Factors Affecting the Level of Effectiveness of

Security Provided by the barangay police in

Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan, City

A Research Paper

Presented to the

Faculty of Criminology Department

Divine Word College of Calapan

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

MAIKHA JAYONA CEPILLO ORDANZA

MARCH 2020
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Community policing, or community-oriented policing, is

a strategy of policing that focuses on building ties and

working closely with members of the communities. A formal

definition state:

"Community policing is a philosophy of full-service

personalized policing, where the same officer patrols and

works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a

decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with

citizens to identify and solve problems." (Bertus Ferreira)

The central goal of community policing is for the police to

build relationships with the community through interactions

with local agencies and members of the public, creating

partnerships and strategies for reducing crime and

disorder. Although community policing mostly targets low-

level crime and disorder, the broken windows theory proposes

that this can reduce more serious crime as well.[8]

Community policing is related to problem-oriented

policing and intelligence-led policing, and contrasts with

reactive policing strategies which were predominant in the

late 20th century. It does not eliminate the need for

reactive policing, although successful prevention can reduce

the need for the latter. Many police forces have teams that

focus specifically on community policing, such

as Neighborhoods Policing Teams in the United Kingdom, which

are separate from the more centralized units that respond to

emergencies.

The overall assessment of community-oriented policing is

positive, as both officers and community members attest to

its effectiveness in reducing crime and raising the sense of

security in a community.[9][10]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policing

Community partnership in creating safe and secure

environment for all. Whereby the people take active part in

their own affairs; the police are not seen as a problem or

stranger whose presence stands for danger but as partners in

development and those members of the community are co-

producers of justice and quality police service. This fact

indicates the need of involving the community, the local

government and the police to work together to tackle crime.

One rationale for public involvement is the belief that

police alone can neither create nor maintain safe

communities. Therefore, community policing has emerged as a

major issue in the development of public safety for many

countries in the world. For example, England [3], Singapore,

Canada [4], Israel and Scandinavian countries i.e.,

Norweigian, Swedish, Danish, Finish, Finnish, have variously

introduced some form of community policing by 2000.

Community policing is a worldwide growth.

(https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/community-policing-

practice-roles-challenges-and-prospects-in-crimeprevention-

in-east-gojjam-administrative-zone-2375-4435-1000160.php?

aid=89633)

The common history in the Philippines can be traced

back to the reigns of the pre-Hispanic lakans, datus and

sultans in the islands, where soldiers who served in the

communities where the people lived (and which reported

directly to local leaders) also enforced local laws. All

changed with the arrival of the Spanish rule and the

introduction of Western law to the archipelago. Until 1868,

personnel of the Spanish army and local militias were also

tasked with policing duties in local

communities, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Nation

al_Police

A barangay tanod, also known as a barangay police officer --

and sometimes as BPSO (which can stand for barangay public

safety officer (Phil. Congress HB00446), barangay

peacekeeping and security officer, or barangay police safety

officer) -- is the lowest level of law enforcement

officer in the Philippines. He is a watchman for

a barangay who is supervised by the barangay captain and

performs a variety of police functions. Tanods are "front

liners (sic) in the preparation and response to any type of

atrocities, public disorders, emergencies and even disasters

or man-made calamities that threaten peace and order and

public safety."[1] They may be either unarmed or armed

simply, say with a truncheon or a bolo, a type of machete.

While they cooperate with the Philippine National

Police (PNP), they are not a part of the PNP. [3] They do not

have the same authority as police officers.[4] Rather tanods

augment the police and fulfill "certain functions which the

police force cannot immediately discharge especially with

respect to the implementation of national and local laws

within barangays."[4] The Local Government Code of the

Philippines sets out the basic duties and responsibilities

of a tanod. The Department of Interior and Local

Government provides training and a fuller definition of

duties.[4]

They may be either unarmed or armed simply, say with

a truncheon or a bolo, a type of machete.[2] They are not

officially armed with guns, though some do carry arms.
[2]
 Those who do carry a gun may have obtained a private

license as a private citizen and not as part of their

official tanod duties, while others carry the firearms

illegally.

While they are often described as volunteers, [5] they can

receive some payment and other benefits [1] which are paid out

of the barangay's, municipality's, or city's funds[6] which

mostly come from the Internal Revenue Allotment,

supplemented by other sources. Tanods can receive different

pay and benefits depending upon the wealth and need of the

local community. In Cebu City, the city government permits

each barangay to pay a tanod an "honorium" of

4,000 pesos per month.[7] In other places, tanods only

receive 300 pesos per month.[8]

In 2004, there were over 700,000 tanods. [9] (There are about

140,000 personnel of the Philippines National Police.) The

number, however, varies from city to city and barangay to

barangay. The city of Cebu authorizes each barangay to hire

up to 20 tanods.[8] In 2011, the city of Baguio, with a

population of approximately 325,000, had 392 tanods across

88 barangays, or an average of 4.5 per barangay.

[4]
 In Cagayan de Oro, there are 950 tanods across 56
barangays, or about an average of 17 per barangay.[10] In the

province of Southern Leyte, there were 3,452 tanods as of

2012.[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanod#History

The barangay tanod brigade plays an important role in the

development and progress of the barangay.  It is one of the

implementing mechanisms of the Barangay Peace and Order

Committee (BPOC), which has the primary task of ensuring

that peace and order prevail in the barangay.

Peace and order in local communities translates to a sense

of a shared feeling of security among the citizens.  People

who have this sense of security are more likely to

participate in community activities that aim to improve the

livelihood and well-being of all.  In this sense, the

maintenance of peace and order is part of the foundation for

genuine, community-based development.

The barangay tanod is a community brigade composed of

civilian volunteers duly appointed by the Punong Barangay

upon recommendation of the Barangay Peace and Order

Committee (BPOC).  While the Local Government Code provides

a maximum of twenty (20) tanods in each barangay, it may

create more as maybe necessary to carry out the purposes of

the barangay government in accordance with the needs of

public service, subject to the budgetary limitations of the

barangay.

The barangay tanod shall be supervised by the Punong

Barangay.  The Punong Barangay shall also designate a Chief

Tanod/ Executive Officer to head the group.  The tanod shall

be organized into teams composed of a Team Leader and two

(2) to four (4) members.

https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-

reports-resources-2016120_5e0bb28e41.pdf

The barangay tanod plays an important role in the

development and progress of the barangay.The primary task is

to ensure the peace and order. The full coordination,

cooperation and strict compliance of the residents of

Brangay Mahal na Pangalan to the 13 barangay police is

needed in achieving the goal of eliminating the different

kinds of crime.

Background of the Study

In the year 2017, there were 2 cases, most of them were

robbery and gambling. From 2018 there were 2 cases, and from

January 2019 to June there were 6 cases and most of them

were vehicle accidents.

Security is important in day and night but most importantly

is during night time. Criminals have the opportunity to

commit crimes because of a smaller number of people and dark

surroundings will give them the courage to commit crimes

such as robbery, rape and murder. Another thing is that they

can easily escape and hide during night time.

Security, according to Wolfers, is a value of which a nation

can have more or less and which it can aspire to have in

greater or lesser measure.  Writing during the same period

as Wolfers, Bernard Brodie observed that not everyone views

security as a matter of degree. He cited as an example a

statement by General Jacob L. Devers: National security is a

condition which cannot be qualified. We shall either be

secure, or we shall be insecure. We cannot have partial

security. If we are only half secure, we are not secure at

all. Although Brodie, Wolfers, and others have criticized

such views, the idea of security as a matter of degree

cannot be taken for granted.

(https://www.princeton.edu/~dbaldwin/selected

%20articles/Baldwin%20(1997)%20The%20Concept%20of

%20Security.pdf)

The present weak economic condition that we confront

increases the risk of securing life and property and

maintaining Peace and Order. Day by day, crimes happen

around us, which we cannot simply disregard. The limited

number of our policemen can hardly cope in reducing the rate

of criminality. Given this scenario, the Barangay can

provide some assistance in terms of providing supplementary

force to our police officers and Barangay officials and

complementing the effort of deterring crimes in the

community level.

Barangay Tanods are at the forefront in maintaining Peace

and Order in every Barangay. They serve as effective and

indispensable instrument of even the smallest Local

Government Unit (LGU) in pursuing its vision of effective

and efficient governance. They are composed of civilian

volunteers guarding our own neighborhood from lawless

elements and they have proven their worth in the prevention

of crime by serving as deterrent to criminals especially in

areas where policemen are scarce. Armed with nightsticks,

they are often exposed to dangers. Although they are given

some incentives pursuant to the Local Government Code, these

are often not commensurate to the type of risks that are

inherent in the nature of the job that they perform. Given

this setting, a look into the nature of the jobs of Barangay

Tanod, its impact and limitations as well as prospects of

maximizing their services to enhance national security

proved to be not only timely but also necessary.

(http://www.ndcp.edu.ph/index.php/library/thesis-1654/)

Peacekeeping or security is the basic function of barangay

police in Barangay Mahal na Pangalan. And visibility is one

of the main trusts of the peacekeeping activity. Without

this, it would be very difficult to maintain peace and

order. However, enhanced police visibility may not work in

all situations or fail to achieve its objective of

addressing criminality. This is where the police must share

the mantle of responsibility for fighting crime with the

members of the community. Community cooperation and support

is indispensable. In fact, the peace and order and public

safety can be assured only with the active involvement of

the residents of Barangay Mahal na Pangalan.

Theoretical Framework

Situational theory crime prevention has been defined as "the

use of measures directed at highly specific forms of crime,

which involve the management, design or manipulation of the

immediate environment in as systematic and permanent a way

as possible" (Clarke & Hough: 1980). It is sometimes

referred to as "primary prevention" or "opportunity

reduction" and it seems most relevant to offences which

 cluster in time or space, and are high rate, creating crime

"hot spots". This theory seek to develop ways of making

crime "more difficult", and of making people more aware of

opportunistic crime, say through advertising campaigns, and

of how physical environment encourages or deters crime.

Situational crime prevention (Clarke: 1995, 1997) has four

components:

1. a theoretical foundation drawing upon routine activity

and rational decisions.

2. a standard methodology based on the action research

paradigm,

3. a set of opportunity-reducing techniques or target

hardening, and

4. a body of evaluated practice including studies of

displacement. (Clarke, 1997: 6)

It focuses on reducing crime opportunities rather than on

the characteristics of criminals or potential criminals. The

strategy is to increase the associated risks and

difficulties, and reduce the rewards. It asserts that crime

is often committed through the accident of a practical or

attractive opportunity, e.g. that a car is found unlocked or

a window left open and that patterns in criminal activity

are not simply based on where criminals live. For crimes

aimed at households, initiatives include encouraging people

to make their homes more secure – sometimes called 'target

hardening' – and marking their property for easier

identification. Responsibility rests with the individual

householder; the police role is usually restricted to giving

free specialist security advice. The most interesting

criticism of this theory is that it may breed a fortress

society where everyone is locked in his or her homes to

prevent crime. At the community level, Neighborhood Watch

schemes encourage people to monitor their neighbourhoods and

to report suspicious incidents to the police. Environmental

design focuses on improving street lighting, controlling

access to buildings, restricting pedestrian and traffic

flow, and dividing residential spaces into identifiable

areas. The most ambitious environmental design schemes have

been carried out in the United States where the property of

the rich is protected by expensive hardware, alarm systems,

and even private guards. The overall challenge is to

motivate those most in need of protection against crime to

help themselves. This raises the need for a corporate or

inter-agency response to crime prevention, rather than

devolving all responsibility onto the individual.

This is a practical application of the control theory and

answers the question, "Why don't people commit crime?" by

"Because of social control and deterrents". This implies

that crime and delinquency are a result of choice, and

Clarke and Cornish (1985) posit that, "...crime is purposive

behavior designed to meet the offender's commonplace needs

for such things as money, status, sex, excitement, and that

meeting these needs involves the making of (sometimes quite

rudimentary) decisions and choices, constrained as they are

by limits of time and ability and the availability of

relevant information." Thus, offenders make decisions that

appear rational (to the offenders at least) to engage in

specific criminal acts.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_realism#Neo-Positivism)

Foundation’s Theory

The Foundation’s Theory of Change did not define

community security or community per se but focused on the

weakness of the national police force (the PNTL) and their

‘ineffectiveness at responding to safety and security

needs’. The community is understood as a traditional local

unit – a suku or village - and is taken as being represented

via its elected leaders – the Suku Council– and by customary

authority figures. The point of departure – the key

assumption for the Foundation in Timor-Leste - was ‘low

crime but high insecurity’ and ‘responses to the security

and safety issues facing most communities’ as being ‘often

driven by local leaders rather than the State security

apparatus’. The Foundation is focused on ‘interaction

between the police and communities’ and considers community

policing as ‘a potentially important tool through which to

improve police-community relations, develop a model of

interaction between the state and traditional leaders,

strengthen accountability of the police to the citizens, and

generally improve the safety and security environment in

Timor-Leste. In turn, improved policing should help

strengthen the police as an institution and position it to

respond in a proactive way to security threats and limit

insecurity nationwide.’

The Theory proposes that the ‘establishing of state-

community security models at the suku level, and building

those examples into institutional reforms to develop

proactive safety and security approaches, will contribute to

strengthened state-society relations, and a more stable

environment in Timor-Leste’.

The Theory and its implementation are based on a multi-

level approach, with specific sub-theories:

Sub-theory 1 - Collaborative security: If we can

establish space and mechanisms for cooperation between law

enforcement and leaders at the local level, then they can be

led through a series of steps to jointly provide effective

security from which practical experience based community

policing results can be integrated into higher institutional

reforms.

Sub-theory 2 – Key Actors: If we can connect verifiable

community policing results to higher level security and

political actors, as well as reform initiatives, policies

will be adopted which support community-level cooperation

and community-oriented security.

Sub-theory 3- Citizens Action: If we can connect

collaborative security results with expectations by the

wider population through the media and outreach, the

political environment will become more conducive for

adopting institutional reforms, as well as changing

practical responses by [the national police] PNTL officers

working at the community level.

(http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/JSRP

/downloads/JSRP16.Djurdjevic.pdf)

The Theory of Change

The Theory of Change (ToC) studied for this paper is

labelled the Community Security Practice Theory. Community

security is one of the seven dimensions of human security

elaborated in the 1994 Human Development Report in relation

to the security that people derive from the groups they

belong to and that provide a cultural identity and a

reassuring set of values.  According to the United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP), the contemporary concept of

community security includes both group and personal

security, focusing on ensuring that communities and their

members are ‘free from fear’, or, in broader definition, to

ensure “freedom from want’. It supposes to bridge the gap

between a focus on the state and on the individual, and to

promote a multi-stakeholder approach that is driven by an

analysis of local needs. ‘A key focus is on developing

inclusive political processes to manage state-society

relations’. Community policing is an appropriate entry point

into the process of enhancing community security, but is a

narrower approach, i.e. it is not the same as Community

Security. While the Foundation in general uses a political

economy approach, this Theory of Change has not been

explicitly situated within the broader academic and/or

policy literature.(

http://learningforsustainability.net/theory-of-change/)

The Organizational Theory

An organization, by its most basic definition, is an

assembly of people working together to achieve common

objectives through a division of labor. An organization

provides a means of using individual strengths within a

group to achieve more than can be accomplished by the

aggregate efforts of group members working individually.

Business organizations are formed to deliver goods or

services to consumers in such a manner that they can realize

a profit at the conclusion of the transaction. Over the

years, business analysts, economists, and academic

researchers have pondered several theories that attempt to

explain the dynamics of business organizations, including

the ways in which they make decisions, distribute power and

control, resolve conflict, and promote or resist

organizational change. As Jeffrey Pfeffer summarized in New

Directions for Organization Theory, organizational theory

studies provide "an interdisciplinary focus on a) the effect

of social organizations on the behavior and attitudes of

individuals within them, b) the effects of individual

characteristics and action on organization,'¦ c) the

performance, success, and survival of organizations, d) the

mutual effects of environments, including resource and task,

political, and cultural environments on organizations and

vice versa, and e) concerns with both the epistemology and

methodology that undergird research on each of these

topics."
Of the various organizational theories that have been

studied in this realm, the open-systems theory has emerged

as perhaps the most widely known, but others have their

proponents as well. Indeed, some researchers into

organizational theory propound a blending of various

theories, arguing that an enterprise will embrace different

organizational strategies in reaction to changes in its

competitive circumstances, structural design, and

experiences.( https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/organization-

theory.html)
Research Locale

Ca la p a n Ba y

P HS

Brg y. Ba lite
B rg y. Wa wa

W E

Legend:

Barangay Hall
PHS LEMNAHIS Annex
B rg y. Ma s ip it Barangay Boundary
Provincial Road
City / Barangay Road

BRGY. MAHAL NA Parcel

Unconcreted Road

P ANGALAN Concreted Road

River
Ca la p a n City, Orie n ta l Min d o ro

Figure 1

Barangay Mahal Na Pangalan, Calapan City,

The study focused on studying the factors affecting the

level of effectiveness of security provided by barangay

police in Barangay Mahal na Pangalan. As of 2019, the

detailed profile of Barangay Mahal na Pangalan has a total

population of 3, 020, with the current Barangay Chairman

Lawrence Camarillo. The Barangay was composed of 13 Barangay

Tanod or Barangay Police.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Factors affecting the
level of effectiveness
Level of Effectiveness
in Security
provided by the of Security
barangay police in provided by the
Mahal na Pangalan
barangay police in
Calapan city in terms Mahal na
of:
Pangalan,Calapan city
a.Budget and equipment

b.Personnel

Programs that can be proposed to improve the level of

effectiveness of security provided by the barangay police in
Mahal na Pangalan Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro.

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows the conceptual framework of this study

showing the hypothesized relationship between the

independent variables and dependent variables, enumerated as

follows.
 The independent variable includes the factors the level

of effectiveness of security provided by the barangay police

in Barangay Mahal na Pangalan in terms of budget and

equipment.

The dependent variable includes level of level of

effectiveness of security provided by barangay police in

Barangay Mahal Na Pangalan, Calapan city.

The third box at the bottom of the figure 2 shows the

programs that can be proposed to improve the level of

effectiveness of security provided by the barangay police in

Mahal na Pangalan Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro.

Statement of the problem

This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the

level of effectiveness of security provided by the barangay

police in Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro.

The researcher sought to answer the following questions.

1. What are the factors affecting the Level of Effectiveness of

Security provided by the barangay police in Mahal na

Pangalan, Calapan City in terms of:

A) Budget and

B) Equipments

2. What is the level of effectiveness of security provided

by the barangay police in Mahal na Pangalan in Calapan City.

2. Is there a relationship between the factors affecting and

the level of effectiveness of the security provided by the

barangay police in Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan City, Oriental

Mindoro?

3. Programs that can be proposed to improve the level of

effectiveness of security provided by the barangay police in

Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro?

Hypothesis of the study

There is no significant relationship between the

factors affecting and the level of effectiveness of Security

provided by the barangay police in Mahal na Pangalan,

Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro.

Significance of the study

The findings, conclusions and recommendations of this

study will be beneficial and significant to the following:

Barangay Officials. This study would serve as a vital guide

to the security personnel assigned at Barangay Mahal Na

Pangalan in improving their duties.

Residents of Mahal na Pangalan. This study will broaden the

knowledge of the residents regarding crime occurrence.

The Criminology students. As the future law enforcer, this

study may help them to be knowledgeable on how to prevent

crime.

Future Researchers. The result of this study would help the

future researches realize the goal of the study. They may

use the data of this study to come up with a bigger or wider

spectrum about the subject on crime.

Scope and Delimitation

This study circled around the factors affecting the

level of security provided by the barangay police. The

researcher conducted the study in Mahal na Pangalan, calapan

City. The respondents were specific residence of the

barangay.

This study was conducted from june 2019 to March 2020.

Definition of Term

Security personnel – refers to barangay Police, BPATS

,barangay officials and barangay tanods.

Barangay Tanod/police- is a watchman for barangay who is

supervised by the barangay captain and perform a variety of

police function.

Crime against persons- are those crimes committed by direct

physical harm to another person such as murder ,homicide

,physical injuries and Rape.

Level of performance -is a value used to define the ability

of safe related parts of control systems to perform a safety

function under foreseeable condition .

Resident -a person who lives or has their home in a place.

Crime - is the omission of a duty that makes the offender

liable to punishment by law or a behavior that is

prohibited, as well as behavior or an act that is required

by law.

Crime prevention- Crime prevention is an attempt to eliminate

crime either prior to the initial occurrence or before further

activity. Community - Some conceive community as a geographic

area and others look community as an area of common life. The

following definitions shows the essence of community, According

to UN office on drugs and crime, “community” can refer to small

neighborhoods, areas within a city, or small villages or towns,

or in some cases groups of citizens with particular concerns.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 This chapter present the related literature and studies

both foreign and local sources.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Fritsch, Lieterbach & Taylor (2009)

Patrol is the most visible and recognized function of modern

police. On average, about 60 percent of the sworn personnel

in epolice organizational assigned to patrol (Walker &

Katz , 2008) . Police officers invariably begin their

careers as patrol officers, and the “ beat cop ” experience

provides a common practice that shapes the attitudes and

actions of all officers with the officers within the

organization . Citizens identify with the officer on patrol

more than any other aspect of the police organization

because the patrol officer is most accessible in times of

crisis or when assistance is needed . Routine patrol tends

to dominate officer shift time across various types of

jurisdiction , including small towns , rural place ,and

larger urban centers. These facts make clear that patrol is

a cornerstone of modern policing-something that is essential

to the law enforcement enterprise.

The term patrol deployment encompasses the most fundamental

issues associated with the patrol function , including where

, when ,where ang how patrol officer should be assigned to

most efficiently and effectively accomplish the goal outline

above . Patrol deployment issues are not simple or “cut-and

– dried .” These issues are different complex because police

executives must take into account a wide range of concern

both organization and community based in order to maximize

departmental resources an= address the concern and

priorities of citizens who often disagree as to what

problems police should confront and how they should confront

them . There is for all practical purpose , no limit on

community demand upon police . In regard to the patrol

function police executive must accomplish n infinite number

of jobs using resources that are increasingly constrained

and finite.

According to Levinson (2004) . “ the patrol exercise

is not only limited to crime control but also to reduce the

fear with the neighborhood”. This build stronger

relationship between police and community and wins the

residents trust. Therefore , patrolling is one way

securing , protecting , preserving the life and property and

assuring the safety of the people in the community.

In Omaha , police are stepping up their presence in

two well known neighborhoods .The new beat patrols will hit

the streets of Dundee and Benson at 5:30 p.m. each night

with the goal of keeping everyone in these busy

neighborhoods safer.

Capt. Shayna Ray said with newly graduated class ,

there are now more officers on the street. Its welcome news

for Megan Hunts and her business partner , who just opened

up the hello holiday in Dundee.

Definitely having cops doing a beat in the Dundee

neighborhood as well as the Benson neighborhood ,would not

only make the nightlife scene a little bit safer for

everybody but just give some peace of mind to the business

owners in the whole area. Almost similarly is a descriptive

correlational design which uses existing mutual.

Hence ,officers are to become experts in the area they

are supposed to reach out to the community; theyre supposed

to be out on foot patrol and bike patrol “ Reyes said ”.

This unique shift will allow them to focus on those

demand times, as well as be a little more proactive in the

area.’’ Said City Council President Pete Festersen .

The new beat will also reach out to residential areas ,

where Ray says there trying to put a dent in burglaries.

Moreover , beat policing is based on traditional policing

(late 19th century) and utilizes the close relationship with

rhea community members within the assigned beat to strength

police effectiveness and encourage cooperative effort to

make a safer community . beat police typically patrol on

foot or bicycle which provides more intersection between

police and community members (miller 2013).

FOREIGN STUDY

Random prevent patrol strategies are based on the idea

that visible police presence is an area provides a general

deterrent effect on the crime and that subsequent, the

general public fear of crime is reduced by that same police

presence .It would be excepted , as a result that crimes

that would normally take place in fairly public areas , such

as general property offences or street crimes would be more

significant impact by preventive patrolling practices ,where

offences typically committed in relative seclusion would be

less susceptible to the deterrence effect of preventive

patrolling . The utilization of police resources for random

preventive patrol activities in strategically defined goals

are utilize , is far more effective in reducing crime

(Sherman & Weisburd ,1995).

If patrol targeted on areas where crime is

concrntrated are most likely to be effective ,what should

officer do when they are crime hotspot. A recent US study

randomly assigned 83 hotspot of street violence to receive

either problem solving , high intensity foot patrol or the

standard police response (Tailor et al. 2011).

It found random patrol had no effect on crime disorder

or fear of crime evidence specifically on random foot patrol

has similarity shown that it has no effect on crime rates .

(kelling et al. 1974) (police foundation 1981).

Safety needs include those needs that provide a person

with a sense of security and well-being. Personal security,

financial security, good health and protection from

accidents, harm and their adverse effects are all included

in safety needs. As a manager, you can account for the

safety needs of your employees by providing safe working

conditions, secure compensation (such as a salary) and job

security, which is especially important in a bad economy.

(https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-needs-theory-motivating-

employees-with-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html)

According to Jthart (2013) , he stated that random

prevent patrol strategists are based on the idea that

visible police presence in an area provides a general

deterrent effect on crime and that , subsequently , the

general public fear of crime is reduce by the same police

presence , It would be expected as a result , that crimes

that would normally take place in fairy public areas , such

as general property offenses or street crimes would be more

significant impact by preventive patrolling practices

,whereas offenses typically committed in related seclusion

would be less susceptible to the deterrence effect of

preventing patrolling , the utilization of police resources

for random preventive patrol activities is , however ,

effective at deterring crime and apprehending offenders .

Research suggest that targeted preventive activities in

strategies zone where the majority of crimes occur or when

treatment driven by specific policies or practices aimed at

meeting strategically define goal are utilized is far more

effective in reducing crime (Sherman and Weisbuurd ,1995)

Nevertheless ,Hunt et al (2014) predictive policing

shares in common a focus is more on predicting where crime

is likely to occur in the future rather than responding to

past/ on going crime concentration . the only predictive

policing study currently in the Matrix used a larger

geographic unit of analysis ,finding no impact of predictive

enforcement on property crime.

In the study of Levinson (2004) stated that “the patrol

exercise is not only limited to crime control but also to

reduce the fear within the neighborhood ”. This build

stronger relationship between police and community and wins

the resident trust .Therefore , patrolling is one way

securing , protecting ,preserving the life and property and

assuring the safety of the people in the community.

the literature and studies revised and presented

provided the researches understanding on how to go about the

present study ,Trough ,there were limited resources for both

related literature and studies .It is hoped that the conduct

of this study will pave the way for more studies.

Local literature

According to Rob Stering the Statewide Coordinator and

Liason for the Municipal Police Training Committee for the

administrative of Patrol Procedure . Patrol Procedures cover

several modules : applied patrol procedures ,Motor Vehicle

Stop ,Less-Lethal applied Simulation Training (LLAST)

.Active shooter and Patrol Response which include training

and certifying and re-certifying Patrol procedure

Instructors for Recruit , In service Reserve In remittent

academies .Also the program development , implementation

monitoring and evaluation.

Duties and Responsibilities of patrol officer are

perform crime prevention survey in assignment areas and to

ensure safety of public , report public safety hazard and

ensure corrective action are taken ,Control Traffic and

crowd during public event , attend disputed calls , address

emergency situation and contact local police station when

needed arrest criminal and take them to jail patrol Assigned

street for any suspicious and criminal activities .

Each security officer is expected to spend a

significant portion of each shift patrolling the areas

either on foot or in a security vehicle.

Patrol is typically the largest function in police

agencies around the world and the majority of officer tend

to be assign to general services duties (Bayley,1992).

Patrol officer generally spend their time responding

emergency call for the public, deterring crime through

their presence , and carrying out special assignment from

supervisor .In recent year it has become increasingly

recognized that police agencies can have a beneficial impact

on crime and disorder (lum. Koper & telep 2011; National

research council .2004; Telep & Weeiburd 2012; Weisburd &Eck

2004). Police patrol officer have likely played a major role

in police efforts to effectively address crimes as these

officer make up a substantial portion of police resources

and are on the front lines responding to crime and citizen

concern on a daily basis . An important question is the

extent to which increase police presence through increase

police patrols impact crime and disorder .If police can

determine crime through their presence ,does increasing the

quantity of this presence help reduce crime and disorder .

Being present of course is not the only activity patrol

officer engage in ,but it a major component of patrol and

one that is important to examine systematically because

agencies around the world the world devote such extensive

resources to police patrol.

LOCAL STUDY

The study of Mari et al. (2011) , it was investigation

that in a survey conducted among their respondents ,the

implementation of police patrol unit is effective in

addressing the peace and security in the community.

According to PPNP BPAT shall function solely for

community based actives ,info campaign in support to PNP

anti -criminality effort ,crime preventation and on the spot

conflict resolution. For some complex cases ,it maybe

referred to Barangay Justice System as the situation may

require , if in need of police intervention , it shall be

immediately acted upon by the police and for assistance of

the delivery of basic government service is must be

coordinated with the local government units concerned.

 Barangay patrol(BPAT) is composed of various sector in

the community envisioned to help PNP in the peacekeeping

operation , In the town of Tobias Fornier ,Barangay

Igdalaguit was chosen as the pilot area .

According to Director General Nicanor A.

Bartolome(2015) , chief of the Philippines National police

(PNP) , order to render at least four hours of security

patrol in jurisdiction . “ They will now be conducting

patrol before they go to the office and before they go to

the office and before they go to the office ,”said Bartolome

.The target time will be from 8:00a.m at 10:00 a.m in the

morning and from 3:00pm to 5:00pm .in afternoon .according

to Bartolome the PNP objective is to make use that time open

matters that need the police concern most ,which is

patrolling the street . It was implemented by Bartolome I

Metro Manila while he police visibility , Made use of foot

patrol officer established checkpoint ,deploy motorcycled

police and undertaken night watch operation among other

initiates ,more over the PNP sates in apress realeas that

they post a “crimes solution efficiency ’’ of 88.73percent

Corroborating information pertaining to this solution rates

could not be found among the sources consulted by the

Reaserch Directorate.
 Likewise , Abat(2013) stated that Davao City , the

police station is increasing police visibility in the

communities to reduce the numbers of crimes .Most of the

policemen are outside for advocacy programs and to maximize

visibility .and also ,don’t ‘let the ride in a mobile since

mostly they are on foot patrol ro observed more the

community safety this way could easily established

connection with the community criminal acts .policemen also

go house to house in different villages in the subdivision

with the area responsibility to make sure they are safe by

police force.

Moreover, Tais et al.(2012 on the status of Police

patrol Unit Stated that Police Visibility Operation is very

important on the prevention of crime and suppression of

criminal.

According to Philippine statistician (2015) ,urban

crime prevention strategies include both social crime

prevention and situational crime prevention policies .Social

crime prevention measures are those which deal with the

fundamental causes of crime or the criminogenic factors of

crime . On the other hand situational crime prevention

measures sometimes called defensive prevention measures, are

those intended to reduce the opportunities for commiting the

crime ,attempting to increase the risk and difficulties of

crimes through environmental design and management .Effort

done by the country law enforcers can be divided into three

main parts (1) holistic system approach of the criminal

justice system (2) community based policing system and

supplemented by (3) international technical cooperation

projects.

PNP (2015) describe mobile patrol as one or more police

officers conducting patrol with in designated sector a

strategy to make individual police officers responsible for

the community’s policing needs in a defined geographical

area (Queenslan police ,2014) .Beat patrol are also commonly

known as “foot patrol ”. The theorical expectation of an

increase police presences would be crimes reduction as a

result of an increase in perceived risk by offenders

(Andresen and Malleon (2014) .

PNP (2015) defined Oplan Bakal Operation as the “

conduct of spot check on person at bar joints and/or areas

considered crime prone or hotspot in order to confiscate

loose firearms and deadly weapon and prevent them from being

used in crimes .It further aims to arrest or neutralize

wousssld be motorcycle riding and walking criminals

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology, which

the researcher will use in conducting this study. This

includes the research design, respondents of the study,

research instrument, administration of questionnaire, data

gathering procedure, and statistical treatment data.

Research Design

The researcher will use descriptive-correlational

method for the study to determine the factors affecting the

effectiveness of security provided by the Barangay police in

Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan City. This is of value in

providing the facts on which scientific judgment may be

based. Descriptive method involves collection of data in

order to test the given hypothesis concerning the factors

affecting the level effectiveness of security provided by

the Barangay Police in Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan City

According to Bradbury (2005) a descriptive-

corellational method refers to a type of study in which

information is collected without making any changes to the

study subject. This means that the experimenter cannot

directly interact with the environment in which he/she is

studying in a way that would cause changes related to the

experiment. These types of studies are also sometimes known

as observational studies.

Descriptive-Correlational method helps to determine if

two or more variables are associated with each other by

explaining their relationship but not necessarily implying

that this relationship is also a cause. Almost similarly, it

is a descriptive-correlational between data to describe it

but not endeavor to establish whether these are

statistically significant or not.

This research design provides a relatively complete

picture of what is occurring at a given time and allows the

development of questions for future study. Hence, it allows

testing of expected relationships between and among

variables and the making of predictions.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the specific residents

of Barangay Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan city. The actual

number of the respondents is shown in table 1.

Table 1
Number of Respondents
 Categories Number of Respondents

Residents 50

Total 50

Research Instrument

The researcher will use and distribute self-made

questionnaire to find the answers stated in the research.

The questionnaire contains the factors affecting the level of

effectiveness of security provided by the barangay police in

Mahal na Pangalan,Calapan City in terms of budget and equipments

The first part of the questionnaire will tackle about

the factors affecting the level of security provided by the

Brangay Police and the second part will tackle about the

level of effectiveness of security provided by the Barangay

police in Mahal na Pangalan, Calapan City.

Scaling and Quantification

Interpretation and scoring of data will collect base on

the five point’s numerical scale, which will use by the

researcher where each point gets the following corresponding

verbal description. The numerical scale is equivalent to the

following verbal description.

 Table 2
Scaling and Quantification

Numerical Statistical

Scale Range/Limit Description

5 4.5 – 5 Strongly Agree
4 3.5 - 4.4 Agree
3 2.5 - 3.4 Moderately Agree
2 1.5 - 2.4 Slightly Agree
1 .5 - 1.4 Disagree

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will submit a letter of request to the

Barangay Captain of Mahal na Pangalan to seek permission to

conduct initial interview and will distribute survey

questionnaire to the specific respondents, 50 residents. The

researcher will explain each item on the guide questions to

the selected respondents and will supervise the filling out

of questionnaire. The questionnaire will serve as the survey

and guide to know if the research will be effective.

Statistical Treatment Data

The researcher will use the Bradbury’s correlational to

test the relationship between two variables. The Bradbury

product moment coefficient is more widely used in measuring

an association between two variables. Given prepared

measurement (X1, Y1), (X2, Y2), (Xn, Yn) the Bradbury

product moment coefficient is a measure of association given

by where X and Y are sample mean of X1, X2, Xn and Y1, Y2,

Yn,respectively.

R=n (Exy) – (E x) (E y)

Y (nE x2 – (Ex 2) (nE y2 _ (Ey)2

Where:

E x2 – square the sum of all the X’s

E y2 – square the sum of all Y’s

(EX) 2 – sum of all squares of the X’s

(EY) 2 – sum of all squares of the Y’s

Exy – sum of the product of X and Y

N Exy – (N) multiplied by the same of the products x