World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 46 2008

Design and Construction of Microcontroller-

Based Telephone Exchange System
Aye Sandar Win

Almon Strowger was issued a patent on March 11, 1891 for

Abstract—This paper demonstrates design and construction of the first automatic telephone exchange.
microcontroller-based telephone exchange system and the aims of The first exchange using the Strowger switch was opened in
this paper is to study telecommunication, connection with La Porte, Indiana in 1892 and initially subscribers had a button
PIC16F877A and DTMF MT8870D. In microcontroller system, PIC on their telephone to produce the required number of pulses by
16F877 microcontroller is used to control the call processing. Dial
tapping. An associate of Strowgers' invented the rotary dial in
tone, busy tone and ring tone are provided during call progress.
Instead of using ready made tone generator IC, oscillator based tone
1896 which replaced the button. In 1943, Philadelphia was the
generator is used. The results of this telephone exchange system are last major area to give up dual service (rotary and button) [2].
perfect for homes and small businesses needing the extensions. It Telephone exchange is a system that allows and controls the
requires the phone operation control system, the analog interface sharing of phone lines between telephones and other
circuit and the switching circuit. This exchange design will contain communication devices. It is widely used by office, hotel
eight channels. applications and the business organizations. A telephone
It is the best low cost, good quality telephone exchange for today’s exchange system is useful for a bank or brokerage house
telecommunication needs. It offers the features available in much speech system or the like, which can accommodate a large
more expensive PBX units without using high-priced phones. It is for
number of lines. It features internal calls without getting
long distance telephone services.
changed, because calls are routed internally. It has
connectivity to the telephone network in most cases. It
Keywords—Control software, DTMF receiver and decoder, hook provides more features than the telephone network provides.
sensing, microcontroller system, power supply, ring generator and
The telephone exchange is also the private automated
oscillator based tone generator.
branch exchange. It is used on the subscriber’s private
premises. It provides a switching facility for telephone on
I. INTRODUCTION
extension lines within the building and across the PSTN.
A NY business cannot survive without the availability of
telephone. Communication is very important in today’s
business world. If the business is small, then a single
Today, almost all PBXs use digital technology to control
microprocessor components as public exchanges progressed
from using analog technology to digital. PABXs are available
telephone line may suffice. Nowadays, any business must
in size ranging from a few extensions and one exchange line
have at least two lines, one for telephone calls and the other
up to several thousands of extensions and hundred of
for use with a facsimile machine or personal computer. When
exchange lines [8].
more than two lines are needed, it needs to extension lines.
A PABX is a telephone exchange that serves a particular
The systems for doing this are given the general name Call
business or office, as opposed to one a common carrier or
Routing Apparatus (CRA). The largest type CRA is a Private
Telephone Company operates for many businesses or for the
Branch Exchange (PBX). The earliest PBXs were manually
general public [3].
switched Private Manual Branch Exchange (PMBX). The later
Even with the recent birth of the World Wide Web and
PBXs were automatically switched (PABX) [1].
other new generation digital communication techniques the
The first regular telephone exchange was established in
public switched telephony network is still one of the most
New Haven in 1878. Early telephones were leased in pairs to
important communication systems in the world.
subscribers. The subscriber was required to put up his own
The telephone exchange system is popular among
line to connect with another. In 1889, Almon B. Strowger a
organizations because of the communication freedom; it is
connect Kansas City undertaker invented a switch that could
capable of supplying its users with. Having a fast, efficient
one line to any of 100 lines by using relays and sliders. This
and user-friendly local phone network can often be a
switch became known as "The Strowger Switch" and was still
major requirement for a successful business organization.
in use in some telephone offices well over 100 years later.
The popularity of the telephone exchange system can be
seen by the extensive use of their applications around the
The author is with the Ministry of Science and Technology (corresponding globe. From this popularity the understanding of the
author to provide phone: 033-315-08; fax: 033-315-53; e-mail: fundamentals of an exchange system’s operation and its
[email protected]). She is now with the Material Science and popularity are the primary motivator for this paper.
Material Engineering Research Centre, Dattaw, Kyaukse, Myanmar.

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A. Overview of the Microcontroller-Based Telephone Most of the telephone exchange systems are implemented
Exchange System with phone line interface module design. In this paper, line
This paper demonstrates the eight line telephone systems driver and switching circuit will be used which has eight
with full signaling and switching functions similar to those of internal phone lines. The executed programs of this paper are
the central office systems. The eight telephones are connected the technical features, the hardware design and the control
to the switching devices and common line. In microcontroller software of telephone exchange system.
system, PIC16F877A microcontroller is utilized to control
tone control, ring relay and on/off-hook switch when the II. BORSCHT FUNCTIONS
telephone is used. Tone generator is used to get dial tone, busy
tone, and ring tones. Ringing is generated at the receiving end B: Battery - 48V central office battery supplies DC loop
of the phone being called. Ring relay is used to get tone and current (about 40 mA) to energize the voice transmitter and
ring processes. DTMF is the basis for voice communication the outgoing signal circuit. The battery feed must provide the
control. Each number consists of a combination of two following for the local loop:
frequencies. DTMF decoder converts the DTMF tones to the 1. Power (typically 48V DC) to the subscriber’s
binary numbers and sends to the microcontroller. telephone set
In the signaling and switching system, transistors and relays 2. The capability to allow signaling to and from the
are used to switch audio signals and control signals and to telephone set
decode the DTMF signals. These switches are controlled by 3. Low DC resistance
powerful software procedures to be implemented. 4. High AC impedance
Battery feeds are 24V DC for telephone operation, 90V AC O: Overvoltage protection - Bypassing or fusing or a
for ringing and 5V DC for microcontroller, DTMF receiver combination to prevent damage from lighting, power line
and decoder. DC power supplies are needed mainly to produce induction, or accidental power line contact.
the large voltages required to power the phone during normal R: Ringing -Ringing is often provided by means of a
operation. dedicated ringing generator that is connected onto the loop by
means of a relay. It is possible to generate ringing voltages at
the line interface if the current generators have a high enough
voltage source available to them. Or alternately, a switching
PHONE
converter with step up capability can be place on the interface.
PIC 16F877A
MICRO SWITCH
NUMBER
Connection of the AC ringing signal to the loop for outgoing
CONTROLLER 1 TO 8 signaling (typically about 90V at 20Hz, interrupted for 4s of
1 TO 8
every 6s).
S: Supervision - Detection of loop current to signal
demand for service (or off-book), termination of connection
(or on-hook), and dial pulsing of routing codes for setting up
the switches along the route (or detecting the same as outputs
of a multi-frequency Touch Tone signaling unit).
C: Coding / Decoding - Provision of the PCM CODEC
functions for connection to a digital switching system (only
provided in recent digital switching machines).
H: Hybrid - Two-wire to four-wire conversion before
COMMON LINE

5V connection to a digital switching machine (as for the CODEC

function).
T: Testing - Provision to allow either automatic or
manual testing of the subscriber’s loop circuit from the central
90V office [7], [9].
This system provides only the BORS functions from the list
above. In this paper, 24V DC is used to communicate in the
surroundings and the buildings, offices at most 500 yards
TONE
because there is no purpose for long distance. Positive or
GENERATOR negative battery can be chosen because 24V is grounded. It is
compatible for large exchange by using negative battery.
DTMF
Moreover, only one processor is used because it is enough
MT8870D for applications. In this circuit two transistors are used as
astable flip flop. Oscillation frequency is used based on RC
Fig. 1 Block Diagram of Microcontroller-Based Telephone Exchange timing using charge and discharge.
It means that when a design is implemented, optimization is
used depend on intension. There are some differences depend

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on the countries which are manufactured the exchanges. B. Ripple Voltage

In this paper, 24V DC for telephone operation, 90V AC for The capacitor quickly charges at the beginning of a cycle
ringing and 5V zener voltage regulator for microcontroller, and slowly discharges after the positive peak (when the diode
DTMF, tone generator and switching devices. Surge arrestor is is reverse-biased). The variation in the output voltage due to
used for overvoltage protection. Ring relay is used for ringing. the charging and discharging is called the ripple voltage [4].
Opto-coupler is used for supervision. Surge arrestor or surge
protector is an appliance designed to protect electrical devices C. Pi Low-Pass Filter
from power surges and voltage spikes. Low pass filters using LC components, i.e. inductors and
capacitors are arranged in either a pi or T network. For the pi
section filter, each section has one series component and either
III. HARDWARE DESIGN OF MICROCONTROLLER-BASED side a component to ground [5].
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE Transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low
The microcontroller-based telephone exchange system is voltage AC. Rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is
designed and built by both hardware and software controlled. varying. DC is smoothed from varying greatly to a small
In this system, the main control unit parts are involved as ripple. Generally, ripple is undesirable; thus, the smaller the
hardware implementation. The whole reading and controlling ripple, the better the filtering action. If the circuit connected to
is done by PIC software. the power supply takes a lot of current, the capacitor will
The telephone exchange uses line driver and switching discharge more quickly and there will be a higher ripple
circuit such as transistors and relay. The eight telephones are voltage. The more frequent the voltage peaks from the
connected to the collector of the transistors and common line. rectifier, the more often the capacitor will be charged, and the
The LEDs are shown whether the telephone is on-hook or off- lower the ripple voltage will be.
hook. The important portions of telephone exchange system
are microcontroller and dual tone multifrequency. DTMF is
the name for the standard touch-tone. It is the basis of voice
communication control. Each number consists of a
combination of two frequencies. DTMF decoder converts the
DTMF tones to the binary numbers and sends to the
microcontroller. Microcontroller knows which key is pressed.
Opto-coupler is sensed for hook sensing. Tone generator is
based on astable multivibrator. Ring relay is used for ringing.

A. Power Supply
In most power supply applications, the standard 60Hz AC Fig. 3 Output Voltage of Pi Low-Pass Filter
power line voltage must be converted to a sufficiently constant
DC voltage [6]. In Fig. 2, the output of a bridge rectifier must If the ripple voltage is calculated, this formula can be used.
be filtered to reduce the large voltage variations. The capacitor
filtered the output of the bridge rectifier. The filtering concept
Vr = Io (1)
showes a nearly smooth DC output voltage from the filter. The 2 fC
small amount of fluctuation in the filter output voltage is
called ripple. where Vr is the ripple voltage in Volts, I is the current taken by
In this paper, there are three kinds of power supply: 5V DC the circuit in Amps, C is the value of the smoothing capacitor
for microcontroller, DTMF and switching devices 24V for in Farads, and f is the frequency of the peaks from the full-
telephone operation and 90V for ringing. wave rectifier, in Hertz. This frequency will be double the
normal mains frequency, i.e. 100Hz in the case of the UK
mains supply, or 120Hz in the case of the US mains supply.

Assume that C = 4700µF, I = 20mA

Vr = 20x10-3A/2x50x4700x106
= 42mV (approximately 40mV)

The ripple voltage should not be more than 10% of Vs - if it

is, increase the value of the smoothing capacitor. The larger
the capacitor value, the more charge it can store, and the
Fig. 2 Output Voltage of a Power Supply
slower it will discharge. Therefore, smoothing capacitors are
normally electrolytic capacitors with values over 470μF.
4700µF capacitor is the largest and 20mA is the smallest
value. Even using these values noise are appeared. As it is

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impossible to use more than 4700µF capacitor, pi low-pass circuit, transformer center tap is kept 12V DC is got because
filter is used in this circuit. of the bridge rectifier. 12V DC is reduced by using transistor
Q1. Q1 acts as a voltage follower. Q1 base is stabilized by
using 6.2V zener diode. Q1 emitter is 12-6.2 = 5.6V. Zener
diode is used with a transistor because sufficient current is
needed. If only zener diode is used, the current is not enough.
C5 and C6 are reduced the output ripples from 12V. Diode D7
protects the transistor from the reverse current that emerges
from logic circuit. 0.6V is reduced and the output voltage is
Fig. 4 RC Filter Circuit got 5V passing through diode D7. 5V is supplied the
1 microcontroller 16F877, DTMF MT8870D and switching
j 2∏ fC devices. Using 5V zener diode regulator is cheap.
vo = vi ∗ [ ]
R + j 2∏ fC
E. Powering the Telephone
= vi ∗ ( 1 )
1 + j 2∏ fCR Telephones require large DC voltages for standard
operation. When a phone is in the on-hook state (receiver in
vo = vi ∗ ( 1 ) (2) cradle) the required voltage is 24V DC. This is said to be
2
1 + ( 2∏ fCR ) called the idle voltage. When the phone is in the off-hook state
(receiver has been picked up) the required voltage is 12V DC.
In this equation the more the frequency, the less the output When the phone is on-hook no DC current actually flows.
voltage. DC current is needed but noise frequency is 100 Hz This is because the only circuitry connected to the line is the
that is twice of the line frequency. ringer circuitry, which includes a capacitor. The capacitor will
C1 and D5 are used because AC for ringing and DC for only allow AC signals to pass through such as the ringing
telephone operation are used together. When AC converts to signal.
DC, ripples are appeared. C1 reduces the output ripples from When the phone becomes off-hook the resistance of the
the bridge rectifier and low pass filter reduces the output whole phone circuitry was found to be 600Ω. Once off-hook,
ripples again from C1. This circuit is called pi-filter. R3 DC current can now pass through the phone.
(470Ω/1W) limits the current that draws the telephone. D6
protects the circuit from the reverse current. In this paper, R1,
C2 and C3 act as a pi low-pass filter, to eliminate harmonics of
the supply frequency.

D. 5V Zener Diode Regulator

Fig. 5 5V Zener Diode Regulator

A regulator circuit can use to provide a DC voltage that not

only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same Fig. 6 Telephones and Switching Circuits
DC value even if the input DC voltage varies somewhat, or the
load connected to the output DC voltage change. The large Each telephone is connected in series with the common line
value of the capacitor is needed to filter the ripple voltage and the collector of the transistor. Microcontroller always
according to charging and discharging actions. The scans which phone is off-hooked by giving high voltage to the
unregulated DC voltage is achieved from the capacitor filter transistors alternately. If one of the phones is off-hooked, the
which is regulated to have 5V DC voltage by using zener transistor associated with the off-hooked phone will turn on
diode regulator. 24V DC and 90V AC are not regulated. and the collector current flows through the phone line and the
Because the voltage must be stable for microcontroller .The common line to the opto-coupler. The opto-coupler is used to
supply voltage needs to be between 5.5V and 4.5V at most. detect hook sensing.
The line voltage 220V AC is transformed to 12V. The step-
down voltage is then applied to the bridge rectifier. In this

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F. Design of On-Hook/Off-Hook Sensing G. Tone Generator

In controlling environment must always be aware of the The proper name for this circuit is "astable multivibrator". It
current hook state of each telephone. Obviously the phone can is a simple, free - running oscillator circuit timed by the sizes
either be in the on or off-hook state. In the hook sensing of the resistors, capacitors, and power supply voltage.
design, NEC 2403 opto-coupler is used to sense the line Unfortunately, its output waveform is much distorted. For the
current. Opto-coupler is designed to provide complete simple purpose of making an audio tone, however, distortion
electrical isolation between an input circuit and an output doesn't matter much. With a 5V supply and 22nF capacitors,
circuit. the oscillation frequency will be in the low audio range. This
The input circuit of an optical coupler is typically an LED, signal is amplified by the amplifier. The multivibrator itself is
but the output circuit can take several forms, such as the photo just two transistors, two resistors, and two cross-connecting
transistor. When the input voltage forward-biases the LED, capacitors.
light transmitted to the photo transistor turns it on, producing When pin 16 is high, two transistors Q11 and Q12 get supply
current through the external load. When the phone becomes voltage. Two transistors are used as astable flip flop. Two
off-hook, current flows through the opto-coupler causing it to capacitors C17 and C18 are feedback each other. So two
switch. The switching normally changes an external circuit so transistors turn on alternately. Oscillation frequency is got
that the phone becoming off-hook can be reported to the based on RC timing due to the charging and discharging. The
microcontroller. output frequency is amplified by amplifier. R50 and Q10
When the phone is on-hook, no current flows through the (MA42) act as an amplifier. The amplified frequency is
opto-coupler and phone circuitry because the capacitor within produced via tone line through relay to the common line. Then
the phone’s ringer circuitry blocks DC current. This means the auto dialing tone is heard in off-hooked phone and key is
there is no connection in the switching circuitry and the value pressed.
of the hook sensing pin is 5V. When the phone becomes off-
hook current will now flow down through the opto-coupler
and phone circuitry. The current through the opto-coupler
causes it to switch. Therefore current now flows in the
switching circuitry and the value of the hook sensing pin will
0V.

Fig. 7 Off-Hook Detector Circuit

Fig. 8 Astable Multivibrator Tone Generator
The current is applied to the input of the opto-coupler, its
LED lights, its light sensor then activates, its transistor is turn H. Ring Generation
on and the output voltage is low. The output voltage goes to A ring generation system needs to be present on telephone
pin 10 (PORT RB1) in the microcontroller. Microcontroller exchange. Ring relay is connected to the tone line and ring
always scans until PORT RB1 is low level. If PORT RB1 is line. More commonly the ring signal is at about 25 Hz and
low level, one of the phones will off-hook. Then around 90 V. This AC ring signal is then superimposed onto
microcontroller stops scanning and give high level to tone the 24V DC required when the phone is in the on-hook state.
control pin 16 (PORT RB4). C9 is used for not letting DC to The ring signal circuitry has been designed a technique needs
pass through opto-coupler, R23 is shut resistor and R22 is used to be implemented so that the ring signal can be cadenced. The
to limit the current passing through opto-coupler LED and one technique used to achieve this based around one relay. The
reverse connected diode in parallel with opto-coupler LED to relay controls when the ring signal is cadenced, by connecting
prevent negative voltages from damaging the LED. 24V DC for tone and 90V AC for ringing.

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I. Generation of Progress Tones RA0:RA3. The microcontroller needs to send DTMF tones to
A Telephony network needs a system whereby users can be the telephone line. RA0:RA3 read or write binary number
informed of the current state of their telephone. Signals such while decoding tones. RB1 bit is configured as input pin from
as dial tones, ring tones and busy tones do just this. Without on-hook and off-hook the phone line. The microcontroller uses
these signals the user can be left wondering if the network is RB0 bit to scan 25HZ ringing signal. RB2 is used to control
even responding to their requests. the ring relay. The common line of relay contacts relay pin 4,
ring tone can be heard. RB4 is utilized to control the tone
J. DTMF Detection generator. PORT C is just used to know which phone is using
DTMF deals with interpreting which buttons on the with LED signals. PORT D is used to sense the eight phones.
telephone the user presses. When a button is pressed on a
phone, a signal representing that button can be transmitted. IV. SOFTWARE OF THE SYSTEM
This design will be based around only interpreting DTMF The firmware program for the microcontroller is compiled
tones. The telephone exchange system needs is a DTMF with the CCSC Compiler Tool suite version 8.02 from HI-
detection system. TECH Software. The source code is written in the MPLAB
The circuit connects to the phone’s audio line via a IDE version 7.5 from Microchip Corporation.
capacitor, which is used to block any DC current from going
to the DTMF receiver IC. The DTMF tone was received. The
circuit when tested was able to detect all DTMF tones and
handle a tone separation as small as 90 ms.
When a button is pressed on a phone, key frequency passes
through C10 and R24 to DTMF. The input tone signal is
decoded by the DTMF decoder and the decoded number can
be read by the PIC at D0-D3 output pins. There is no tone
signal, the output is ‘0’. If key ‘1’ is pressed, the output is
‘0001’. PIC microcontroller knows which number is pressed
by scanning the output from DTMF decoder.

Fig. 9 Connection between Microcontroller System and DTMF

Fig. 10 Pin Diagram of Microcontroller System

The operation of the phone is broken down into seven states

K. The Microcontroller based around what part of the communication process the
Pin diagram of microcontroller system is as shown in phone is currently in. A particular state is the "Off Hook –
Figure 10. The PIC16F877 microcontroller is used to control Dial" state. This state requires the audio circuitry to be
the overhaul system. Oscillator can be 4M Hz crystal and switched to the phone and a dial tone to be generated. If a
either two 15pF capacitors or the ceramic resonator of the phone needs to be put into this state, the microcontroller
same frequency (ceramic resonator already contains the knows signaling it to fulfill these requirements. Table I below
mentioned capacitors, but unlike oscillator has three lists all telephone states and describes what the requirements
termination instead of only two). The rate, at which the are for each.
program runs, depends heavily on the oscillator frequency. The state chart allows the user to see which states the user
The 4MHz crystal and capacitors connected to Pins 13 and 14 can move to from a particular state. It is track the operation of
of the 16F877A produce the clock pulses that are required to the telephone exchange by seeing Fig. 11.
step the microcontroller through the program an provide the
timing pulses. The most common power supply connecting for
the controller is 5V zener diode voltage regulator.
PORTA is configured to interface with DTMF receiver. The
incoming frequencies are decoded by DTMF and appear at

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V. IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE CONTROL SYSTEM time because only one common line is used. If two pairs are
Firstly, when the telephone is off-hook, a signal is sent to used, two common lines must be used.
the microcontroller which the microcontroller understands to
receive the phone number and the first digit is dialed. The first
digit is internal code (*). When the code is dialed, the
microcontroller knows whether the code is correct or wrong. It
begins the routing process. If internal key (*) is received, the
number the user want to call is entered. When the number is
correct, the call progress starts. If there is invalid code or
invalid phone number or idle called phone or self call, busy
tone will be heard. In call progress state, there are four sub
states: tone wait, tone generate, ring wait and ring generate. If
the called phone is off-hook, success state begins. If the caller
phone is on-hook in any state, the state must be idled and if
the time is out, the busy tone will be heard.

TABLE I
PHONE STATE REQUIREMENTS
Phone
State Ring Generated Tone Generation
Connection
On Hook Ring Circuitry No No Tone
On Hook -
Ring Circuitry Yes No Tone
Ringing
Off Hook Audio Circuitry No No Tone
Off Hook-
Audio Circuitry No Dial Tone
Dial
Off Hook-
Audio Circuitry No Busy Tone
Busy
Off Hook-
Audio Circuitry No Ring Tone
Ring
Off Hook-
Audio Circuitry No No Tone
Connect

VI. CONCLUSION
The design concept for the microcontroller-based telephone
exchange system has been defined.
The telephone exchange system demonstrates call switching
concepts. In this paper, 220V transformer steps down to 90V,
50Hz. It is not a standard design but useful. 24V DC is
Fig. 11 State Chart of the Control Program
employed for telephone operation because telephone
exchanges are used only for the surroundings, buildings and
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
offices within 500 yards and 24V DC is for low power
consumption. But 48V DC can be used for long distance. 5V We would like to thank U Kyaw Zwa Soe, U Aung Aung
zener diode voltage regulator is applied because it is enough to Thein and Dr. Win Aye for their comments on the early drafts
operate and the required current is not more than 1A. of this paper. We would also like to thank the referees for their
Instead of using ready made tone generator IC, oscillator help in improving the clarity of the presentation.
based tone generator is used. Hence, there is no need to spend
the foreign exchange. Continuous tone is dial tone, discrete REFERENCES
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