MATHEMATICS

ASSIGNMENT
2021
By Krish Saraf
Class: II PCME - B
 Domain of sin-1 x = {-1,1}

Range of sin-1 x = {-π/2,π/2}

Domain of cos-1 x = {-1,1}

Range of cos-1 x = {0,π}

cos-1 x > sin-1 x As we know, range of sin-1 x = {-π/2,π/2}

π/2 – sin-1 x > sin-1 x ∴ -π/2 < sin-1 x < π/4

π/2 > 2sin-1 x sin (-π/2) < x < sin (π/4)

π/4 > sin-1 x -1 < x < 1/√(2)

∴ cos-1 x > sin-1 x only when -1<x<1/√(2)

Maths Assignment 2021-22 | 01

S. Ramanujan
From Kumbakonam to
Cambridge
This booklet describes the life and legacy of one of the most
important mathematicians of the 20th century.

OPN March 2

Maths Assignment 2021-22 | 03

 Ramanujan
amanujan has been amoebiasis, was the cause of his

R hailed as a born
published 39 papers illness twice as a young man, in India.
mathematical genius and in all, of which 5 were Since tuberculosis was diagnosed, in
1919, by doctors in England and India,
compared to the all-time
great mathematicians in collaboration with after returning to India on March 27,
Euler and Gauss, by his friend, 1919, as a famous person, he received
philosopher and mentor, G H Hardy. In Hardy, during his best medical care and full support
1940, Hardy gave two lectures at Yale from Madras University. Because of
University, which were later published short life span, the treatment (not hepatic amoebiasis,
in book under the title "Ramanujan: but) for tuberculosis, which led to his
Twelve Lectures Inspired by His Life
including the famous untimely death, at about 10:00 a.m. on
April 26, 1920, at "Gometra", owned
and Work". Prior to that, in 1927, Rogers-Ramanujan by Mr. Emberumal Chettiar, in
Hardy, together with Dewan Bahadur
Ramachandra Rao and PV Seshu Iyer, identities published Chetput, Madras.
published "Srinivasa Ramanujan's
Collected Papers", republished more by Rogers in 1909,
recently, in 1999, by the Society United Birth and School life
States Mathematical and London later to be referred as Ramanujan was born on December
Mathematical Society. 22, 1887 to Komalathammal and K
The republishing of both volumes at
Ramanujan identities Srinivasa Iyengar, a "gumastha" or
the dawn of this century is clearly an by Hardy. secretary of a cloth merchant in
indication of the intrinsic value of Kumbakonam, at his mother's residence
Ramanujan's work in his short life span in Erode. It was a Thursday, and since
of 32 years, 4 months, and 4 days, in the religious leader Ramanujachariar
which he spent five years, 1914-1919, was born on a Thursday, like most
at Trinity College, University of Iyengar families, the name choice for
Cambridge. Hardy persuaded the the newborn was Ramanujan. As in one
When Eddington asked Hardy if
authorities to award Ramanujan a of the conventions, his father's name
Ramanujan could wait to award him
Bachelor's degree, through research, the FRS a year later, Hardy told Srinivasa became his surname and his
from the University of Cambridge, for Eddington that Ramanujan might not first name was Ramanujan
his contributions to mathematics, be in Cambridge as he was considering (S Ramanujan). He was the first of
including his longest paper on "Highly sending him back to India, where, he three sons and was sent to Kangeyan
composite numbers", which Hardy thought, the climate is warmer, which Primary School in Kumbakonam, a
considers himself the "anti-scientific" would restore Ramanujan’s health and school that no longer exists to this day.
of the mathematics of the day, but is spirit. So, on February 28, 1919, In November 1897, he took the first
unique in his originality and Ramanujan was elected a member of elementary school exam in Tanjore
Ramanujan's creativity in mathematics. the Royal Society. In India, February district, which allowed him to enjoy
Unfortunately, for about half of his 28 is celebrated as "Science Day", due half the tuition fee at Kumbakonam
time in the UK, Ramanujan went in to the discovery and announcement of City High School, where he studied
and out of Sanatoria and was the Raman Effect by Sir C.V. Raman from 1898 to 1903. He took the
misdiagnosed and treated for on February 28, 1928. It would be entrance exam of the University of
tuberculosis (TB). In 1919, when appropriate if it were also recognized Madras in December 1903. The
Ramanujan became ill, Hardy talked as the day on which Ramanujan academic year at the British Raj was
to Sir Arthur Eddington, then became a Fellow of the Royal Society from January to December, to allow
Chairman of the Royal Society, — the first Indian mathematician to Britishers to plan holidays with their
London, to have Ramanujan become a become a FRS Professor. G H Hardy families as they celebrated Christmas
member of the Royal Society (FRS), sent a telegram to Mr. Dewsbury, and the new year.
which Hardy said would act as an Registrar of the University of Madras, While Ramanujan was in his senior
impetus for further research on announcing the honorary award that year, VI Form, at school, two students
Ramanujan. Eddington was by then, day. who were boarding students in his
in May 1919, a famous person who, Mainly thanks to the efforts of the home, brought George Schoobridge
after a successful expedition to South famous mathematician Professor Carr's "A Synopsis of Elementary
Africa, to observe the curvature of Robert A Rankin and Dr. DAB Results, a book on Pure Mathematics"
light during a total solar eclipse, Young, today's admirers of (commonly referred to simply as Carr`s
confirmed the deflection angle Ramanujan know that the cause of "Synopsis") containing approximately
predicted by Albert Einstein and thus Ramanujan's death was not the 4,865 formulas to indicate Ramanujan,
Einstein's General Theory of dreaded tuberculosis, but hepatic
Relativity.

Maths Assignment 2021-22 | 04

 The statue of
whom they knew could give simpler Ramanujan was Ramaswamy Iyer, Ramachandra
solutions to his university problems, Rao, Seshu Iyer, Sir Francis Spring,
compared to their teacher who is installed at the GT Walker, EH Neville or GH Hardy.
teaching them. Carr's "Synopsis", It is the concerted efforts of these
recently reprinted, became famous,
entrance of the great men that have earned Ramanujan
all the recognition he deserves - the
thanks to Ramanujan. Operational Head financial support needed for his visit
N While Ramanujan was in his
and stay in the UK, Bachelor's degree
senior year, VI Form, at school, two Quarters of the from Cambridge University,
students who were boarding students in
his home, brought George Schoobridge Society for scholarship from the Royal Society,
Carr "A Summary of Primary Results, a Fellowship of Trinity College, and for
Book of Pure Mathematics" drug" Electronic tirelessly disseminating its name,
fame, and achievements to all
(commonly referred to simply as Carr`s
"Abstract") contained approximately Transactions and concerned. Ramanujan, who failed the
baccalaureate exams of the University
4,865 formulas to indicate Ramanujan, Security (SETS), of Madras in 1905 and again in 1907,
whom they knew could give simpler
became the first Indian mathematician
solutions to his university problems. Taramani, Chennai to receive the FRS. He was in
them compared to their teacher who is
Cambridge for five years, before
teaching them. Carr's "Summary of India, in June 2010. returning to India, "only to die", as
Contents", recently reprinted, became Janakiammal regretted shortly after
famous thanks to Ramanujan. Ramanujan's death on April 26, 1920.
Ramanujan's mother regularly visits Janaki Ramanujan lived
Sarangapani temple to become one of approximately 74 years after
the main singers of Bhajans. Perhaps His first publication was a 15-page Ramanujan's death, until his death on
this was because at the end of the paper on "Certain Properties of April 13, 1994.
group's song, a "prasaadam" (food Bernoulli Numbers" in the Journal of the Ramanujan's paper in the 45th
offered to God) would be distributed to Indian Mathematical Society (JIMS), in Quarterly Mathematical Journal
all present. In time, it was the meal of which his initial contributions were in (1914) 350-372 titled "Modular
Ramanujan, her firstborn child, because the form of sentences, questions or equations and approximations of p"
of the meager income of about 25 to 30 answers to published questions. During contains 19 infinite series formulas for
rupees a month, of his father as a clerk his illustrious career, Ramanujan gave a 1/p, one of which according to him
("gumastha") at a shop fabric trade, not total of 59 questions or answers to JIMS would be "rapidly convergent". Only
enough to make a living for him and his questions. When Ramanujan was in in 1984, Borwein used a modified
family. Triplicane, he was near the version of Ramanujan's formula to
Ramanujan won awards at the school Parthasarathy temple, which he calculate p upto 17 million places and
for his fluency in English and frequented and more importantly, it was found that the formula converged to
mathematics. S L Loney's there that he came into contact with S the exact value with much greater
"trigonometry" was a book that was Narayana Iyer, MA (Mathematics), efficiency than any other formula, thus
awarded to him in Form IV at school Manager of Madras Port Trust, whose proving that Ramanujan's intuition is
and he later mastered the book. He has residence was close to Ramanujan’s. In correct, as usual.
also won awards in Form II and Form fact, it was Narayana Iyer who
VI. In 1905, Ramanujan attended the discovered Ramanujan's talent and Krish Saraf ([email protected]),
intermediate class of the Government helped him contact the right people at PCME Student, 2nd PU Student, J a i n
C o l l e g e , Jayanagar, Bangalore, India.
College of Art in his first year. However, the right time. He was the pillar of
after a few months, he stopped attending strength for Ramanujan, not only during
college, probably because he found the Ramanujan's life, but also after his
classes uninteresting. His fruitful period death. Narayana Iyer and his wife helped
in the field of mathematics also began Janaki Ramanujan, Ramanujan's wife, in
with his recording of mathematical any way they could. Since the 75th
results in his notebook, during the five anniversary of Ramanujan's birth, in
years from 1905 to 1909, where very 1962, when the Indian government
little is known about his activities. It is issued a stamp to mark the occasion,
known that he even went to Janaki began to be recognized as the
Visakhapatnam, able to earn tuition fees mathematician's wife who made an
for a living, for a short time without impression among everyone he came
informing his family. into contact with, be it Narayana Iyer,

Maths Assignment 2021-22 | 05

Aryabhatta
The Creator of Zero

This booklet describes the life and legacy of one of the most
important mathematicians of the 5th century.

OPN March 2

Maths Assignment 2021-22 | 07

 Aryabhata was
ryabhatta was the wrote another book "Aryabhatta

A greatest mathematician
India's first satellite, Siddhanta".
and astronomer of named after the Currently, there are only 34 verses of
ancient times. His work it exist. This book has been widely
in science and famous Indian used in the seventh decade. But there is
mathematics continues no specific information on how such a
inspire scientists today. He was one of astronomer. It was useful book was misplaced..
the first Indians to use algebra. You will Aryabhata did many other works in
be surprised to know that he wrote his launched on 19 April mathematics and astronomy. With his
famous work 'Aryabhatiya' in poetic work, he opened new avenues for many
form. It is one of the famous creations
1975 from Kapustin great scientists. In India, many research
of ancient India. Most of the Yar, a Soviet rocket institutes have been opened under his
information given in this book concerns name in which various types of
spherical trigonometry and astronomy. launch and research are carried out. He was the
In 'Aryabhatiya', 33 rules of arithmetic, 4,444 greatest mathematicians and
algebra and trigonometry are also given. development site in astronomers of ancient India. His work
By declaring 2012 as the National Year in science and mathematics continues
of Mathematics, Prime Minister of India Astrakhan Oblast to inspire scientists to this day. What is
has in a way honored India's first surprising is that he wrote his famous
mathematician and astronomer using a Kosmos-3M work 'Aryabhatiya' in poetic form. This
Aryabhatta. It is because of Aryabhatta,
who gave the world the understanding
launch vehicle. is one of the best known books from
ancient India. Most of the information
of zero, that for hundreds of years, India in this book concerns spherical
led the world in the field of trigonometry and astronomy.
mathematics. Aryabhatta's contribution 'Aryabhatiya', 33 rules of arithmetic,
is considered to be the most important algebra and trigonometry are also given.
in all the achievements the world has Today we all know that the earth is
field among astrologers of
achieved in astronomy today. It is round and rotates on its axis and that is
antiquity. Aryabhata is the most
because of them that today mathematics why there is night and day. This theory
famous one. He was a prominent
and astronomy is doing new research. astrologer and mathematician of the was proposed by Nicholas Copernicus
Information about Aryabhatta's birth Gupta period. He was educated at in the Middle Ages, but very few people
time comes from his book Nalanda University. At the age of would know about this fact that
Aryabhattiyam. In this book, he says 23, he wrote "Aryabhatiya Granth". Aryabhata discovered that the earth is
that “3600 years have passed since This "Aryabhatiya Granth" was round and its circumference is about
Kali Yuga and I were 23 when we accepted from everywhere, whereby 24835 miles.
wrote this book”. According to the King Buddhagupta appointed Aryabhata proved that the Hindu
tradition of Indian astrology, the Kali Aryabhata as head of Nalanda belief in solar and lunar eclipses was
Yuga begins in 3101 BC. As a result, University. wrong. This great scientist and
Aryabhattiyam was composed in AD mathematician also knew that the moon
499. In this sense, Aryabhatta would and other planets were illuminated by
have been born in AD 476. But there Works of Aryabhatta
the sun's rays. Aryabhatta proved from
are differences of opinion about his his sources that there are not 366 days
place of birth. Some scholars say that Aryabhatta wrote many treatises on in a year but 365.2951 days.
he was born somewhere between mathematics and astronomy, some of Aryabhatiya reports directly to the work
Narmada and Godavari, written in which can be found. His great done by him. It is believed that
Sanskrit literature as Ashmak Desh. creation, "Aryabhattiyam", is a Aryabhatta himself may not have given
While Ahmaka was identified by the collection of mathematics and this name, but later commentators may
"Arthashastra" of Kautilya as modern astronomy, widely cited in the Indian have used the name Aryabhatiya. This
Maharashtra, according to ancient mathematical literature, and continues is also mentioned in his writings by
Buddhist sources, Ashmaka or Asak is to exist in modern times. The math Bhaskara I, a disciple of Aryabhatta.
located in Dakcan. section of Aryabhattiyam covers This is also sometimes known as
Aryabhata was one of the great arithmetic, algebra, simple Arya-Sata-Ashta. Square roots, cubic
mathematicians and astrologers of trigonometry and spherical roots, parallel series and different types
ancient India. He composed the book trigonometry. It includes continuous of equations are given in 'Aryabhatiya'.
"Aryabhatiya", which presented many fractions, quadratic equations, the sum This book is a collection of
principles of mathematics and of the power series, and a table of mathematical and astronomical facts.
astrology. Renowned scholars such as chords. Information from three texts Aryabhatiya has a total of 108 verses,
Aryabhata, Varahmihira, written by Aryabhata remains to this plus another 13 introductory verses. All
Brahmagupta, AryabhataII, day. Dasgeetika, Aryabhattiyam and of this is divided into four verses or
Bhaskaracharya, Kamalakar have Tantra but according to experts, he chapters: Aryabhata had a profound
made invaluable contributions in this

Maths Assignment 2021-22 | 08

 On the campus of
influence on the mathematics and Aryabhata was followed by another
theory of astrology of India and the the Inter-University astronomer of the same name named
world. Aryabhata, who held the most "Little Aryabhata". India's first satellite
important position among Indian Centre for was named Aryabhata in memory of its
mathematicians, presented astrological important contributions in the fields of
theory and related mathematics in the Astronomy and astronomy and mathematics.
form of his famous treatise
"Aryabhatiya" in 120 Aryachandas. He
Astrophysics Conclusion
expressed values of "pi" more
accurately than the great Archimedes in
(IUCAA), sits the
Aryabhatta has been immortalized in
the field of mathematics and was the statue of Aryabhata, history by his great contribution to zero
first in the field of astronomy to declare (0). Without it, it is difficult even to
that the earth rotates on its own axis. heralded as one of imagine mathematics. Aryabhata was the
The place value system is clearly first to explain the place value system. He
present in the writings of Aryabhatta. India's first was the first to say with an example that
Although he did not use a notation to
represent zero, mathematicians believe mathematicians and our earth revolves around the sun on its
axis and that the moon is a satellite of the
that knowledge of zero as a placeholder
for powers of ten, as well as empty
astronomers. earth that revolves around the earth. He
believed that all the orbits of all the
coefficients, begins derived from the planets were ellipsoidal. He said that the
Aryabhata positional value number light of the moon is a reflection of the sun
system. What is surprising is that he itself.
discovered astrology about a millennium
and a half ago without the advanced Krish Saraf ([email protected]),
tools of today. He also said that the "moon" was PCME Student, 2nd PU Student, J a i n
Aryabhatta Searched the theory C o l l e g e , Jayanagar, Bangalore, India.
black and was only illuminated by
proposed by Copernicus (1473-1543 sunlight. Of particular importance are
AD) a thousand years ago. Aryabhatta Aryabhata's "Bollis Siddhanta",
first demonstrated in "Golpad" that earth "Romaka Siddhanta", and Surya
rotates on its axis According to this great Siddhanta. "Varshaman" as decided by
math, the ratio between diameter and Aryabhata is more scientific than
circumference of a circle is "Ptolemy". The name of Aryabhata is
20,000:62,832, pure to four decimal also famous in the history of world
places. Aryabhatta calculated and found mathematics. In addition to his role as
that the circumference of the Earth was an astronomer, his contributions in the
3,99,68,05,820 km, only 0.2% smaller field of mathematics are also invaluable.
than its original value of 40,075,01670 The oldest text of the Aryabhata is also
km. The Earth is round and rotates on its algebraic. He first put a price on 'Pi' (π)
and he was the first to give the
axis, which causes night and day, this
'parenthesis' of 'SINE'. He invented
theory is well known, but many will be
equations to easily solve complex
familiar with the fact that Aryabhata mathematical problems that have
discovered long before "Nicholas become famous all over the world. He
Copernicus" that the Earth The land is invented a new method for pronouncing
round and its circumference is about numbers like eleven, consecutive zeros.
24,835 miles. A planet called Rahu In algebra he made many modifications
engulfed the Sun and Moon, causing the and promoted the "Arya Siddhanta" of
Sun and Moon to be eclipsed, this Hindu mathematical astrology. In his old age,
belief was denied by Aryabhata. During Aryabhata composed a treatise called
a lunar eclipse, a lunar eclipse occurs "Aryabhata Siddhanta". His text
when the Earth is between the Moon and "Dashgeeti Sutra" was accepted by
the Sun and its shadow falls on the Professor Karne to be published under
Moon, he was looking for reasons. the name "Aryabhatiya". Aryabhatiya is
Aryabhata also knew that the moon and the full text. In this book, in addition to
other planets were not luminous by many mathematical things such as
themselves, but rays of the sun's rays geometry, square roots, square roots,
were reflected there and that the earth astronomical operations and things
related to space are also included. Even
and other planets orbited the sun
today, the aid of this book is used to
prepare the "Hindu Panchang".

Maths Assignment 2021-22 | 09