PROBLEMS 487

PROBLEMS
17.1 Given these data That is, determine the slope that results in the least-squares fit for a
straight line with a zero intercept. Fit the following data with this
8.8 9.5 9.8 9.4 10.0 model and display the result graphically:
9.4 10.1 9.2 11.3 9.4
10.0 10.4 7.9 10.4 9.8 x 2 4 6 7 10 11 14 17 20
9.8 9.5 8.9 8.8 10.6 y 1 2 5 2 8 7 6 9 12
10.1 9.5 9.6 10.2 8.9
17.6 Use least-squares regression to fit a straight line to
Determine (a) the mean, (b) the standard deviation, (c) the vari-
ance, (d) the coefficient of variation, and (e) the 95% confidence x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
interval for the mean. (f) construct a histogram using a range from y 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 8 10 13
7.5 to 11.5 with intervals of 0.5.
17.2 Given these data (a) Along with the slope and intercept, compute the standard error
of the estimate and the correlation coefficient. Plot the data and
29.65 28.55 28.65 30.15 29.35 29.75 29.25 the straight line. Assess the fit.
30.65 28.15 29.85 29.05 30.25 30.85 28.75
(b) Recompute (a), but use polynomial regression to fit a parabola
29.65 30.45 29.15 30.45 33.65 29.35 29.75
to the data. Compare the results with those of (a).
31.25 29.45 30.15 29.65 30.55 29.65 29.25
17.7 Fit the following data with (a) a saturation-growth-rate model,
Determine (a) the mean, (b) the standard deviation, (c) the vari- (b) a power equation, and (c) a parabola. In each case, plot the data
ance, (d) the coefficient of variation, and (e) the 90% confidence and the equation.
interval for the mean. (f) Construct a histogram. Use a range from
x 0.75 2 3 4 6 8 8.5
28 to 34 with increments of 0.4. (g) Assuming that the distribution
is normal and that your estimate of the standard deviation is valid, y 1.2 1.95 2 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.6
compute the range (that is, the lower and the upper values) that
17.8 Fit the following data with the power model (y 5 axb). Use
encompasses 68% of the readings. Determine whether this is a
the resulting power equation to predict y at x 5 9:
valid estimate for the data in this problem.
17.3 Use least-squares regression to fit a straight line to x 2.5 3.5 5 6 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20

x 0 2 4 6 9 11 12 15 17 19 y 13 11 8.5 8.2 7 6.2 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.3

y 5 6 7 6 9 8 7 10 12 12 17.9 Fit an exponential model to

Along with the slope and intercept, compute the standard error of x 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.3
the estimate and the correlation coefficient. Plot the data and the
y 800 975 1500 1950 2900 3600
regression line. Then repeat the problem, but regress x versus y—
that is, switch the variables. Interpret your results. Plot the data and the equation on both standard and semi-logarithmic
17.4 Use least-squares regression to fit a straight line to graph paper.
17.10 Rather than using the base-e exponential model (Eq. 17.22),
x 6 7 11 15 17 21 23 29 29 37 39
a common alternative is to use a base-10 model,
y 29 21 29 14 21 15 7 7 13 0 3
y 5 a510b5x
Along with the slope and the intercept, compute the standard error of
the estimate and the correlation coefficient. Plot the data and the re- When used for curve fitting, this equation yields identical results
gression line. If someone made an additional measurement of x 5 10, to the base-e version, but the value of the exponent parameter (b5)
y 5 10, would you suspect, based on a visual assessment and the will differ from that estimated with Eq. 17.22 (b1). Use the base-10
standard error, that the measurement was valid or faulty? Justify your version to solve Prob. 17.9. In addition, develop a formulation to
conclusion. relate b1 to b5.
17.5 Using the same approach as was employed to derive Eqs. (17.15) 17.11 Beyond the examples in Fig. 17.10, there are other models
and (17.16), derive the least-squares fit of the following model: that can be linearized using transformations. For example,

y 5 a1x 1 e y 5 a4xeb4x
488 LEAST-SQUARES REGRESSION

Linearize this model and use it to estimate a4 and b4 based on the Determine the coefficients by setting up and solving Eq. (17.25).
following data. Develop a plot of your fit along with the data. 17.16 Given these data
x 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 x 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
y 0.75 1.25 1.45 1.25 0.85 0.55 0.35 0.28 0.18 y 17 24 31 33 37 37 40 40 42 41

17.12 An investigator has reported the data tabulated below for an use least-squares regression to fit (a) a straight line, (b) a power
experiment to determine the growth rate of bacteria k (per d), as a equation, (c) a saturation-growth-rate equation, and (d) a parabola.
function of oxygen concentration c (mg/L). It is known that such Plot the data along with all the curves. Is any one of the curves
data can be modeled by the following equation: superior? If so, justify.
17.17 Fit a cubic equation to the following data:
kmaxc2
k5
cs 1 c2 x 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12

where cs and kmax are parameters. Use a transformation to linearize y 1.6 3.6 4.4 3.4 2.2 2.8 3.8 4.6
this equation. Then use linear regression to estimate cs and kmax and Along with the coefficients, determine r2 and syyx.
predict the growth rate at c 5 2 mg/L. 17.18 Use multiple linear regression to fit
c 0.5 0.8 1.5 2.5 4
x1 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
k 1.1 2.4 5.3 7.6 8.9
x2 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
17.13 An investigator has reported the data tabulated below. It is y 15.1 17.9 12.7 25.6 20.5 35.1 29.7 45.4 40.2
known that such data can be modeled by the following equation
Compute the coefficients, the standard error of the estimate, and the
x 5 e(y2b)ya correlation coefficient.
where a and b are parameters. Use a transformation to linearize this 17.19 Use multiple linear regression to fit
equation and then employ linear regression to determine a and b.
x1 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 1
Based on your analysis predict y at x 5 2.6.
x2 0 2 2 4 4 6 6 2 1
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 14 21 11 12 23 23 14 6 11
y 0.5 2 2.9 3.5 4
Compute the coefficients, the standard error of the estimate, and the
17.14 It is known that the data tabulated below can be modeled by correlation coefficient.
the following equation 17.20 Use nonlinear regression to fit a parabola to the following
a 1 1x 2 data:
y5a b
b 1x
 

x 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2 2.3

Use a transformation to linearize this equation and then employ y 500 700 1000 1200 2200 2650 3750
linear regression to determine the parameters a and b. Based on
17.21 Use nonlinear regression to fit a saturation-growth-rate
your analysis predict y at x 5 1.6.
equation to the data in Prob. 17.16.
x 0.5 1 2 3 4 17.22 Recompute the regression fits from Probs. (a) 17.3 and (b)
y 10.4 5.8 3.3 2.4 2 17.17, using the matrix approach. Estimate the standard errors and
develop 90% confidence intervals for the coefficients.
17.15 The following data are provided 17.23 Develop, debug, and test a program in either a high-level
language or macro language of your choice to implement linear
x 1 2 3 4 5
regression. Among other things: (a) include statements to docu-
y 2.2 2.8 3.6 4.5 5.5 ment the code, and (b) determine the standard error and the coeffi-
You want to use least-squares regression to fit these data with the cient of determination.
following model, 17.24 A material is tested for cyclic fatigue failure whereby a
stress, in MPa, is applied to the material and the number of cycles
c needed to cause failure is measured. The results are in the table
y 5 a 1 bx 1
x below. When a log-log plot of stress versus cycles is generated, the
 PROBLEMS 489

data trend shows a linear relationship. Use least-squares regression at which the concentration will reach 200 CFUy100 mL. Note that
to determine a best-fit equation for these data. your choice of model should be consistent with the fact that nega-
tive concentrations are impossible and that the bacteria concentra-
N, cycles 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 tion always decreases with time.
Stress, MPa 1100 1000 925 800 625 550 420 17.28 An object is suspended in a wind tunnel and the force mea-
sured for various levels of wind velocity. The results are tabulated
17.25 The following data show the relationship between the vis- below.
cosity of SAE 70 oil and temperature. After taking the log of the
data, use linear regression to find the equation of the line that best v, m/s 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
fits the data and the r2 value. F, N 25 70 380 550 610 1220 830 1450
Temperature, 8C 26.67 93.33 148.89 315.56 Use least-squares regression to fit these data with (a) a straight line,
Viscosity, m, N ? s/m2 1.35 0.085 0.012 0.00075 (b) a power equation based on log transformations, and (c) a power
model based on nonlinear regression. Display the results graphically.
17.26 The data below represents the bacterial growth in a liquid 17.29 Fit a power model to the data from Prob. 17.28, but use
culture over a number of days. natural logarithms to perform the transformations.
Day 0 4 8 12 16 20 17.30 Derive the least-squares fit of the following model:
6
Amount 3 10 67 84 98 125 149 185 y 5 a 1x 1 a2x2 1 e
Find a best-fit equation to the data trend. Try several possibilities— That is, determine the coefficients that results in the least-squares fit
linear, parabolic, and exponential. Use the software package of for a second-order polynomial with a zero intercept. Test the ap-
your choice to find the best equation to predict the amount of bac- proach by using it to fit the data from Prob. 17.28.
teria after 40 days. 17.31 In Prob. 17.11 we used transformations to linearize and fit
17.27 The concentration of E. coli bacteria in a swimming area is the following model:
monitored after a storm:
y 5 a4xeb4x
t (hr) 4 8 12 16 20 24
Use nonlinear regression to estimate a4 and b4 based on the follow-
c (CFUy100 mL) 1600 1320 1000 890 650 560
ing data. Develop a plot of your fit along with the data.
The time is measured in hours following the end of the storm and x 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8
the unit CFU is a “colony forming unit.” Use these data to estimate
y 0.75 1.25 1.45 1.25 0.85 0.55 0.35 0.28 0.18
(a) the concentration at the end of the storm (t 5 0) and (b) the time