METELEC 1
M.E. TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 1
(MECHATRONICS)
MODULE 2
Hydraulic and Pneumatic System
METELEC 1
M.E. TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 1
(MECHATRONICS)
ACTUATORS
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
–Identify the different types and application actuator, hydraulics
and pneumatics;
–Understand the working principle of actuator, hydraulic and
pneumatic; and
–Create hydraulic and pneumatic diagram.
• Accepts control command (usually electrical signal) and
produces change in the mechatronics system by
generation of force, motion, heat, flow, etc.
• Electrical
• Electromechanical
• Electromagnetic
• Hydraulic and
Pneumatic
• Smart Material
• Micro- and Nano-
actuators
• Electrical actuators – choice of actuators for most on-off
type control.
e.g. diodes, MOSFET, relays
• Electromechanical actuators
• converts electrical energy to mechanical motion
• Classified as: DC motors, AC motors and Stepper motors
e.g. Electrical motors
• Electromagnetic actuators – establishment of a
magnetic field is used for actuation.
e.g. Solenoid
• Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators – make use of fluid
under pressure. Normally in linear piston/cylinder, control
valves and rotary motors.
• Smart Material actuators – special materials are used for
actuation. Typically, these types become part of the load
bearings structures.
e.g. Shape Memory Alloys, Piezoelectric,
Electrorheological fluids, Ion exchange polymers
• Micro and Nano-actuators – also called micromachines,
microelectromechanical system (MEMS) are tiny mobile
devices with size around 1-15mm. Utilizes
microelectronics with integration of semiconductors and
machined micromechanical elements.
e.g. Electrostatic motors
• Continuous power output—The maximum force/torque
attainable continuously without exceeding the temperature
limits
• Range of motion—The range of linear/rotary motion
• Resolution—The minimum increment of force/torque
attainable
• Accuracy—Linearity of the relationship between the input
and output
• Peak force/torque—The force/torque at which the
actuator stalls
• Heat dissipation—Maximum wattage of heat dissipation
in continuous operation
• Speed characteristics—Force/torque versus speed
relationship
• No load speed—Typical operating speed/velocity with no
external load
• Frequency response—The range of frequency over
which the output follows the input faithfully, applicable to
linear actuators
• Power requirement—Type of power (AC or DC), number
of phases, voltage level, and current capacity
METELEC 1
M.E. TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 1
(MECHATRONICS)
HYDRAULIC
SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
–Identify the different types and application actuator, hydraulics
and pneumatics;
–Understand the working principle of actuator, hydraulic and
pneumatic; and
–Create hydraulic and pneumatic diagram.
• Hydraulic System
- A system that transmits energy through the use
of pressurized fluid such as oil, water or mixtures.
• Automotive Brake • Automotive Power
Systems Steering
• Aircraft Hydraulics
• Hydraulic Jack
Pump Unit
• Provides the needed pressurized oil
P T
Ts
Actuator
• Provides the motion of the system
❖Single-acting Cylinder
❖Double-acting Cylinder
❖Hydraulic Motor
Way Valve
• Controls and directs the flow of pressurized oil
❖ 3/2 Way Valve
2
❖ 4/2 Way 1Valve3
A B
P T
Manometer
• Measures the pressure of the system
Check Valve
• Allows one directional flow and protects the pump from backflow
A
Shut-off Valve
• Used for stopping the flow
A B
Pressure Relief Valve
• Limits the pressure of the system
T
Controls the direction,
Provides power to the hydraulic
pressure and flow
system
Hydraulic power
converted into
mechanical power in
linear or rotary
motion.
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
• Pressure = Force / Area
• Force : Newtons (N)
• Area : m2
• Pressure: Pa (1N/m2) = 1 bar = 105 Pa
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
Pascal’s Law
• The pressure in a confined fluid is transmitted equally to the
whole surface of its container
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
• Flow Rate
• The volume that moves through the system in a given period of time.
• Flow Velocity
• The distance the fluid travels in a given period of time.
METELEC 1
M.E. TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 1
(MECHATRONICS)
PNEUMATIC
SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
–Identify the different types and application actuator, hydraulics
and pneumatics;
–Understand the working principle of actuator, hydraulic and
pneumatic; and
–Create hydraulic and pneumatic diagram.
• Pneumatics is from the greek word pneuma meaning
‘breath’ or ‘wind’.
• Pneumatics – transmission and control of systems by
means of compressed air.
APPLICATIONS PROCESSES
• Material handling • Drilling
• Clamping • Turning
• Shifting • Milling
• Positioning • Sawing
• Transfer of materials • Forming
• Packaging
• Availability: air is available everywhere
• Transport: ease of transport
• Storage: can be stored in a tank and discharged as
required
• Temperature: relatively insensitive to temperature
fluctuations
• Cleanliness: unlubricated exhaust air is clean
• Economic: inexpensive running cost
• Speed: compressed air is a very fast working medium
• Overload safe: operation components can be loaded to
point of stopping and therefore overload safe
• Preparation: requires good preparation. Dirt and
condensates may result to poor performance
• Speed: difficult to achieve uniform and constant piston
speed
• Force/pressure requirement: economically good
normally on working pressure range of (6 to 7 bar)
• Noise: exhaust air is loud. May require sound absorption
material and silencers
Air compressor
• Used to produce the compressed air requirement of a
pneumatic system.
Air Tank (Reservoir)
• Storage for compressed air
• Compensate for pressure fluctuation
Cooling and drying unit
• To condensate the water vapor of compressed air
• Reduce air temperature
Air Service Unit
• Function to provide pneumatic system with clean and
regulated compressed air. Components include:
Compress air filter, compressed air regulator and
compress air lubricator.
Air Filter
• Removes contaminants from the compressed air flow, at
well as water which already condensed.
Manifold (distributor)
• Provides multi-equal pressure outets
Tubes and fittings
• Used for pneumatic connections
Pressure gauge
• Displays the actual pressure in a certain point of the system (usually
expressed in kPa, bar and psi)
• Davim, J. Paulo (2011) Mechatronics Wiley c2011
• De Silva, Clarence W. (2010) Mechatronics CRC
Press c2010
• Preumont, A. (2010) Mechatronics Springer c2010
• Nagrath, I. J. (2008) Control Systems Engineering
Anshan c2008
• Alciatore, David G. (2004) Introduction to
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems: McGraw-
Hill
