CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Access to improved drinking water has long been recognized as one of the main challenges
of development. One of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to reduce by
half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015. Achieving
this objective is likely to represent an even greater challenge than in other regions of the world. A
crucial challenge in improving the coverage of water services in poor countries is the financing of
investment in water production and distribution capacity. This issue has received considerable
attention among the development community (see e.g. World Water Council, 2006). The issue of
water tariffs and subsidies has perhaps received less attention, although it is also crucial to the
matter. This paper focuses on water tariffs and subsidies, both from a normative and a positive side.
The aim of the paper is to present a basic conceptual framework for understanding the main
practical issues and challenges relating to tariffs and subsidies in the water sector in developing
countries. It introduces the basic economic notions relevant to the water sector; presents an
analytical framework for assessing the need for and evaluating subsidies; and discusses the recent
evidence on the features and performance of water tariffs and subsidies in various regions, with a
special focus. The discussion is limited to the provision of drinking water to urban households in
developing countries. Among the issues examined. What are the main questions that arise when
governments want to subsidize access to and consumption of water. What are the key features of
water tariffs and subsidies that have been implemented around the world . How can we assess the
performance of various subsidy programs. How well have subsidies performed in practice. Rather
than in producing new messages, the value added of the paper lies in its bringing together concepts
and evidence from distinct fields of literature. On the one hand, theoretical publications on utility
tariffs and subsidies have focused heavily on optimal incentive schemes for utility management as
well as broader regulatory issues (see Joskow, 2005, for a synthesis). On the other hand, empirical
publications, mostly from development institutions, tend to focus on specific projects or countries
and do not necessarily make explicit links or references to the theory. In the middle, the public
finance-oriented literature, which has been used to provide analytical frameworks for the evaluation
of subsidies in various sectors such as education and housing, has rarely been used in the context of
water provision. This paper, by bringing together those three strands of literature, aims at offering
practitioners a compact and unified framework to think about tariffs and subsidies in the water
sector. Among various sources, the paper relies on two recent studies. The first one, published in
2005 by Paul Joskow, reviews the theoretical underpinnings of water cost structure and tariffs
(Joskow, 2005) and their implications for regulation. The second one, published in 2005 by the
World Bank, carefully reviews most of the existing studies of water tariffs and subsidies in
developing countries, with a view to assess their performance in targeting the poor (Komives et al,
2005). The reader is referred to these two comprehensive papers for a more complete treatment of
some the issues examined. 1 Broader problems of water allocation across sectors, in which tariffs
play an important role, are not elaborated upon. However, it should be kept in mind that allocation
of water between sectors has been and remains a pervasive policy issue, in developing and
developed countries alike. Inefficient allocations sustained by distorted prices or subsidies to, e.g.
agricultural water use, may generate waste of water and/or unsustainable water consumption. The
problem is exacerbated in countries or regions where water is scarce. In those circumstances, re-
allocation of the available water supply between customers may already go a long way to
alleviating water scarcity problems; and getting incentives right for an efficient use of water by
different users may prove to be the most urgent question to tackle. The paper is constructed as
follows. I Introduces the framework of drinking water provision in developing countries. It
introduces the various ways by which water is supplied, the variety of water providers, as well as
the institutional setting in which water distribution takes place. It then briefly recapitulates the
economics behind costs and tariffs in the water sector, with an emphasis on utilities. In water
subsidies are introduced. This section also presents public economics criteria by which subsidy
programs may be evaluated. Examines the performance of tariffs and subsidies, as analyzed from
real cases. The final section of the paper briefly attempts to draw some lessons from the review of
evidence undertaken in the previous sections.

Water is a critical, but often overlooked element in sustainable development. If effective,

long lasting solutions to water problems are to be found, a new water governance and management
paradigm is required. Such a new paradigm is encapsulated in the Integrated Water Resources
Management concept, which has been defined by GWP as ―a process which promotes the
coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to, max.

The resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the
sustainability of vital ecosystems.‖ The total availability of water resources is currently under stress
due to climatic changes, and continuous increase in water demand linked to the global population
increase. A Smart Water Grid (SWG) is a two-way real time network with sensors and devices that
continuously and remotely monitor the water distribution system. Smart water meters can monitor
many different parameters such as pressure, quality, flow rates, temperature, and others. A review
of the benefits of Smart Water Grids is presented in the context of water conservation and efficient
management of scarce water resources. The pros and cons of a Smart Water Grid are discussed in
the context of aging infrastructure. Current distribution systems have large leakage rates. Locating
leaks, missing, and/or illegal connections can lead to increase in revenue. Updating or replacing
parts of the current infrastructure can be very expensive. SWG cannot substitute for basic water
infrastructure. However, these costs could eventually be offset by savings obtained from their
implementation. Setbacks include higher costs and a lack of economic incentives. In some cases, a
lack of public awareness resulted in negative public opinion. Some citizens might be concerned
with health problems and ailments associated with wireless transmission of data. The reliability of
quantity and quality of water at the source is also discussed in relation to the network
vulnerabilities.

The interface of Smart Water Grids with natural systems such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs
is also a key component of a ―smart‖ approach to the use of water resources. These natural
components are subjected to climate variability and single events can disrupt daily operations.

Floods, droughts, and disasters such as typhoons and forest fires can affect the water quality
at the source. Robust systems should have alternative supply sources when facing scarcity of
resources or changes in water quality/contamination. Deep understanding of the network
vulnerability and preparedness for disaster prevention may also contribute to the ―smart‖ reputation
of water distribution systems. Several projects worldwide have implemented Smart Water Grids
into their water distribution systems and have seen promising results.

These meters helped to monitor many variables, decrease water losses as well as promote
water conservation. Current water infrastructure is aging and deteriorating. Water networks are vast
and consist of various components (pipe segments, pumps, valves, etc). These components vary in
age, and material type. As they age their performance and efficiency decrease, making them prone
to failures and leaks. Ecological and economic sustainable Cities is a new initiative launched by the
World Bank, as an integral part of the World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy, to help
cities in developing countries achieve greater ecological and economic sustainability. Urbanization
in developing countries may be the single greatest change in this century. What is Smart city? This
is an increasingly urban world. There is an urgent need to ensure that local governments have the
infrastructure in place to tackle the inevitable demographic challenges.

1.2 Water Resource Management

Integrated water resources management is based on the perception of water as an integral
part of the ecosystem, a natural resource and a social and economic good, whose quantity and
quality determine the nature of its utilization. The framework consists of three E's - economic
efficiency, social equity and ecosystem sustainability.
 Economic efficiency in water use: Because of the increasing scarcity of water and financial
resources, the finite and vulnerable nature of water as a resource, and the increasing
demands upon it, water must be used with maximum possible efficiency
 Equity: The basic right for all people to have access to water of adequate quantity and
quality for the sustenance of human well-being must be universally recognised
 Environmental and ecological sustainability: "The present use of the resource should be
managed in a way that does not undermine the life-support system thereby compromising
use by future generations of the same resource.‖

Fig 1.1 Water Resource Management

There remains a great desire for change, and city management must act now to improve
service delivery and streamline internal operations. To compete effectively at international level,
cities will need to become more intelligent, innovative, and integrated. A Smart City will increase
efficiency, productivity, ecological awareness; it will reduce pollution and improve quality of life in
a world of increasing urban complexity. Smart cities concept is pragmatic and balanced
combination of ecological, economical and other effective field for perfect sustainable
development. Ecological cities enhance the well-being of citizens and society through integrated
urban planning and management that fully harnesses the benefits of ecological systems, and
protects and nurtures these assets for future generations. Economic cities create value and
opportunities for citizens, businesses, and society by efficiently using all tangible and intangible
assets, and enabling productive, inclusive, and sustainable economic activity. Need of sustainability
in citiesThe developing countries will triple their built-up urban area between 2000 from 2030
400,000 square kilometers, constructed in just 30 years, equal the world‘s built-up urban area in
2000. One could say humans are building a whole new world at about 10 times the speed, in
countries with severe resource constraints—natural, fiscal, administrative, and technical. And they
are doing so in an increasingly globalized context with many new, constantly fluctuating,
interlinked, and uncontrollable variables.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

According to a survey, it‘s observed that almost 32 billion m3 of treated water is being
wasted when it‘s being transported from one place to other through the distribution systems. Old
and poorly constructed pipelines, inadequate corrosion protection, unauthorized connection, poorly
maintained valves and mechanical damage are some of the factors contributing to leakage. If it is
possible to save this water, 200 million people can be provided with this water without further
treating. In order to collect more information on pipeline assets, WSN intends to collaborate with
laboratories to conduct destructive testing of exposed corroded pipes, so as to understand the
condition of similar pipelines in the vicinity. A database of soil data will also be built to develop a
corrosion model that takes soil corrosiveness into account when determining pipeline conditions.
Furthermore, WSN plans to install fibre-optic sensors along critical stretches of proposed pipelines
so as to develop the capability for real time monitoring of pipeline conditions by 2020. With the
incorporation of risk based, failure forecasting models into the asset management system, WSN
targets to annually identify the top 2 % high risk pipes for replacement by 2020 Mumbai, India
Mumbai is India‘s largest city with a population of 20 million people. Itron meters were installed in
the system that supplied tap water to half of the city‘s residents. By implementing these smart
meters, there was a 50 percent decrease in water losses (Itron Inc, 2013). The city was able to
identify leak locations as well as promote water conservation. This project exceeded the target‘s
goals and provided a higher quality water network. Other case studies done by this company can be
found on the Itron, Inc website. Water comes in three states: gaseous, liquid, and frozen. In its
liquid state, water meets our basic demands for plants, animals, and humans. The runoff from
precipitation feeds our ecosystems and recharges our water availability. A total of 980 billion
(US$14 billion) has been approved by the Indian Cabinet for development of 100 smart cities and
rejuvenation of 500 others. For the smart cities mission, 480 billion (US$7.1 billion) and for the
Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), a total funding of 500 billion
(US$7.4 billion) has been approved by the Cabinet. In the 2014 Union budget of India, Finance
Minister Arun Jaitley allocated 70.16 billion (US$1.0 billion) for the 100 smart cities.
 However, only 9.24 billion (US$140 million) could be spent out of the allocated amount till
February 2015. Hence, the 2015 Union budget of India allocated only 1.43 billion (US$21 million)
for the project. First batch of 20 cities selected in the second stage of competition will be provided
with central assistance of 2 billion (US$29 million) each during this financial year followed by 1
billion (US$15 million) per year during the next three years. The remaining money has to come
from the states, urban bodies and the consortium that they form with corporate entities. Also, 10 per
cent of budget allocation will be given to states / union territories as incentive based on
achievement of reforms during the previous year. Urban Development Ministry had earlier released
2 core (US$290,000) each to mission cities for preparation of Smart City Plan.

Benchmarks for Smart Water Supply

 24 x 7 supply of water
 100% household with direct water supply connections
 135 liters of per capita supply of water
 100% metering of water connections
 100% efficiency in collection of water related charges
Population continues to grow, increasing energy and water demands. Over 1.4 billion people
live near rivers. The use of water exceeds minimum recharge levels, which leads to desiccation of
rivers and depletion of groundwater (Human Development Report, 2006). There is also a
worldwide increase of freshwater demand of 64 million cubic meters per year. According to the
United Nations report (2014), urban population is expected to increase by 2.5 billion by 2050.
However, this increase is expected in developing countries, while urban population in developed
countries is expected to remain fairly constant. These large increases in population in urban areas
increase water demands and the need for a reliable water infrastructure. Total water withdrawn is
for different usage categories. This report is prepared by USGS for data collected every five years.
The next report will be available later in 2014 with 2010 withdrawals information. This figure
shows that most of water is withdrawn for irrigation and thermoelectric purposes. The withdrawals
volumes vary from year to year. Public water supply is water withdrawn by city and local
municipalities to provide water to homes, businesses, industries, etc. As the population grows, so is
the water demand and it can be seen. However, it is interesting to see that starting 1980, the overall
water withdrawal levels have remained fairly constants. This shows great efforts in water
conservation practices and improvements in efficiencies over the years.
 Water vapor in the atmosphere feeds precipitation, and is responsible for Earth‘s
temperature. In solid (frozen) state, water helps to cool the Earth by reflecting solar radiation. In
addition, frozen water serves as water storage for warmer seasons when the demand is higher.
Water also affects the intensity and variability in the climate, and extreme events such as droughts
and floods. Its abundance, spatial and timely delivery has also an effect on society and ecology.
Water plays an important role in the World‘s Economy as well. Water is needed for agriculture,
forestry, mining, energy extraction and production, manufacturing, and public water supply. Even
though the Earth‘s surface is covered with 71 percent water, and 96.5 percent of total volume is
stored in oceans, only 2.5 percent of the total volume is considered fresh. Figure 1 below shows a
diagram with Earth‘s water distribution. It is important to understand that not all of the freshwater is
available for consumption. Not all of the groundwater is accessible and some of the freshwater
remains in the frozen form. With only 2.5 percent of total volume of Earth‘s water available for
consumption, it is important to practice water conservation and help maintain and meet water
quality and availability needs. Water availability is also an important part of agricultural sector.
Water is required for irrigation to provide food for increasing population around the world.
 CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES & CHALLENGES

The main objectives of the project can be listed as

1) Detection of leakage in water distribution system at the earliest uses the water flow
sensors.
2) Notifying the authorized person about the leak in system and updating the information in
the database, hence providing an easy way to generate the report at definite time intervals.
3) Provides easy maintenance of the water distribution systems for the authority
The proposed system, detects the leak in the water distribution system at the earliest. It
makes use of water flow sensors to detect the leak. The sensor gives voltage pulses whose
frequency is directly proportional to the water flow rate. Change in frequency indicates the change
in flow rate of water in that section. This information obtained is recorded in the database enabling
the authorized user to access the information easily. This information can be used at the time of
report generation. A solenoid valve is provided in the system in order to cut down the water supply
by closing the valve in case of heavy leakage, thereby saving the water. Hence the maintenance of
the water distribution system is made easy for the authority.

Most of pipelines are approximately 20–30 years of age, with an expected asset lifespan of
70 years. As WSN continues to lay more pipelines, the asset base grows, which translates to more
potential points of failure. WSN is adopting a proactive and systematic approach to manage the
asset base in order to optimize the lifespan of existing pipelines and pre-empt failures of critical
pipelines. To facilitate the implementation of the new asset management system, WSN will
leverage widely on condition assessment technologies to retrieve more dynamic and real time data.
The challenge is that pipelines are buried, lined & have undulating profiles. In addition, the network
is interconnected & ―live‖ 24/7 reliable supply is required. This makes it difficult to implement
condition assessment technologies on a large scale. However, once these challenges are
surmounted, these data can be uploaded into asset management software to improve the
identification of high-risk pipelines so that pipeline renewal works can be prioritized.
With a better understanding of the circumstances leading to pipe failures, WSN can also improve
pipeline designs to prevent future failures. Leveraging on a Smart Water Grid system for asset
management thus allows us to plan, design, operate and manage assets cost-effectively for safe and
reliable supply to customers. In India, the estimated sewage generation from Class I cities and Class
II towns (representing 72% of urban population) is 38,524 million litres/day (MLD), of which there
exists treatment capacity of only 11,787 MLD (about 30%).The 35 major metropolitan areas (with
population over 1 million) have a collective sewage treatment capacity of just over 50%, but high
variability exists among them. Only five metro cities have treatment capacity close to 100% of their
sewage generation, these are Hyderabad, Vadodara, Chennai, Ludhiana and Ahmedabad. Delhi has
the largest sewage treatment capacity in absolute terms, but it is only about 60% its needs, while
Mumbai has the second largest treatment capacity in absolute terms but meets only 80% of its
needs. Almost all other major metropolitan cities have treatment capacities below 50% of their
sewage generation. The 498 Class I cities (with population over 100,000) which account for 93% of
the urban sewage generated in the country, have a combined treatment capacity of about 32% of
generation, while the 410 Class II towns (population between 50,000 and 100,000) have a
combined treatment capacity of only 8% of their generation. The CPCB estimates that sewage
generation will increase from the present 38,000 MLD to more than 120,000 MLD by 2050.Water
and wastewater treatment market in India is currently worth ~€ 954M and is expected to grow at
~13% in the next 3-4 years. Out of the total wastewater generated ~65% of the wastewater
generated goes untreated, requiring imminent need for effective wastewater management. Only
~35% of the wastewater treatment needs are currently satisfied in India, while the balance 65% is
not satisfied at all. Yearly wastewater generated in India, ~36K MLD can submerge a state like
Andhra Pradesh. A 2010 report by the New Delhi based Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
put the effective treatment capacity at only 19% of total sewage generation compared to an installed
capacity of 30%. A 2005 study by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) found that only
86% of the studied plants were operational, nearly 40% of the plants did not meet general discharge
standards, and the average capacity utilization was 72%4. A 2007 sample survey by the CPCB
classified the performance of only 10% as ―good‖, with 54% falling into the ―poor‖ and ―very
poor‖ categories.
3.1 On site challenges:

The conventional engineered wastewater treatment system is extremely expensive and

requires complex operations and maintenance cost of expanding sewer networks, which are very
rudimentary or non-existent in many Indian cities. That is mostly started off as unplanned
settlements. The total capital cost of establishing collection and treatment systems for the entire
urban wastewater generated is much more than what the government plans to spend; as a result
progress in increasing coverage is likely to be slow in the foreseeable future. Like any other
infrastructure project in India, land conflicts/disputes often hold up sewage treatment plan (STP)
construction long after funds have been sanctioned STPs run below installed capacity is the lack of
adequate sewer connection, frequent power cuts, lack of skilled personnel, inability of urban local
bodies (ULBs) to afford operation and maintenance costs.

3.2 Offsite challenges:

Analysis exhibits that macro factors such as FTA (Free Trade Agreement), cost sensitivity,
and varied climatic and usage considerations directly impact operations in India. There exists
immense opportunities for foreign companies owing to: Commercially viable advanced technology
Environmentally conforming solutions However, foreign companies need to overcome concern
such as:- Lack of Indian experience to meet tender requirements Different waste treatment
procedure In Europe treatment is done at source where as in India it is done at the end.The report
evaluates key challenges faced by foreign companies such as: Red Tapism, Lack of transparency,
fierce competition, Weak Implementation of IPR regulations, diverse technical standards, Complex
capital raising criteria, bureaucratic bottlenecks, Partner with a local company, Start the regulatory
process early.
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGIES
An attempt to analyze the components of the full cost of drinking water is being done
herein. The DC is separated into the processes which constitute the water cycle in urban water. Also
the MCC, its integration conditions in DC along with its contribution towards effective water
demand reduction are analyzed. Actual DC components are separated and reallocated. The
components of the urban water supply cycle are studied and how much their costs are related to
qualitative or quantitative degradation of the water. Until today many of these costs were hidden
inside the DC. This paper attempts to emphasize in these costs in accordance with the Polluter Pays
Principal to propose the proper assumption of responsibility. This new approach changes the value
of water in scarcity conditions because of the Economic Annual Real Losses appearance. The
importance of the damage avoidance cost that overrides damage repair cost is analyzed. The link
between the demand decreasing and quantitative damage avoidance occurs. The historic expansion
of the WDS's supplying capacity provides data about wrong decisions from utilities that had
qualitative and quantitative results in water resources, which increased the nowadays considered
operation costs. An analysis of the mechanism that finds the socially just value of water, formed and
balanced between the full water cost recovery (FWCR) and reducing water losses practices is
highlighted. Also the basic methodological framework for an integrated action plan (in terms of
successive steps) that will guarantee the reliable calculation of the FWC, as defined by the WFD
2000/60/EC is presented.DC includes the costs a water utility pays to provide water of sufficient
quantity and appropriate quality to its customers. These costs are the Operation and Maintenance
Costs, Administrative Costs, Other Costs (management related) and the Annual Equivalent Capital
Costs. Crucial parameters affecting the level of the DC and its components concern the necessary
waterworks and the way the water utility operates. The first category includes parameters related to
the characteristics of: a) the water resources being used; b) the water intake works; c) the water
aqueducts; d) the water treatment plants; e) the water storage tanks; and f) the water distribution
network. The second category includes parameters related to the way the water utility operates (e.g.
speed and quality of repair works). The latter are components of DC, but an analysis of each
component will prove that large portions of these should be considered part of the EC and the RC.
In a Water Distribution System (WDS), its capacity growth and expansion are critical aspects of its
planning, since the choice of the type, timing and size of new facilities affects the level of the
related FSC. What happens then is to build extra capacity to meet the increased demand. Usually
this extra capacity is consumed earlier due to the generated illusion of abundance. This forces the
next project for even bigger capacity to start earlier than expected (Kanakoudis, 2004). The control
efficiency of the timing stages of major new projects reveals that there are periods where the
capacity of e.g. a water delivery network is less than the actual water demand. During such periods,
there is an opportunity cost, the marginal capacity cost (MCC), to be considered (Griffin, 2001).
The costly decision to increase capacity may be delayed due to the integration of the MCC in the
water price leading to a fall in demand. Recognition of the problem leads to regular adjustments of
the water price levels due to a change in the MCC (Mann et al, 1980). Much of the water demand
literature is rooted in engineering rather than economics, and there is widespread belief among
water managers that consumers do not respond to price signals. This, in conjunction with low price
elasticity estimates in the literature, may have contributed to the predominant use of command-and-
control instruments in water demand management (Olmstead et al, 2007). A review of the literature
suggests that water demand is sensitive to price, but that the magnitude of that sensitivity is small at
current prices. If the MCC is not known, it is sufficient to know the elasticity of demand to estimate
the price increase that is needed to ‗freeze‘ the seasonal increase in demand. Increased peak
demand-related price levels can dramatically delay the investments for system capacity expansion,
compared to other more inefficient methods of billing. The definition of ED, will lead us to the
definition of EC. ED during a human activity or set of activities is caused when activities
themselves and their results reduce the level of environmental quality. It should be noted that is
required a strict determination of procedures causing the degradation of environmental quality and
their separation from the processes that cause degradation of the quantity of water resources. The
latter helps us to identify the RC which has to do with the nature of the procedures which reduce the
amount of water and generally overconsumption. Several consequences of ED have been
incorporated by water utilities and are counted under their DCs. According to the WFD, these costs
should be clarified, the already admeasured to DCs should be incorporated to EC and the EDs,
which are not counted until now, should be recorded and calculated. Thereafter, all the phases of
urban water supply and all the factors affecting the quality of drinking water are analyzed. The
suggesting methodology calculates the DC at a utility level. Under the new approach, the total
urban water supply cost is deconstructed into sub-costs such as water abstraction, supply, raw water
treatment, storage, distribution/use, sewage water treatment and deposition. The three types of FWC
at utility level are also deconstructed. DC includes eleven Operation and Maintenance Costs, and
three Capital Charges. Each one of those sub-costs has potential DC, RC and EC as to whether
incur due to quantitative or qualitative burden.
 CHAPTER 5
SYESTEM DESCRIPTION

Statistical analysis of pressure and flow Statistical analysis of flows and pressures can be
carried out to reveal deviations that may indicate a new leak. However, water flow fluctuations can
be attributed to a variety of reasons such as seasonal variations and public holidays amongst other
causes. Thus, statistical analysis also needs to take other datasets into account to improve its
accuracy. As technology is advancing, new tools and techniques can be implemented to help
electric, gas, and water grids run more efficiently. There are several existing water infrastructure
monitoring methods: Automated Meter Reading (AMR), Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI),
and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA).
Smart water grid consists of a two-way real time network with field sensors, measurement
and control devices that remotely and continuously monitor and diagnose problems in the water
system. Smart water meters can monitor some key parameters such as flow, pressure, temperature,
quality, consumption, and energy usage. The information gathered by these meters is wirelessly
transmitted to a tower, which then transmits this information to a utility company, or other central
location. Sensus developed FlexNetTM technology, which is designed specifically for smart grid
applications. Smart water meters communicate information several times a day. With smart water
meter technology, utilities are able to see real time consumption and performance of the distribution
system. Based on the information obtained from smart meters, utilities can further help analyze data
and identify unusual patterns or changes in the network. As a result, this would help prevent
impending failures, and decrease response time to occurred failures.
 5.1 Block diagram

Fig-5.1 Block diagram for smart water management and leakage detection

A) Water flow sensors

Sensors play a very crucial role in today‘s automatic systems. Being a small, low cost and reliable
device, sensors are easy to embed with larger electronics. Today we can find various types of
sensors in the market. With the advance in technology, these are also evolved in their functioning
and size. From the early size of cm units, size of sensors has shrunk to the scale of nm. Sensors
have also solved many challenges of electronic and electrical engineering such as finding the
intensity of ambient light, determining the temperature in the furnace, calculating humidity of
surrounding, etc…. Water flow sensor gives an amazing solution for measuring the flow rate of
liquids. Water flow sensor consists of a plastic valve from which water can pass.
 Fig -5.2 ½ ―Water Flow Sensor

A water rotor along with a hall effect sensor is present the sense and measure the water
flow. When water flows through the valve it rotates the rotor. By this, the change can be observed
in the speed of the motor. This change is calculated as output as a pulse signal by the h all effect
sensor. Thus, the rate of flow of water can be measured. The main working principle behind the
working of this sensor is the Hall effect. According to this principle, in this sensor, a voltage
difference is induced in the conductor due to the rotation of the rotor. This induced voltage
difference is transverse to the electric current. Water flow sensors can measure the rate of flow of
water either by measuring velocity or displacement. These sensors can also measure the flow of
water like fluids such as measuring milk in a dairy industry etc. There are various types of water
flow sensors available based on their diameter and method of measuring. A cost-effective and most
commonly used water flow sensor is Paddlewheel sensor. It can be used with water-like fluids. For
the type of applications where a straight pipe is not available for inlet, Positive displacement flow
meter is used. This type of water flow sensor can be used for viscous liquids also. For working with
dirty water and wastewater which may be conductive, Magnetic flow meter is used. For
applications such as sewage water, slurries, and other dirty liquids Ultrasonic flow meters are used.
The LCD display is used to display the measurements. The magnetic hall effect water flow sensor
outputs a pulse of every revolution of the rotor. The Hall Effect sensor present in the device is
sealed from water to keep it safe and dry.
 B) Solenoid valves

Fig-5.2 Solenoid Valve

The definition of a solenoid valve is an electro-mechanical valve that is commonly

employed to control the flow of liquid or gas. There are various solenoid valve types, but the main
variants are either pilot operated or direct acting. Pilot operated valves, the most widely used, utilise
system line pressure to open and close the main orifice in the valve body. While Direct operated
solenoid valves directly open or close the main valve orifice, which is the only flow path in the
valve. They are used in systems requiring low flow capacities or applications with low pressure
differential across the valve orifice. How a solenoid valve works is by controlling the flow of
liquids or gases in a positive, fully-closed or fully-open mode. They are often used to replace
manual valves or for remote control. Solenoid valve function involves either opening or closing an
orifice in a valve body, which either allows or prevents flow through the valve. A plunger
opens or closes the orifice by raising or lowering within a sleeve tube by energizing the coil.
Solenoid valves consist of a coil, plunger and sleeve assembly. In normally closed valves, a plunger
return spring holds the plunger against the orifice and prevents flow. Once the solenoid coil is
energized, the resultant magnetic field raises the plunger, enabling flow. When the solenoid coil is
energized in the normally open valve, the plunger seals off the orifice, which in turn prevents flow.

[Type text] Page 7

C) System/Network Monitoring Methods
Just like any other network or system, water distribution networks require operation, maintenance,
and personnel. The utilities keep track of residential and industrial usage through water meters,
which may be located inside or outside the building. Older water meters are analog and require
local utility personnel to obtain the reading. Most municipalities are required to take a meter
reading once every two years. In those situations, trained personnel stops by a residence and records
water usage.

Fig-5.3 Wireless sensor network

5.2 Arduino Nano Datasheet

Fig5.4 Arduino Nano Board

Fig5.5Arduino Nano Pin

 Table 5.1Pin Configuration
5.2.1Technical Specification
Microcontroller ATmega 32
Architecture AVR
Operating Voltage 5v
Flash Memory 32 kb of switch2kb used by bootloader
SRAM 2kb
Clock Speed 16mhz
Analog I/O pins 8
EEPROM 1kb
DC Current per I/O pins 40mA I/O pins
Input Voltage 7-12v
Digital I/O pins 22
PWM Output 6
Power Consumption 19Ma
PCB size 18*45mm
Weight 7g
Prouct Code A000005
Table 5.2 Technical Specification
5.2.2 Power
The Arduino Nano can be powered via the MiniB USB connection, 620V unregulated
external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source
is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.
5.2.3 Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader). The ATmega328 has
2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
5.2.4 Inpunt Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode,
digital Write, and digital Read functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a
maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull‐up resistor (disconnected by default) of 2050 kOhms.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX)
and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI
USB to TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt()
function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8‐bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in
the Arduino language. LED: 13. There is a built‐in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin
is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each
of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from
ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the
analogReference() function. Analog pins 6 and 7 cannot be used as digital pins. Additionally, some
pins have specialized functionality: I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication
using the Wire library (documentation on the Wiring website). There are a couple of other pins on
the board: AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference. Reset.
Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields
which block the one on the board.
5.2.5 Programming
The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). The ATmega328 on the Arduino Nano comes preburned with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. You can also bypass the
bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In‐Circuit Serial Programming)
header using Arduino ISP or simi.
5.3 TRANSFORMER
It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240V primary
windings and centre tapped secondary winding. The transformer has flying colored insulated
connecting leads (Approx 100 mm long). The Transformer act as step down transformer reducing
AC - 240V to AC - 12V. Power supplies for all kinds of project & circuit boards. Step down 230 V
AC to 12V with a maximum of 1Amp current. In AC circuits, AC voltage, current and waveform
can be transformed with the help of Transformers. Transformer plays an important role in electronic
equipment. AC and DC voltage in Power supply equipment are almost achieved by transformer‘s
transformation and commutation

Fig5.6Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive
force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to
increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. It is a step down
transformer in which the secondary winding is more than primary winding. Due to this windings it
can able to step down the voltage. A Transformer changes electricity from high to low voltage or
low to high voltage using two Properties Of Electricity
FEATURES
Output Vurren
 Supply Voltage: 220-230VAC.
 Output Voltage: 12VAC.
Soft Iron Core.
 1 Amp Current Drain.
 APPLICATIONS
DIY Projects Requiring In-Application High Current Drain.
 On Chassis AC/AC Converter.
 Designing a Battery Charger.
 Electronic Applications.
 Step Down Applications (Power transmission).

Specification
 Input Voltage -230Volt.
 Input Frequency -50Hz.
 Output Voltage -12volt AC
 Output Current Capacity-1 Amp RMS
 Class of insulation-E Class.
 Fittings –Screw Fitting.

5.4 HC05
Specification
Hardware features
Typical -80dBm sensitivity
 Up to +4dBm RF transmit power
 Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V I/O
 PIO control
 UART interface with programmable baud rate With integrated antenna With edge connector
 Fig5.7HC05

5.4.1 Software features

Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity, Data control: has.
Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
 Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected.
 Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-connected;
 PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When master and slave
are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s.
 Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.
 Permit pairing device to connect as default.
 Auto-pairing PINCODE:‖0000‖ as default
 Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of connection.
5.5 12Volt DC Water Pump
Specification:
Rated Voltage: DC 12V
 Load: Water
 water absorption: 1L-1.2L/min
 Current(With load): Less than 320mA
 Flow : 2.
 Total Size : D27 x 75mm
 Water Hole Diameter： 6.5mm
 Maximum pressure : More than 360mmHg
 Noise:Less than <60dB
Input Voltage: 4.5-12V DC
Power: 3W
H.max.: 0.4-2.0M

High quality made, CE passed, mini DC submersible water pump. It is built by brushless motor
which is quieter and last longer. Easy to maintain with fish tank, SOLAR WATER PUMP,
accelerating water circulation, miniature garden, indoor fountain, toys, and other water circulation.

Fig5.8 12 Volt DC Water Pump

5.6 2pin cord

Fig5.9 Pincord
Specifications
Size-1.5 sq mm
Lenght-1.5meter
Insulation classEclasPVC insulation
Pins -2pins
Current capacity-3.6Amp

5.7. Voltage Regulator (7805)

Fig 5.10. 7812 Voltage regulator

 Fig 5.117805 pin out
5.7.1 Specifications
Sr.No Specification Range
1 DC output voltage 5V DC
2 DC input voltage Upto 35V DC
3 Output current capacity 1.5 Amp
4 Operating junction temperature -55 to 150 celcius
5 Storage temperature -65 to 160 celcius
6 Package used in our project TO-220A Package( through hole
package)
7 Short circuit current 2.5 amp for 1 milli seconds
Table 5.3 Specification
5.7.2 Special features of 7812 voltage regulators
THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION
SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION
PACKAGES AVAILABLE – TO220AB (Through hole package) , surface mount packages are also
available.

5.7.3 General Information and purpose of use

In our project we have used 7812 voltage regulator for the voltage regulation purpose for
controller. The L7800 series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220
ISOWATT220 TO-3 and D2PAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a
wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current
limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If
adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed
primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable voltages and currents.

5.7.4 Applications
1) Power supplies.
2) Voltage regulation.
3) Battery chargers.

5.8 Connecting wire

Fig 5.12 Wires

Size-0.25sqmm
Lenght-. –
Insulation class- Y -class
Current capacity-1Amp
Voltage capacity-600volt

5.9 Mounting Board

Fig 5.13 Mounting Board

Mounting Board
 Diamensions- 40cm*40cm
 Thickness -3mm
 Material-PVC Coated wooden

5.10 PCB
 Due to PVC Coating this board has very high electrical insulating properties.
 Mechanical strength is also very high .
 Zero PCB

Fig 5.14 PCB Board

 Diamensions- 5cm*7cm
5.11 Filter Capacitor
Electrolytic decoupling capacitors 470uF / 25V. These capacitors are great transient/surge
suppressors and work well in high-voltage and audio applications. High quality radial electrolytic
capacitors. Specifications

• Value: 470uF • Rated Voltage: 25V • Type: Radial • Tolerance: 20% • Size: 12mm x 7mm •
Temperature: -40°C to +105°C • Weight: 1g

5.12 Softwares
 Arduino lab IDE VERSION 1.8.8
 Virtuino android interface
 Proteus 8.1
5.13 Project Working Model

Fig5.15 project working model

 CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATION
6.1 Advantages Of Tariff Based Water Distribution

 Increasing block tariffs (IBTs), widely used in the developing world, are claimed to produce
desirable income transfers, discourage wasteful use, promote economic efficiency, and assure
access to sufficient water for basic sanitation.

 Tariffs raise the price of imports. This impacts consumers in the country applying the tariff
in the form of costlier imports. When trading partners retaliate with their own tariffs, it raises the
cost of doing business for exporting industries.

 Some analyst believe that tariffs cause a decrease in product quality. Businesses look for
ways to cut production costs to account for tariffs.

 Tariffs are more transparent and easier to administer than quotas. This makes it easier for
trading partners to negotiate them down or eliminate them.

6.2 Application Of Tariff Based Water Distribution

 The expected benefits of a Smart Water Grid ,aReal-time monitoring of asset condition for
preventive maintenance. With advanced sensing technologies, data on pipeline condition can be
used to develop a risk-based model for pipe replacement projects.
 The potential application of smart systems in water management is wide and includes
solutions for water quality, water quantity, efficient irrigation, leaks, pressure and flow, floods,
droughts and much more.
 CHAPTER 7
RESULTS & CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7
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