App-B.

qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-1

Appendix B
TABLES

TABLE 1 Binomial Probabilities

k
Tabulated values are P(X … k) = a p(xi ). (Values are rounded to four decimal places.)
x=0

nⴝ5

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.9510 0.7738 0.5905 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.0778 0.0313 0.0102 0.0024 0.0010 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9990 0.9774 0.9185 0.7373 0.6328 0.5282 0.3370 0.1875 0.0870 0.0308 0.0156 0.0067 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.9988 0.9914 0.9421 0.8965 0.8369 0.6826 0.5000 0.3174 0.1631 0.1035 0.0579 0.0086 0.0012 0.0000
3 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9933 0.9844 0.9692 0.9130 0.8125 0.6630 0.4718 0.3672 0.2627 0.0815 0.0226 0.0010
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9990 0.9976 0.9898 0.9688 0.9222 0.8319 0.7627 0.6723 0.4095 0.2262 0.0490

nⴝ6

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.9415 0.7351 0.5314 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9985 0.9672 0.8857 0.6554 0.5339 0.4202 0.2333 0.1094 0.0410 0.0109 0.0046 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.9978 0.9842 0.9011 0.8306 0.7443 0.5443 0.3438 0.1792 0.0705 0.0376 0.0170 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9830 0.9624 0.9295 0.8208 0.6563 0.4557 0.2557 0.1694 0.0989 0.0159 0.0022 0.0000
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9954 0.9891 0.9590 0.8906 0.7667 0.5798 0.4661 0.3446 0.1143 0.0328 0.0015
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9959 0.9844 0.9533 0.8824 0.8220 0.7379 0.4686 0.2649 0.0585

nⴝ7

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.9321 0.6983 0.4783 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9980 0.9556 0.8503 0.5767 0.4449 0.3294 0.1586 0.0625 0.0188 0.0038 0.0013 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 1.0000 0.9962 0.9743 0.8520 0.7564 0.6471 0.4199 0.2266 0.0963 0.0288 0.0129 0.0047 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
3 1.0000 0.9998 0.9973 0.9667 0.9294 0.8740 0.7102 0.5000 0.2898 0.1260 0.0706 0.0333 0.0027 0.0002 0.0000
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9953 0.9871 0.9712 0.9037 0.7734 0.5801 0.3529 0.2436 0.1480 0.0257 0.0038 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9987 0.9962 0.9812 0.9375 0.8414 0.6706 0.5551 0.4233 0.1497 0.0444 0.0020
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9984 0.9922 0.9720 0.9176 0.8665 0.7903 0.5217 0.3017 0.0679

B-1
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-2

B-2 APPENDIX B

TABLE 1 (Continued )

nⴝ8

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.9227 0.6634 0.4305 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9973 0.9428 0.8131 0.5033 0.3671 0.2553 0.1064 0.0352 0.0085 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9999 0.9942 0.9619 0.7969 0.6785 0.5518 0.3154 0.1445 0.0498 0.0113 0.0042 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1.0000 0.9996 0.9950 0.9437 0.8862 0.8059 0.5941 0.3633 0.1737 0.0580 0.0273 0.0104 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9896 0.9727 0.9420 0.8263 0.6367 0.4059 0.1941 0.1138 0.0563 0.0050 0.0004 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9988 0.9958 0.9887 0.9502 0.8555 0.6846 0.4482 0.3215 0.2031 0.0381 0.0058 0.0001
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9915 0.9648 0.8936 0.7447 0.6329 0.4967 0.1869 0.0572 0.0027
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9832 0.9424 0.8999 0.8322 0.5695 0.3366 0.0773

nⴝ9

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.9135 0.6302 0.3874 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9966 0.9288 0.7748 0.4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.0705 0.0195 0.0038 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9999 0.9916 0.9470 0.7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.2318 0.0898 0.0250 0.0043 0.0013 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1.0000 0.9994 0.9917 0.9144 0.8343 0.7297 0.4826 0.2539 0.0994 0.0253 0.0100 0.0031 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9804 0.9511 0.9012 0.7334 0.5000 0.2666 0.0988 0.0489 0.0196 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9006 0.7461 0.5174 0.2703 0.1657 0.0856 0.0083 0.0006 0.0000
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987 0.9957 0.9750 0.9102 0.7682 0.5372 0.3993 0.2618 0.0530 0.0084 0.0001
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9962 0.9805 0.9295 0.8040 0.6997 0.5638 0.2252 0.0712 0.0034
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9899 0.9596 0.9249 0.8658 0.6126 0.3698 0.0865

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-3

APPENDIX B
B-3

TABLE 1 (Continued )

n ⴝ 10

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.9044 0.5987 0.3487 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9957 0.9139 0.7361 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0.0464 0.0107 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9999 0.9885 0.9298 0.6778 0.5256 0.3828 0.1673 0.0547 0.0123 0.0016 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1.0000 0.9990 0.9872 0.8791 0.7759 0.6496 0.3823 0.1719 0.0548 0.0106 0.0035 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9672 0.9219 0.8497 0.6331 0.3770 0.1662 0.0473 0.0197 0.0064 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0.8338 0.6230 0.3669 0.1503 0.0781 0.0328 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0.9452 0.8281 0.6177 0.3504 0.2241 0.1209 0.0128 0.0010 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9877 0.9453 0.8327 0.6172 0.4744 0.3222 0.0702 0.0115 0.0001
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9893 0.9536 0.8507 0.7560 0.6242 0.2639 0.0861 0.0043
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9990 0.9940 0.9718 0.9437 0.8926 0.6513 0.4013 0.0956

n ⴝ 15

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.8601 0.4633 0.2059 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9904 0.8290 0.5490 0.1671 0.0802 0.0353 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9996 0.9638 0.8159 0.3980 0.2361 0.1268 0.0271 0.0037 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1.0000 0.9945 0.9444 0.6482 0.4613 0.2969 0.0905 0.0176 0.0019 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 1.0000 0.9994 0.9873 0.8358 0.6865 0.5155 0.2173 0.0592 0.0093 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9978 0.9389 0.8516 0.7216 0.4032 0.1509 0.0338 0.0037 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9819 0.9434 0.8689 0.6098 0.3036 0.0950 0.0152 0.0042 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9958 0.9827 0.9500 0.7869 0.5000 0.2131 0.0500 0.0173 0.0042 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9958 0.9848 0.9050 0.6964 0.3902 0.1311 0.0566 0.0181 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9963 0.9662 0.8491 0.5968 0.2784 0.1484 0.0611 0.0022 0.0001 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9907 0.9408 0.7827 0.4845 0.3135 0.1642 0.0127 0.0006 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9824 0.9095 0.7031 0.5387 0.3518 0.0556 0.0055 0.0000
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9963 0.9729 0.8732 0.7639 0.6020 0.1841 0.0362 0.0004
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9948 0.9647 0.9198 0.8329 0.4510 0.1710 0.0096
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9953 0.9866 0.9648 0.7941 0.5367 0.1399

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-4

B-4 APPENDIX B

TABLE 1 (Continued )

n ⴝ 20

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.8179 0.3585 0.1216 0.0115 0.0032 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9831 0.7358 0.3917 0.0692 0.0243 0.0076 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9990 0.9245 0.6769 0.2061 0.0913 0.0355 0.0036 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1.0000 0.9841 0.8670 0.4114 0.2252 0.1071 0.0160 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 1.0000 0.9974 0.9568 0.6296 0.4148 0.2375 0.0510 0.0059 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9997 0.9887 0.8042 0.6172 0.4164 0.1256 0.0207 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9976 0.9133 0.7858 0.6080 0.2500 0.0577 0.0065 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9679 0.8982 0.7723 0.4159 0.1316 0.0210 0.0013 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9900 0.9591 0.8867 0.5956 0.2517 0.0565 0.0051 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9974 0.9861 0.9520 0.7553 0.4119 0.1275 0.0171 0.0039 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9961 0.9829 0.8725 0.5881 0.2447 0.0480 0.0139 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9949 0.9435 0.7483 0.4044 0.1133 0.0409 0.0100 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9987 0.9790 0.8684 0.5841 0.2277 0.1018 0.0321 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9935 0.9423 0.7500 0.3920 0.2142 0.0867 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9793 0.8744 0.5836 0.3828 0.1958 0.0113 0.0003 0.0000
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9941 0.9490 0.7625 0.5852 0.3704 0.0432 0.0026 0.0000
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9840 0.8929 0.7748 0.5886 0.1330 0.0159 0.0000
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9964 0.9645 0.9087 0.7939 0.3231 0.0755 0.0010
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9924 0.9757 0.9308 0.6083 0.2642 0.0169
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9968 0.9885 0.8784 0.6415 0.1821

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-5

APPENDIX B
B-5

TABLE 1 (Continued )

n ⴝ 25

p
k 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 0.7778 0.2774 0.0718 0.0038 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9742 0.6424 0.2712 0.0274 0.0070 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9980 0.8729 0.5371 0.0982 0.0321 0.0090 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9999 0.9659 0.7636 0.2340 0.0962 0.0332 0.0024 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 1.0000 0.9928 0.9020 0.4207 0.2137 0.0905 0.0095 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9988 0.9666 0.6167 0.3783 0.1935 0.0294 0.0020 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9998 0.9905 0.7800 0.5611 0.3407 0.0736 0.0073 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9977 0.8909 0.7265 0.5118 0.1536 0.0216 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9532 0.8506 0.6769 0.2735 0.0539 0.0043 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9827 0.9287 0.8106 0.4246 0.1148 0.0132 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9944 0.9703 0.9022 0.5858 0.2122 0.0344 0.0018 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9985 0.9893 0.9558 0.7323 0.3450 0.0778 0.0060 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9966 0.9825 0.8462 0.5000 0.1538 0.0175 0.0034 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9940 0.9222 0.6550 0.2677 0.0442 0.0107 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9982 0.9656 0.7878 0.4142 0.0978 0.0297 0.0056 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9868 0.8852 0.5754 0.1894 0.0713 0.0173 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9957 0.9461 0.7265 0.3231 0.1494 0.0468 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9988 0.9784 0.8464 0.4882 0.2735 0.1091 0.0023 0.0000 0.0000
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9927 0.9264 0.6593 0.4389 0.2200 0.0095 0.0002 0.0000
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9980 0.9706 0.8065 0.6217 0.3833 0.0334 0.0012 0.0000
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9905 0.9095 0.7863 0.5793 0.0980 0.0072 0.0000
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9976 0.9668 0.9038 0.7660 0.2364 0.0341 0.0001
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9910 0.9679 0.9018 0.4629 0.1271 0.0020
23 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9930 0.9726 0.7288 0.3576 0.0258
24 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9962 0.9282 0.7226 0.2222

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-6

B-6 APPENDIX B

TABLE 2 Poisson Probabilities

k
Tabulated values are P(X … k) = a p(xi). (Values are rounded to four decimal places.)
x=0

µ
k 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

0 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408 0.6703 0.6065 0.3679 0.2231 0.1353 0.0821 0.0498 0.0302 0.0183 0.0111 0.0067 0.0041 0.0025
1 0.9953 0.9825 0.9631 0.9384 0.9098 0.7358 0.5578 0.4060 0.2873 0.1991 0.1359 0.0916 0.0611 0.0404 0.0266 0.0174
2 0.9998 0.9989 0.9964 0.9921 0.9856 0.9197 0.8088 0.6767 0.5438 0.4232 0.3208 0.2381 0.1736 0.1247 0.0884 0.0620
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9982 0.9810 0.9344 0.8571 0.7576 0.6472 0.5366 0.4335 0.3423 0.2650 0.2017 0.1512
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9963 0.9814 0.9473 0.8912 0.8153 0.7254 0.6288 0.5321 0.4405 0.3575 0.2851
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9955 0.9834 0.9580 0.9161 0.8576 0.7851 0.7029 0.6160 0.5289 0.4457
6 0.9999 0.9991 0.9955 0.9858 0.9665 0.9347 0.8893 0.8311 0.7622 0.6860 0.6063
7 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9958 0.9881 0.9733 0.9489 0.9134 0.8666 0.8095 0.7440
8 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9962 0.9901 0.9786 0.9597 0.9319 0.8944 0.8472
9 1.0000 0.9997 0.9989 0.9967 0.9919 0.9829 0.9682 0.9462 0.9161
10 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9972 0.9933 0.9863 0.9747 0.9574
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9976 0.9945 0.9890 0.9799
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9980 0.9955 0.9912
13 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993 0.9983 0.9964
14 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9986
15 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9995
16 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
17 1.0000 0.9999
18 1.0000
19
20

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-7

APPENDIX B
B-7

TABLE 2 (Continued )

k 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 0.0015 0.0009 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.0113 0.0073 0.0047 0.0030 0.0019 0.0012 0.0008 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0430 0.0296 0.0203 0.0138 0.0093 0.0062 0.0042 0.0028 0.0012 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000
3 0.1118 0.0818 0.0591 0.0424 0.0301 0.0212 0.0149 0.0103 0.0049 0.0023 0.0011 0.0005 0.0002
4 0.2237 0.1730 0.1321 0.0996 0.0744 0.0550 0.0403 0.0293 0.0151 0.0076 0.0037 0.0018 0.0009
5 0.3690 0.3007 0.2414 0.1912 0.1496 0.1157 0.0885 0.0671 0.0375 0.0203 0.0107 0.0055 0.0028
6 0.5265 0.4497 0.3782 0.3134 0.2562 0.2068 0.1649 0.1301 0.0786 0.0458 0.0259 0.0142 0.0076
7 0.6728 0.5987 0.5246 0.4530 0.3856 0.3239 0.2687 0.2202 0.1432 0.0895 0.0540 0.0316 0.0180
8 0.7916 0.7291 0.6620 0.5925 0.5231 0.4557 0.3918 0.3328 0.2320 0.1550 0.0998 0.0621 0.0374
9 0.8774 0.8305 0.7764 0.7166 0.6530 0.5874 0.5218 0.4579 0.3405 0.2424 0.1658 0.1094 0.0699
10 0.9332 0.9015 0.8622 0.8159 0.7634 0.7060 0.6453 0.5830 0.4599 0.3472 0.2517 0.1757 0.1185
11 0.9661 0.9467 0.9208 0.8881 0.8487 0.8030 0.7520 0.6968 0.5793 0.4616 0.3532 0.2600 0.1848
12 0.9840 0.9730 0.9573 0.9362 0.9091 0.8758 0.8364 0.7916 0.6887 0.5760 0.4631 0.3585 0.2676
13 0.9929 0.9872 0.9784 0.9658 0.9486 0.9261 0.8981 0.8645 0.7813 0.6815 0.5730 0.4644 0.3632
14 0.9970 0.9943 0.9897 0.9827 0.9726 0.9585 0.9400 0.9165 0.8540 0.7720 0.6751 0.5704 0.4657
15 0.9988 0.9976 0.9954 0.9918 0.9862 0.9780 0.9665 0.9513 0.9074 0.8444 0.7636 0.6694 0.5681
16 0.9996 0.9990 0.9980 0.9963 0.9934 0.9889 0.9823 0.9730 0.9441 0.8987 0.8355 0.7559 0.6641
17 0.9998 0.9996 0.9992 0.9984 0.9970 0.9947 0.9911 0.9857 0.9678 0.9370 0.8905 0.8272 0.7489
18 0.9999 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993 0.9987 0.9976 0.9957 0.9928 0.9823 0.9626 0.9302 0.8826 0.8195
19 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9995 0.9989 0.9980 0.9965 0.9907 0.9787 0.9573 0.9235 0.8752
20 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9991 0.9984 0.9953 0.9884 0.9750 0.9521 0.9170
21 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9993 0.9977 0.9939 0.9859 0.9712 0.9469
22 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9970 0.9924 0.9833 0.9673
23 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 0.9995 0.9985 0.9960 0.9907 0.9805
24 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9993 0.9980 0.9950 0.9888
25 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9974 0.9938
26 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9987 0.9967
27 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9983
28 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9991
29 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996
30 0.9999 0.9998
31 1.0000 0.9999
32 1.0000

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-8

B-8 APPENDIX B

TABLE 3 Cumulative Standardized Normal Probabilities

z 0

P(- q 6 Z 6 z)

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
-0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-9

APPENDIX B
B-9

TABLE 3 (Continued )

0 z

P (- q 6 Z 6 z).

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-10

B-10 APPENDIX B

TABLE 4
Degrees of
Critical Values of the
Freedom t.100 t.050 t.025 t.010 t.005
Student t Distribution
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
A 4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
tA 6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690
50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678
55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
65 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654
70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648
75 1.293 1.665 1.992 2.377 2.643
80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639
85 1.292 1.663 1.988 2.371 2.635
90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632
95 1.291 1.661 1.985 2.366 2.629
100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626
110 1.289 1.659 1.982 2.361 2.621
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617
130 1.288 1.657 1.978 2.355 2.614
140 1.288 1.656 1.977 2.353 2.611
150 1.287 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609
160 1.287 1.654 1.975 2.350 2.607
170 1.287 1.654 1.974 2.348 2.605
180 1.286 1.653 1.973 2.347 2.603
190 1.286 1.653 1.973 2.346 2.602
200 1.286 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601
q 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-11

APPENDIX B
B-11

TABLE 5 Critical Values of the ␹2 Distribution

f(x2)

A x2
0 x2
A

Degrees of
Freedom ␹2.995 ␹2.990 ␹2.975 ␹2.950 ␹2.900 ␹2.100 ␹2.050 ␹2.025 ␹2.010 ␹2.005
1 0.000039 0.000157 0.000982 0.00393 0.0158 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88
2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0506 0.103 0.211 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.6
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.3 12.8
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.06 7.78 9.49 11.1 13.3 14.9
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.15 1.61 9.24 11.1 12.8 15.1 16.7
6 0.676 0.872 1.24 1.64 2.20 10.6 12.6 14.4 16.8 18.5
7 0.989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 12.0 14.1 16.0 18.5 20.3
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 13.4 15.5 17.5 20.1 22.0
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 14.7 16.9 19.0 21.7 23.6
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 16.0 18.3 20.5 23.2 25.2
11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 17.3 19.7 21.9 24.7 26.8
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 18.5 21.0 23.3 26.2 28.3
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 19.8 22.4 24.7 27.7 29.8
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 21.1 23.7 26.1 29.1 31.3
15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 22.3 25.0 27.5 30.6 32.8
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 23.5 26.3 28.8 32.0 34.3
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.1 24.8 27.6 30.2 33.4 35.7
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.9 26.0 28.9 31.5 34.8 37.2
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.1 11.7 27.2 30.1 32.9 36.2 38.6
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.9 12.4 28.4 31.4 34.2 37.6 40.0
21 8.03 8.90 10.3 11.6 13.2 29.6 32.7 35.5 38.9 41.4
22 8.64 9.54 11.0 12.3 14.0 30.8 33.9 36.8 40.3 42.8
23 9.26 10.2 11.7 13.1 14.8 32.0 35.2 38.1 41.6 44.2
24 9.89 10.9 12.4 13.8 15.7 33.2 36.4 39.4 43.0 45.6
25 10.5 11.5 13.1 14.6 16.5 34.4 37.7 40.6 44.3 46.9
26 11.2 12.2 13.8 15.4 17.3 35.6 38.9 41.9 45.6 48.3
27 11.8 12.9 14.6 16.2 18.1 36.7 40.1 43.2 47.0 49.6
28 12.5 13.6 15.3 16.9 18.9 37.9 41.3 44.5 48.3 51.0
29 13.1 14.3 16.0 17.7 19.8 39.1 42.6 45.7 49.6 52.3
30 13.8 15.0 16.8 18.5 20.6 40.3 43.8 47.0 50.9 53.7
40 20.7 22.2 24.4 26.5 29.1 51.8 55.8 59.3 63.7 66.8
50 28.0 29.7 32.4 34.8 37.7 63.2 67.5 71.4 76.2 79.5
60 35.5 37.5 40.5 43.2 46.5 74.4 79.1 83.3 88.4 92.0
70 43.3 45.4 48.8 51.7 55.3 85.5 90.5 95.0 100 104
80 51.2 53.5 57.2 60.4 64.3 96.6 102 107 112 116
90 59.2 61.8 65.6 69.1 73.3 108 113 118 124 128
100 67.3 70.1 74.2 77.9 82.4 118 124 130 136 140

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 App-B.qxd

TABLE 6(a) Critical Values of the F-Distribution: A ⴝ .05

B-12

f(F)
11/22/10

A F
0 FA
APPENDIX B
6:41 PM

N1 NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

N2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 161 199 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 248
2 18.5 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4
Page B-12

3 10.1 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.73 8.71 8.70 8.69 8.68 8.67 8.67 8.66
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.89 5.87 5.86 5.84 5.83 5.82 5.81 5.80
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.66 4.64 4.62 4.60 4.59 4.58 4.57 4.56
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90 3.88 3.87
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.55 3.53 3.51 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.46 3.44
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.77
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.67 2.66 2.65
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.56 2.54
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.50 2.48 2.47 2.46
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.39
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.35 2.34 2.33
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.28
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.23
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.19
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.16
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.12
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.03
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.00 1.99
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.96
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 4.12 3.27 2.87 2.64 2.49 2.37 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.95 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84
45 4.06 3.20 2.81 2.58 2.42 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.81
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.75
70 3.98 3.13 2.74 2.50 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.07 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.72
80 3.96 3.11 2.72 2.49 2.33 2.21 2.13 2.06 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.84 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.70
90 3.95 3.10 2.71 2.47 2.32 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.99 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.83 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69
100 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.68
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66
140 3.91 3.06 2.67 2.44 2.28 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.95 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.65
160 3.90 3.05 2.66 2.43 2.27 2.16 2.07 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64
180 3.89 3.05 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.77 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.63
200 3.89 3.04 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.62
ⴥ 3.84 3.00 2.61 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 App-B.qxd

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

11/22/10

N1
N2 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 ⴥ

1 249 249 249 250 250 251 251 251 252 252 252 253 253 253 253 253 254 254 254 254
2 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5
6:41 PM

3 8.65 8.64 8.63 8.62 8.62 8.60 8.59 8.59 8.58 8.57 8.57 8.56 8.56 8.55 8.55 8.55 8.54 8.54 8.54 8.53
4 5.79 5.77 5.76 5.75 5.75 5.73 5.72 5.71 5.70 5.69 5.68 5.67 5.67 5.66 5.66 5.65 5.65 5.65 5.65 5.63
5 4.54 4.53 4.52 4.50 4.50 4.48 4.46 4.45 4.44 4.43 4.42 4.41 4.41 4.41 4.40 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.37
6 3.86 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.81 3.79 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.74 3.73 3.72 3.72 3.71 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.69 3.69 3.67
7 3.43 3.41 3.40 3.39 3.38 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.30 3.29 3.29 3.28 3.27 3.27 3.26 3.26 3.25 3.25 3.23
8 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.09 3.08 3.06 3.04 3.03 3.02 3.01 2.99 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.97 2.96 2.96 2.95 2.95 2.93
Page B-13

9 2.92 2.90 2.89 2.87 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.78 2.77 2.76 2.76 2.75 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.71
10 2.75 2.74 2.72 2.71 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.60 2.59 2.59 2.58 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.56 2.54
11 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.58 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.46 2.45 2.44 2.44 2.43 2.43 2.41
12 2.52 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.47 2.44 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.36 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.32 2.30
13 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.39 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.25 2.24 2.24 2.23 2.21
14 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.20 2.19 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.16 2.13
15 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.11 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.07
16 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.04 2.01
17 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.03 2.03 2.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.99 1.96
18 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.96 1.95 1.95 1.92
19 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.88
20 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.84
22 2.05 2.03 2.01 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.78
24 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.73
26 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.69
28 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.73 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.69 1.65
30 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.68 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.62

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 1.85 1.83 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.56
40 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.55 1.51
45 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.73 1.71 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.51 1.47
50 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.44
60 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.65 1.62 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.44 1.39
70 1.70 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.50 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.35
80 1.68 1.65 1.63 1.62 1.60 1.57 1.54 1.52 1.51 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.33
90 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.46 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.30
100 1.65 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.54 1.52 1.49 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.28
120 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47 1.46 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.26
140 1.62 1.60 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.46 1.44 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.23
160 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.50 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.22
180 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.52 1.49 1.46 1.44 1.42 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.20
200 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.19
ⴥ 1.54 1.52 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.42 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.32 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.00
APPENDIX B
B-13

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 App-B.qxd

TABLE 6(b) Values of the F-Distribution: A ⴝ .025

B-14

f(F)
11/22/10

A F
0 FA
APPENDIX B
6:41 PM

N1 NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

N2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 648 799 864 900 922 937 948 957 963 969 973 977 980 983 985 987 989 990 992 993
2 38.5 39.0 39.2 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4
Page B-14

3 17.4 16.0 15.4 15.1 14.9 14.7 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2
4 12.2 10.6 10.0 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.79 8.75 8.71 8.68 8.66 8.63 8.61 8.59 8.58 8.56
5 10.0 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.57 6.52 6.49 6.46 6.43 6.40 6.38 6.36 6.34 6.33
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.41 5.37 5.33 5.30 5.27 5.24 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.17
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.71 4.67 4.63 4.60 4.57 4.54 4.52 4.50 4.48 4.47
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.24 4.20 4.16 4.13 4.10 4.08 4.05 4.03 4.02 4.00
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.91 3.87 3.83 3.80 3.77 3.74 3.72 3.70 3.68 3.67
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.66 3.62 3.58 3.55 3.52 3.50 3.47 3.45 3.44 3.42
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.47 3.43 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.23
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.32 3.28 3.24 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.11 3.09 3.07
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.96 2.95
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.09 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.95 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.86 2.84
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.81 2.79 2.77 2.76
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.68
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.79 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.65 2.63 2.62
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.56
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.76 2.72 2.68 2.65 2.62 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.52 2.50 2.48 2.46
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.39
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.35 2.33
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.28
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.20

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 5.48 4.11 3.52 3.18 2.96 2.80 2.68 2.58 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.23 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.12
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07
45 5.38 4.01 3.42 3.09 2.86 2.70 2.58 2.49 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.14 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.04 2.03
50 5.34 3.97 3.39 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99
60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94
70 5.25 3.89 3.31 2.97 2.75 2.59 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.91
80 5.22 3.86 3.28 2.95 2.73 2.57 2.45 2.35 2.28 2.21 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.97 1.95 1.92 1.90 1.88
90 5.20 3.84 3.26 2.93 2.71 2.55 2.43 2.34 2.26 2.19 2.14 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.88 1.86
100 5.18 3.83 3.25 2.92 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85
120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.94 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.82
140 5.13 3.79 3.21 2.88 2.66 2.50 2.38 2.28 2.21 2.14 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.81
160 5.12 3.78 3.20 2.87 2.65 2.49 2.37 2.27 2.19 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80
180 5.11 3.77 3.19 2.86 2.64 2.48 2.36 2.26 2.19 2.12 2.07 2.02 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79
200 5.10 3.76 3.18 2.85 2.63 2.47 2.35 2.26 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.78
ⴥ 5.03 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 App-B.qxd

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

11/22/10

N1
N2 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 ⴥ

1 995 997 999 1000 1001 1004 1006 1007 1008 1010 1011 1012 1013 1013 1014 1015 1015 1015 1016 1018
2 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5
6:41 PM

3 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
4 8.53 8.51 8.49 8.48 8.46 8.43 8.41 8.39 8.38 8.36 8.35 8.33 8.33 8.32 8.31 8.30 8.30 8.29 8.29 8.26
5 6.30 6.28 6.26 6.24 6.23 6.20 6.18 6.16 6.14 6.12 6.11 6.10 6.09 6.08 6.07 6.06 6.06 6.05 6.05 6.02
6 5.14 5.12 5.10 5.08 5.07 5.04 5.01 4.99 4.98 4.96 4.94 4.93 4.92 4.92 4.90 4.90 4.89 4.89 4.88 4.85
7 4.44 4.41 4.39 4.38 4.36 4.33 4.31 4.29 4.28 4.25 4.24 4.23 4.22 4.21 4.20 4.19 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.14
8 3.97 3.95 3.93 3.91 3.89 3.86 3.84 3.82 3.81 3.78 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.74 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.71 3.70 3.67
Page B-15

9 3.64 3.61 3.59 3.58 3.56 3.53 3.51 3.49 3.47 3.45 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.40 3.39 3.38 3.38 3.37 3.37 3.33
10 3.39 3.37 3.34 3.33 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.18 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.14 3.13 3.13 3.12 3.12 3.08
11 3.20 3.17 3.15 3.13 3.12 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.03 3.00 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.96 2.94 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.92 2.88
12 3.04 3.02 3.00 2.98 2.96 2.93 2.91 2.89 2.87 2.85 2.83 2.82 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.78 2.77 2.77 2.76 2.73
13 2.92 2.89 2.87 2.85 2.84 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.68 2.67 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.64 2.63 2.60
14 2.81 2.79 2.77 2.75 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.65 2.64 2.61 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.54 2.53 2.53 2.49
15 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.56 2.55 2.52 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.40
16 2.65 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.40 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.36 2.36 2.32
17 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.29 2.25
18 2.53 2.50 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.41 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.24 2.23 2.23 2.19
19 2.48 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.19 2.18 2.18 2.13
20 2.43 2.41 2.39 2.37 2.35 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.13 2.13 2.09
22 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.05 2.00
24 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.11 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.01 2.00 1.99 1.99 1.98 1.94
26 2.24 2.22 2.19 2.17 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.88
28 2.20 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.83
30 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.84 1.79

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.70
40 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.69 1.64
45 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.86 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.59
50 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.77 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.55
60 1.91 1.88 1.86 1.83 1.82 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.48
70 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.80 1.78 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.44
80 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.40
90 1.83 1.80 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.37
100 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.35
120 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.31
140 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.28
160 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.53 1.50 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.26
180 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.52 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.42 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.25
200 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.60 1.56 1.53 1.51 1.47 1.45 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.23
ⴥ 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.52 1.49 1.46 1.43 1.39 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.00
APPENDIX B
B-15

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 App-B.qxd

TABLE 6(c) Values of the F-Distribution: A ⴝ .01

B-16

f(F)
11/22/10

A F
0
APPENDIX B

FA
6:41 PM

N1 NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

N2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 4052 4999 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6083 6106 6126 6143 6157 6170 6181 6192 6201 6209
2 98.5 99.0 99.2 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4
3 34.1 30.8 29.5 28.7 28.2 27.9 27.7 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.1 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.7
Page B-16

4 21.2 18.0 16.7 16.0 15.5 15.2 15.0 14.8 14.7 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.0
5 16.3 13.3 12.1 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.96 9.89 9.82 9.77 9.72 9.68 9.64 9.61 9.58 9.55
6 13.7 10.9 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72 7.66 7.60 7.56 7.52 7.48 7.45 7.42 7.40
7 12.2 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47 6.41 6.36 6.31 6.28 6.24 6.21 6.18 6.16
8 11.3 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67 5.61 5.56 5.52 5.48 5.44 5.41 5.38 5.36
9 10.6 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11 5.05 5.01 4.96 4.92 4.89 4.86 4.83 4.81
10 10.0 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71 4.65 4.60 4.56 4.52 4.49 4.46 4.43 4.41
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40 4.34 4.29 4.25 4.21 4.18 4.15 4.12 4.10
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16 4.10 4.05 4.01 3.97 3.94 3.91 3.88 3.86
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96 3.91 3.86 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.66
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.75 3.70 3.66 3.62 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.51
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.52 3.49 3.45 3.42 3.40 3.37
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.55 3.50 3.45 3.41 3.37 3.34 3.31 3.28 3.26
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.16
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.32 3.27 3.23 3.19 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.08
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.24 3.19 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.13 3.09 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.96 2.94
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.88 2.85 2.83
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 3.02 2.96 2.90 2.86 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.72 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.60
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 7.42 5.27 4.40 3.91 3.59 3.37 3.20 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.80 2.74 2.69 2.64 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.37
45 7.23 5.11 4.25 3.77 3.45 3.23 3.07 2.94 2.83 2.74 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.46 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.31
50 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.29 2.27
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20
70 7.01 4.92 4.07 3.60 3.29 3.07 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.15
80 6.96 4.88 4.04 3.56 3.26 3.04 2.87 2.74 2.64 2.55 2.48 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.14 2.12
90 6.93 4.85 4.01 3.53 3.23 3.01 2.84 2.72 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.29 2.24 2.21 2.17 2.14 2.11 2.09
100 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50 2.43 2.37 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.07
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.03
140 6.82 4.76 3.92 3.46 3.15 2.93 2.77 2.64 2.54 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.07 2.04 2.01
160 6.80 4.74 3.91 3.44 3.13 2.92 2.75 2.62 2.52 2.43 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.02 1.99
180 6.78 4.73 3.89 3.43 3.12 2.90 2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.98
200 6.76 4.71 3.88 3.41 3.11 2.89 2.73 2.60 2.50 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.97
ⴥ 6.64 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.88

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 App-B.qxd

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

11/22/10

N1
N2 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 ˆ

1 6223 6235 6245 6253 6261 6276 6287 6296 6303 6313 6321 6326 6331 6334 6339 6343 6346 6348 6350 6366
2 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
6:41 PM

3 26.6 26.6 26.6 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.1
4 14.0 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5
5 9.51 9.47 9.43 9.40 9.38 9.33 9.29 9.26 9.24 9.20 9.18 9.16 9.14 9.13 9.11 9.10 9.09 9.08 9.08 9.02
6 7.35 7.31 7.28 7.25 7.23 7.18 7.14 7.11 7.09 7.06 7.03 7.01 7.00 6.99 6.97 6.96 6.95 6.94 6.93 6.88
7 6.11 6.07 6.04 6.02 5.99 5.94 5.91 5.88 5.86 5.82 5.80 5.78 5.77 5.75 5.74 5.72 5.72 5.71 5.70 5.65
8 5.32 5.28 5.25 5.22 5.20 5.15 5.12 5.09 5.07 5.03 5.01 4.99 4.97 4.96 4.95 4.93 4.92 4.92 4.91 4.86
Page B-17

9 4.77 4.73 4.70 4.67 4.65 4.60 4.57 4.54 4.52 4.48 4.46 4.44 4.43 4.41 4.40 4.39 4.38 4.37 4.36 4.31
10 4.36 4.33 4.30 4.27 4.25 4.20 4.17 4.14 4.12 4.08 4.06 4.04 4.03 4.01 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.97 3.96 3.91
11 4.06 4.02 3.99 3.96 3.94 3.89 3.86 3.83 3.81 3.78 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.69 3.68 3.67 3.66 3.66 3.60
12 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.70 3.65 3.62 3.59 3.57 3.54 3.51 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.45 3.44 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.36
13 3.62 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.51 3.46 3.43 3.40 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.28 3.27 3.25 3.24 3.23 3.23 3.22 3.17
14 3.46 3.43 3.40 3.37 3.35 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.18 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.11 3.09 3.08 3.07 3.06 3.06 3.01
15 3.33 3.29 3.26 3.24 3.21 3.17 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.05 3.02 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.87
16 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.10 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.97 2.93 2.91 2.89 2.87 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.82 2.81 2.81 2.75
17 3.12 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.87 2.83 2.81 2.79 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.73 2.72 2.72 2.71 2.65
18 3.03 3.00 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.57
19 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.87 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.71 2.67 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.55 2.49
20 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.78 2.73 2.69 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.58 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.52 2.50 2.49 2.49 2.48 2.42
22 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.36 2.31
24 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.53 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.21
26 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.50 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.20 2.19 2.13
28 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.26 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.13 2.13 2.07
30 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.01

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.96 1.89
40 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.81
45 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.14 2.09 2.05 2.02 2.00 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.74
50 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.68
60 2.15 2.12 2.08 2.05 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.60
70 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.54
80 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.50
90 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.92 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.72 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.55 1.46
100 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.43
120 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.66 1.62 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.38
140 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.78 1.74 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.35
160 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.72 1.68 1.66 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.32
180 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.83 1.81 1.75 1.71 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.56 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.30
200 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.28
ⴥ 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.64 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.48 1.44 1.41 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.00
APPENDIX B
B-17

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 App-B.qxd

TABLE 6(d) Values of the F-Distribution: A ⴝ .005

f(F)
B-18
11/22/10

A F
0 FA
APPENDIX B
6:41 PM

N1 NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

N2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 16211 19999 21615 22500 23056 23437 23715 23925 24091 24224 24334 24426 24505 24572 24630 24681 24727 24767 24803 24836
2 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
3 55.6 49.8 47.5 46.2 45.4 44.8 44.4 44.1 43.9 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.3 43.2 43.1 43.0 42.9 42.9 42.8 42.8
Page B-18

4 31.3 26.3 24.3 23.2 22.5 22.0 21.6 21.4 21.1 21.0 20.8 20.7 20.6 20.5 20.4 20.4 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.2
5 22.8 18.3 16.5 15.6 14.9 14.5 14.2 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9
6 18.6 14.5 12.9 12.0 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.0 9.95 9.88 9.81 9.76 9.71 9.66 9.62 9.59
7 16.2 12.4 10.9 10.1 9.52 9.16 8.89 8.68 8.51 8.38 8.27 8.18 8.10 8.03 7.97 7.91 7.87 7.83 7.79 7.75
8 14.7 11.0 9.60 8.81 8.30 7.95 7.69 7.50 7.34 7.21 7.10 7.01 6.94 6.87 6.81 6.76 6.72 6.68 6.64 6.61
9 13.6 10.1 8.72 7.96 7.47 7.13 6.88 6.69 6.54 6.42 6.31 6.23 6.15 6.09 6.03 5.98 5.94 5.90 5.86 5.83
10 12.8 9.43 8.08 7.34 6.87 6.54 6.30 6.12 5.97 5.85 5.75 5.66 5.59 5.53 5.47 5.42 5.38 5.34 5.31 5.27
11 12.2 8.91 7.60 6.88 6.42 6.10 5.86 5.68 5.54 5.42 5.32 5.24 5.16 5.10 5.05 5.00 4.96 4.92 4.89 4.86
12 11.8 8.51 7.23 6.52 6.07 5.76 5.52 5.35 5.20 5.09 4.99 4.91 4.84 4.77 4.72 4.67 4.63 4.59 4.56 4.53
13 11.4 8.19 6.93 6.23 5.79 5.48 5.25 5.08 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.64 4.57 4.51 4.46 4.41 4.37 4.33 4.30 4.27
14 11.1 7.92 6.68 6.00 5.56 5.26 5.03 4.86 4.72 4.60 4.51 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.25 4.20 4.16 4.12 4.09 4.06
15 10.8 7.70 6.48 5.80 5.37 5.07 4.85 4.67 4.54 4.42 4.33 4.25 4.18 4.12 4.07 4.02 3.98 3.95 3.91 3.88
16 10.6 7.51 6.30 5.64 5.21 4.91 4.69 4.52 4.38 4.27 4.18 4.10 4.03 3.97 3.92 3.87 3.83 3.80 3.76 3.73
17 10.4 7.35 6.16 5.50 5.07 4.78 4.56 4.39 4.25 4.14 4.05 3.97 3.90 3.84 3.79 3.75 3.71 3.67 3.64 3.61
18 10.2 7.21 6.03 5.37 4.96 4.66 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.56 3.53 3.50
19 10.1 7.09 5.92 5.27 4.85 4.56 4.34 4.18 4.04 3.93 3.84 3.76 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.43 3.40
20 9.94 6.99 5.82 5.17 4.76 4.47 4.26 4.09 3.96 3.85 3.76 3.68 3.61 3.55 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.38 3.35 3.32
22 9.73 6.81 5.65 5.02 4.61 4.32 4.11 3.94 3.81 3.70 3.61 3.54 3.47 3.41 3.36 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.18
24 9.55 6.66 5.52 4.89 4.49 4.20 3.99 3.83 3.69 3.59 3.50 3.42 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.16 3.12 3.09 3.06
26 9.41 6.54 5.41 4.79 4.38 4.10 3.89 3.73 3.60 3.49 3.40 3.33 3.26 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.07 3.03 3.00 2.97
28 9.28 6.44 5.32 4.70 4.30 4.02 3.81 3.65 3.52 3.41 3.32 3.25 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.95 2.92 2.89
30 9.18 6.35 5.24 4.62 4.23 3.95 3.74 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.25 3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.82

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 8.98 6.19 5.09 4.48 4.09 3.81 3.61 3.45 3.32 3.21 3.12 3.05 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.83 2.79 2.76 2.72 2.69
40 8.83 6.07 4.98 4.37 3.99 3.71 3.51 3.35 3.22 3.12 3.03 2.95 2.89 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60
45 8.71 5.97 4.89 4.29 3.91 3.64 3.43 3.28 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.76 2.71 2.66 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.53
50 8.63 5.90 4.83 4.23 3.85 3.58 3.38 3.22 3.09 2.99 2.90 2.82 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47
60 8.49 5.79 4.73 4.14 3.76 3.49 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.90 2.82 2.74 2.68 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.39
70 8.40 5.72 4.66 4.08 3.70 3.43 3.23 3.08 2.95 2.85 2.76 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33
80 8.33 5.67 4.61 4.03 3.65 3.39 3.19 3.03 2.91 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.58 2.52 2.47 2.43 2.39 2.35 2.32 2.29
90 8.28 5.62 4.57 3.99 3.62 3.35 3.15 3.00 2.87 2.77 2.68 2.61 2.54 2.49 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.32 2.28 2.25
100 8.24 5.59 4.54 3.96 3.59 3.33 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23
120 8.18 5.54 4.50 3.92 3.55 3.28 3.09 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.62 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.22 2.19
140 8.14 5.50 4.47 3.89 3.52 3.26 3.06 2.91 2.78 2.68 2.59 2.52 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.30 2.26 2.22 2.19 2.16
160 8.10 5.48 4.44 3.87 3.50 3.24 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.66 2.57 2.50 2.43 2.38 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.17 2.14
180 8.08 5.46 4.42 3.85 3.48 3.22 3.02 2.87 2.74 2.64 2.56 2.48 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.26 2.22 2.19 2.15 2.12
200 8.06 5.44 4.41 3.84 3.47 3.21 3.01 2.86 2.73 2.63 2.54 2.47 2.40 2.35 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.14 2.11
ⴥ 7.88 5.30 4.28 3.72 3.35 3.09 2.90 2.75 2.62 2.52 2.43 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.07 2.03 2.00

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 App-B.qxd

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

11/22/10

N1
N2 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 ⴥ

1 24892 24940 24980 25014 25044 25103 25148 25183 25211 25253 25283 25306 25323 25337 25359 25374 25385 25394 25401 25464
2 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
6:41 PM

3 42.7 42.6 42.6 42.5 42.5 42.4 42.3 42.3 42.2 42.1 42.1 42.1 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 41.9 41.9 41.9 41.8
4 20.1 20.0 20.0 19.9 19.9 19.8 19.8 19.7 19.7 19.6 19.6 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.3
5 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.1
6 9.53 9.47 9.43 9.39 9.36 9.29 9.24 9.20 9.17 9.12 9.09 9.06 9.04 9.03 9.00 8.98 8.97 8.96 8.95 8.88
7 7.69 7.64 7.60 7.57 7.53 7.47 7.42 7.38 7.35 7.31 7.28 7.25 7.23 7.22 7.19 7.18 7.16 7.15 7.15 7.08
8 6.55 6.50 6.46 6.43 6.40 6.33 6.29 6.25 6.22 6.18 6.15 6.12 6.10 6.09 6.06 6.05 6.04 6.03 6.02 5.95
Page B-19

9 5.78 5.73 5.69 5.65 5.62 5.56 5.52 5.48 5.45 5.41 5.38 5.36 5.34 5.32 5.30 5.28 5.27 5.26 5.26 5.19
10 5.22 5.17 5.13 5.10 5.07 5.01 4.97 4.93 4.90 4.86 4.83 4.80 4.79 4.77 4.75 4.73 4.72 4.71 4.71 4.64
11 4.80 4.76 4.72 4.68 4.65 4.60 4.55 4.52 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.39 4.37 4.36 4.34 4.32 4.31 4.30 4.29 4.23
12 4.48 4.43 4.39 4.36 4.33 4.27 4.23 4.19 4.17 4.12 4.09 4.07 4.05 4.04 4.01 4.00 3.99 3.98 3.97 3.91
13 4.22 4.17 4.13 4.10 4.07 4.01 3.97 3.94 3.91 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.79 3.78 3.76 3.74 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.65
14 4.01 3.96 3.92 3.89 3.86 3.80 3.76 3.73 3.70 3.66 3.62 3.60 3.58 3.57 3.55 3.53 3.52 3.51 3.50 3.44
15 3.83 3.79 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.63 3.58 3.55 3.52 3.48 3.45 3.43 3.41 3.39 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.34 3.33 3.26
16 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.54 3.48 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.33 3.30 3.28 3.26 3.25 3.22 3.21 3.20 3.19 3.18 3.11
17 3.56 3.51 3.47 3.44 3.41 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.25 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.07 3.06 3.05 2.99
18 3.45 3.40 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.17 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.04 3.02 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.87
19 3.35 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.15 3.11 3.07 3.04 3.00 2.97 2.95 2.93 2.91 2.89 2.87 2.86 2.85 2.85 2.78
20 3.27 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.07 3.02 2.99 2.96 2.92 2.88 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.81 2.79 2.78 2.77 2.76 2.69
22 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.98 2.92 2.88 2.84 2.82 2.77 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.66 2.65 2.63 2.62 2.62 2.55
24 3.01 2.97 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.43
26 2.92 2.87 2.84 2.80 2.77 2.72 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.56 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.40 2.33
28 2.84 2.79 2.76 2.72 2.69 2.64 2.59 2.56 2.53 2.48 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.39 2.37 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.25
30 2.77 2.73 2.69 2.66 2.63 2.57 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.18

DENOMINATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

35 2.64 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.16 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.04
40 2.55 2.50 2.46 2.43 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.06 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.01 1.93
45 2.47 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.27 2.22 2.19 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.85
50 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.10 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.79
60 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.22 2.19 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.01 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.86 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.69
70 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 2.07 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.80 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.62
80 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.02 1.97 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.57
90 2.20 2.15 2.12 2.08 2.05 1.99 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.52
100 2.17 2.13 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.65 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.49
120 2.13 2.09 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.43
140 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.39
160 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.69 1.65 1.62 1.60 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.51 1.49 1.48 1.36
180 2.07 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.73 1.68 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.56 1.53 1.50 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.34
200 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.84 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.66 1.62 1.59 1.56 1.54 1.51 1.49 1.47 1.45 1.44 1.32
ⴥ 1.95 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.59 1.54 1.49 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.34 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.00
APPENDIX B
B-19

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-20

B-20 APPENDIX B

Critical Values of the Studentized Range, A ⴝ .05

7(a) TABLE

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-21

APPENDIX B
B-21

Source: From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, 1: 176–77. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.
Critical Values of the Studentized Range, A ⴝ .01
7(b) TABLE

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-22

B-22 APPENDIX B

TABLE 8(a) Critical Values for the Durbin-Watson Statistic, A ⴝ .05

Source: From J. Durbin and G. S. Watson, “Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression, II,” Biometrika 30 (1951): 159–78. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-23

APPENDIX B
B-23

TABLE 8(b) Critical Values for the Durbin-Watson Statistic, A ⴝ .01

Source: From J. Durbin and G. S. Watson, “Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression, II,” Biometrika 30 (1951): 159–78. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-24

B-24 APPENDIX B

TABLE 9 Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

(a) A ⴝ .025 one-tail; A ⴝ .05 two-tail

n1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

n2 TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU
4 6 18 11 25 17 33 23 43 31 53 40 64 50 76 61 89
5 6 11 12 28 18 37 25 47 33 58 42 70 52 83 64 96
6 7 23 12 32 19 41 26 52 35 63 44 76 55 89 66 104
7 7 26 13 35 20 45 28 56 37 68 47 81 58 95 70 110
8 8 28 14 38 21 49 29 61 39 63 49 87 60 102 73 117
9 8 31 15 41 22 53 31 65 41 78 51 93 63 108 76 124
10 9 33 16 44 24 56 32 70 43 83 54 98 66 114 79 131

(b) A ⴝ .05 one-tail; A ⴝ .10 two-tail

n1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

n2 TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU TL TU
3 6 15 11 21 16 29 23 37 31 46 39 57 49 68 60 80
4 7 17 12 24 18 32 25 41 33 51 42 62 52 74 63 87
5 7 20 13 27 19 37 26 46 35 56 45 67 55 80 66 94
6 8 22 14 30 20 40 28 50 37 61 47 73 57 87 69 101
7 9 24 15 33 22 43 30 54 39 66 49 79 60 93 73 107
8 9 27 16 36 24 46 32 58 41 71 52 84 63 99 76 114
9 10 29 17 39 25 50 33 63 43 76 54 90 66 105 79 121
10 11 31 18 42 26 54 35 67 46 80 57 95 69 111 83 127

Source: From F. Wilcoxon and R. A. Wilcox, “Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures” (1964), p. 28. Reproduced with the permission of American Cyanamid Company.

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-25

APPENDIX B
B-25

TABLE 10
Critical Values for (a) A ⴝ .025 one-tail; A ⴝ .05 two-tail (b) A ⴝ .05 one-tail; A ⴝ .10 two-tail
the Wilcoxon Signed
n TL TU TL TU
Rank Sum Test
6 1 20 2 19
7 2 26 4 24
8 4 32 6 30
9 6 39 8 37
10 8 47 11 44
11 11 55 14 52
12 14 64 17 61
13 17 74 21 70
14 21 84 26 79
15 25 95 30 90
16 30 106 36 100
17 35 118 41 112
18 40 131 47 124
19 46 144 54 136
20 52 158 60 150
21 59 172 68 163
22 66 187 75 178
23 73 203 83 193
24 81 219 92 208
25 90 235 101 224
26 98 253 110 241
27 107 271 120 258
28 117 289 130 276
29 127 308 141 294
30 137 328 152 313

Source: From F. Wilcoxon and R. A. Wilcox, “Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures” (1964), p. 28. Reproduced with the permission of
American Cyanamid Company.

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-26

B-26 APPENDIX B

TABLE 11 Critical Values for the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

The a values correspond to a one-tail test of H0: rs = 0.

The value should be doubled for two-tail tests.
n A ⴝ .05 A ⴝ .025 A ⴝ .01

5 .900 — —
6 .829 .886 .943
7 .714 .786 .893
8 .643 .738 .833
9 .600 .683 .783
10 .564 .648 .745
11 .523 .623 .736
12 .497 .591 .703
13 .475 .566 .673
14 .457 .545 .646
15 .441 .525 .623
16 .425 .507 .601
17 .412 .490 .582
18 .399 .476 .564
19 .388 .462 .549
20 .377 .450 .534
21 .368 .438 .521
22 .359 .428 .508
23 .351 .418 .496
24 .343 .409 .485
25 .336 .400 .475
26 .329 .392 .465
27 .323 .385 .456
28 .317 .377 .448
29 .311 .370 .440
30 .305 .364 .432

Source: From E. G. Olds, “Distribution of Sums of Squares of Rank Differences for Small Samples,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics
9 (1938). Reproduced with the permission of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.

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App-B.qxd 11/22/10 6:41 PM Page B-27

APPENDIX B
B-27

TABLE 12 Control Chart Constants

Source: From E. S. Pearson, “The Percentage Limits for the Distribution of Range in Samples from a Normal Population,” Biometrika 24 (1932): 416.
Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.

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App-C_Abbreviated.qxd 11/23/10 12:46 AM Page C-2

Appendix C
ANSWERS TO S E L E C T E D E V E N -N U M B E R E D E X E R C I S E S

All answers have been double-checked for 2.38 The “Less than high school” category weigh between 2 and 7 ounces with
accuracy. However, we cannot be absolutely has remained constant, while the a small fraction weighing less than
certain that there are no errors. Students should number of college graduates has 2 ounces or more than 7 ounces.
not automatically assume that answers that increased. 3.22 The histogram of the number of
don’t match ours are wrong. When and if we 2.40 The dominant source in Australia is books shipped daily is negatively
discover mistakes we will post corrected coal. In New Zealand it is oil. skewed. It appears that there is a
answers on our web page. (See page 10 for the 2.42 Universities 1 and 2 are similar and maximum number that the company
address.) If you find any errors, please email the quite dissimilar from universities can ship.
author (address on web page). We will be happy 3 and 4, which also differ. The two 3.24 c. and d. This scorecard is a much
to acknowledge you with the discovery. nominal variables appear to be better predictor.
related. 3.26 The histogram is highly positively
Chapter 1 2.44 The two variables are related. skewed indicating that most people
1.2 Descriptive statistics summarizes a 2.46 The number of prescriptions filled by watch 4 or less hours per day with
set of data. Inferential statistics independent drug stores has decreased some watching considerably more.
makes inferences about populations while the others remained constant or 3.28 Many people work more than 40
from samples. increased slightly. hours per week.
1.4 a. The complete production run 2.48 More than 40% rate the food as less 3.32 The numbers of females and males
b. 1,000 chips than good. are both increasing with the number
c. Proportion defective 2.50 There are considerable differences of females increasing faster.
d. Proportion of sample chips that between the two countries. 3.34 The per capita number of property
are defective (7.5%) 2.52 Customers with children rated the crimes decreased faster than did the
e. Parameter restaurant more highly than did cus- absolute number of property crimes.
f. Statistic tomers with no children. 3.36 Consumption is increasing and pro-
g. Because the sample proportion is 2.54 a. Males and females differ in their duction is falling.
less than 10%, we can conclude areas of employment. Females tend 3.38 c. Over the last 28 years, both
that the claim is true. to choose accounting, marketing, or receipts and outlays increased
1.6 a. Flip the coin 100 times and count sales and males opt for finance. rapidly. There was a 5-year period
the number of heads and tails. b. Area and job satisfaction are where receipts were higher than
b. Outcomes of flips related. Graduates who work in outlays. Between 2004 and 2007,
c. Outcomes of the 100 flips finance and general management the deficit has decreased.
d. Proportion of heads appear to be more satisfied than 3.40 The inflation adjusted deficits are
e. Proportion of heads in the 100 flips those in accounting, marketing, not large.
1.8 a. Fuel mileage of all the taxis in the sales, and others. 3.42 Imports from Canada has greatly
fleet. exceeded exports to Canada.
b. Mean mileage Chapter 3 3.44 In the early 1970s, the Canadian
c. The 50 observations 3.2 10 or 11 dollar was worth more than the U.S.
d. Mean of the 50 observations 3.4 a. 7 to 9 dollar. By the late 1970s, the
e. The statistic would be used to esti- b. 5.25, 5.40, 5.55, 5.70, 5.85, 6.00, 6.15 Canadian dollar lost ground but has
mate the parameter from which 3.6 c. The number of pages is bimodal recently recovered.
the owner can calculate total costs. and slightly positively skewed. 3.46 The index grew slowly until month
We computed the sample mean to be 19.8 mpg. 3.8 The histogram is bimodal. 400 and then grew quickly until
3.10 c. The number of stores is bimodal month 600. It then fell sharply and
Chapter 2 and positively skewed. recently recovered.
2.2 a. Interval b. Interval 3.12 d. The histogram is symmetric 3.48 There does not appear to be a linear
c. Nominal d. Ordinal (approximately) and bimodal. relationship between the two variables.
2.4 a. Nominal b. Interval 3.14 d. The histogram is slightly positively 3.50 b. There is a positive linear relation-
c. Nominal d. Interval e. Ordinal skewed, unimodal, and not bell- ship between calculus and statis-
2.6 a. Interval b. Interval shaped. tics marks.
c. Nominal d. Ordinal e. Interval 3.16 a. The histogram should contain 9 or 3.52 b. There is a moderately strong posi-
2.8 a. Interval b. Ordinal 10 bins. tive linear relationship. In general,
c. Nominal d. Ordinal c. The histogram is positively skewed. those with more education use
2.10 a. Ordinal b. Ordinal c. Ordinal d. The histogram is not bell shaped. the Internet more frequently.
2.34 Three out of four Americans are 3.18 The histogram is unimodal, bell 3.54 b. There is a moderately strong
White. Note that the survey did not shaped, and roughly symmetric. Most positive linear relationship.
separate Hispanics. of the lengths lie between 18 and 23 3.56 b. There is a very weak positive lin-
2.36 Almost half the sample is married and inches. ear relationship.
about one out of four were never 3.20 The histogram is unimodal, symmet- 3.58 There is a moderately strong positive
married. ric, and bell shaped. Most tomatoes linear relationship.

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