(Exercises and Problems) Now, use the identity sin ax = (eiax − e−iax )/2i.

1
Convergence of Fourier Series fb(n) = sin πα
(sin πα)(n + α)
1
=
Exercise 1 n+α
Show that for α not an integer, the Fourier Hence,
∞
series of π i(π−x)α
X
π e ∼ fb(n)einx
ei(π−x)α sin πα
sin πα n=−∞
∞
on [0, 2π] is given by X einx
=
∞ n=−∞
n+α
X einx
n+α This concludes the first part of the problem. Next,
n=−∞ obtain the mean of the square of the norm/abso-
Apply Parseval’s identity to show that lute value of the given function: The square of the
norm is
∞
X 1 π2
 π 2
i(π−x)α  π2  i(π−x)α 2
e  = e

= 
sin πα (sin πα)2

n=−∞
(n + α)2 (sin πα)2
π2
=
(sin πα)2
Solution. Find the Fourier coefficients of f : For all  i(π−x)α 2
e  = 1 by the definition of the absolute
n ∈ Z, we have value of a complex number, and the identities eit =
1
Z 2π
π cos t + i sin t and cos2 t + sin2 t = 1:
f (n) =
b ei(π−x)α e−inx dx  i(π−x)α 2
e  = Re[ei(π−x)α ]2 + Im[ei(π−x)α ]2
2π 0 sin πα
= cos2 (π − x)α + sin2 (π − x)α
Z 2π
eiπα
= e−i(n+α)x
2 sin πα 0 = 1.
eiπα e−2πi(n+α) − 1 Hence, the mean we’re looking for is
=
2 sin πα −i(n + α) 1
Z 2π 
π2
Z 2π
 π 1
2
i(π−x)α 
eiπα (e−2πiα (eiπ )2n − 1) e  dx = dx
2π 0 sin πα (sin πα)2 2π 0

=
−2i(sin πα)(n + α) π2
= (1)
For the last line use the fact that eiπ = −1, which (sin πα)2
gives (eiπ )2n = (−1)2n = 1, and then distribute the Finally, find ∞
P b 2
n=−∞ |f (n)| :
factor eiπα in the numerator. Doing this, we get ∞ ∞ 
 1 2

X X
2
(e−πiα − eiπα ) |fb(n)| = 
n + α

fb(n) = n=−∞ n=−∞
−2i(sin πα)(n + α) ∞
(eiπα − e−πiα ) 1
X 1
= = (2)
2i (sin πα)(n + α) n=−∞
(n + α)2

1
Parseval’s identity tells us that (1) and (2) are
equal. Therefore,
∞
X 1 π2
=
n=−∞
(n + α)2 (sin πα)2

(I’ll be adding more problems. A lot more!)