be calculated for each input, while the corresponding
MAC will be the same for all of them.

16A 13
Chapter 4 Interpretation of results

Section 4.2 Modal decomposition

When a modal model for the same DOFs is available for a measured object, it is
possible to compare modal and running modes and to track down resonance
phenomena causing a particular running mode to become predominant. This is
termed Modal decomposition. By using a decomposition of each running mode
in a linear combination of the modal modes, it becomes clear whether or not a
running mode originates primarily from a resonance phenomenon.

The modal modes form what is termed the 'basis' group of modes. The running
modes are in a separate group that is to be decomposed. The following formula
applies.

Where:

Xi is the mode of the group to be decomposed (running modes)

Vi is the mode of the basis group (modal modes)

ai are the scaling coefficients needed to satisfy the above equation. The
scaling coefficients are rescaled relative to the maximum value.

The "Rest" is expressed as a relative error

Note: Take care when interpreting these values since resemblance of the
modal and the running mode may purely be coincidental. A running mode at
56 Hz will have no connection with a modal mode at 200 Hz even if they look
alike.

14 LMS Test.Lab Running modes analysis


Index

C
Crosspower spectra • 9
I
Identification and scaling of running modes •
11
Interpretation of results • 13
M
Measuring running modes • 7
Modal decomposition • 14
Modal Scale Factors and Modal Assurance
Criterion • 13
R
Running mode analysis • 5
S
Scaling of running modes • 11
T
Transmissibility functions • 7

16A 15

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