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35 views

Assignment

Uploaded by

fagr hesham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment(1)

Problem(1):
1)Bluetooth protocol stack :
First layer is data
Second layer is L2 CAP: logical link control ,
multiplexing ,segmentation ,configure parameters
of connection
Third layer is Link Controled/managed :
establishment , release ,and configuration of
connection
• Master-slave , role switch
• Authentication , ciphering procedure
• Control of adaptive frequency hopping
• Power management
Fourth layer Baseband:
• Framing of data packets
• Timing
Last layer RF : send and receive modulated signal
2)
Bluetooth (Version 1.2):
Maximum data rate is 780 kbit/s
Bluetooth 2004 (Version 2.0) :
It reduced the employment of electricity in its usage and allowed
data transfer at the rate of 2178 kbit/s. This improvisation was
acted upon when the EDR was introduced. Its modulated using
DQPSK and 8PSK
Bluetooth 2007 (Version 2.1)
In this version, 3 main goals were achieved:
1) Secure Simple Pairing

2) Sniff Sub-rating

3) Extended inquiry response

Bluetooth 2009 (Version 3.0 + HS)


The main goal achieved in this version was that of boosting the speed of data
transfer. Large files often take a long time to transfer with the present versions of
Bluetooth. The previous versions had a much slower speed of transfer, making
the time taken to transfer large files unimaginably long

Bluetooth 2010 (Version 4.0)


This version allowed for data transfer over a greater range with improved connectivity. The transfer of
data was made more convenient and faster while retaining power. Transfer spread to smart devices and
other devices like heart rate monitoring machines

Bluetooth 2013 (Version 4.1)


introduced significant advances in the previous versions. It has extended the
ability to connect devices using Bluetooth when they are not in each other’s
vicinity.

Bluetooth 2014 (Version 4.2)


This version of Bluetooth added to the security, speed, and range of data transfer.
It protected its devices to prevent unwanted stalking and device tracking online.
The speed was boosted by 2.5 times the last version which added convenience
and accessibility to people.

Problem(2):
1) Bluetooth uses channel in the 2.4GHZ, ISM band with bandwith of 1 MHZ ,
Bluetooth operates in the frequency range between 2402 and 2480 MHz,
Bluetooth And Wi-Fi Use The Same Frequency Range

2) The format originally chosen for Bluetooth in version 1 was Gaussian


frequency shift keying (GFSK): the frequency of the carrier is shifted to carry
the modulation. A binary one is represented by a positive frequency
deviation and a binary zero is represented by a negative frequency
deviation. The modulated signal is then filtered using a filter with a
Gaussian response curve to ensure the sidebands do not extend too far
either side of the main carrier. By doing this the Bluetooth modulation
achieves a bandwidth of 1 MHz with stringent filter requirements to
prevent interference on other channels, however with the requirement for
higher data rates two forms of phase shift keying were introduced for
Bluetooth 2 to provide the Enhanced Data Rate, EDR capability
DQPSK: This is a form of phase shift keying known as π/4 differential phase
shift keying. It enables the raw data rate of 2 Mbps to be achieved.
8DPSK: This form of Bluetooth modulation is eight point or 8-ary phase
shift keying. It is used when link conditions are good and it allows raw data
rates of up to 3 Mbps to be achieved.
3) the higher data rates are not achieved by changing the format of the
Bluetooth modulation, but by working cooperatively with an IEEE 802.11g
physical layer. In this way data rates of up to around 25 Mbps can be achieved.
4) Bluetooth operates at 2.4 GHz ISM band. Following table defines buletooth
frequencies used across the world. As mentioned bandwidth is sufficient to
define 79 channels (in US,Europe and other countries) having 1 MHz bandwidth
in each channel. Japan,Spain and France uses 23 bluetooth channels. Following
table mentions bluetooth frequency allocations.

Frequency
Region range RF Channels

2.4 to 2.4835 f=2.402 + n, MHz (n


US,Europe and rest of the World GHz = 0 to 78)

2.471 to 2.497 f = 2.473 + n, MHz


Japan GHz (n = 0 to 22)

2.445 to 2.475 f = 2.449 + n, MHz


Spain GHz (n = 0 to 22)

2.4465 to 2.4835 f = 2.454 + n , MHz


France GHz (n = 0 to 22)

5)The duration of each slot is 625 microseconds. The Master node initiates the
transmission in even slots and extends the transmission to odd slots when
transmitting a multislot packet. The Slave node initiates the transmission in odd
slots and extends the transmission to even slots when transmitting a multislot
packet.
6)Bluetooth power classes :
1)class 3 :
• up to 1 mw
• battery driven
• work over distance of 10 m
2) class 2 : up to 2.5 mw
3) class 1 :
• up to 100 mw
• usb Bluetooth sticks for PCs
• work over distance of 100 m
7) a master is a device or a process that controls other devices or processes , Slave is a
device or a process that is controlled by another device or a process, up to eight slave
devices can be connected to a piconet .

8) as a communication scheme between a transmitter and a receiver. There are several


concepts involved, such as spread spectrum modulation and switching frequency according to a
known standard.

9) Composition of an ACL packet.

Using the show commands reveals most of the more common ACL errors before they
cause problems in your network.

10) Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a low power wireless communication technology
that can be used over a short distance to enable smart devices to communicate, uses a
hierarchical data structure to define the information exchange structure. A BLE device
acting as a peripheral will advertise services and characteristics that can be used for
communication with the device.

Problem 3:
1. • Baud rate speeds: 1,200 bps up to 921 Kbps, non-standard baud rates can be
programmed
• Class 1 radio, 330’ (100 m) range, 15 dBm output transmitter, -80 dBm typical
receive sensitivity
• Frequency 2,402 ~ 2,480 MHz
• FHSS/GFSK modulation, 79 channels at 1-MHz intervals
• Secure communication, 128-bit encryption
• Error correction for guaranteed packet delivery
•100 meters covering distance
2. a. do {
UART3_Write_Text("BLUETOOTH_NAME"); // Name of device “by editing this line we
can change the Bluetooth name”
UART3_Write(13); // CR
Delay_ms(500);
} while (BT_Get_Response() != BT_AOK);

b. do {
UART3_Write_Text("SM,1"); // Set mode (0 = slave, 1 = master, 2 = trigger, 3
= auto, 4 = DTR, 5 = ANY)
UART3_Write(13); // CR
Delay_ms(500);
} while (BT_Get_Response() != BT_AOK);

“by setting SM to 1, the bluetooth is changed from slave to master”

Problem 4 :
M=8;
x = randi([0 M-1],1,1e6);
Zn = dpskmod(x,M); %transmitted sequence
BER = [];
SNRdb_arr= [];
for DB=0:1:15
SNRdb_arr = [SNRdb_arr DB];
SNR = 10.^(DB/10);
rn = Zn + ((1 / (2*sqrt(SNR))) * (randn(1,1e6) + 1j*randn(1,1e6)));
rn_demod = dpskdemod(rn, M);
[N err] = biterr(x, rn_demod);
BER = [BER err];
end
semilogy(SNRdb_arr, BER)
title('BER VS SNR');
ylabel('BER');
xlabel('SNR');

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