ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR WATER

POLLUTION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

(A CASE STUDY OF KUSADA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

BY

FATIMA ISAM’IL
18/HPKK/064

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT, HEALTH

EDUCATION AND PROMOTION, KANKIA IRO SCHOOL OF

HEALTH TECHNOLOGY KANKIA, KATSINA STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN HEALTH EDUCATION

AND PROMOTION BY WEST AFRICAN HEALTH EXAMINATION

BOARD (WAHEB)

NOVEMBER, 2019
 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that, this research project is a product of my personal

research and no part of it has been produced or presented for the award of

High National Diploma (HND), National Diploma (ND) or Diploma in this

school or any other institution.

__________________________ _______________
Fatima Isma’il Date:
18/HPKK/064

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that this project title Analysis of the Factors Responsible

for Water Pollution in Rural Community of Kusada Local Government was

writing by Fatima Isma’il student of Health Education and Promotion,

Kankia Iro School of Health Technology Kankia Katsina State.

__________________________ ______________________
Project Supervisor Date
Dr. Bashir Ahmed

__________________________ ______________________
Head of Department Date
Mal. Sanusi Umar Radda

__________________________ ______________________
External Supervisor Date

iii
 DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to my parent Alh. Isma’il and my mother Hajiya

Habiba Lawal and my lovely sisters Amina, Aisha Ummi and my Brothers

Dady, Abubakar, Usman, Buhari and my lovely sisters as well as friends in

general.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv
I wish to express my gratitude to Allah (SWA) the beneficent and the most

merciful for his guidance and protection throughout my academic career in

school of health technology Kankia. A great appreciation and sincere

gratitude goes to my project supervisor Dr. Bashir Ahmed for all necessary

corrections, advice as well as assistance offered for the success of my

research work. I would not forget to show my thanks to our lecturers like

(HOD) malam Sanusi Umar Radda, Malam Abubakar Surajo Kankia,

Malam Sani Aliyu and entire lecturers of Kankia Iro School of Health

Technology, Kankia Katsina State.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

v
Cover Page i

Declaration ii

Approval Sheet iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Contents vi

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Historical Background of the Study Area 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study 7

1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study 8

1.5 Statement of the Problem 9

1.6 Significance of the Study 10

1.7 Research Question 11

1.8 Research Hypothesis 11

1.9 Definition of Terms 12

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

vi
2.0 Literature Review 13

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 22

3.2 Population and Universe of the Study 22

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques 22

3.4 Instrument for Data Analysis 23

3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 23

3.6 Administration of the Instrument 23

3.7 Techniques for Data Analysis 24

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION

4.1 Data Analysis and Presentation 25

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary 44

5.2 Conclusion 45

5.3 Recommendations 45

List of Abbreviation 48

Bibliography 49

Questionnaire 50

ABSTRACT

vii
This research focused on the analysis of factors responsible for water

pollution in rural communities of Kusada Local Government area it was

written in order to find out the major causes of water pollution that will be

the objective of finding the idea of controlling and preventing water

pollution in rural communities. All the views in the research represents

those of the authors, the responsible for the accuracy of information (data)

quoted is that of the author alone and not of the institution.

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

As we all the human beings require water for various purposes for instance

water is required for domestic purpose, agricultural purpose and industrial

purpose. The previous of safe and adequate community water supply is

required as prerequisite of good living.

Therefore, one of the major responsible factors for water pollution in rural

communities is poor solid waste management. The status of solid waste

management, in rural communities is not only pathologist; it is equally a

threat to community water supply, in most cases and for a larger proportion

of the population.

Method of solid waste disposal is grossly unsatisfactory leading to

indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in and around dwellers with the

resultant increase in water pollution in rural communities water sources

become polluted and aid in the spread of disease associated with faeco-

matter.

Poor liquid wastes disposal is common in rural communities due to

inadequate or lack of drainage system play an important role toward water

1
pollution and is the responsible for break out of disease associated with

water because of slowly moving gutters and drainage water sources because

polluted especially in rural communities where the water sources is mainly

surface or shallow well disease like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery and typhoid

fever invade people.

It has been said that the major health problems in most developing countries

are preventable; this problems are disease that have direct or indirect link

with water pollution and this problem contribute to high infant morbidity

and mortality low life expectancy and poor quality of life.

Ignorance of the public on the importance of water supply to human health

and in many places cultural taboos prevents the introduction of simple water

purification. Other are solid, economic and topography factors may also

inhibit people to improve the community water supply, not knowing that

water may be contaminated in many ways and unfortunately may still appear

clear and sparking and give no indication of its danger to health. It may also

collect impurities from the environment or most important of all, pathogenic

micro organisms may set in to it form sewage pollution, dangerous ones are

these causing typhoid and paratyphoid fever, cholera, dysentery and other

intestinal infections.

2
Unsatisfactory sanitation may not only cause local offenses and nuisance in

rural communities, but may result in pollution of water sources and

consequent spread of diseases. Therefore, people living in rural communities

should understand the provision of sanitation facilities and practicing of

sanitation throughout the world has long been appreciated as a milestone to

public health service. Conclusively, people need to understand the water

remains, for man one of the earth’s greatest resources, because the survival

of living organism to which human beings belong and depend is the

adequate and safe water supply.

1.2 Historical Background of the Study Area

Kusada Local Government was created out of defunct Kankia Local

Government in the year 1996 during General Sani Abacha Regime, Kusada

local government happens to be one of the beneficiaries of the Local

Government reforms.

Kusada Local Government Area in Katsina State Nigeria its headquarters are

in the town of Kusada. The major ethnic groups are Hausa and Fulani. Its

major villages include: Bauranya, Boko, Dudunni, Kafarda, Kai-Kai, Kofa,

Kusada, Mawashi, Yashe ‘A’ and Yashe ‘B’ respectively. The people of

Kusada Local Government Area are mostly farmers and herdsmen.

3
Climatic Condition

Kusada Local Government like any other tropical zones has two main

seasons namely: dry and wet season respectively. Rainfall commence from

April to October, while dry season start from November to March. In

addition, extreme heat is being experienced in the area between the month of

March and April signing the commencement or rather showing the

approaching of rainy season.

Agricultural Development

Kusada Local Government is one of the major agricultural centers now in

the state. Therefore, people dwelling in the area predominantly engage in

farming due to its fertile land. The grow food and cash crops such as maize,

guinea corn, millet, cotton, beans, cocoyam and soya beans. During the dry

season they also engage themselves in dry farming along river banks and

constructed earth dam, in some different villages such as Kusada Dam, river

Karadua. Nevertheless, the people of Kusada engage themselves in petty

trading during dry season.

Commercial Development

Also mineral resources are found in the local government area such as

kaolin, coal and the likes, leading to the establishment of kaolin industry by
4
the General Abdussalam Abubakar. Also Dangote Group of Company

established Dangote Cannery at Sabon Gari Village in Kusada. May

fertilizers molding industries do exist, now providing avenue for

employment. KUSADA central market also serves as the center of

commerce.

Ethnic Group

About 90% of the people of Kusada Local Government are Hausa and

Fulani and their culture is now replaced by Islamic tradition, though but only

1% is Christian.

Educational Development

Kusada Local Government so far is known as the center of questing

knowledge in term of both modern and Islamic knowledge. The first primary

school was established in 1943 gradually two more primary schools were

built in Kusada and Gidan Mutun Daya in 1952 respectively. As Sir

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa said “gradual development is better than rapid

development” since the inception of the primary school mentioned earlier to

date we have seen seven (7) zones.

1. Kusada Central zone 4 primary schools

2. Kaikai zone 5 primary schools

5
 3. Boko zone 4 primary schools

4. Dudunni zone 4 primary schools

5. Bauranya zone 5 primary schools

6. Yashe “A” zone primary schools

7. Yashe “B” zone primary schools

Total of 33 primary schools

Before the creation of the local government there have been a considerable

number of three government day secondary schools which are Kusada,

Kaikai and Gidan Mutun Daya respectively, but nowadays we have six (6)

government day secondary schools at Kusada, Dudunni, Kaikain, Boko,

Yashe A and Yashe B respectively.

Health Development

There are many changes in the development of health sector during the

creation of Kusada Local Government. Now the local government

headquarter is blessed with one comprehensive health center well equip by

the state government, two Primary Health Care’s (PHCs) at Kusada, Yashe

“A” and Dudunni, eight Maternal and Child Health Centers (MCHCs) at

Kusada Local Government Kafarda, Bauranya, Gidan Mutun Daya,

Gunsawa, Agantar Fulani, Mawashi, Boko and Kofa, Two MDGs at Kusada

6
Local Government, Kaikai and Gidan Mutun Daya in order to meet the aim

of primary health care delivery to the rural communities.

Social Development

Being a semi urban area, strategically located in the middle of Katsina State,

Kusada Local Government attracts settlers and business communities from

various ports of Katsina State and other state of the federation because of the

agricultural productivity.

1.3 Objective of the Study

a) To find out the major causes of water pollution in rural communities.

b) To find out various health problems associated with water pollution in

rural communities.

c) To find out the prevalence of those problems and their effects to

human health.

d) To find out the role of government and NGOs toward controlling

water pollution in rural community.

e) To health educate the general public on the importance of sanitation to

community water supply.

7
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The project is focused on the analysis of the factors responsible for water

pollution in rural communities of Kusada Local Government it causes, as

well as various health problems associated with water pollution as well as

various ways that water pollution could be controlled and prevented in rural

community.

In the first place, the research supposed to cover a large area by and Kusada

Local Government. But due to financial constraint which effects

transportation from one place to another to acquire all the necessary data for

the successful implementation of the project.

The research has to be limited to Kusada Local Government which serves as

the case study. Secondly, it is the availability of time which makes it

impossible for the researcher to expand his study beyond Kusada Local

Government Area.

However, despites the above stated problems and others. The research was

successfully derived in the process concerning the topic of discussion was

clearly put in to writing and coming up with this project.

8
1.5 Statement of the Problems

The major responsible factor from water pollution in rural community of

Kusada Local Government is poverty which is a great problem in

contributing toward water pollution in rural community.

There most people store their water in any available container be it safe or

not, on the other hand the community members still have the knowledge of

unconventional water treatment. Another problem is lack of proper

environmental sanitation due to the negligence of people and government in

promoting environmental sanitation. The soil become polluted for, the

continuous pollution of water sources, this can dearly been seen in poor

disposal if refuse and collection, inadequate drainage system and bad

handling of sewage from the domestic premises.

Indiscriminate defecation is common especially in rural communities; this is

rampant among children who are in the habit of passing excreta here and

there and which some time passes directly into the water sources for human

consumption or human users.

Another problem is lack of elementary principles of hygiene, this can lead to

contamination of water during storing or fetching of Kusada Local

Government are merely farmers, using chemical fertilizer for the farming

9
and this sometime washed directly into the water sources meant for human

consumption or human uses.

Inadequate community water supply when the area of the study contributes

greatly toward water pollution in rural community water supply and

sanitation facilities.

1.6 Signification of the Study

The most important issue in designing any research project is to serve as an

identifier of particular problems. Therefore, this project would assist

government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and public at large

and sanitation for water pollution in rural communities.

Also this project would assist any management student or individual who

wish to write or conduct research which is wide in the scope and its may also

be use for having on inside on the existence of problems associated with

water pollution in rural communities.

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1.7 Research Questions

1- Do you believe ignorance of people about water sanitation can promote

water pollution within the area of study?

2- Does poor environment sanitation and community hygiene have any

significant impact toward water pollution?

3- Can incidence of diseases associated with water is due to poor water

sanitation?

4- Do you believe lack of sanitary facilities within the area of Kusada Local

Government contribute to water pollution?

1.8 Research Hypothesis

a- Ignorance of people about water sanitation can promote water pollution

within the area of study.

b- Poor environmental sanitation and community hygiene contribute toward

water pollution.

c- Incidence of disease associated with water is due to water pollution.

d- Lack of sanitary facilities within the area of study can contribute to water

pollution.

11
1.9 Definition of Terms

 Environment: Means total surrounding e.g. air, water and rock etc.

 Urban: Referring to towns or to make something become accustomed

to town.

 Water Pollution: Is the introduction of harmful substances in to the

body or water, which could be biological, chemical or physical that

cause deteriorates effect to man, animals and plants.

 Population: Number of people living in a particular area.

 Community: Group of interdependence people living together.

 Sanitation: Arrangement to protect public health.

 Pollution: Makes dirty or destroy.

 Disease: Disorder of a structure or function in a human, animal or plant

especially one that produce specific symptoms.

 Hygiene: Act of keeping good health and preventing the spread of

disease.

 Waste: Useless, unwanted no longer useful to its original purpose.

 Incidence: Number of case recorded during a particular period of time.

 Contamination: Act of making dirty especially by biological substance

like fungus, bacteria etc.

12
 CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review

This chapter is mainly concern with the writing and saying of others i.e.

authors and expect in line with the topic under discussion. Therefore, water

pollution in rural communities is the major responsible factor for the

incidence of disease associated with water to invade people; it has causes so

much suffering, disability and death especially among children.

About a century ago, the water supply situation in the western world was

similar to that found in many developing countries to day, in the cause of

social and economic development which was taken place then.

According to Fowler (1993:4) and Valentine (1967:8), they both agree that

“water is essential to life cannot go without water”. But pollution generally

means contamination of environment as a result of human, animal waste or

as a result to human activities, it refers primary to fund the water by waste

matter.

Those contribute to the spread of disease such as cholera, typhoid fever and

dysentery. From the above statement this indicate the fact that adequate

13
water supply can be protected which will encourage public services that will

bring about any large scale improvement in the morbidity rate of people and

would put health back in the hand of people themselves and also it will

eventually make them more interested with their sources and health care

system that serve them.

According to Hobson W. and Bruce F. E. (1979:100) and WHO report

(1981:1) and referring to what Al-Layl (1987:15) said “water polluted by

excreta contain aquatic snails in which the schistosoma warn develop, until

they are in water. The infective crustacean that come out will then re-infect

man through his skin, another example especially common in ports of west

Africa in dracontiasis (guinea-worm), the larvae which escape from man

through blisters on leg or hand develop in small aquatic crustacean called

Cyclops; men is re-infected by drinking polluted water containing these

Cyclops. Therefore, good environmental sanitation is not just about building

latrine depot in rural communities without resources to building them. Safe

environmental sanitation may involve setting aside restricted areas for

defecation of faeces, disposal of refuse moreover, pond are the main sources

of water supply in rural areas and almost 70% of guinea-worm infection is

caused by polluted water adequate portable water supply can be protected.

14
According to Bhaleraw (1984:210), WAHEB (1991:121) and Schweitzer

(1973:36) they both supported the above statement ‘poor environmental

condition in rural communities is responsible for most death caused by

disease which are preventable”. This is mainly due to the ignorance of

people about the importance of sanitation of community water supply

because it is impossible to have a clear water supply in poor environment

without adequate sanitation. It is also apparent that due to poor

environmental sanitation, water sources become polluted but its effect on use

for domestic purpose is the most important.

Therefore, a clean and sanitary environment because man contact ratio and

continue spread of occurrence of diseases associated with water to mitigate

their effects on population when they do occur.

According to Donaldson D. et-al (1978) and other related literatures further

expressed that “even clean water can easily be contaminated by environment

and it is more when the environment is dirty and polluted because water may

have E. coli and safe. This is due to the fact that a high E. coli form count is

10 coli forms/100m or more is regarded as being polluted”. Because the

pollution may come from lower animals, filthy environment promote and

fastening of diseases. It is obvious that such disease even if they cannot be

washed away can be minimized to preventable stage and then spread is

15
controlled. This statement presents itself as a challenge to rural communities

to understand the good environment sanitation is the promising avenue to

community water supply and brings about any large scale improvement in

the morbidity and mortality rates of people, it also encourage people to put

health back in their hand and would eventually move them more interested

in the water sources.

According to Sebina, D. M. (1993:10) and Flower (1993:10), they share the

same view that in the past, some of the most dramatic improvement in health

have brought about through environment sanitation which is classic example

in the control of cholera which occurred in a series of outbreak in London in

the first half of the 19th century. Dr. John Snow observed that the people

affected had all drink water from broad sheet pump without understanding of

the link between water and disease, the proceeded to remove the handle from

the pump, thereby preventing the consumption of polluted water and hence

and hence the spread of the diseases”.

Therefore, the above statement presents itself as challenge to the water

pollution in rural communities and sanitation providers. This is because

adequate provision of needed into the basis provision of promoting safe

community water supply to any communities. The provision of these

facilities may be complex but the problems simple with adequate knowledge
16
the people could control the disease in other words, adequate protection of

community water supply will stop the spread of many important disease; this

could be seen that there must be a relationship that exist between health.

Water pollution stated by Dr. John snow (1885), the aim of safe community

water supply is to improve human health.

According to Oluwande P. A. (1983:1) Al-Layla (1987:16) and the World

Bank report (1988:1) they all share the same view that “the irony of the

situation is that the wrong beliefs not withstanding up two out of every five

babies born in rural communities dies of one form of water borne disease or

the other, before they attain the age of five guinea-worm bilharzias and

enchocerchiasis. Cripple the adult, water is normally obtained from open

stream, unprotected springs and water holes into the people made before

they can obtain water”. This statement present itself as a challenge to

tropical communities to understand that water may be polluted in many

ways unfortunately may still appear clean and sparking and give no

indication of its danger to health. It is common many people in rural

communities become a victim of diseases associated water due to pollution

from the environment and this lead to eruption of epidemic disease to

become natural and dangerous ones are those causing gastro intestinal

infections which constitute a main threat to human health.

17
According to Erust B. (1987:300) and Carlos C. M. et-al (1980-307)

appreciate the facts that “ponds are the main sources of water supply in rural

communities and almost 70% of guinea-worm infection is caused by

polluted water sources. This is because ponds are mostly not protected and

even human activities around the water especially children polluted the

water and such infected the chances of infestation increased within the

community other pollutants may be from animal grazing and wind”.

Therefore, this statement presents itself to the teeming population of rural

communities to understand that they need adequate and safe water supply for

the promotion of their health. It is necessary to appreciated and importance

of sanitation activities because the adverse effects of water pollution in rural

communities it attributed to the deadly combination of water supply. This

continues the existence of hundreds of people to live in polluted water which

is not essential for a supportive health.

According to Winifred L. H. (1983:156) is on the view that “water pollution

can affect large number of people at once, once polluted water is consumed,

it can cause a wide spread epidemic of intestinal infection. Infections like

cholera, dysentery, diarrhea etc”. this indicate the fact adequate water supply

that can be protected will encourage public health services that will bring

about any large scale improvement in the morbidity and mortality rates of

18
people and world put health back in the hand of people themselves and also

it will eventually make them more interested to this water sources and health

care system that serve them.

According to Kraisel W. (1994:01) he pointed out that “often our effort to

encourage development and support water and sanitation improvement

become competitive rather than supportive. In this difficult time we must

find a way to do more with less courage a sense of cooperation and

partnership among organization that have responsibilities for water and

sanitation development”. Therefore, providing water supply services to any

community required special strategies which will be linked with the primary

health care strategies. These include promotional educational and supportive

consideration use of simple and inexpensive technologies and also

involvement for self solution on environmental sanitation and water supply

development.

According to W.H.O. news letter Vol. 1 no 45 of (1994:6) further expressed

that the age has also passed when ground water can be considered as a safe

sources. It requires stringent protection not only against the sources of

pollution, but also against more different sources of accidental pollution

from the environmental and once polluted. The ground water stays for a very

long time, therefore, the wide spread practices of unauthorized and

19
uncontrolled dumping of often waste in the environment must be controlled.

However, from the above statement, it indicates that the protection of

community water supply from pollution cannot be over emphasized; this

will be ensured through sound of water supply.

According to Morgan C. P, et-al (1981:61) and Timo M. B. (1980:207) all

agreed that “the protection of community water supply from pollution

required effective surveillance procedure need to be developed and there

must be suitable communities which varying standard and levels of skilled

personnel that will monitor the utilization of water sources within the

domicile.” This indicate the fact that, it’s clear in designing the level of

water supply services the planners are to look for appropriate to urban

project and look at the social focus that allows them to be use with the

community participation that is so essential to rural communities. This

usually result is costly over design or unrealistic manpower-requirement.

The adverse effect of water pollution is attributed to the deadly combination

of malnutrition and diarrhea disease caused by lack of safe water supply.

According to W.H.O. (1994:10), World Bank report (1994:16) and other

related literatures that “Africa currently receives less supply and sanitation

investment than any other region. It is estimated that from 1981-1990 only

10% of the global water sanitation investment were made in the African
20
countries.” This is a clear challenge that rest upon our policy makers to

understand that we live in a sciences and technology, yet it has a matter of

daily shame that millions of people especially in rural communities still

depend on polluted water.

If the health is human right, then easy access to clean water to put much

emphasis to sanitation activities if everyone is to have access to clean water

supply will ensure healthy societal development. In other words, tropical

countries most provide clean water for their teeming population or at least to

health educate the people especially those in rural area on how to embark on

non conventional water treatment for their own benefit and protection

against many problems associated with water pollution.

Conclusively, proper sanitation is a desirable asset to community meets their

need to water if community recognizes the need for each household to

contribute to controlling all factors responsible for water pollution in rural

communities, social approval, and then adequate and portable water supply

is obvious.

21
 CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

3.1 Research Design

This research project was carried out in order to find major causes of factors

responsible for water pollution in rural communities as well as various

problems associated with water pollution in rural communities and find a

various way that water pollution could be improve in rural communities and

stress the importance of water supply in rural communities.

3.2 Population and Universe of the Study

The largest pollution of the area of the study is about one hundred and ninety

six thousand four hundred and twelve people situated in Kusada Local

Government Area so as to ensure that they participate actively toward all

factors responsible for water pollution in rural communities and improve

water supply.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques

Three communities were selected as a sample size of the research work

among the communities living in Kusada Local Government rural

communities. These were Dangamau, Yashe and Tittike. The sampling

22
technique adopted in the sample selection was random sampling method so

as to compile the work successfully.

3.4 Instrument for Data Analysis

The instrument used in which the relevant data collected in this project was

questionnaire in which question related to the topic of the project were asked

so that the respondent can choose from the appropriate answer. Like various

textbooks, journals, were also use as emphasize the project work.

3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

For the instrument to be valid and reliable the questionnaire and preparation

was thoroughly screened by the project supervisor who authorized the

distribution of the questionnaire appropriately. At the same time, one

hundred questionnaires prepared and distributed to the respondents and

ninety six questionnaires were filled and returned to me in order.

3.6 Administration of the Instrument

The manner through which the instrument was administered to the

appropriate people was through direct hand to hand message so as to ensure

that the message was not disrupted but despite that effort ninety six out of

one hundred questionnaires were filled and returned to me.

23
3.7 Techniques for Data Analysis

The techniques applied in analyzing the data obtained are statistical analysis

as to prove hypothesis or basic assumption.

x 2=¿
KLMN

The formula was derived from ax2 contingency table which is shown below:

GENDER RESPONSES TOTAL

YES NO
MALE A B K
FEMALE C D L
TOTAL M N M

CHAPTER FOUR

24
 Data Analysis

4.1 Data Analysis and Result Presentation

Below is the result of data collected from the questionnaires designed, one

hundred and ten questionnaires were printed and distributed,

10questionnaires were used as pre test and out of 100 questionnaires that

were given to respondents, 96 questionnaires were filled and returned to me

in order to carry out the research analysis.

Sex No. of Responses Percentage

Male 56 58%
Female 40 42%
Total 96 100%

Table 4.1.1

The above table discussed the sex distribution of the respondents 56

respondents that represent 58% of the total respondents are male and 40

respondents that represent 42% of the total respondents are female.

Age No. of Responses Percentage

20-25years 25 30%
26-31years 20 22%
32-37years 18 25%
38-42years 22 23%
Total 85 100%

Table 4.1.2
25
From the table, it discussed the age distribution of the respondents those at

20-25years there are 25 respondents representing 30% of the total responses,

and 20 respondents representing 22% of the total responses are those at age

of 26-31years those at the age between 32-37years there are 18 respondents

representing 25% of the total respondents 22 of the total respondents are

above 44 there are 22 respondents representing 23% of the total respondents.

This shows that majority of the respondents are old and adult.

Marital Status No. of Responses Percentage

Single 50 54%
Married 46 46%
Total 96 100%

Table 4.1.3

The table discussed the marital status of the respondents 50 respondents that

represent 54% of the total respondents are single and 46 respondents

representing 46% of the total respondents are married couples and they are

majority.

Educational Background No. of Responses Percentage

Formal 75 75%
Informal 11 25%
Total 86 100%

Table 4.1.4

The above table discussed the educational background of the respondents 75

respondents that represents 75% of the total respondents have formal

26
education and 11 respondents have informal education this shows that

majority of the respondents have formal education in various field of

learning.

Religion No. of Responses Percentage

Islam 50 61%
Christianity 39 39%
Total 89 100%

Table 4.1.5

This table discussed the religion of the respondents 50 respondents

representing 61% of total respondents are Muslims and 39 of the

respondents are Christians this indicate that majority of the respondents are

Muslims.

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 73 83%
No 7 17%
Total 80 100%

Table 4.1.6

Judging the table, it clearly discussed the view of the respondents if they

know anything about water pollution 73 respondents representing 83% of

the total respondents know something about water pollution and 7

respondents representing 17% of the total respondents indicated that they

27
don’t know anything about water pollution. This shows that majority of the

respondents know something about pollution.

Does poor environmental sanitation and community hygiene have any

significant impact toward pollution?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 77 82%
No 13 18%
Total 90 100%

Table 4.1.7

From the above table, it clearly discussed the views of the respondents if

could poor environmental sanitation and community hygiene have any

significant impact toward water pollution 77 respondents that represent 87%

of the total respondents agreed that poor environmental sanitation and

community hygiene have a significant impact toward water pollution and 13

respondents representing 18% of the total respondents indicated that poor

environmental sanitation and community hygiene have no any significant

impact toward water pollution and this indicated that majority of the

28
respondents agreed that poor environmental sanitation and community

hygiene could be result to water pollution within the rural community.

Do you believe that ignorance about water sanitation can promote water

pollution within the area of study?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 78 88%
No 12 12%
Total 90 100%

Table 4.1.8

From the above table, it clearly discussed the views of the respondents if

they believe that ignorance of people about water sanitation can promote

water pollution within the area of study 78 respondents that represent 88%

of the total respondents agreed that while 12 respondents representing 12%

of the total respondents indicated that ignorance of people about water

sanitation can’t promote water pollution within the area. This show that

majority of the respondents believed that ignorance of people about water

sanitation can promote water pollution within the area of study.

On your own understanding which among the following factor

contribute to water pollution in your community?

29
 Answer No. of Responses Percentage
Ignorance 18 20%
Poor environmental sanitation 20 25%
Lack of sanitary facilities 20 25%
Non-involvement of NGOs 25 30
Others specify - -
Total 90 100%

Table 4.1.9

From the above table discussed the views of the respondents on the factors

contributing towards water pollution in their community, 18 respondents

represent 20% of the total respondents indicated that ignorance of people is

the major responsible factor for water pollution while 20 respondents

represent 25% of the total respondents are on the view that poor

environmental sanitation is the factor for water pollution in rural

communities, 20 respondents represent 25% of the total respondents

indicated that even with the above mentioned but not as such as lack of

sanitary facilities within the area of study and 25 respondents that represent

30% of the total respondents indicated that non-involvements of NGOs

toward water sanitation is the responsible factors for water pollution

therefore, lack of sanitary and poor environmental sanitation are the major

factor contributing toward water pollution.

30
On your own understanding which among the following factor

contribute to water pollution in your community?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever 20 23%
Diarrhoea 40 41%
Cholera 10 12%
Dysentery 14 15%
Hepatitis 8 9%
Total 82 100%

Table 4.1.10

From the above table discussed the views of the respondents on the types of

the problems associated with water pollution in their communities 20

respondents that represent 23% of the total respondents indicated that

typhoid and paratyphoid fever, 40 respondents that represent 41% of the

total respondents indicated that the common health problem associated with

water pollution is diarrhea and 10 respondents that represent 15% of the total

respondents are on the views that the common health problem is cholera,

while 14 respondents representing 15% of the total indicated that dysentery

is the common health problem associated with water pollution in their

community while 8 respondents that represent 9% of the total respondents

stated that hepatitis is the common health problem associated with water

pollution. This indicated that the majority of the respondents are on the view

31
that diarrhea, typhoid and paratyphoid fever are the common health

problems.

Who are mostly affected with the above mentioned problems?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Children 20 22%
Adolescent 22 23%
Adult 20 24%
Old age person 26 28%
Total 88 100%

Table 4.1.11

The above table discussed the view of the respondents on those mostly

affected with those problems associated with water pollution, 20 respondents

that represent 22% of the total respondents indicated that children are mostly

affected with those problems, while 23% of the respondents indicated that

adolescent, 20 respondents that represent 24% of the total respondents are on

the view that adults are mostly affected and 26 respondents representing

28% of the total respondents emphasized that old age persons are mostly

affected with those problems associated with water pollution.

Do you patronize medical services in case you are affected?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 74 80%
No 20 20%

32
 Total 94 100%

Table 4.1.12

From the above table, it clearly discussed the views of the respondents on

whether they patronize medical services in case they are affected with those

problems. 74 respondents representing 80% of the total respondents

indicated that they patronize medical services, while 20 respondents

representing 20% of the total respondents stated that they don’t patronize

medical services. This indicated that majority of the respondents patronize

medical services.

If yes, how effective is the service rendered by the medical centres

toward curtailing those problems?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Much effective 23 24.4%
Moderate 30 36%
Less effective 19 20.2%
Poor 22 23.4%
Total 82 100%

Table 4.1.13

The table discussed the view of 94 respondents that stated that they

patronize medical services in case they are affected with those problems, 23

33
respondents that represent 24.4% of the total respondents indicated that the

service is much effective, while 30 respondents that represent 36% of the

total respondents indicated that the service is moderate, while 19

respondents representing 20.2% of the total respondents indicated that the

services rendered by the medical centres toward curtailing these problems is

less effective, while 22 respondents representing 32.4% of the total

respondents emphasized that the services rendered is poor.

This show that the majority of the respondents are on the views that the

services rendered by medical centres toward curtailing these problems

associated with water pollution is moderate.

Does government assist your community toward controlling water

pollution?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 71 81%
No 19 19%
Total 90 100%

Table 4.1.14

From the above table, it clearly discussed the views of the respondents on

whether government assist their communities toward controlling water

pollution, 71 respondents representing 81% of the total respondents

34
indicated that the government is assisting their communities toward

controlling water pollution indicated that government is not assisting them

toward controlling water pollution. This show the majority of the

respondents emphasize that the government is assisting them toward

controlling water pollution.

If yes, in which among the following ways does government assist your

communities?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Provision of sanitation facilities 32 25.92%
Provision of drugs 16 19.75%
Public health education 20 23.45%
Provision of water purification facilities 10 12.34%
Construction of safe water supply 15 18.51%
Other specify - -
Total 82 100%

Table 4.1.15

The table discussed the view of 94 respondents that stated that the

government is assisting them toward controlling of water pollution 21

respondents that represent 32.93% of the total respondents indicated that the

government assist through provision of sanitary facilities, and 16

respondents representing 19.75% of the total respondents are on the view

that the government provide them with the drugs while 20 respondents

emphasized that the government make an effort toward controlling water

35
pollution in their community through public health education, and 10

respondents representing 12.34% of the total respondent are on the view that

the effort is mainly through provision water purification facilities and 15 that

represent 18.51% of the total respondents emphasized that the government

make an effort through construction of safe water supply to their

communities, this indicated that the fact that government is making an effort

through provision of sanitary facilities and construction of safe water supply

and education the public about danger with water pollution.

Beside the effort of government is there any assistance from non-

governmental organizations?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 50 55%
No 40 45%
Total 90 100%

Table 4.1.16

From the above table discussed the views of the respondents that apart from

the effort of government do NGOs assist them toward controlling water

pollution. 50 respondents representing 55% of the total respondents

indicated that there is such effort from NGOs while 40 respondents

representing 45% of the total respondents emphasized that there is no such

36
effort from NGOs. Therefore, majority of the respondents believe that

government assists them toward controlling water pollution.

If yes, the NGOs assist in which among the following ways?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Provision of drugs 10 18%
Public health education 9 17%
Provision of water purification facilities 19 36%
Construction of safe water supply 16 30%
Total 54 100%

Table 4.1.17

The table discussed the view of the respondents that stated that the NGOs

are assisting them toward controlling water pollution, 10 respondents

indicated that is representing 18% of the total respondents indicated that

NGOs are assisting them through provision of drugs while 9 respondents

that represent 17% of the total respondents indicated that the NGOs are

assisting them through education and 19 respondents representing 35% of

the total respondents are on the view that the NGOs are assisting them

through provision of water purification facilities, while 16 respondents

representing 30% of the total respondents are on the view that the NGOs are

assisting them through construction of safe water supply in the community.

37
Can incidence of disease associated with water is due to water

pollution?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 85 85%
No 13 15%
Total 90 100%

Table 4.1.18

From the above table discussed the views of the respondents on whether

incidence of disease associated with water is due to water pollution 85

respondents representing 85% of the total respondents indicated that disease

associated with water due to water pollution and 13 respondents representing

15% of the total respondents are on the views that incidence of disease

associated with water is not due to water pollution. This indicated the factors

that incidence of disease associated with water is due to water pollution.

Do you believe that look of sanitary facilities within the area of studies

contribute to water pollution?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 90 90
No 9 10%
Total 99 100%

Table 4.1.19

38
From the above table discussed the views of the respondents if they believe

that lack of sanitary facilities within the area of study can contribute to water

pollution 90 respondents representing 90% of the total respondents indicated

that they believe lack of sanitary facilities within the area of study can

contribute to water pollution and 9 respondents representing 10% of the total

respondents believe that lack of sanitary facilities within the area of study

can contribute to water pollution.

Does your community make any collective effort toward controlling

water pollution?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 51 61
No 39 39%
Total 90 100%

Table 4.1.20

From the above table it discussed the effort of the communities toward

controlling water pollution 51 respondents representing 61% of the total

respondents indicated that their communities are making collective effort

toward controlling water pollution and 39 respondents representing 39% of

the total respondents are on the view that there is no such effort of their

community are on the view their community making a collective effort

toward controlling water pollution.

39
On your own understanding, in which of the following way that water
pollution could be controlled and prevented and prevented in your
community?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Involvement of NGOs 5 7%
Provision of water purification facilities 20 22%
Public health education 17 18
Proper environmental sanitation 23 23%
Provision of safe water sources 12 13%
Provision of sanitary facilities 16 18%
Other specify - -
Total 82 100%

Table 4.1.21

The table discussed the view of the respondents on the possible way water

pollution could be controlled prevented in their communities 5 respondents

representing 7% of the total respondents are on the view that the only way

out of this problem is through involvement of NGOs, while 20 respondents

representing 22% of the total respondents indicated that the only way out of

this problem is through provision of water purification facilities in their

communities and 17 respondents representing 18% of the total respondents

indicated that water pollution could be controlled and prevented in their

communities through public health education and 23 respondents

representing 23% of the total respondents are on the view that the only way

out of the problem is through proper environmental sanitation in their

40
communities and 12 respondents that represent 13% of the total respondents

are on the view that the only alternative way toward controlling and

preventing this problem is through provision of sanitary facilities. This

indicated the fact that the respondents are on the view s that proper

environmental sanitation and provision of water purification facilities are the

only way out of this problem.

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion

5.1 Summary

The entire research was aimed at exposing factors responsible for water

pollution in rural communities. The purpose of this study is to find out major

causes of water pollution in rural communities and various problems

associated with water pollution in rural communities as well as various ways

that water pollution could be prevented and controlled by rural communities.

As we all know that Kusada Local Government is a land of sub-Sahara

region of the world and it is attached with two seasons which are dry and

41
wet season. As we all know that human being require water for various

purposes. For instant, water is required for domestic purposes, agricultural

purpose and industrial purposes. Therefore, for the provision of safe and

adequate water supply is required as a prerequisite of good living. From the

information collection and analysis using various methods some

recommendations were made to the government and public at large within

the area of study so as to make environment clean and safe for community

water supply. And that provision of sanitary facilities should be available

within the area of study, as well as the public should give their maximum

cooperation and support in all program meant for their benefit.

5.2 Conclusion

Conclusively, uncles and until the problem of water pollution was give a

serious attention, it deserved both the government and public at large

support to continue in giving the contribution to the rural communities in

terms of water pollution.

5.3 Recommendations

For the purpose of controlling all factors responsible for water pollution in

rural communities of Kusada Local Government. The following

42
recommendations were made to the government and public at large within

the area of the study.

Government

1) The government should enforce environmental sanitation within the

community water supply.

2) Provision of purification facilities should be made available to the

people.

3) Local method of water purification should be through to people.

4) Provision of sanitary facilities should be made within the area of the

study.

5) Proper collection and disposal of waste be done on timely basis so to

avoid water pollution.

6) Provision of safe community water sources should be constructed within

the area of the study.

7) Government should involve non-governmental organizations in

controlling water pollution.

8) Proper environment so as to control and prevent water pollution.

9) Regular examination of water sources must be carried out by qualified

health professionals.

43
10) Provision of drugs to purpose attached with water pollution provide to

the people at subsidize cost for all to buy at ease.

11) Water sanitation and other environmental sanitation activities should

be included in school so as to involve pupils in controlling water

pollution.

Public

1) The public should give maximum cooperation and support in all program

meant for own benefit.

2) Provision of waste collection and disposal facilities should give priority

to all household.

3) Adequate provision of safe water collection and storage facilities should

be given priority.

4) Local method of water purification should be practice by the people.

5) Use of chemical fertilizer in forms should be on minimum basic.

6) All these are affected with water pollution problems should be taking into

hospitals for treatment.

7) Water should only be obtained in safe sources so as to avoid consumption

of contaminated water.

8) Environmental and personal hygiene should be practicing regularly.

44
List of Abbreviations

EHO - Environmental Health Officer

EHT - Environmental Health technician

Et-al - and others

IBID - Same as above

NGOs - Non-Governmental Organizations

MOH - Ministry of Health

PHC - Primary Health Care

SHTK - School of Health Technology Kankia

WAHEB - West Africa Health Examination Board

45
WHO - World Health Organization

WATSON - Water Supply and Sanitation

Bibliography

Al-Layla (1987) – Understanding Environmental and Water Pollution

Macmillan Canals Press P. 15.16.

Carlos, Et-al (1980) – Environmental Psychology and his Physical Setting.

Donaldson D., Et-al 91978) – Water Pollution Control, John Wiley & Sons
Inc P. 16.17

Erust B. (1987) – Environmental Pollution C. B. Musty Company P. 300

Folwer (1993) – Water Decades, America Institute for Pupils Policy P. 4.10

Hobson W. and Bruce F. E. (1979) – Theory and Practice of Sanitation Light

Print Press.

Kpesil W. (1994) – Fundamental of Environmental and Water Pollution

Double Day and Company Inc. P. 61.

46
Timo M. B. (1980) – Water and Water Pollution Handbook vol. 3, New
York.

WHO Report – Water and Sanitation Decade Vol. – 11 No. 16.14 P. 6.10.

Winifred L. H. (1983) – Personal and Community Health Nursing Services

Bailire Tindal Published Inc. P. 156.

World Bank Report – Vol. 1 No. 333 1994, P. 10.

QUESTIONNAIRE

School of Health Technology

Kankia
Department of Environment
Health Sciences Katsina State
Dear respondent,
I am health education and promotion student with the above mentioned
institution currently pursuing a Professional Diploma in Health Education
and Promotion undergoing a research study on “Influence of Culture and
Ignorance toward Malnutrition among the Infants in Kusada Local
Government”.

Your cooperation in supplying the following information will be highly

appreciated and treated with confidentiality.

Tick the appropriate boxes provided or specify where necessary pleases.

SECTION A
1. Age: 18-25 ( ) 26-35 ( )
2. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )

47
3. Marital Status: Married ( ) Single ( ) Divorced ( )
4. Educational Status: Formal ( ) Informal ( )

SECTION B
1. Does malnutrition has a complication?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
2. How often do you come with case of malnutrition?
a. Often ( ) c. Rare ( )
b. Very often d. Very rare
3. Do you think the incidence of malnutrition has increased in the world?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( ) c. Don’t Know
4. Does the incidence of malnutrition affect only children?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
5. Do you believe that lack of awareness among mothers on weaning plan
can also lead infants to malnutrition?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
6. Is any of your children your children died of malnutrition?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
7. Ignorance can causes malnutrition in children?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
8. Does the malnutrition be care?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
9. Do you belief that poverty can cause malnutrition in child?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
10.Is there any of your children suffers from malnutrition?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
11.How can malnutrition be diagnosed?

48
 b. Physical Examination ( )
c. Laboratory Investigation ( )
d. History Taking ( )
12.Do you think that the incidence can be prevented?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
13.Do you think lack of education can be the major causes of malnutrition?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
14.Do you agree that improper breast feeding can lead to infant malnutrition
in the society?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
15.Does malnutrition has high morbidity and mortality rate?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

49