Scribd
Upload
102 views11 pages

Ni Resist Carbides

techincal information

Uploaded by

[email protected]
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
102 views11 pages

Ni Resist Carbides

techincal information

Uploaded by

[email protected]
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
You are on page 1/ 11
1 TB) Cc] Dr Tees Influence of carbide content on the stress corrosion cracking of Ni-Resist cast irons in warm seawater I a ee NiDI Technical Series N° 10 018 RCs Pte November 1987 Thre material presented in this publication has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied on for specific applications without first securing competent advice. The Nickel Development Institute, its members, staff and consultants do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and assume no liability or responsibilty of any kind in connection with the information herein. The influence of carbide content on the stress-corrosion cracking of ductile (SG) Ni-Resist cast iron in warm seawater by J.V. Dawson & B. Todd* Synopsis—The susceptibility of ductile D2 Ni-Resist irons containing various amounts of carbide to stress- corrosion cracking in warm seawater (45 °C) has been examined. The results show that wide variations in carbide content can occur at compositions within the type D2 Ni-Resist specification and that the form of stress corrosion is influenced by the carbide content. Irons with low carbide contents tend to form numerous cracks which only penetrate for a short way into the casting. Higher carbide contents promote the formation of fewer, more deeply penetrating cracks which tend to follow the carbide network. Stress-corrosion cracking is more likely to occur when the cast surface has been removed by grinding to a smooth finish. To minimize the risk of stress-corrosion cracking, it is recommended that the iron should be well inoculaged, it should have relatively high silicon and low chromium contents, and the castings should be stress relieved to keep the total stress levels to a minimum. Introduction—Ni-Resist austenitic cast irons are widely used for handling seawater and brine in components such as pumps and valves, and castings in ductile (SG) Ni-Resist ‘Type D2 are often used for large intake and circulating pumps for desalination plants and power plants in the Middle East. The factors influencing its choice for these applications are moderate cost, good corrosion resistance and the protection it affords to stainless steel components against pitting and crevice corrosion during shut-downs." ‘In general, the material has given satisfactory service in these applications, but one problem that has arisen is stress- corrosion cracking. Although stress-corrosion cracking of Ni-Resist irons has been known for some years,’ it has normally only been observed when the irons have been used. in hot chloride solutions. Failures in seawater at ambient temperature have been rare, even though Ni-Resist is widely used for seawater pumps around the coasts of North, America and Europe. ‘A detailed study of stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic cast irons has been published by Miyasaka & Ogure."In this, work, the effect of applied stress, alloying elements, temperature, sodium chloride concentration, dissolved oxygen concentrations and electrode potential were studied. ‘Their results are summarized in Figs. | & 2 for the effects of applied stress and operating temperature. Fig. 1 relates applied stress to time to failure for grey (fake graphite) Type 2 (18-9% Ni, 2-3% Cr) and for ductile (spheroidal graphite) Type D2 (19% Ni, 2-2% Cr) austenitic cast irons. The authors attribute the marked difference in resistance to stress-corrosion cracking between, the grey and ductile irons to the notch effect ofthe graphite flakes increasing the effect of the applied stress, Consultant to the Nickel Development Instiste .a pe D2: actual instances of Seawater pump (m] and brine — ireulating pump) representing the maximum design stress tang the operating time. = a— Type 2 —0~ Type D2 o ESS 9 ASTM AS3B Grade 65-45-12 © ASTM AGB Class No, 40 S cook * ES SIF = No failure o = 20 Se 200k : me “5 = 00 ™, dl a5 r a a a Time to failure, h Fig. 1 Relation between applied stress and time to failure of 12+5mm-dia. specimens of various materials in ‘aerated 3% NaCl solutions at 33°C." a Time to failure, h © 7% NaCl, aerated * 7% NaCl, deaerated [00 conc=1ppm.) ‘4 3% NaCl, aerated 0 B 30 70 30 @ Temperature °C Fig. 2 Effect of temperature and NaCl and dissolved ‘oxygen (D.0.) concentrations on time to failure of Smum-dia. specimens of Type D2 Ni-Resist stressed at 340 MPa." Fig. 2 shows the effect of temperature on the cracking of ductile Type D2 Ni-Resist irons in 3-7 per cent sodium chloride solution (erated and slightly de-aerated—I p.p.m. dissolved oxygen). It is interesting to note that the curve below about 33 °C rises quite steeply, indicating a rapid increase in resistance with falling temperature in this, region. This probably accounts for the rarity of failures due to stress-corrosion cracking in the cooler oceanic waters, around the North American and European coasts. In the ‘Middle East, seawater temperatures are about 30 °C for a large part of each year, and inshore temperatures in the summer may exceed 35°C. ‘The data from Figs. 1 & 2 indicate that, at high stress levels, ductile Type D2 Ni-Resist irons would be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in warm seawater ‘The comparative rarity of failure in practice is probably due to the low design stresses applied to these pumps—about 35 N/mm?. Where failures have occurred, they have been in castings that have not been stress-elief heat treated. In such, cases, local internal stresses close to the proof strength, might occur (above 200 Nimm:), particularly if any weld repairs have been carried out. In the Middle East, stress-corrosion cracking of Ni-Resist irons has usually been confined to brine recycling and lowdown pumps in desalination plants. These handle ‘warm (about 45 °C) de-aerated and concentrated seawater, and it is again noteworthy that cracking has only occurred, in castings that have not been stress-elief heat treated, However, afew cases of cracking have occurred with these irons in normal seawater in the Middle East, and in atleast fone case the cracking was associated with a high carbide Fig. 3 Stress-corrosion crack in Type D2 Ni-Resist. Etched in 2% nital. 200 content in the iron. As earlier work on stress-corrosion cracking of NiResist irons has not studied the effect of carbides, the present work was undertaken to assess the importance of this factor. The work was cartied out at BCIRA with the cooperation of the Nickel Development Institute Morphology of cracking in austenitic cast irons Fig. 3 shows a stress-corrosion crack in an austenitic ductile cast iron. Such cracks are typically transgranular in the austenite matrix and are mult-branched. In the pump casting which was the stimulus for this work, the matrix ofthe iron contained a high percentage of carbide (1013 per cent measured by linear analysis) and the cracking was closely associated with the carbide networks. Most Type D2 austenitic irons have only a small percentage (about 5 per cent) of carbides in the matrix and, as shown in Fig. 3, this does not appear to influence the path of the crack. Table 1 Chemical compositions of the first series of irons tested, wer J e© [Ss ] Mm [Ss | Me ] NW |G | Simca Nee me | » | s |» | «| * | * | os sctonte * i ee as + | ze | 26 | om | oom | oom | we | 17 02 ne 2 | 20 | 2a | oa | oo | oo2 | 7 | ro | 06 Be 3 | 20 | ze | om | oom | oom | 2a | re | on br 4 200 | 202 | 0-05 | oo | 006 | 198 | 177 | oa 23-27 ~ Wequvaont = Nik + Cr + 2 ns Prospiounal

You might also like