Control Systems(18EC555)

2020-21
Class-2: Classification of Control Systems

MOHANKUMAR V.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DR. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU-56
E-MAIL: [email protected]
 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
Basic Parts of control system and its definitions
1. Plant:
A portion of a system, which is to be controlled or regulated is called as a plant. A Plant in a system
performs a particular operation.
Example: Water Tank, Transistor, chemical Reactor etc.

2. Process:
Any operation to be controlled is called a process
Example: Filling the water tank, Biasing the transistor,
Chemical Process etc..

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
3. Controller:
Controller is an element which controls the plant or process. Controller may be within a system or external to
the system.
Example: ON/OFF switch
4. Input:
It is a applied signal/excitation signal applied to control system from an external energy source in order to
produce a specified output. Referred as Reference input
5. Output:
It is a signal/response obtained from a control system when input is applied to it.
Referred as Controlled output

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
6. Disturbance:
-Any undesirable and unavoidable effects beyond our control, generated from outside process-
environment, and from within.
-If disturbance is generated within the system itself, it is called as internal disturbance.
-If the disturbance generated outside the system, acting as an external input to the system in
addition to its normal input, affecting the output adversely is called as an external disturbance.
-The presence of the disturbance is one of the main reason of using control.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
7. Sensing element:
Generally sensing element/feedback element is a sensor, which senses the processed signal
and compare it with the reference signal to make necessary controlling action to achieve the certain
objective.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
Classification
1. Natural control systems:
Controlling action takes place naturally
Example: All Biological Systems and its process- Perspiration System.

2. Manmade Control Systems:

The control Systems are designed and manufactured by human beings
Example: Automobiles, Home Appliances etc.

3. Combinational Control Systems:

Combination of both natural and man-made control systems
Example: Driver-Vehicle, Operator-Appliances etc.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
4. Time Varying and Time Invariant Control Systems:
Time varying: System parameters varying with time- Space vehicle mass decreases with time
Time-Invariant: System parameters independent of time- R, L and C
5. Linear and Non-Linear Control Systems:
System is said to be linear if it satisfied the law of superposition
i.e., 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 and 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)
Example: Electrical Circuits
Non-Linear: Electronic circuits-diodes, transistors etc.
6. Continuous time and Discrete time control Systems:
If the system variables are the function of continuous time, such systems are called continuous
time control systems else discrete time control systems.
Example: Speed of DC motor using a tacho-generator feedback- Continuous.
Computer based systems are Discrete time systems.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
7. Deterministic and Stochastic Control Systems:
In deterministic models, the output of the model is fully determined by the parameter values
and the initial conditions.
Stochastic models possess some inherent randomness. The same set of parameter values and
initial conditions will lead to an ensemble of different outputs

8. Lumped Parameters and Distributed parameters Control Systems:

Lumped parameters: Ordinary differential equations -RLC circuits.
Distributed: Partial Differential equations-Transmission lines

9. SISO and MIMO control systems

SISO-Single input single output
MIMO-Multiple input and Multiple output

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
Open Loop Control Systems.
-Output is dependent on input but input or controlling action is independent of output.
-Any Time based systems are Open Loop Control Systems.

Examples: Traffic light controller, Washing Machine, water sprinkler, Bread toaster etc.
Advantages:
• Such systems are simple in construction.
• Very much convenient when output is difficult to measure.
• Such systems are easy from maintenance point of view.
• Generally these are not troubled with the problems of stability.
• Such systems are simple to design and hence economical.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
Disadvantages:
-These systems are inaccurate and unreliable.
-These systems give inaccurate results if there are variations in the external environment.
-These systems cant sense internal disturbances in the system, after the controller stage.
- time to time Recalibration of the controller is necessary, to maintain the quality and
accuracy of the desired output.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
Closed Loop Control Systems.
-Output is dependent on input and input or controlling action is also dependent of output.
-Feedback/Automatic Control system.

Examples: Human being, Automatic Iron box etc.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction
Advantages:
• Accuracy of these systems is always very high because controller modifies and manipulates the
actuating signal such that error in the system will be zero.
• closed loop system senses environmental changes, as well as internal disturbances
• and accordingly modifies the error.
• There is reduced effect of nonlinearities and distortions.
• Bandwidth (operating frequency zone) for such system is very high.
Disadvantages:
1. systems are complicated and time consuming from design point of view and hence costlier.
2. Due to feedback, system tries to correct the error from time to time. Tendency to overcorrect the
error may cause oscillations without bound in the system.
3. System has to be designed taking into consideration problems of instability due to
feedback.
4. The stability problems are severe and must be taken care of while designing the system.

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Examples
Traffic Light Controller

Automatic Iron Box

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
Introduction

Requirements of an Ideal Control Systems:

1. Accuracy- Highly Accurate
2. Sensitivity- Very Insensitive to environmental changes, age, noise and external
disturbances.
3. Stability- BIBO(Stable in nature)
4. Bandwidth- high bandwidth
5. Speed- good speed

Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

 Control Systems(18EC555 )
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Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru