PRESENTATION: PHYSIOLOGY
TOPIC: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
NAME: MUHAMMAD ABDUL
WAHAB.
Contents
Introduction
Permeases OR Transport Proteins
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Differences between Passive Transport and
Active Transport
References
INTRODUCTION
• The movement of molecules and ions from one
location to another is known as transport. Plants
exchange solutes and water with their
environment and among their tissues and
organs. The transportation process in plants is
controlled, largely by cellular membranes.
• Transport across the membrane may be passive
or active. It may occur via the phospholipids
bilayer or by the help of specific integral
membrane proteins called permeases or
transport proteins.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane.
The movement of solutes into or out of the cell is
controlled by the plasma membrane.
Various trans-membrane proteins are present in the
cellular membranes which enhance movement of solutes
across these membranes. These proteins have three types.
1) Ion channels
2) Carriers
3) Pumps.
ION-CHANNELS:
Ion channels are transmembrane proteins which
function as selective pores through which ions can
diffuse easily across the membrane.
These channels are highly specific for one or limited
number of ion species.
The specificity depends on the size of the pore and
density of surface electric charges.
Transport of ions through channels is always passive.
CARRIERS:
These are the transport proteins which are specific for each
molecule or ion of a substrate. At one side of the membrane, the
carrier molecule bears its binding site. On binding with the
substrate molecule, the carrier goes on conformational change
and transport the substrate molecule across the membrane.
After the solute is released from the binding site the carrier
protein reverts back to its original conformation and pick up a
fresh solute molecule or ion.
These transmembrane proteins do not form pores in the
membrane.
• Transport:
• Transportation of molecules and ions
• takes place by two ways.
• 1) Passive transport
• 2) Active transport
Passive transport: It is the type of transportation in
which an ion or molecule crossing a membrane moves
down its electrochemical or concentration gradient
without the expenditure of energy.
It is of three main types:
1) Osmosis:
Movement of water molecules from higher to
lower concentration through a semipermeable
membrane.
2) Simple diffusion:
in simple diffusion transport across the
membrane takes place without the help of any
permease.
• 3) facilitated diffusion:
In facilitated diffusion molecules move
• across a membrane with the aid of
• transmembrane proteins.
• . It doesn’t require energy.
The transportation of solutes by this process is
• much greater than simple diffusion.
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
The carrier mediated transportation of
• solutes against the electrochemical potential
• gradient is called as active transport.
It requires additional input of energy that
• chiefly comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.
There are two types of active transport. i.e.,
primary active transport and secondary active
transport.
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
In primary active transport, specialized
trans-membrane proteins recognize the presence
of a substance that needs to be transported.
These proteins serve as pumps, powered by the chemical
energy ATP, to carry the desired molecules across the
membranes.
PUMPS:
The membrane transport proteins involved in primary
active transport of solutes are called as pumps.
Most of the pumps transport ions such as H+ and Ca+
across the membrane and are known as ion pumps. Some
pumps also transport large organic solutes.
Ion pumps may be of two types
1) Electro-neutral pumps
2) Electro-genic pumps
ELECTRONUTRAL PUMPS:
The pumps which are associated with transport of ions
with no net movement of charge across the membrane.
For example: H+/K+ ATPase of some animals cells,
pumps out one H+ for each K+ taken in with no net
movement of charge.
ELECTROGENIC PUMPS:
Transport of ions involves net movement of charge
across the membrane
For example: H+ ATPase found in plant and animals
cells pump out H+ with net movement of one positive
charge.
H+ ATPase and Ca+ ATPase are most common
electrogenic pumps in plant cell and there direction is
outward.
• SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
• A large number of nutrients are transported across the cell
membrane against their chemical potential or
electrochemical potential gradient by secondary active
transport mechanism and does not utilize energy liberated
by hydrolysis of ATP directly but indirectly through the
energy stored in proton electrochemical potential gradient
across the membrane.
• Secondary active transport mechanism is of two types:
• Symport
• Antiport
• SYMPORT:
• When influx of proton is coupled with movement
of other solutes in the same direction the co-
transport mechanism is called as symport and the
protein is called as symporter..
• ANTIPORT:
• When influx of proton is coupled with efflux of
other solute the co-transport mechanism is called as
antiport and the protein is called as antiporter.
Comparison:
Passive transport Active transport
1. It is a spontaneous process 1. It requires energy.
which does not require
energy. 2. It occurs against the conc.
2. It is always along the conc. Gradient and helps in the
Gradient and does not accumulation of solutes in
allow the accumulation of the cell.
substances in the interior
of the cell.
3. It is unidirectional and fast.
3. It is bidirectional and slow.
4. Decrease in temp. effects
4. Decrease in temp. does not it.
effect it.
5)
5)
It is reduced or even
• There is no effect of
stopped with the
O2 content and
decrease in O2
metabolic inhibitors
contents. Metabolic
on passive
inhibitors also effect
transport. active transport.
References:
• V. K. JAIN.
• TAIZ & ZEIGER.
Thank you
