11th Class Physics Chapter No. 1 SOLVED EXERCISE 1.1 Name several repetitive phenomena occurring in nature which can serve as reasonable time standards. Ans. Any natural phenomenon that repeats itself after exactly same time interval can be used as time standard. The following natural phenomenon can be used as time standard. © The rotation of earth around the sun and about its own axis © The rotation of moon around earth © Atomic vibrations in solids 1.2 Give the drawbacks to use the time period of a pendulum as a time standard. ‘Ans. The drawbacks to use the time period of a pendulum as a time standard are ‘The value of ‘g' changes at different places * The variation in the length of simple pendulum due to change in temperature in different seasons © Air resistance may affect the time period of simple pendulum 1.3 Why do we find it useful to have two units for the amount of substance, the kilogram and the mole? Ans. Both units, the kilogram and mole, are useful in different cases describe below ‘© The unit kilogram is useful when we want to describe the macroscopic behavior of an object \out considering the number of atoms, molecules or ions present in it. © The unit mole is useful when we want to consider a particular number of atoms of a system. Itis used to determine the microscopic behavior of any object. 1.4 Three students measured the length of a needle with a scale on which minimum divisior mm and recorded as (i) 0.2145 m (ii) 0.21 m (iii) 0.214m. Which record is correct and why? Ans. The record (iil) is correct. Reason: As the scale used for measurement has the least count of 1 mm = 0.001 m. So, the reading must be taken up to three decimal places when it is written in meters. Therefore, the reading 0.214 mis correct. 1.5 An old saying is that “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”. What analogous statement can you make regarding experimental data used in computation? ‘Ans. The analogous statement for experimental data used in computation will be For more Notes, Books and Guess Papers, visit www.rashidnotes.com11th Class Physics Chapter No. 1 “The result obtained by computation of experimental data is only as much accurate as its least accurate reading in measurements”. 1.6 The period of simple pendulum is measured by a stop watch. What types of errors are possible in the 1e period? ‘Ans. The possible errors that might occur are the personal errors and systematic errors. The personal error occurs due to negligence or inexperience of a person, while the systematic may be due to the poor calibration of equipment or incorrect marking etc. 1.7 Does the dimensional analysis gives any information on constant of proportionality that may appear in an algebraic expression. Explain? ‘Ans. Dimensional analysis does not give any information about constant of proportionality in any expression. This constant can be determined experimentally. Example: In the expression of time period of simple pendulum, the constant of proportionality cannot be determined from dimension analysis. 1.8 Write the dimensions of (i) Pressure (ii) Density (By definition, Pressure = “28 n ea Dimensions of Force [P] LF] (MI-1T-? ] Se ES (P]= t= mension oberessure = Dimensions of Area [A] [7] By definition, Density = a D rDewth Dimensions of Mass lol= M]_ [ML] mension of Dewy & Dimensions of Volume Ole [ 1.9 The wavelength A of a wave depends on the speed v of the wave and its frequency f. Decide which of the following is correct, f = vA or Wy) of =t fava )~sr=2 Dimensionof LHS = [f] = [T~'] Dimension of LHS = [1] = [ Dimension of RHS = [vA] = [v] [A] , wi un sf=(ur] Dimension of RHS = l=; =[L] = [Tt Dimension of RHS = [vA] = [LT~*] [L] | As =(2T"] Dimension of LHS = Dimension of HS As Dimension of LHS # Dimension of RHS For more Notes, Books and Guess Papers, visit www.rashidnotes.com11th Class Physics Chapter No. 1 Hence, the equation f= vA is not|Hence, the equation f =~ is dimensionally dimensionally correct. rorrete N 1.1 A light year is the distance light travel: one year. How many meters are there in one light year? Solution: Given Data: Time t = 1 year = 365 days = 365 x 24 x 60 x 60s = 3.154 x10? s Speed of Light v = 3 x 10° To Determine:Distance $ Calculations: S = vt m 3x 108 =) (8.154 x 107 s) = 9.5 x 10% m 1.2 (i) How many seconds are there in 1 year? (ii) How many nanoseconds in 1 year? (iii) How many years in 1 second? Sol (i) As ‘Lyear = 365days, 1day=24hours, 1hour = 3600s Therefore, 1 year = 365 days = 365 x 24 x 3600s = 3.1536 x 10’s (ii) As 1s = 10°ns Therefore, 1 year = 3.1536 x 107 s = 3.1536 x 107 x 10° ns = 3.1536 x 10" ns (iy As Lyear = 3.1536 x 107s = 2 3 18= sage ccaor Yeats = 317 x 10% s 1.3 The length and width of a rectangular plate are measure to be 15.3 cm and 12.80 cm , respectively. Find the area of the plate. Given Data: Length of plate | = 15.3 cm, Width of plate. w = 12.80 cm 2 To Determine:Area Calculations: A =1 x w = (15.3 cm)(12.80 cm) = 195.84 cm? ~ 196 cm? + This measurement 15.3 cm has least significant figures (three), therefore, the answer should be rounded off to 3 digits. 1.4, Add the following masses given in kg upto appropriate precision. 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32. For more Notes, Books and Guess Papers, visit www.rashidnotes.com11th Class Physics Chapter No. 1 Given Data: Masses m, = 2.189 kg,mz = 0.089 kg, m3 = 11.8 kg, my = 5.32 kg To Determine: Sum of Masses S Calculations: S = m,+m, + mg +m, = 2.189 kg + 0.089 kg + 11.8 kg + 5.32 kg S = 19.398 kg ~ 19.4 kg The measurement 11.8 kg has least decimal places (one), therefore, the answer should be round off "le Length of simple pendulum I = 100 cm, Time for 20 vibrations t = 40.2 s. Length wasmeasured to 1 decimal place. 1.5 Find the value of g and its uncertainty using T = rom the following measurements. by the meter scale of accuracy 1 mm and time by the stop watch of accuracy up to 0.1s. Given Data: Length] = 100cm =m, Time for 20 vibrations t= 40.2s, L.C of meter scale = 1mm = 0.001 m, _L.C of stop watch = 0.15 To Determine: Gravit ional Acceleration g Calculations: Time Period T = 201s re pean (! - 4.1420) _ 2 asta 2nfi ot = 4n° Q=s= see? = 9.76 ms Uncertainty: % Uncertainty in] = “* x 2° = 0.1%, Least Count 4 Uncertainty ime Period = Wai Naber ofvinratios = 20 = 0.005 s % Uncertainty in Time Period = °° x °° = 0,25% Total Uncertainty in g = 2(% Uncertainty in T) + % Uncertainty in] = 2(0.25 %) + 0.1% = 01% Therefore T= 9.76 ms~? with 0.6% uncertainty OR — V = 9.76 + 0.06 ms~* mim 1.6 What are the dimensions and units of gravitational constant G in the formula F = G "> Given Data: Formula F = G™ ToDetermine: Dimensions of [6] Unit of G mm g 2 FF _ ay = [22] tel tel? _ (mer?) ue Calculation () F=G Ee gems 7 (9) = ES) = geatee = = [M1372] (iyAs 6 = == so unit of 6: SE 1.7 Show that the expression v; = v, + at en: nally correct, where v; is the velocity at f = 0, ais the acceleration and v; is the velocity at time t. For more Notes, Books and Guess Papers, visit www.rashidnotes.com11th Class Physics Chapter No. 1 Dimension of LHS = [vj] = [LT-*] Dimension of RHS = [vj] + [al x [t] LT] + (LT~2] x [T] = [LT] + [LT Conclusion: As Dimension of LHS = Dimension of RHS Hence, the equation vr vj + at is dimensionally correct. 1.8 The speed v of sound waves through a medium may be assumed to depend upon (a) the density 1p of the medium and (b) its modulus of elasticity E which is the ratio of stress to strain. Deduce by method of dimensions, the formula for speed of sound. Given: vaop & vee We have to find: Formula for Speed of Sound [stress _ [*/q] _ tl _ [MLT?] _ op ya _ = (sean) 2 ta gay MET] & [l= [mass] Solution: [E] ivolume| Let v « p?E> => v = constant p*E® =—-—--- (1) Writing dimensions on both sides: [v] = constant [p]*{E]® => [LT-*] = constant [ML7*]*(ML-!T-2] = [LT] = constant [M**>L-33-bT-2b] Equating powers of T: = -2b>b =F Equating powers of M: O=at+ba=—boa=-} Putting values in (1): v constant p“E® = constant p-2E? = v = constant — 1.9 Show that the famous “Einstein’s Equation” E = mc? is dimensionally consistent. Dimension of LHS = [E] = [W] = [F.d] = [F].[{d] = [MLT~*][L] = [ML?T~?] Dimension of RHS = [mc?] = [mc]? = [M][LT~*}? = [ML?T~7] Conclusion: As Dimension of LHS = Dimension of RHS Hence, the equation E = mc? is dimensionally correct. 1.10 Suppose we are told that the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of radius r uniform speed v is proportional to some power of r, say r", and some power of v, say v™, determine the powers of r and v. Given: acc rym To Determine: m =?,n Calculations: a « rv" => a = constant r°v™ Writing dimensions on both sides: [a] = constant [r]"[v]™ = [LT~*] = constant [L]"[LT~*]" => [LT~*] = constant [L"*™T-™] For more Notes, Books and Guess Papers, visit www.rashidnotes.com11th Class Physics Chapter No. 1 Equating powers of T: —2 = —m => m=2 2=n=-1 Equating powers of : 1 =n+m—=n=1-m= For more Notes, Books and Guess Papers, visit www.rashidnotes.com