1

11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2

Solved Exercise
Exercise Short Questions
2.1 Define the terms (i) Unit Vector (ii) Position Vector (iii) Component of a Vector.
(i) Unit Vector
A vector having the unit magnitude is called the unit vector. It is used to indicate the
direction of any vector. The unit vector in the direction of vector A is expressed as
𝐀𝐀
�=
A
|A|
� is the unit vector in the direction of vector A and |A| is its magnitude.
where A
(ii) Position Vector
The position vector describes the location of a point with respect to origin. In two
dimensions, the position vector ‘𝐫𝐫⃗’ of point P (a, b) is describe as
𝐫𝐫⃗ = aı̂ + bȷ̂
In three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, the position vector ‘𝐫𝐫⃗’ of point P (a, b, c)
is describe as
𝐫𝐫⃗ = aı̂ + bȷ̂ + ck�
(iii) Component of a Vector
A component of a vector is its effective value in a specific direction.
2.2 The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of the
vectors?
Ans. If the three vectors are represented by the sides of a triangle taken in
cyclic order, then the vector sum of three vectors will be zero.
�⃗, �𝐁𝐁⃗ and 𝐂𝐂⃗ are the three vectors acting along the
Let three vectors 𝐀𝐀

sides of triangle PQR as shown in the figure. As the head of 𝐂𝐂⃗ coincides with
�⃗, so by head to tail rule, the resultant of these three vectors will be zero.
the tail of 𝐀𝐀
2.3 Vector 𝐀𝐀 lies in xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components be
negative? For what components will its components have opposite signs?
Ans. Figure shows sign with rectangular components of an arbitrary
�⃗ in different quadrants. It is clear from figure:
vector 𝐀𝐀
i) When the vector lies in 3rd quadrant, then both of its
rectangular components of vector will negative.

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11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2
ii) The components of a vector have opposite sign when the vector lies in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
2.4 If one of the rectangular components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.
�⃗, then magnitude of vector is described
Ans. If Ax and Ay are the rectangular components of vector 𝐀𝐀

�⃗� = �Ax 2 + Ay 2
by formula: A = �𝐀𝐀

It is clear from the expression that the magnitude of a vector will be zero only if all of its
rectangular components are zero.
Therefore, if one of the components is not zero, then the magnitude of vector can’t be zero.
2.5 Can a vector have a component greater than the vector’s magnitude?
Ans. No, the component of a vector can never be greater than the vector’s magnitude because the
component of a vector is its effective value in a specific direction.
�⃗, then magnitude of vector is
If Ax and Ay are the rectangular components of vector 𝐀𝐀

�⃗� = �Ax 2 + Ay 2
described by formula: �𝐀𝐀

It is clear from the expression that maximum magnitude of component can be equal to the
magnitude of the vector.
2.6 Can the magnitude of a vector have a negative value?
�⃗ can be
Ans. No, the magnitude of a vector cannot be negative, because the magnitude of vector 𝐀𝐀

�⃗� = �Ax 2 + Ay 2
described by the formula: �𝐀𝐀

�⃗. As the squares of real quantities always gives

Where Ax and Ay are the rectangular components of 𝐀𝐀
the positive values. Therefore, the magnitude of a vector will always be positive.
2.7 If 𝐀𝐀 + 𝐁𝐁 = 𝟎𝟎, what can you say about the components of the two vectors.

Ans. Given that: �⃗ + �𝐁𝐁⃗ = 0

𝐀𝐀
�⃗ = − 𝐁𝐁
⟹ 𝐀𝐀 �⃗
These vectors can be expressed in terms of rectangular components,
Ax ı̂ + Ay ȷ̂ = −�Bx ı̂ + By ȷ̂�
⟹ Ax ı̂ + Ay ȷ̂ = −Bx ı̂ − By ȷ̂
Comparing the coefficients of unit vectors ı̂ and ȷ̂, we get:
Ax = −Bx and Ay = −By
Hence the components of both vectors are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

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11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2

2.8 Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude?
�⃗, then according to given condition:
Ans. If Ax & Ay are rectangular components of vector 𝐀𝐀
Ax = Ay
sin θ
⟹ A cos θ = A sin θ ⟹ sin θ = cos θ ⟹ =1
cos θ
⟹ tan θ = 1 ⟹ θ = tan−1(1) = 45°
So, the components of a vector will have equal magnitude when vector makes an angle of 45˚ with
horizontal.
2.9 Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity?
Ans. No it is not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity because only the physical
quantities of same nature can be added. Vectors and scalars are different physical quantities.
2.10 Can you add zero to a null vector?
Ans. No, zero can’t be added to a null vector because zero is a scalar and scalars can’t be added to
vectors. Only the physical quantities of same nature can be added.
2.11 Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain.
Ans. No, the sum of two vectors having unequal magnitudes can’t be zero. The sum of two vectors
will be zero only when their magnitudes are equal and they act in opposite direction.
2.12 Show that the sum and the difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal lengths are also
perpendicular and of same length.
�⃗ and 𝐁𝐁
Ans. Consider two vectors 𝐀𝐀 ��⃗ of equal magnitude which are perpendicular to each other. The

��⃗ and ���⃗

sum and the difference of both vectors gives the resultant 𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑′,
respectively, and are described below:
��⃗ = 𝐀𝐀
𝐑𝐑 �⃗ + 𝐁𝐁
��⃗ = A ı̂ + Bȷ̂
���⃗ �⃗ − 𝐁𝐁
𝐑𝐑′ = 𝐀𝐀 �⃗ = A ı̂ − Bȷ̂
��⃗ = R = √A2 + B2
Magnitude of 𝐑𝐑 -------------- (1)

Magnitude of ���⃗
𝐑𝐑′ = R′ = √A2 + B2 -------------- (2)
From (1) and (2), it is clear that the sum and the difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal
magnitude have the same lengths. Now taking dot product of 𝐑𝐑 and 𝐑𝐑′, we get:
��⃗ . ���⃗
𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑′ = (A ı̂ + Bȷ̂). (A ı̂ − Bȷ̂) = A2 − B2 �⃗� = �𝐁𝐁
∵ �𝐀𝐀 ��⃗� ⟹ A = B

��⃗ . ���⃗
𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑′ = A2 − A2 = 0

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11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2

��⃗ . ���⃗
As 𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑′ = 0, therefore, the sum and the difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude
are perpendicular to each other.
2.13 How would the two-vector same magnitude have to be oriented, if they were to be combined
to give a resultant equal to a vector of same magnitude?
Ans. The two vectors of equal magnitudes are combined to give a resultant vector of same magnitude
when they act along the sides of equilateral triangle.
�⃗ and ��⃗
Consider two vectors 𝐀𝐀 𝐁𝐁 of equal magnitude which act along the sides of equilateral
triangle such that they make an angle of 120˚ with each other. Both
��⃗, which is
vectors are added by head to tail rule to give resultant 𝐑𝐑
along the third side of equilateral triangle as shown in the figure
below:
��⃗ = 𝐀𝐀
From figure it is clear that 𝐑𝐑 �⃗ + 𝐁𝐁
�⃗ and �𝐑𝐑
��⃗� = �𝐀𝐀
�⃗� = �𝐁𝐁
�⃗� , as all the sides of equilateral

triangle have equal lengths.

2.14 The two vectors to be combined have magnitude 60 N and 35 N. Pick the correct answer from
those given below and tell why is it the only one of the three that is correct.
(i) 100 N (ii) 70 N (iii) 20 N
Ans. The correct answer is 70 N.
1. The resultant of two vectors has maximum magnitude when they act in same direction. Thus, if
both vectors are parallel, then the magnitude of resultant will be: 60 N + 35 N = 95 N.
2. The resultant of two vectors has minimum magnitude when they act in opposite direction. Thus,
if both vectors are anti-parallel, then the magnitude of resultant is 60 N − 35 N = 25 N.
Hence the sum can’t be less than 25 N and more than 95 N. Therefore, the only possible value for
correct answer is 70 N.
2.15 Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged head to tail. What is the sum
of these vectors?

Ans. If there are five vectors 𝐀𝐀 𝐁𝐁, 𝐂𝐂⃗, �𝐃𝐃⃗ and 𝐄𝐄

�⃗, ��⃗ �⃗ which are acting along the sides of close polygon as

shown in the figure:

As the tail of the first vector meets with the head of last vector,
so by head to tail rule:
�⃗ + 𝐁𝐁
𝐀𝐀 ��⃗ + 𝐂𝐂⃗ + 𝐃𝐃
�⃗ + 𝐄𝐄
�⃗ = 0

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11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2
Hence the sum of vectors arranged along the sides of polygon will be zero.
2.16 Identify the correct answer.
(i) Two ships X and Y are travelling in different direction at equal speeds. The actual direction of
X is due to north but to an observer on Y, the apparent direction of motion X is north-east. The
actual direction of motion of Y as observed from the shore will be
(A) East (B) West (C) South-east (D) South-West
Ans. The correct answer is (B) West
(ii) The horizontal force F is applied to a small object P of mass m at rest on a smooth plane inclined
at an angle 𝛉𝛉 to the horizontal as shown in the figure below. The magnitude of the resultant
force acting up and along the surface of the plane, on the object is
(a) 𝐅𝐅 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 − 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉
(b) 𝐅𝐅 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉 − 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉
(c) 𝐅𝐅 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 + 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉
(d) 𝐅𝐅 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉 + 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉
(e) 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭
Ans. The forces acting up and along the surface of plane is 𝐅𝐅 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 − 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉, therefore the
correct option is (a)
�⃗𝟏𝟏 and 𝐀𝐀
2.17 If all the components of the vectors, 𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 were reversed, how would this alter 𝐀𝐀
�⃗𝟏𝟏 × 𝐀𝐀
�⃗𝟐𝟐 .

�⃗𝟏𝟏 and 𝐀𝐀
Ans. If all the components of the vectors 𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 are reversed, then both vectors will be

�⃗𝟏𝟏 and −𝐀𝐀

represented as −𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 , respectively.

�⃗𝟏𝟏 × −𝐀𝐀
As −𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 = 𝐀𝐀
�⃗𝟏𝟏 × 𝐀𝐀
�⃗𝟐𝟐

So, the vector product of two vectors will remain unchanged even when the components of the
vectors are reversed.
�⃗𝟏𝟏 × 𝐀𝐀
2.18 Name the three different conditions that could makes 𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 = 𝐎𝐎
��⃗

�⃗𝟏𝟏 × 𝐀𝐀
Ans. The conditions that could make the 𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 = O are as follows:

�⃗𝟏𝟏 or 𝐀𝐀
 If 𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 is the null vector

�⃗𝟏𝟏 and 𝐀𝐀
 If both 𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 are the null vectors

�⃗𝟏𝟏 and 𝐀𝐀
 If the vectors 𝐀𝐀 �⃗𝟐𝟐 are parallel or anti-parallel with each other.

2.19 Identify true or false statements and explain the reason.

(a) A body in equilibrium implies that it is neither moving nor rotating.

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11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2
(b) If the coplanar forces acting on a body form a close polygon, then the body is said to be in
equilibrium.
Ans. i) Statement (a) is false. Because a body may be in equilibrium if it is moving or rotating with
uniform velocity.
ii) Statement (b) is correct. Since the vector sum of all the forces acting on the body along close
polygon is zero, then the first condition of equilibrium will be satisfied and the body will be in state
of equilibrium.
2.20 A picture is suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of the
strings for which the tension in the string is minimum.
Ans. Consider a picture of weight 𝐖𝐖 is suspended by two strings as shown in the figure.
From figure,
2T sin θ = W
W
⟹T=
2 sin θ
It is clear from the expression that the tension in the string will be
minimum when the factor sin θ will be maximum (equal to 1). This
condition can be obtained for θ = 90°.
2.21 Can a body rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight?
Ans. No a body can’t rotate about the center of gravity under the action of its weight.
The whole weight of the body acts on the center of gravity. Therefore, the perpendicular
distance between line of action of weight and axis of rotation, called moment arm, is zero.
As Torque = (Force)(Moment Arm)
So, the torque due to weight will be zero because the moment arm is zero. Hence, a body cannot
rotate about center of gravity under the action of its weight.
Solved Numerical Problems

�⃗ has its tail at the point 𝐏𝐏(−𝟐𝟐, −𝟑𝟑) and

2.1 Suppose, in rectangular coordinate system, a vector 𝐀𝐀
its tip at 𝐐𝐐(𝟑𝟑, 𝟗𝟗). Determine the distance between these points.
Given Data: Initial Point P(−2, −3) , Final Point Q(3,9)
To Determine: Distance |PQ| = ?
Calculations: Position Vector of P r���⃗P = −2ı̂ − 3ȷ̂, Position Vector of Q ����⃗
rQ = 3ı̂ + 9ȷ̂
�����⃗ = r����⃗
Displacement PQ rP = 3ı̂ + 9ȷ̂ − (−2ı̂ − 3ȷ̂) = 3ı̂ + 9ȷ̂ + 2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂ = 5ı̂ + 12ȷ̂
Q − ���⃗

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11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2

Distance |PQ| = √52 + 122 = √25 + 144 = √169 = 13 units

2.2 A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. If an
insect is sitting on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates (𝟐𝟐, 𝟏𝟏), where the units are in
meters, what is the distance of the insect from this corner of the room.
Given Data: Initial Point P(0,0) , Final Point Q(2,1)
To Determine: Distance |PQ| = ?
Calculations: Position Vector of P r���⃗P = 0ı̂ + 0ȷ̂, Position Vector of Q ����⃗
rQ = 2ı̂ + ȷ̂
�����⃗ = r����⃗
Displacement PQ rP = 2ı̂ + ȷ̂ − (0ı̂ + 0ȷ̂) = 2ı̂ + ȷ̂
Q − ���⃗

Distance |PQ| = √22 + 12 = √4 + 1 = √5 = 2.2 m

�⃗ = 𝟒𝟒𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝐣𝐣̂?
2.3 What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector 𝐀𝐀
�⃗ = 4ı̂ + 3ȷ̂
Given Data: Vector A
� =?
To Determine: Unit Vector A
�⃗ = |A| = √42 + 32 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5
Calculations: Magnitude of Vector A
�⃗
� = 𝐀𝐀 = 4ı̂+3ȷ̂
Unit Vector A |A| 5

2.4 Two particles are located at ���⃗

𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟕𝟕𝐣𝐣̂ and ���⃗
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = −𝟐𝟐𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝐣𝐣̂ respectively. Find both the
magnitude of vector (𝐫𝐫���⃗𝟐𝟐 − ���⃗)
𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 and its orientation with respect to the x-axis.
Given Data: r1 = 3ı̂ + 7ȷ̂,
���⃗ r2 = −2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂
���⃗
To Determine: |r���⃗2 − ���⃗|
r1 =?, Orientation of (r���⃗2 − ���⃗):
r1 θ =?
Calculations: ���⃗ r1 = −2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂ − (3ı̂ + 7ȷ̂) = −2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂ − 3ı̂ − 7ȷ̂ = −5ı̂ − 4ȷ̂
r2 − ���⃗

|r���⃗2 − ���⃗|
r1 = �(−5)2 + (−4)2 = √25 + 16 = √41 = 6.4 units
−4 4
θ = tan−1 �−5� = 180° + tan−1 �5� = 180° + 39° = 219° ∵ 3rd quadrent

2.5 If a vector ��⃗ �⃗, the result is 𝟔𝟔𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝐣𝐣̂. If �𝐁𝐁⃗ is subtracted from 𝐀𝐀
𝐁𝐁 is added to vector 𝐀𝐀 �⃗, the result is

�⃗?
−𝟒𝟒𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟕𝟕𝐣𝐣̂. What is magnitude of vector 𝐀𝐀

Given Data: �⃗ + B
A �⃗ = 6ı̂ + ȷ̂ − − − (1), �⃗ − B
A �⃗ = −4ı̂ + 7ȷ̂ − − − (2)

To Determine: Magnitude of �A⃗ = �A

�⃗� =?

�⃗ + B
Calculations: Adding (1) & (2) A �⃗ + �A⃗ − B
�⃗ = 6ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 4ı̂ + 7ȷ̂ ⟹ 2A
�⃗ = 2ı̂ + 8ȷ̂ ⟹ A
�⃗ = ı̂ + 4ȷ̂

Magnitude of �A⃗ = �A
�⃗� = �(1)2 + (4)2 = √1 + 16 = √17 = 4.1

�⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝐣𝐣̂ and 𝐁𝐁

2.6 Given that 𝐀𝐀 �⃗ = 𝟑𝟑𝐢𝐢̂ − 𝟒𝟒𝐣𝐣̂, find the magnitude and angle of

(a) 𝐂𝐂⃗ = 𝐀𝐀
�⃗ + 𝐁𝐁
��⃗, and ��⃗ = 𝟑𝟑𝐀𝐀
(b) 𝐃𝐃 �⃗ − 𝟐𝟐𝐁𝐁
�⃗.

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11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2

Given Data: �A⃗ = 2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂, �B⃗ = 3ı̂ − 4ȷ̂

�⃗� =?,
To Determine: (i) �C Orientation of �C⃗: θ =?
��⃗� =?,
(ii) �D �⃗:
Orientation of D θ =?

Calculations: (i) �⃗ = A
C �⃗ + B
�⃗ = 2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂ + 3ı̂ − 4ȷ̂ = 5ı̂ − ȷ̂

�⃗� = �(5)2 + (−1)2 = √25 + 1 = √26 = 5.1 units

�C
−1 4
θ = tan−1 � 5 � = 360° − tan−1 �5� = 360° − 11° = 349° ∵ 4th quadrent

(ii) �D⃗ = 3A
�⃗ − 2B
�⃗ = 3(2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂) − 2(3ı̂ − 4ȷ̂) = 6ı̂ + 9ȷ̂ − 6ı̂ + 8ȷ̂ = 0ı̂ + 17ȷ̂

�⃗� = �(0)2 + (17)2 = √0 + 289 = √289 = 17 units

�D
17
θ = tan−1 � 0 � = tan−1(∞) = 90°

�⃗ = 𝟓𝟓𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝐣𝐣̂ and ��⃗

2.7 Find the angle between two vectors, 𝐀𝐀 𝐁𝐁 = 𝟐𝟐𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟒𝟒𝐣𝐣̂.

Given Data: �A⃗ = 5ı̂ + ȷ̂, �⃗ = 2ı̂ + 4ȷ̂

B
��⃗.B
A ��⃗
To Determine: θ = cos −1 � AB � =?

Calculations: �A⃗. �B⃗ = (5ı̂ + ȷ̂). (2ı̂ + 4ȷ̂) = 10 + 4 = 14

�⃗� = �52 + 12 = √25 + 1 = √26,
A = �A �⃗� = �22 + 42 = √4 + 16 = √20
B = �B
�⃗. B
A �⃗ 14
So, θ = cos −1 � � = cos −1 � � = 52°
AB √26 × √20
2.8 Find the work done when the point of application of force 𝟑𝟑𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝐣𝐣̂ moves in a straight line from
point (𝟐𝟐, −𝟏𝟏) to the point (𝟔𝟔, 𝟒𝟒).

Given Data: �⃗ = 3ı̂ + 2ȷ̂, Initial Point A(2, −1), Final Point B(6,4)
F
To Determine: Work Done W =?
Calculations: Position Vector of Point A ���⃗
rA = 2ı̂ − ȷ̂, Position Vector of Point B ���⃗
rB = 6ı̂ + 4ȷ̂

Displacement �⃗
d = ���⃗ rA = 6ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ − (2ı̂ − ȷ̂) = 6ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ − 2ı̂ + ȷ̂ = 4ı̂ + 5ȷ̂
rB − ���⃗

Work Done W = �F⃗. �⃗

d = (3ı̂ + 2ȷ̂). (4ı̂ + 5ȷ̂) = 12 + 10 = 22 units
̂ , 𝟐𝟐𝐢𝐢̂ − 𝟑𝟑𝐣𝐣̂ + 𝐤𝐤
2.9 Show that the three vectors 𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝐣𝐣̂ + 𝐤𝐤 ̂ and 𝟒𝟒𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝐣𝐣̂ − 𝟓𝟓𝐤𝐤
̂ are mutually perpendicular.

Given Data: Let �A⃗ = ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k� , �B⃗ = 2ı̂ − 3ȷ̂ + k� , C

�⃗ = 4ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 5k�

�⃗. �B⃗ = 0,
To Show: A �⃗. �C⃗ = 0,
B �⃗. �A⃗ = 0
C
�⃗ = �ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k� �. �2ı̂ − 3ȷ̂ + k� � = 2 − 3 + 1 = 0,
Calculations: �A⃗. B So �A⃗ ⊥ B
�⃗

�⃗. �C⃗ = �2ı̂ − 3ȷ̂ + k� �. �4ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 5k� � = 8 − 3 − 5 = 0,

B So �⃗ ⊥ �C⃗
B

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 9
11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2
�C⃗. �A⃗ = �4ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 5k� �. �ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k� � = 4 + 1 − 5 = 0, So �C⃗. ⊥ �A⃗

2.10 Given that 𝐀𝐀 ̂ and 𝐁𝐁

�⃗ = 𝐢𝐢̂ − 𝟐𝟐𝐣𝐣̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝐤𝐤 ̂ , find the projection of 𝐀𝐀
�⃗ = 𝟑𝟑𝐢𝐢̂ − 𝟒𝟒𝐤𝐤 �⃗ on 𝐁𝐁
�⃗.

Given Data: �A⃗ = ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ + 3k� , �⃗ = 3ı̂ − 4k�

B
��⃗ ��⃗
�⃗ on �B⃗ = A cos θ = A.B =?
To Determine: Projection of A B

�⃗ = �ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ + 3k� �. �3ı̂ − 4k� � = 3 − 0 − 12 = −9

�⃗. B
Calculations: A
�⃗� = �32 + 02 + (−4)2 = √9 + 16 = √25 = 5
B = �B
�⃗. �B⃗ −9
A
So, �⃗ on �B⃗ = A cos θ =
Projection of A =
B 5
�⃗, ��⃗
2.11 Vector 𝐀𝐀 𝐁𝐁 and 𝐂𝐂⃗ are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east, respectively. Describe
�⃗ × ��⃗
carefully (𝐚𝐚) 𝐀𝐀 �⃗ × 𝐂𝐂⃗ , (𝐜𝐜) ��⃗
𝐁𝐁, (𝐛𝐛) 𝐀𝐀 𝐁𝐁 × 𝐂𝐂⃗ .
In coordinate plane, we consider (by convention) directions of east, west, north and south along
positive x − axis, negative x − axis, positive y − axis and negative y − axis respectively. Hence,
�⃗ = 4 units north = 4ȷ̂, B
Given Data: A �⃗ = 3 units west = −3ı̂, C
�⃗ = 8 units east = 8ı̂

�⃗ × �B⃗,
To Determine: (a)A �⃗ × C
(b)A �⃗ , �⃗ × �C⃗
(c)B
�⃗ = 4ȷ̂ × (−3ı̂) = −12(ȷ̂ × ı̂) = −12�−k� � = 12 k� i. e. , 12 units upward
�⃗ × B
Calculations: (a)A
�⃗ × �C⃗ = 4ȷ̂ × 8ı̂ = 32(ȷ̂ × ı̂) = 32�−k� � = −32 k� i. e. , 32 unis downward
(b)A
�⃗ × C
(c)B �⃗ = (−3ı̂) × 8ı̂ = −24(ı̂ × ı̂) = −24(0) = 0

̂ (newton) acting on the point 𝟕𝟕𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝟑𝐣𝐣̂ + 𝐤𝐤

2.12 Consider a force 𝐅𝐅⃗ = −𝟑𝟑𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝐣𝐣̂ + 𝟓𝟓𝐤𝐤 ̂ (m). What is the

torque in N m about the origin?

Given Data: �F⃗ = −3ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 5k� (newton), Let Position Vector r⃗ = 7ı̂ + 3ȷ̂ + k� (m)

To Determine: τ�⃗ = r⃗ × �F⃗ =?

ı̂ ȷ̂ k� 3 1 7 1 7 3
Calculations: �⃗ = � 7
τ�⃗ = r⃗ × F 3 1 � = ı̂ �1 � − ȷ̂ � � + k� � � = 14ı̂ − 38ȷ̂ +
5 −3 5 −3 1
−3 1 5
16k� Nm
̂.
2.13 The line of action of force 𝐅𝐅⃗ = 𝐢𝐢̂ − 𝟐𝟐𝐣𝐣̂, passes through a point whose position vector is −𝐣𝐣̂ + 𝐤𝐤
Find (a) the moment of 𝐅𝐅⃗ about the origin, (b) the moment of 𝐅𝐅⃗ about the point of which the
̂.
position vector is 𝐢𝐢̂ + 𝐤𝐤

Given Data: �F⃗ = ı̂ − 2ȷ̂, Let r���⃗P = −ȷ̂ + k� & r���⃗ �

A = ı̂ + k

To Determine: (a)Torque about origin τ�⃗ = r���⃗P × �F⃗ =? (b)Torque about Point A ����⃗ rAP × �F⃗?
τA = ������⃗

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 10
11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2

ı̂ ȷ̂ k� −1 1 0 1 0 −1
Calculations: (i) τ�⃗ = ���⃗ �⃗
rP × F = �0 −1 1 � = ı̂ � � − ȷ̂ � � + k� � � = 2ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k�
−2 0 1 0 1 −2
1 −2 0
(ii) ������⃗ rA = −ȷ̂ + k� − �ı̂ + k� � = −ȷ̂ + k� − ı̂ − k� = −ı̂ − ȷ̂
rAP = r���⃗P − ���⃗
ı̂ ȷ̂ k� −1 0 0 0 −1 −1
rAP × �F⃗ = �−1
τ�⃗ = ������⃗ −1 0 � = ı̂ �−2 0� − ȷ̂ �1 � + k� � � = 0ı̂ + 0ȷ̂ + 3k� = 3k�
0 1 −2
1 −2 0
2.14 The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are 𝟔𝟔√𝟑𝟑 and 6 respectively. Find the
angle between vectors.
�⃗ & B
Given Data: For two vectors A �⃗, �A
�⃗ . B
�⃗� = 6√3, �⃗ × B
�A �⃗� = 6

�⃗ & B
To Determine: Angle between vectors A �⃗ θ =?
�⃗ . �B⃗� = 6√3 ⟹ AB cos θ = 6√3 − − − − − (1)
Calculations: �A
�⃗ × B
�A �⃗� = 6 ⟹ AB sin θ = 6 − − − − − (2)
AB sin θ 6 1 1
Dividing (1) and (2): AB cos θ
= 6√3 ⟹ tan θ = ⟹ θ = tan−1 � � = 30°
√3 √3

2.15 A load of 10 N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so that it makes an angle
of 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏° with horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.
Given Data: Load W = 10 N, θ = 15°
To Determine: Tension in the String T1 =?, T2 =?,
Calculations: As ∑ 𝐅𝐅𝐱𝐱 = 0 ⟹ T1 cos 15° − T2 cos 15° = 0
⟹ T1 cos 15° = T2 cos 15° ⟹ T1 = T2
As ∑ 𝐅𝐅𝐘𝐘 = 0 ⟹ T1 sin 15° + T2 sin 15° − 10 = 0
10
⟹ 2T1 sin 15° = 10 ⟹ T1 = 2 sin 15° = 19.3 N

2.16 A tractor of weight 15000 N crosses a single span bridge of weight 8000 N and of length 21 m.
The bridge is supported half a meter from either end. The tractor’s front wheels take 1/3 of the
total weight of the tractor, and the rear wheels are 3 m behinds the front wheels. Calculate the
force on the bridge supports when the rear wheels are at the middle of the bridge span.
Given Data:Weight of Tractor = 15000N, Weight of Bridge = 8000N
Weight on Front Wheel = 5000 N, Weight on Rear Wheel = 10000 N
To Determine: Normal Reactions on Bridge R1 =?, R 2 =?
Calculations: By first condition of Equilibrium ∑ 𝐅𝐅𝐘𝐘 = 0
R1 + R 2 − 5000 − 8000 − 10000 = 0 ⟹ R1 + R 2 = 23000 … … (1)
By second condition of Equilibrium ∑ 𝛕𝛕 = 0 (Taking Moments about Point A)

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 11
11th Class Physics Chapter No. 2
⟹ R 2 × 20 − 5000 × 7 − 18000 × 10 = 0 ⟹ R 2 = 10750 N
Putting values in (1) R1 + 10750 = 23000 ⟹ R1 = 12250 N
2.17 A spherical ball of weight 50 N is to be lifted over the step as shown in the figure. Calculate
the minimum force needed just to lift it above the floor.
Given Data:Weight of the ball = 50N, Radius of Sphere = 20 cm
To Determine:Minimum Force Needed to Lift it Above Floor F =?
Calculations: By 2nd condition of Equilibrium ∑ 𝛕𝛕 = 0
(Taking Moments about Point A)
⟹ F × |BD| − W × |AB| = 0 − − − − (1)
From Fig. |BD| = |OB| + |OD| = 15 + 10 = 25 cm
In Triangle OAB: |AB|2 = |OA|2 − |OB|2 = (20)2 − (15)2 = 175
⟹ |AB| = √175 ≈ 13
Putting values in (1) F × 25 − 50 × 13 = 0 ⟹ F = 26 N
2.18 A uniform sphere of weight 10 N held by a string attached to a frictionless wall so that the
string makes an angle of 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑° with the wall as shown in the figure. Find the tension in the string and
the force exerted on sphere by the wall.
Given Data: Weight of Sphere = 10 N, Weight of Sphere = 8000N
To Determine: Normal Reactions R =? , Tension in String T =?
Calculations: By first condition of Equilibrium
10
� 𝐅𝐅𝐘𝐘 = 0 ⟹ T cos 30° − 10 = 0 ⟹ T = = 11.6 N
cos 30°
� 𝐅𝐅𝐱𝐱 = 0 ⟹ R − T sin 30° = 0 ⟹ R = 11.6 × sin 30° = 5.77 N

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