Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, Vol. 22, No.

1, 2018: 20–26
DOI: 10.22146/jpti.26126

Research Article

Diversity of Feed Storage Pest Beetle in Banten Province

Keanekaragaman Jenis Kumbang Hama pada Gudang Penyimpanan Bahan Pakan

di Provinsi Banten
Nasrul Friamsa1) *, Witjaksono2), & Arman Wijonarko2)
1)
Agricultural Quarantine Office of Cilegon
Jln. Transit Cikuasa Pantai Merak, Grogol, Pulomerak, Cilegon, Banten 42438
2)
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jln. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281
*)Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Submitted June 20, 2017; accepted September 5, 2017

ABSTRACT
Banten province is a growing industrial area, where many industrial items were prepared including animal feed
whose raw materials are mostly imported from abroad. Therefore, monitoring feed storage is very important to ensure
the existence of pest insects in storage warehouse and to prevent the entry of plant quarantine pest organism (OPTK)
which may be carried by imported feed raw materials. The identification, diversity and evenness of pest beetle species
in five feed storages in Banten province region have been done. Feed sampling was done using hand sampling method.
Samples taken from the diagonal corner and center of storage, respectively as much as 250 grams four times within
one-week interval. The results were that 13 species of pest beetles from seven families were intercepted. Cryptolestes
ferrugineus, Rhizoperta dominica, and Tribolium castaneum pest beetles were the dominant insects attacking five
storages. Specifically, the dominant pest beetles in each commodity were: T. castaneum on soybean meal (SBM); C.
ferrugineus and T. castaneum on corn; T. castaneum and R. dominica on corn gluten meal (CGM); T. castaneum and
Sitophilus zeamais on wheat; T. castaneum on soybeans; and Oryzaephilus surinamensis in sorghum. Environmental
factors, the type and duration of stored commodities were found to be the factors supporting the existence of pest beetle
species. The highest diversity of pest beetle varieties was found in warehouse A with a value of 1.552 which was
considered as moderate diversity. The evenness index of pest beetle species showed that warehouses A and E were in
unstable conditions. Meanwhile, the warehouses B, C, and D were in depressed conditions dominated by certain species
of pest beetle.
Keywords: Banten Province, diversity, feed storage, pest beetle

INTISARI
Provinsi Banten merupakan daerah industri yang terus berkembang, termasuk industri pakan ternak yang bahan
bakunya sebagian besar diimpor dari luar negeri. Oleh sebab itu, pengawasan terhadap gudang penyimpanan pakan
sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengawasi keberadaan serangga hama pada gudang penyimpanan dan mencegah
masuknya Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) yang mungkin terbawa bahan baku pakan yang
diimpor. Identifikasi, keanekaragaman serta kemerataan jenis kumbang hama pada lima gudang penyimpanan pakan
di wilayah Banten telah dilakukan. Pengambilan sampel bahan pakan menggunakan metode hand sampling. Sampel
diambil pada bagian sudut dan bagian tengah secara diagonal masing-masing sebanyak 250 gram sebanyak 4 kali
dengan interval waktu 1 minggu sekali. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 13 jenis kumbang hama dari 7 famili. Kumbang hama
jenis Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzoperta dominica, dan Tribolium castaneum merupakan serangga yang dominan
menyerang kelima gudang penyimpanan. Jenis kumbang hama yang dominan pada masing-masing komoditas adalah
T. castaneum pada soybean meal (SBM); C. ferrugineus dan T. castaneum pada komoditas jagung; T. castaneum dan
R. dominica pada corn gluten meal (CGM); T. castaneum dan Sitophilus zeamais pada gandum; T. castaneum pada
kedelai; dan Oryzaephilus surinamensis pada sorgum. Faktor lingkungan, jenis dan lama komoditas yang disimpan
merupakan faktor pendukung keberadaan suatu jenis kumbang hama. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis kumbang hama
tertinggi ditemukan pada gudang A dengan nilai 1,552 menggambarkan keanekaragaman tergolong sedang. Nilai
indeks kemerataan jenis kumbang hama menunjukkan bahwa gudang A dan gudang E termasuk dalam kondisi labil;
sedangkan gudang B, C, dan D termasuk dalam kondisi tertekan dengan didominasi oleh jenis kumbang hama tertentu.
Kata kunci: gudang penyimpanan bahan pakan, keanekaragaman, kumbang hama, Provinsi Banten
 Friamsa et al.: Diversity of Feed Storage Pest Beetle in Banten Province 21

INTRODUCTION This study aims to identify the type of pest beetle

in feed storage and compare the diversity and
Indonesia imports several agricultural commodities
evenness of pest beetle species in feed storage in
including feed raw materials that enter through the
Banten province.
province of Banten. The province of Banten is a
growing industrial area, which develop a lot of
MATERIALS AND METHODS
industrial enterprises, including the animal feed
industry. Livestock feed raw materials, such as corn The research was conducted at the feed material
and soybean meal, are mostly imported from abroad. commodity storage warehouses in Banten province.
The report of export and import of Banten province Observations were made on five feed storages:
in 2015 is listed in the fifth category of fodder goods warehouse A in Cilegon city, warehouse B, C, and
with the value of goods of US $ 554.3 million or D in Serang district, and warehouse E in Tangerang
7.02% in the role of total import value (BPS, 2016). district. The study was conducted from November
In the current free trade period, technical factors 2016 to February 2017.
such as the presence of Plant Quarantine Pest Research Procedure
Organisms (OPTK) on traded agricultural commodities The data were collected based on the sampling
can hinder competitiveness between countries. guidelines for plant products for health examination
Therefore, the monitoring of feed storage warehouse is of pest pathways or OPTK of Agricultural Quarantine
very important to monitor the existence of pest Agency. Samples of feed material were taken at the
insects and OPTK which may be carried along with corner and the middle of an imaginary diagonal of
commodities or carrier media. This monitoring is the premises, each as much as 250 g, then were put
important to prevent the entry of OPTK into the in a jar and covered with gauze. Sampling was taken
territory of the Republic of Indonesia which may fourth times with an interval of one week. Each
result in losses in agriculture and trade. According sample is labeled, then taken to the laboratory for
to Haines (1991), the order Coleoptera is post-harvest observation once a week for one month. The items
pests are very damaging to the ingredients such as observed are the species and population of pest
savings grains. Coleoptera order is the most common beetles.
order found in sampling sites compared to Lepidoptera
and Psocoptera orders. Beetle pest is one type of Identification
pest that is able to quickly reproduce and adapt to The pest beetle is separated by host species and
less supportive environment (Wagiman, 2014). the location of the pest. Identification of pest beetle
Detection and identification of warehouse insect is done in Insect Laboratory, Agricultural Quarantine
are part of a sustainable pest control activity in a Office of Cilegon, Banten. Identification of pest
storage warehouse. Storage ecosystems with abundant beetle was done using references of Haines et al.
feed sources and supported by environmental factors (1991), Rees (2007), and Schnitzler et al. (2014).
such as temperature and humidity, the absence of Pest Beetle Diversity Index
natural enemies, and organism resistance to insecticide
The pest beetles found were then separated and
applications result in insects becoming pests (Gullan &
the number and proportion of the individual species
Cranston, 2010). According to Wagiman (2014),
were calculated. To calculate the diversity index, the
storage warehouse ecosystem is very vulnerable to
formula developed by Shannon and Wiever through
pest population explosion if the management is not
the equation was used as follows:
appropriate. Commodity damage can cause material
loss, financial loss, and influence society. H' = − ∑ pi ln pi
where: H': diversity index
Observations on feed storage are important in
pi : proportion of the individual species
order to detect pest populations of pest beetles that may
And to calculate the species evenness index the
be carried off by feed ingredients. Observations on pest
following formula was used:
existence had been done using parameter of spreading H'
E' =
pattern of pest beetle in storage area and comparing ln S
detection result by using hand sampling method to where: E' : evenness index
know the potential damage that caused by the pest. S : number of species found
22 Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol. 22 No. 1

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Diversity of Pest Beetles Based on the Sampling
Site
Identification of Pest Beetles
Distribution of pest beetle in feed storage in Banten
Commodities contained in feed storage consisted
province was shown Table 2. From 13 species of
of soybean meal (SBM), corn, corn gluten meal
pest beetles found, there were three species of pest
(CGM), wheat, soybean, and sorghum. The types of
beetle that predominantly appear in five storages,
commodities that were almost spread out are SBM,
i.e. Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzoperta dominica,
corn and CGM; wheat is found only in warehouse A
and Tribolium castaneum.
and warehouse C; soybeans are found only in storage
In warehouse A there were SBM and corn com-
D; while sorghum is found only in storage E.
modities that were not always available but often
Identification results found 13 species of pest beetles
they were stored for two to three months. The aeration
from 7 families as shown in Table 1. Results of research
of this warehouse was not managed properly by the
by Darsilawati (2015) showed that insect pests in
warehouse manager, thus supporting the development
imported raw material warehouse found in the work
of many types of pest beetles. On warehouse B there
area of Cilegon Agricultural Quarantine Office were
were SBM, corn and CGM commodities which were
Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Sitophilus
circulated quite fast. Humidity setting in the warehouse
zeamais, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Oryzaephilus
is noteworthy by regulating the ventilation of the
surinamensis. This shows that the pest beetles found in
warehouse, so the population of pest beetle species
the feed storage in Banten region had higher kinds
is not too high. In warehouse C there were SBM and
of species.
maize commodities whose circulation is fast enough
but always continuous, and there were also CGM
Table 1. Results of identification of pest beetle in feed
storage in Banten province and wheat commodities whose circulation were
quite slow. Environmental conditions such as air
No. Famili Species
ventilation arrangements are well arranged, but
1. Bostrichidae Rhyzoperta dominica
2. Dermestidae Attagenus fasciatus because the commodities stored in these warehouses
3. Thorictodes heydeni are more diverse and always continuous and some
4. Dryophthoridae Sitophilus oryzae of their commodities have been stored for more than
5. Sitophilus zeamais three months, then it might lead to the abundance
6. Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes ferrugineus of pest beetle species and their populations become
7. Ptinidae Lasioderma serricorne high. In warehouse D there were corn and soybean
8. Silvanidae Oryzaephilus surinamensis commodities stored for more than two to three
9. Tenebrionidae Alphitobius laevigatus
months, and the aeration in the warehouse is not
10. Alphitobius diaperinus
11. Latheticus oryzae sufficiently good. This resulted in that a few species
12. Palorus subdepressus of pest beetles had survived and the population
13. Tribolium castaneum evolved was quite high. In the warehouse E there
were SBM and CGM commodities with a fairly fast
circulation, and corn and sorghum commodities
The results of the identification and literature
with a fairly slow circulation. This factor supports
review are two species of pest beetles that have never
the development of pest beetles. Temperature and
been reported or had minimal information about
humidity of storage warehouse in Indonesia ranged
their presence in Indonesia, i.e. Attagenus fasciatus
between 22−34oC and humidity 52−99% which are
and Thorictodes heydeni. In Indonesia, A. fasciatus
enough to support the development of pest warehouse,
has been reported from tobacco seed, in which the larvae
while warehouse should have an ideal condition of
were able to develop (Kalshoven, 1981). There was
room temperature 18oC and humidity space 65%
minimal information about their presence on other
where at that condition insect and fungus life may
post-harvest products in other area in Indonesia. Pest
not develop (Wagiman, 2014).
beetle T. heydeni was reported found on broken grains,
The highest number of pest beetle species was
products from oily seeds, and nuts in tropical and
found in warehouse C as many as 12 species, while
subtropical Africa, Mediterranean, west and south Asia,
the lowest number of species in warehouse D was 6
Pacific islands, US and Mexico (Has not been reported
types. The differences in population and diversity
in Indonesia) (Haines, 1991).
 Friamsa et al.: Diversity of Feed Storage Pest Beetle in Banten Province 23

Table 2. Distribution of pest beetle in five feed storage in Banten province

No. Insect found Storage
A B C D E
1. Alphitobius diaperinus -   - 
2. Alphitobius laevigatus     -
3. Attagenus fasciatus    - 
4. Cryptolestes ferrugineus     
5. Lasioderma serricorne    - -
6. Latheticus oryzae  -  - -
7. Oryzaephilus surinamensis  -  - 
8. Palorus subdepressus    - -
9. Rhyzoperta dominica     
10. Sitophilus oryzae  -  - -
11. Sitophilus zeamais - -   
12. Thorictodes heydeni  - -  -
13. Tribolium castaneum     
Diversity 11 8 12 6 7

of pest beetle varieties in storage warehouses individuals and 0.20 individuals in warehouses C.
observed were influenced by many factors including On wheat commodity, T. castaneum and Sitophilus
temperature, humidity, commodity type and duration oryzae is the dominant species with the highest
of storage. According to Rimbing (2015), the longer population average of 35.20 and 34.20 individuals,
the storage periods of a material, the higher the respectively in warehouse C. On soybean commodity,
population number of pests. The type of commodity the most dominant pest beetle is T. castaneum with
of feed ingredients in warehouse A was less than an average population of 8.40 individuals in
warehouse C. Abundance of pest beetle type in warehouse D. While on the sorghum commodity,
warehouse A was quite high because the commodity the most dominant pest beetle is Oryzaephilus
was stored long enough. In warehouse C the number surinamensis with the average population of 49.00
of pest beetle species is caused by the choice of individuals in warehouse E.
commodities as the habitat of pest beetle more varied The pest beetles were founded in the six types of
and always available although the storage is not commodities observed, i.e. T. castaneum and C.
long. The results of a research by Ilato et al. (2012) ferrugineus. The red flour beetle, T. castaneum, is a
showed that the availability of suitable foods has an cosmopolitan stored product insect that can infest
effect on the development and population of insect raw grains, mills and processing plants, and finished
pests in storage warehouses. Mismatch of food can food product (Rees, 2004). It is a major pest of flour
arise due to lack of required elemental content, low mills in the United States, which have relied on
water content in food, hard material surfaces and fumigation of structures with methyl bromide as the
material form (Ebeling, 2002). primary management strategy (Campbell et al.,
The Diversity of Pest Beetles by Commodity Type 2010a, b). Pest beetle T. castaneum was found as
dominant species of pest beetle in five commodities,
The average population of pest beetles on each
expect on sorghum. According to Rimbing (2015),
commodity in five sampling sites is shown in Table 3.
the dominant species of post-harvest pests that
In SBM commodity, T. castaneum is the most dominant
attack the grains are S. zeamais, Tribolium sp., and
species with the highest population averages found
Carpopilus sp.. The spread of other post-harvest
in warehouse A with 43.50 individuals. In corn com-
pests such as C. ferrugineus emerged after the pest
modity, C. ferrugineus and T. castaneum is the most
of S. zeamais in corn kernels, whereas in intact corn
dominant species with the highest average population
it was difficult to find the population of C. ferrugineus.
of 200.60 individuals and 51.20 individuals, respectively
According to Haines (1991), the existence of
in warehouse D. In CGM commodities, T. castaneum
Sitophilus sp. can increase feed availability for T.
and R. dominica pest beetles are the most dominant
castaneum because of Sitophilus sp. is a primary
species with the highest average population of 147.40
pest, which is due to their attack, the grains of rice
 Table 3. The average population of pest beetle associated with feed commodities in the storage warehouse in Banten province
Vol. 22 No. 1

No. Insect found SBM Corn CGM Wheat Soybean Sorghum

A B C E B C D E B C E A C D E
1. Alphitobius laevigatus 30.00 0.20 0.20 - - - 0.20 - - 0.20 - 1.20 0.75 - -
2. Alphitobius diaperinus - - 4.20 2.40 - - - 4.00 0.20 0.40 - - 6.80 - -
3. Attagenus fasciatus 0.50 0.20 0.80 - - - - - - 0.80 0.20 - 0.60 - -
4. Cryptolestes ferrugineus 2.50 0.20 0.20 - 0.60 19.80 200.60 4.20 0.25 1.20 - - 1.40 0.80 5.20
5. Lasioderma serricorne 0.50 0.20 1.20 - 0.40 - - - 1.20 1.20 - - 0.20 - -
6. Latheticus oryzae 0.50 - 2.00 - - - - - - 0.60 - 0.40 0.80 - -
7. Oryzaephilus surinamensis 2.00 - - - - - - 58.80 - - - 0.50 0.40 - 49.00
8. Palorus subdepressus 4.00 - 0.40 - - - - - 0.20 1.00 - - 0.20 - -
9. Rhyzoperta dominica 1.50 0.40 - - - 0.20 0.40 2.60 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 3.40 - 2.00
10. Sitophilus oryzae 2.50 - - - - - - - - 0.40 - 2.20 34.20 - -
11. Sitophilus zeamais - - - - - 2.40 1.00 10.80 - - - - - 0.60 23.20
12. Thorictodes heydeni 8.50 - - - - - - - - - - 2.40 - 0.25 -
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia

13. Tribolium castaneum 43.50 1.80 22.20 2.00 2.40 4.00 51.20 7.40 22.80 147.40 3.00 7.40 35.20 8.40 10.60
11 6 8 2 3 4 5 6 6 10 3 7 11
Diversity 4 5
12 8 10 12
Remark: SBM = Soybean meal, CGM = Corn gluten meal
24
 Friamsa et al.: Diversity of Feed Storage Pest Beetle in Banten Province 25

crushed into a groom favored by T. castaneum. The evenness index (E') describes the stability
Therefore, the dominance of C. ferrugineus occurred of a community. The higher value of E' indicates the
because of the initial attack of Sitophilus sp. and T. type of pest beetle in the community that is
castaneum. While the dominance of T. castaneum increasingly spreading. According to Krebs (2009),
increased due to the presence of Sitophilus sp. on three environmental community criteria are based
the same commodity. R. dominica is a post-harvest on evenness index, i.e. when E' < 0.50 the community
pest that has an important economic impact status is in a depressed condition, if 0.50 < E' ≤ 0.75 then
that can be found even in factories that have imple- the community is in unstable condition, whereas
mented modern systems (Rees, 2007). According to 0.75 < E' ≤ 1.00 then the community is in stable
Wagiman (1999), association of Sitophilus sp. and condition. The smaller the value of E' or near zero,
T. castaneum significantly reduced population and the more uneven spread of organism within the
population growth rates of Sitophilus sp. It is sus- community, meaning it is dominated by a certain
pected to interfere competition so that growth is type, and instead the greater value of E' or near one,
hampered. the organism in the community will spread evenly.
Diversity Index and Evenness Index of Pest Beetle Table 4 shows the value of the evenness index of
Species pest beetle type in feed storage warehouse in Banten
Species diversity of pest beetle is the number of province. Warehouses A and E were in unstable
pest species found in feed storage warehouse in condition. The warehouses B, C, and D were in
Banten province. The diversity of species of pest depressed condition which was dominated by certain
beetle will affect the commodity damage of feed species of pest beetle.
ingredients in the warehouse. In this study, to
determine the diversity of species of pest beetle, the CONCLUSION
data were taken from the total number of species The pest beetles found in Banten province on the
and total individual pest beetle obtained by hand feed storage are 13 species from 7 families. Pest beetles
sampling method. The diversity index and the of Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzoperta dominica,
evenness index of pest beetle species in the five feed and Tribolium castaneum are the dominant insects
storage warehouses can be seen in Table 4. attacking the five storage warehouses. The most
The diversity index (H') describes the stability important results of the identification and references
of a community. The high diversity of pest beetle review are the findings of two species of pest beetles
types affects the commodity damage. A community that have never been reported or had minimal infor-
with H' < 1.5 score indicates that species diversity is mation about their presence in Indonesia. Those
low, if 1.5 < H' ≤ 3.5 that indicates diversity is insects are Attagenus fasciatus and Thorictodes
moderate, and if the value of H' > 3.5 indicates heydeni. The dominant pest beetle species in each
diversity is high. Table 4 shows that the highest commodity of feed ingredients, among others are T.
diversity of pest beetle varieties is found in warehouse castaneum on SBM; C. ferrugineus and T. castaneum
A with a value of 1.552 which indicated that the on corn; T. castaneum and R. dominica on CGM; T.
diversity of pest beetles in warehouse A is moderate. castaneum and S. zeamais on wheat; T. castaneum
The diversity of pest beetle species in warehouse A on soybeans; and O. surinamensis in sorghum.
was higher than in other warehouses, which shows Temperature, humidity, type, and duration of com-
that there is potential damage to the commodities in modity storage are the factors supporting the existence
the warehouse. of a species of pest beetle. The highest diversity of

Table 4. Diversity and evenness index of pest beetle species in feed storage warehouse in Banten province
Warehouse
A B C D E
Total individual (N) 244 236 1474 1267 478
Total species (S) 11 8 12 6 7
Diversity index (H') 1.552 0.917 1.100 0.546 1.245
Evenness index (E') 0.647 0.441 0.443 0.305 0.640
26 Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol. 22 No. 1

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