Military Courtesy - the written, officially prescribed code of department (responsibility) for members of

the military establishments

Morale - the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit.

Military discipline - is necessary to ensure orderly and effective group action, commonly known as
teamwork.

Teamwork - is particularly important in military operations where its presence or lack of it may very well
spell the difference between victory or defeat.

With discipline, a soldier learns a sense of obligation to himself and to his comrades; to his commander
and the entire organizations.

The ultimate objective of military discipline, is unit efficiency in battle – to ensure that a unit performs its
role correctly; that it reaches its objectives, accomplishes its assigned mission and helps other units to
accomplish their mission.

We find ready application of discipline in all aspects of military life. We often hear of “supply discipline”,
water discipline”.

Training - a soldier learns to work with other soldier; learn to unify their actions into a single effort in
order to accomplish the group mission and develops the habit of prompt obedience to all orders.

Judicious Use of Punishment and Reward - the best kind of discipline is that which exacts obedience by
appealing to reason and which makes use of the so called “positive incentives” – reward.

Instilling a Sense of Confidence and Responsibility - a confident and responsible soldier realizes that
he has an obligation not only to himself but to the other soldier in the organization.

Military Courtesy -the act of politeness, civility and respect that personnel in the military organization
accord to one another.

Salute – the most important and most common form of all military courtesy.

Saluting - one of the most common and basic forms of military courtesy. It is basically an exchange of
greetings between military and/or uniformed services personnel.

How to Salute?

Salute is normally given with the right hand; when right hand is encumbered, left hand could be
used.

 The salute is made whether a headgear is worn or not.

 Rifle salutes are used in place of the hand salute when carrying a rifle.

Who are entitled to the salute?

 The National Flag and National Anthem.

  Commissioned Officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

Who are entitled to the salute?

 Civilian high officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered for them.

 Officers of the Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey and the Public Service when they are serving
with the AFP.

When to salute?

 When men seated in boats in which there is no officer, the petty officer in charge of the boat,
rises and salute all officers passing near or within the boat.

Who are entitled to the salute?

 When boarding a navy ship in which the national Flag is flying, all persons in the naval service
upon reaching the upper platform of the accommodation ladder or shipboard end of the prow,
face the national flag, and salute, then salute the Officer of the Deck (OOD).

 When leaving the ship, salute first the OOD and then the national Flag..

When to salute?

 Officers seated in boats rise in rendering and returning salutes when a senior enters or leaves
the boat or when acknowledging a gun salute

When to salute?

 Coxswain in charge of a boat rise and salute all officers entering or leaving the boat. All
members of the crew when the boat is not underway and not carrying an officer aboard stand
and salute when an officer comes alongside, leaves the side, or passes near them.

When to salute?

 In Navy building, the same general rules of saluting apply as on board navy ship. Salute all
officers senior to you on all occasions, salute all other officers on first meeting during the day.
The salute also rendered indoors during ceremonies, honoring the flag and in court martial.

When to salute?

 When in company with a senior, you always walk on his left or put him on your right. This also
applies aboard in any vehicle

When to salute?

 If officers and enlisted men are standing together not in formation and a senior approaches, the
first to perceive him shouts “ATTENTION” and all faces him and salute.
  When in formation, the officer in charge cautions his unit to attention before executing the
appropriate salute.

When to salute?

 Overtake and pass a senior officer only upon his permission. When it become necessary to walk
pass a senior officer, pass on his left side, salute when you are abreast and ask, “BY YOUR
LEAVE SIR?” When the officer returns the salute you can continue pass him.

When to salute?

 When reporting on deck or outdoors ashore, covered and salute accordingly. If reporting to an
officer, salute and state your business.

When to salute?

 An enlisted man being seated and without particular occupation rises upon the approach of an
officer, faces him and salutes. If both remain in the same vicinity, the salute need not be
repeated.

When not to render salute?

 When troops are at work.

 Indoors, except when reporting to an officer.

 When carrying articles with both hands, or being so occupied as to make saluting impracticable.

 When serving as a military prisoner.

 Terminologies

 Rank – is the combined rate and rating of an individual.

 Unrated/Non-rated/Unclassified – a term used to identify an individual who has not yet been
classified for a particular rating. His rank would carry an initial (UN). Ex: ASN(UN)

 Terminologies

 Rating – is a term used in the Navy to identify an occupational specialty that is based on
aptitude, training, experience, knowledge and skills of an individual.

 Rate – is the term used to identify the level of achievement and expertise within the individual’s
rating. Rate may also be called paygrade within a rating.

 Terminologies

 Striker – a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E1 to E3.

 Petty Officer – a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E4 to E7

➢ An interior guard duty system is installed to

preserve order, protect property, and enforce

military regulations. Security is part of the

commander’s responsibility,.

Normally, an interior guard system is composed of

the following:

➢ Field Officer of the Day (FOD)

➢ Officer of the Day(OOD)

➢ Commander of the Guard (COG)

➢ Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)

➢ Relief Commander for each relief

➢ Sentinel of the guard

Countersign

Consist of a secret challenge and

reply to aid the guards/sentinels in the

scrutiny of persons who apply to pass

the lines or it may be defined as a secret

challenge and the secret password.

DEFINITION

Challenge

The command, “HALT, WHO IS

THERE?” given by a sentry is used to

cause an unidentified person or party to

halt and be identified.

DEFINITION

Password

Word or a distinctive sound used

to answer a challenge, identifies the

person or party desiring to enter or pass

and is always a secret.

DEFINITION

Interior Guard

The guard detailed by a

commander to preserve order, protect

property and enforce regulations within

the jurisdiction of the command.

DEFINITION

Relief

Those members of the guard who,

under the supervision of and including a

corporal of the guard, have the same

watch; the procedure whereby posted

member of the guard.

DEFINITION

Sentry

An enlisted man assigned to duty

as member of the guard, to keep watch,

maintain order, protect person or

property, or warn of any attack, a

sentinel.

DEFINITION

Watch

A period of time during which a

member of a guard performs the

prescribed duties, beginning from when

he is posted and the termination when

he is relieved by proper authority.

DEFINITION

Relieve

To direct any member of the guard

to cease performance duties.

DEFINITION
Post

The place or area where a sentry

is stationed or the place where a

member of the guard other than the

sentry is required to be when not

performing duties elsewhere.

DEFINITION

Patrol Post

A post within a sentry prescribed

his own route, within specified limits, or

has his route prescribed for him.

DEFINITION

Fixed Post

A post within the limits of which a

sentry is not required to more about

appreciable for the performance of this

duty.

DEFINITION

Guardhouse

A building, tent or other location

designated as the headquarters of the

guard.

DEFINITION

Detain

The action of any person so

authorized used to secure the custody of

an illegal offender until proper authority

may be noticed.

DEFINITION
Field Officer of the Day(FOD)

FOD - A field grade officer detailed as

FOD is the Commanding Officer’s

personal representative. His primary

concern is the proper supervision in the

performance of duty of the interior

guards.

DEFINITION

Officer of the Day (OOD)

OOD - The OOD is responsible for the

proper performance of duty by the main

guards. He is charged with executing all

orders of the commanding officer

relating to interior duty guard.

DEFINITION

Commander of the Guard (COG)

COG - He is responsible for the

instruction, discipline, and performance

of the guards.

DEFINITION

Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)

SOG - The SOG is the overall supervisor

over the other NCO and sentinel of the

guards. He takes over as commander of

the guards in case no one else is

detailed as such.

DEFINITION

Relief Commander

Instruct his relief as to their orders

and duties and make certain that each

sentinel understand.

DEFINITION

Sentinel of the Guards

They must memorize, understand,

and comply with the general orders for

sentinel and comply with the specific

orders applicable to their particular

posts including the use of countersigns if

they are in effect.

DEFINITION

General Orders No. 1

To take charge of my post

and all government property in

view.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 2

To walk my post in a military

manner, keeping always on the

alert and observing everything that

takes place within sight or hearing.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 3

To report all violations of

orders I am instructed to enforce.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 4

To repeat all calls from posts

more distant from the guardhouse

than my own.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 5

To quit my post only when

properly relieved.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 6

To receive, obey and pass to

the sentinel who relieves me all

orders from the Commanding

Officer, Officer of the Day,

Commissioned and Non -

Commissioned Officers of the

guard only.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 7

To talk to no one except in line

of duty.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 8

To give an alarm in case of fire

and disorders.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 9

To call the Commander of the

Guard in any case not covered by

instructions.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 10

 To salute all Officers and all

Colors and Standard not cased.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 11

To be especially watchful at

night during the time for challenging

and to challenge all persons on or

near my post and to allow no one to

pass without proper authority.

Introduction

Identify the five (5) means of basic signal communication.

Demonstrate the standard arm and hands signal.

Demonstrate signals for combat formations and battle drills.

Explain radio communication procedures.

Signals are used to transmit commands or information when radio and other means of
communication are not available or during instances when silence must be maintained.

The use of signals is particularly useful during conduct of patrols or during the thick of firefight
where verbal commands are difficult to understand.

The use of signals are generally embodied in a unit ‘s Standing Operating Procedures (SOP) and
all members are expected to know them by heart.

A. Five (5) Means of Communication

1. WHISTLE
The whistle is an excellent signal device used by small unit leaders. It has, however,
some disadvantages. The sound of whistles from adjacent units may confuse the men
and its effectivity as a means of communication may be adversely affected by normal
noise that exists in the battle field.

2. SEMAPHORE
 Semaphore flag signaling is rarely used today except in the Navy where such method of
communication is still being used as a back-up communication means between ships at
sea
3. MORSE CODE
Morse Code is an internationally known communication code used as an
alternate to voice-radio communication. Transmission is much slower than voice-radio
communication, but it is as reliable.
Morse code messages may be relayed through dots and dashes on the
telephone or through short and long flashes on signal lights.

4. SPECIAL SIGNAL
Special signals consist of all special methods and devices used to transmit commands or
information. These may take the form of taps on the helmet or rifle stock to signal
“halt”, “danger”, “move forward” or “assemble here”. Necessity and common sense
usually dictate the appropriate special signal to be used in communicating with the men.
Nevertheless, these signals must be clearly understood and properly rehearsed by the
unit before they are used.

5. ARM AND HAND SIGNAL

Arm and hand signal are often made a part of a unit’s SOP and it may vary from
one unit to another. This silent means of relaying commands to the men are usually
used during patrols or infiltration missions when silence is extremely important.
Following are the standard arm and hand signals. However, you may device your own
for your unit, but be sure your men understand their meanings before you use them.

B. STANDARD ARM AND HAND SIGNAL

 Decrease Speed. Extend your arm horizontally sideward with your palm to the front. Then
wave your arm downward several times keeping your arm straight. Do not move your arm
above the horizontal.

 Increase Speed or Double Time. Carry your hand to your shoulder with your fist closed.
Rapidly thrust your fist upward vertically to the full extent of your arm and back to your
shoulder for several times.

 Change Direction or Column (Right or Left). Extend your left or right arm horizontally to the
side with palm facing to the front.

 Enemy in Sight. Hold your rifle horizontally with the butt in your shoulder and the muzzle
pointing in the direction of the enemy.

 Commence Firing. Extend your arm in front of your body, hip high with your palm down.
Move it through a wide horizontal arc several times.

 Commence fire. Extend the arm in front of the body, hip high, palm down
  Fire Faster. Execute rapidly the signal “Commence Firing”. For the machine gunner, this
signal means change to a higher rate of fire.

 Fire Faster - execute the Commences Fire signal rapidly.

 Fire Slower.

Execute slowly the signal “Commence Firing”. For the machine gunner, this signal means to
slow-down rate of fire.

 Cease Firing. Raise your hand in front of the forehead with your palm facing to the front.
Then swing your hand and forearm up and down several times in front of your face.

 Assemble. Raise your hand vertically to the full extent of your arm with your fingers extended
and joined with palm facing to the front. Then wave in large horizontal circles with your arm
and hand.

 Form into Column.

Raise either of your arm to the vertical position. Drop your arm to the rear, describing complete
circles in a vertical plane, parallel to your body. This signal may be used to form troop or vehicular
columns.

 Form into Echelon (Right or Left).

Face the unit being signaled and extend one arm 45 degrees above and your other arm 45
degrees below the horizontal with your palm facing to the front. Your lower arm shall indicate the
direction of the echelon. Supplementary commands may be given to ensure prompt and proper
execution.

 Form into Skirmishers (Fire Team).

Raise your both arms laterally until they are horizontal. Keep your arms and hands extended
with the palms down. If it is necessary to indicate a direction, move in the desired direction at the same
time you execute the signal. This signal is also used to command a squad to form into a line formation.

 Form into Wedge.

Extend your both arms downward and to your side at an angle of 45 degrees below the
horizontal with your palms facing to the front.

 Form into Vee. Extend your arms at an angle of 45 degrees above the horizontal and
form the letter “V” with your arms and torso.

 Platoon.

Extend both arms forward with your palms down towards the leader or the unit whom your
signal is intended. Then describe large vertical circles with your hands.

 Squad.
 Extend your hand and arm with your palm down, towards the squad leader of the squad you
are addressing. Then distinctly move your hand up and down several times from the wrist, keeping your
arm steady

 Fire Team.

Bring your right arm diagonally across your chest.

 Close Up.

Start your signal with your both arms extended sideward and palms forward. Then bring your
palms together in front of your body momentarily. When repetition of this signal is necessary, bring
your arms back to the starting position by a movement along the front of your body.

 Open Up or Extend. Start your signal with your arms extended in front of your body and palms
together. Then bring arms to the horizontal position of your sides with palms facing forward.
When repetition of this signal is necessary, return your arms along the front of your body as in
the starting position. You may repeat the signal until you are understood.

 Disperse. Extend your either arm vertically overhead. Wave the hand and arm to the front,
left, right and rear with your palm facing towards the direction of each movement.

 Forward, Advance to the Right (Left).

This signal is always used when starting from a halt. Face and move in the desired direction of
the march and at the same time extend your arm horizontally to the rear. Then swing it overhead and
forward in the direction of the movement until it is horizontal with your palms down.

 Halt

Carry your hand to your shoulder with your palm facing to the front. Then thrust the hand
upward vertically to the full extent of your arm and hold it in that position until the signal is understood.

 Freeze.

Make the signal for “halt” and clinch your hand into a fist.

 Down and Take Cover. Extend your arm sideward at an angle of 45 degrees above the
horizontal with your palm down. Then lower your hand to your side. You may use both arms in
giving this signal. Repeat the signal until understood.

 Hasty Ambush Right (Left). Raise your fist to your shoulder level and thrust it several times in
the desired direction.

 Rally Point.

Touch your belt with one hand and point to desired spot on the ground you want to designate
as your unit’s rally point.

D. RADIO EQUIPMENT, CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

 The radio is widely used in all the operating units of the Navy. It is flexible and quite
transportable such that it can go where the individual soldier goes. It provides the fastest means of
communication that is adaptable to the varying field conditions.

1. Guidelines For Radio Transmission:

 Always plan or write down your message before transmitting.

 Always listen before starting to talk so as not to interrupt other conversations. When about to
talk, press down the button on the side of the hand set and do not talk until the hissing sound
ceases.

 Speak distinctly and enunciate each word in normal tone. If the receiving operator must write
down your transmission, allow him time for copying.

 Follow the standard voice-radio procedures when transmitting.

 Release the push-to-talk button immediately after the completion of your transmission.

 Camouflage your radio set when carrying it on you back. Bend the whip antennae slightly
downward and to the rear to make it inconspicuous to the enemy. Several radio men became
casualties because they failed to take this measure.

 Radio Telephone procedures refer to the system of transmission through the use of
voice and formalized language to simplify radio communications.

 Included in this system are a call signs authorized to be used by radio stations and short
procedure words (prowords) and phrases that a radio operator uses to establish communication
with another station.

 The rationale behind the use of prowords is to prevent misunderstanding between

radio operators and repetition of transmissions.

 To preclude the possibility of committing errors in the transmission of messages thereby

giving rise to confusion between radio operators, the phonetic alphabet, which is of universal
applications is used.

 Since words have similar sounds, confusion may develop and this can be eliminated by
the use of the phonetic alphabet.

 To preclude the possibility of committing errors in the transmission of messages thereby

giving rise to confusion between radio operators, the phonetic alphabet, which is of universal
applications is used.

 Since words have similar sounds, confusion may develop and this can be eliminated by
the use of the phonetic alphabet.
 This brings us to the purposes behind the use of phonetic alphabet which are as follows:

a. To prevent the radio operator from getting confused when confronted with words having similar
sounds.

b. To spell out words that are difficult to pronounce.

Call signs are used to identify each station within a radio net. This is one security aspect of radio
communication that prevents the entry of an unauthorized entity into the net. The improper use of call
signs may signify that a violation is already committed

PROWORDS EXPLANATION/MEANING

OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.

OUT My transmission is ended and I expect no response from you.

ROGER I have received your last transmission satisfactorily.

PROWORDS EXPLANATION/MEANING

WILCO I will comply to your instruction.

QUERRY These are prowords used before a /INTERROGATIVE question.

Example: INTERROGATIVE MY SIGNAL –How do you receive

my transmission?

PROWORDS EXPLANATION/MEANING

LIMA CHARLIE I received your message Loud (LIMA) and

Clear (CHARLIE)

SAY AGAIN I did not understand your transmission.

Request repeat your transmission

I SAY AGAIN I am repeating the transmission or portion thereof

as indicated

PROWORDS EXPLANATION/MEANING

REPEAT ALL AFTER Request repeat all your transmission

after the word.

WAIT ONE Request that you wait for about one minute.

BREAK . . BREAK Emergency, stop your conversation and allow me

to use this net for a very urgent transmission

MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be

able to:

➢ State the acronym of survival.

➢ Discuss the factors to be considered in selecting

a camp site.

➢ Explain the methods and factors to be

considered in obtaining food.

➢ Explain the methods of preparing traps, fire and

preserving food.

➢ Discuss how to locate the source of water.

Survival

Is the action of staying alive in the field with

limited resources. You must try to survive when you

become separated from your unit, evading the

enemy or during the time you are a prisoner.

Survival requires a knowledge of how to live off the

land & take care of yourself.

S–

U–

R–

V-

I–

V–
A–

L–

Size up the situation

Undue haste make waste

Remember where you are

Vanquish fear and panic

Improvise

Value living

Act like the natives

Live by your wits

A. SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES

Important pointers that

you should remember when you

find yourself and your men in a

life-threatening situation. Best

remembered by the acronym:

SURVIVAL.

1. SIZE UP THE SITUATION

- By considering your own

capability as an individual, your

surroundings and the totality of

the situation you are in, your

equipment and available

supplies.

2. UNDUE HASTE MAKES

WASTE.

- Remember that if you will not

deliberately plan your moves you

are bound to waste a lot of your

energies and resources.

- Keep yourself calm, take stock

of the resources available to you

and plan how you are going to

utilize them to survive.

- Do not be too eager to move.

3. REMEMBER WHERE YOU

ARE.

- Carefully plan all your

movements so that you will not

get lost.

- Always remember where you

are in relation to the enemy

controlled areas and the location

of friendly units and controlled

areas.

- You should also know the

location of local water sources.

4. VANQUISH FEAR AND

PANIC

- Take control of your fears and

do not panic.

- You can reduce the adverse

effects of fear by hoping for the

best but expecting and preparing

for the worst eventuality.

- Maintain your optimistic attitude

and learn to accept the fact that

the situation may further turn to

worst.

5. IMPROVISE

- Be resourceful and try to make

do with available materials in

the area to improve your living

conditions.

- Learn to subsist and live with

unpleasant conditions that you

may encounter.

- Improvise a shelter

6. VALUE LIVING

- Never lose hope and remain a

true fighter.

- Preserve your health and

Conserve your strength.

- Think of your loved ones who

are concerned and are praying

for your safe return.

- Never forget your goal to

“get out alive”.

7. ACT LIKE THE NATIVES

- Learn the methods and

techniques that are used to

survive by the indigenous

people living in the area.

- Befriend to them that they may

help you survive in their natural

environment.

- Know when, where and how

they get their food and where

they get their water.

8. LEARN BASIC SURVIVAL

SKILLS

- Learn from the local residents in

the area some basic survival

skills on how to catch wild

animals for food.

- Build shelter from available

materials for your protection

against the harsh elements.

- Live by your wits to constantly

improve your chances of

survival.

B. Jungle Survival

1. Jungle survival techniques

With training and your “will to survive’,

you will find you can overcome the

obstacles you may face.

Pointers on how to survive in tropical jungle:

A) Prepare for bed early while there is still

light.

B) Be ready for sudden drops of temperature

C) Protect yourself against insects.

D) Use your clothing to protect you against

scratches.

E) Do not be bothered by the strange &

unknown sounds.

F) Avoid making camp on depressions and

low areas.

2. OBTAINING FOOD

- Food is necessary for survival since the

nutrients they provide keep the body

organs functions.

A)Plant Food. There is a wide variety of

edible plants, however, you must be

knowledgeable in choosing which

plants, or which of its parts are edible.

B)Animal Food. Animal food contains the

most food value per unit weight.

Generally anything that swims, flies,

crawls or creeps is a possible source of

food.

3. SETTING TRAPS AND

SNARES

- An unarmed survivor or an evader

who would rather not use his rifle

in order not to be discovered by

the enemy, trapping or snaring

wild game is a good way to obtain

needed animal food.

4. MAKING TRAPS & SNARES

- A snare is a noose that will slip

and strangle or hold any animal

caught.

5. PRESERVING ANIMAL FOOD

- If the situation and time allow,

you should preserve the extra

meat for later use.

6.LOCATING SOURCE OF

WATER.

- Water is one of your most

urgent needs in a survival

situation.

a) Purify Contaminated Water

b) Collect Rain Water

c) Locate Sites for Wells

d) Look for Water-rich Plant

e) Construct Survival Water Still

Collect Rain Water

Locate Sites for Wells

Purify Contaminated Water

Look for Water-rich Plant

7. BUILDING SHELTERS.

- You need a shelter to protect

you from the sun, insects,

wind, rain, hot or cold

temperatures and enemy

observation.

Selecting Shelter Location.

First, you have to decide where your

shelter site should be. The site should be :

▪Safe from flooding

▪Erosion

▪Provides pleasant atmosphere to live in

▪Near your source of water. :

8.BUILDING FIRE
A fire can fulfill several needs:

▪ Keep you warm

▪ It can keep you dry

▪ To cook food

▪ Purify water

▪ Signal

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

➢ Introduction

➢ Sources of military law

➢ Military jurisdiction

➢ Selective punitive articles

➢ Court martial

➢ The military justice system was meant to enable

commanders to disposed personnel problems in

their units in the most expeditious manner.

Speedy disposition of cases preserves discipline,

promotes justice and enhances the attainment of

the Commander’s mission.

➢ In concept, the military justice system is designed

to enforce discipline and administer justice in the

military service, and it is composed of four (4)

components:

1. Investigation - is the process of looking into the

circumstances of a case for the purpose of verifying

and establishing the facts.

2. Prosecution - the accusation of a crime before a

legal tribunal.

3. Trial or adjudication - a legal action before a

judge and jury.

4. Judgment or decision - punishment given to

the accused who committed such crime.

➢ These same components permeate (fill)

two distinct division of the system,

namely:

1. Administrative cases - are those that

result in decisions not involving penal

sanctions and may take such mild disciplinary

or instructive forms as admonition, reprimand

and the like.

2. Punitive cases - are those that result in

judgments of fine, hard labor, deprivation of

liberty or combination of these whenever guilt of

those involved are proven.

The type of evidence and degree of proof

required are also different for these two

categories.

Punitive cases require guilt to be proven beyond

reasonable doubt while Administrative cases

require only preponderance (occurrence) of

evidence to gain positive adjudication.

Articles of War are set of laws,

known as Commonwealth Act No. 408,

was enacted by the Philippine National

Assembly on 14 September 1938.

Among others, the Articles of War

defines the offenses punishable under

the law and prescribes the

corresponding punishment.

SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW

Rules governing the conduct of

military personnel and providing for a

method by which persons be punished

are contained in the Articles of War.

SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW

Military jurisdiction emanates from

several sources among which are the

constitution of the Philippines and

International Law. Military jurisdiction

are carried out by the following

agencies.

SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW

➢ Court-Martial - General, Special and

Summary

➢ Commanding Officers in exercising their

disciplinary powers under AW 105.

➢ Court of Inquiry

➢ Military Tribunals or Commission

As a general rule, courts-martial

have the exclusive jurisdiction over-all

persons subject to military law who

commit an offense penalized by the

punitive articles of war. To be more

specific, the term “persons subject to

military law” refers to the following:

1. All officers and enlisted personnel in

the regular force of the AFP.

2. All reservists from the date of their

call to active duty and while on such

active duty.

3. All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying

School, and Probationary Lieutenants

on actual training.

4. All trainees undergoing military

instructions.

5. Retainers to camp and all persons

accompanying or serving with the

AFP in the field in time of war or

when martial law is declared.

6. All persons under sentence adjudged

by a court-martial or military tribunal.

Articles of war were promulgated

effective September 14, 1938 when the

unicameral Philippine National Assembly

enacted Commonwealth Act No. 408

which became the basic law that gave

the guidance and operations of the

country’s Armed Forces, there are 120

Articles, most of which are lifted from US

Uniform Code of Military Justice.

It is for this reason that our articles

of war had the same substance as the

American Military Code of 1928 which

was found applicable to Philippine

conditions.

1. Article 54 - Fraudulent enlistment

2. Article 55 - Officer making unlawful

enlistment

3. Article 56 - False muster

4. Article 57 - False returns or omission

to render returns

5. Article 58 - Acts to constitute desertion

6. Article 59 - Punishment for Desertion

7. Article 60 - Advising or Aiding Another

to Desert

8. Article 61 - Entertaining a Deserter

9. Article 62 - Absence Without Leave

10. Article 63 - Disrespect Toward the

President, Vice President,

Prime Minister, Chairman

of the National Assembly

or Minister of National

Defense

11. Article 64 - Disrespect toward Superior

Officer

12. Article 65 - Assaulting or willfully

disobeying Superior Officer

13. Article 66 - Insubordinate conduct

toward Non-Commissioned

Officer
14. Article 67 - Mutiny or sedition

15. Article 68 - Failure to suppress mutiny

or sedition

16. Article 69 - Quarrels, frays & disorders

17. Article 70 - Arrest or confinement

18. Article 71 - Charges, action upon

19. Article 72 - Refusal or receive and

keep prisoners

20. Article 73 - Report of prisoners received

21. Article 74 - Releasing prisoner without

proper authority

22. Article 75 - Delivery of offenders to

Civil Authorities

23. Article 76 - Misbehavior before the

enemy

24. Article 77 - Subordinate compelling

Commander to surrender

25. Article 78 - Improper use of countersign

26. Article 79 - Forcing a safeguard

27. Article 80 - Captured property to be

secured for public service

28. Article 81 - Dealing in captured or

abandoned property

29. Article 82 - Relieving, corresponding

with or aiding the enemy

30. Article 83 - Spies

31. Article 84 - Military property, willful or

negligent loss

32. Article 85 - Waste or unlawful

disposition of military

property issued to soldiers

33. Article 86 - Drunk on duty

34. Article 87 - Misbehavior of sentinel

35. Article 88 - Personal interest in sale of

provisions

36. Article 88A – Unlawfully influencing

action of court

37. Article 89 - Intimidating of persons

bringing provisions

38. Article 90 - Good order to be maintained

and wrong redressed

Courts-martial and other military

tribunals generally exist to assist

commanders in the administration of

military justice. Specifically they are

established to enforce discipline in the

military establishment and to serve as

deterrents to military crimes and

offenses.

A. General Court Martial

Consist of any number of

members not less than five (5) and by

whom may be appointed by the

following: the President, Chief of Staff of

the AFP and when empowered by the

President, the Commanding Officers of

major commands or task forces, division

regional commands, the Superintendent

of the Philippine Military Academy,

Commanding Officers of separate

brigades or body of troops.

B. Special Court Martial

Consist of any number of

members not less than three (3). The

following may appoint special court

martial: Commanding Officers of major

commands, task forces, regional

commands or divisions and when

empowered by the President,

Commanding Officer of a garrison,

camp, brigade, regiment, detached

battalion or other detached command or

commissioned vessel.

C. Summary Court Martial

An entirely different case would be

the trial by a summary court martial

where its proceedings are much faster.

Since it has at least one member who

sits as president, trial judge advocate

(TJA) and defense council at the same

time, and since its jurisdiction as to

person, offense, and punishment is

limited. A summary court martial can

dispose of a certain case in the most

expeditious manner.

The commission or tribunal play

the same role as court-martial. During

martial law, which was in effect

throughout the country from 1972 to

1981, these commissions or tribunals

tried cases referred to them in the same

expeditious way. Even civilians who

committed offenses not triable by courts

martial fell under the jurisdiction of these

special bodies whose proceedings were

in accordance with procedural law.

A valid example of this case is that

of a Chinese national who was accused

of drug pushing and distribution and was

found guilty by a military commission

and meted out the death penalty thru

musketry.

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

➢ Basic principles in human rights

➢ Provisions of human rights under

article iii: bill of rights, constitutional

guarantees to human rights

➢ Man has the basic

rights to life, dignity

and self-development

➢Society has the basic

rights to survive, selfdetermination and right

to develop as a society.

➢ The government is

created by the society or

by the people, for the

people and of the people.

The Philippines adopts

the generally accepted

principles of international

law as part of the law of

the land and adheres to

the policy of peace,

equality, justice, freedom,

cooperation and amity

with all nations.

Sec. 1 No person shall

be deprived of life,

liberty or property

without due process of

law nor shall any person

be denied the equal

protection of the laws.

Sec. 2 The right of the

people to be secure in

their persons, houses,

papers and effects

against unreasonable

searches and seizures of

whatever nature and for

any purpose shall be

inviolable.

Sec. 3 The privacy of

communication and

correspondence shall

be inviolable except

upon lawful order of the

court, or when public

safety or order requires

otherwise as prescribed

by law.

Sec. 4 No law shall be

passed abridging the

freedom of speech, of

expression, or of the

press, or the right of the

people peaceably to

assemble and petition

the government for

redress of grievances.

Sec. 5 No law shall be made

respecting an establishment

of religion or prohibiting the

free exercise thereof. The

free exercise and enjoyment

of religious profession and

worship without

discrimination or preference,

shall forever be allowed. No

religious test shall be

required for the exercise of

civil or political rights.

Sec. 6 The liberty of abode

and of changing the same

within the limits prescribed by

law shall not be impaired

except upon lawful order of

the court. Neither shall the

right to travel be impaired

except in the interest of

national security, public

safety, or public health, as

may be provided by law.

Sec. 7 The right of the

people to information on

matters of public concern

shall be recognized.

Sec. 8 The right of the

people, including those

employed in the public

and private sectors, to

form unions, associations,

or societies for purposes

not contrary to law shall

not be abridged.

Sec. 9 Private property

shall not be taken for

public use without just

compensation.

Sec. 10 No law

impairing the obligation

of contracts shall be

passed.

Sec. 11 Free access

to the court and quasijudicial bodies and

adequate legal

assistance shall not be

denied to any person

by reason of poverty.

Sec.12 Any person

under investigation for

the commission of an

offense shall have the

right to be informed of

his right to remain silent

and to have competent

and independent

counsel preferably of

his own choice.

Sec. 13 All persons

except those charged

with offenses punishable

by reclusion perpetua

when evidence of guilt is

strong shall, before

conviction, be boilable by

sureties or be released on
recognizance as maybe

provided by law.

Sec. 14 No person

shall be held to answer

for a criminal offense

without due process of

law.

Sec.15 The privilege

of the writ of habeas

corpus shall not be

suspended except in

case of invasion or

rebellion when the

public safety requires it.

Sec. 16 All persons

shall have the right to a

speedy disposition of

their cases before all

judicial, quasi-judicial or

administrative bodies

Sec. 17 No person

shall be compelled to be

a witness against

himself.

Sec. 18

(1) No person shall be

detained solely by

reason of his political

beliefs and
(2) No involuntary

servitude in any form

shall exist except as a

punishment for a crime.

Sec. 19 Excessive fines

shall not be imposed nor

cruel, degrading or in

human punishment

inflicted. Neither shall

death penalty be

imposed.

Sec. 20 No person

shall be imprisoned for

debt or non-payment of

a poll tax.

Sec. 21 No person shall

be twice put in jeopardy

of punishment for the

same offense.

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

Upon completion of this lesson the student will:

➢Identify the marginal information of a map.

➢Identify contour lines in a map

➢Enumerate the importance of map

➢Label the parts of a compass

➢Identify military symbols

➢Identify map signs and symbols

➢Demonstrate how to orient the map.

➢Locate grid squares in the map.

- Maps and their substitutes are of particular

value to the military establishment. It is necessary to

identify ridges, valleys, routes of movement and

other characteristics of a section of terrain that can

not be reconnoitered in advance.

- This lesson is to enable you to read a map and

apply the theories, principles and techniques that

are considered essential in the total development of

small unit leaders.

Map - is a geographical representation of

the earth surface drawn to a scale in a flat

plane.

❖ Importance of map:

A) Used for strategic, tactical

planning in all command.

B) Used to show the relative

position on a certain given area.

C) Used to show accurate

distance, location, best routes and key

terrain features.

D) Used to avoid lost & keep alive.

BASIC MAP READING

❖ Care of map:

A) Proper folding by: accordion fold

or slit fold.

B) Carry maps in a waterproof pocket

and use acetate to cover the map.

C) Avoid drawing or improper

marking to avoid confusion.

BASIC MAP READING

❖Security of maps:

A) Maps must not fail into

unauthorized hand.

B) When in danger, destroy the map.

C) Avoid indication of plans or area

of interest in the map.

BASIC MAP READING

B. Categories and uses of military

maps:

The term military map includes all

maps designed for use of military

authorities except aeronautics &

hydrographic charts.

BASIC MAP READING

Scale - is expressed as a fraction and

gives the ratio of map distance to ground

distance.

A) Small scale - scale of 1:600,000

and smaller (used for general panning for

strategic studies at the high echelon).

BASIC MAP READING

B) Medium scale - larger than

1:600,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 (for

planning operations, including the

movement and concentration of troops

and supplies).

C) Large scale - scale of 1:75,000

and larger (for tactical technical and

administrative needs of field units.)

BASIC MAP READING

❖ Types of maps:

A) Plainmetric map - showing only

the horizontal (flat) position of features.

B) Topographic map - a two

dimensional map which represents the

horizontal (flat and vertical relief) positions

of features represented.

BASIC MAP READING

C) Plastic relief map – a topographic

map reprinted on plastic material and

formed by heat and vacuum over a

reproductive positive mold thus giving the

same information as contained on

topographic map.

D) Photo map - a reproduction of

photograph upon grid lines, marginal data,

place, names and boundaries may be

added.

BASIC MAP READING

E) Joint operation map – used for

ground and air operations. The maps are

published in a ground and air edition.

F) Pictomap – it is a map on which

the photographic imaginary of a standard

photomap has been converted into

interpretable colors and symbols.

BASIC MAP READING

G) Photomosaic - an assembly of

aerial photograph to form a complete

picture.

H) Military city map - a large scale

of topographic map of a city or town and

the standard scale is 1:12,000.

BASIC MAP READING

I) Special map - maps for special

purposes such as traficability,

transformation and boundary maps.

J) Terrain model - a three

dimensional representation of an area

molded on plastic, rubber or another

material symbolically.

K) Hydrographic map – a nautical

map used as navigational aid either above

or below surface.

BASIC MAP READING

❖ Marginal information – are those

printed notes outside the printed diagram

of maps used as an instructional guide in

reading maps.

1. Sheet name – found at the upper center

margin. A map is named after its

outstanding cultural or geographic

features.

2. Sheet number – found in the upper

right margin and used as reference

number assigned to each map.

BASIC MAP READING

3. Series name and scale – found on the

upper left margin. A map series usually

comprises a group of smaller maps at

some scale designed to cover a particular

geographic area.

4. Series number – appears in the upper

right margin and lower left margin.

5. Edition number – is found in the upper

margin and in the lower margin,

representing the age of the map.

BASIC MAP READING

6. Bar scale – located in the center of the

lower margin and in the lower margin use

for determination of map distance to the

corresponding ground distance with three

different units of measures.

7. Credit note – in lower left margin,

primary purpose is to list the procedures

and reference, the method of compilation

for used by technicians.

BASIC MAP READING

8. Index to adjoining sheet – in lower

margin, it identifies the map sheet covering

areas around the area covered by the map

you are using.

9. Index to boundaries diagrams – in

lower margin, this is a miniature map that

shows the boundaries and special show line

that occurs within the map area.

BASIC MAP READING

10. Projection note – in lower margin, it

indicate the method use to portray the map

area.

11. Grid note – in the center lower margin,

it gives information pertaining to the grid

system used, the initial guidelines and the

number of digit omitted from grid values.

BASIC MAP READING

12. Grid reference box - usually located at

the center of the lower margin. It contains

information identifying the grid zone

designation and 100,00 meters square

identification.

13. Horizontal datum note - located at the

center of the lower margin and defined as

geodetic reference point.

BASIC MAP READING

14. Legend - at the lower left margin,

illustrates identifies the topographic

symbols used to depict some of the

prominent features on the map.

15. Declination diagram - located in he

center lower margin and indicates the

relationships of true north and magnetic

north.

BASIC MAP READING

16. Protractor scale – in upper margin,

use for laying out a magnetic north line on

the map.

17. User note – located in the lower margin

use for connections and errors on the map.

18. Unit imprint - at the left side of the

lower margin, it identifies the agency which

printed the maps with its respective

symbols.

BASIC MAP READING

19. Contour interval note - located in the

center of the lower margin. It states the

vertical distance between adjacent contour

lines on the map. When supplementary

contours are used the interval is indicated.

20. Coverage diagram – normally in lower

margin, it indicates the methods by which

the map was made, dates of photography

and other sources material.

BASIC MAP READING

21. Graphic scale - a ruler used to convert

map distance to ground distance without

going through mathematical computations.

22. Contour interval – the contour interval

states the vertical distance between

adjacent contour lines on the map. When

supplementary contour are used the

intervals is indicated.

BASIC MAP READING

23. Vertical datum note – it designates

the basis for all vertical control stations,

contours and elevation appearing in the

map.

BASIC MAP READING

❖ Map symbol – sign composed of a

diagram number, letters, abbreviation,

color or combination thereof, which is

used to identify and distinguish a particular

place of area.

A. Purpose:

1. To visualize an area of the earth

surface with pertinent feature planning.

2. To represent the natural and

manmade feature.

BASIC MAP READING

1. Topographic symbols – are

standard drawing of map features and

organized by their colors.

Topographic colors:

Black – all manmade features, such as

buildings, roads not shown in red, etc.

Blue – all water features, such as lakes,

rivers, swamps, streams, etc.

BASIC MAP READING

Brown – all land forms, such contours,

cuts, fills, etc.

Green – all vegetation, such as forest,

orchid, hide grass, jungles, etc.

Red – main roads, built-up areas, and

special info.

BASIC MAP READING

2. Military symbols – a symbol used by

the map user when he wants to show the

disposition of troops and overlaying of

military installation.

A. Military colors:

1) Blue – all friendly forces, installations,

activities and firepower.

2) Red – all enemy forces, installation and

activities (double lines means enemy).

BASIC MAP READING

3) yellow – shows grassed or contaminated

areas maybe the result of either friendly or

enemy actions.

4) green – indicates friendly or enemy

demolition, minefield and manmade

obstacles.

BASIC MAP READING

B. Types of military symbols:

1) Troops unit symbols – are shown by

rectangle. (Basic symbols for military

unit and activities).

2) Branch arm of service and type –

organization symbol – used in conjunction

either other symbols to signify a military unit

activity or installation.

3) Size of unit – used to identify the size of

a unit or installation.

BASIC MAP READING

Grids and Coordinates:

❑ Grids - are parallel lines from east to

west, north or south that forms a square

used as a reference system to help the

map reader locate areas quickly.

❑ Coordinates - are the numbered grid

lines on the map and are further

subdivided to show specified location.

BASIC MAP READING

❑ Geographic coordinates – the location

of any point of the earth surface maybe

given by stating into its distance north or

south of the equator (latitude) and east or

west of prime meridian (longtitude).

❑ Polar coordinates – on the map maybe

determined or plotted from a known point

by giving a distance along that direction.

BASIC MAP READING

❑ Grid coordinates - the military grid

system divides the earth surface into many

100,000 meter squares. Each of these

squares are further subdivided into 1,000

meter squares. The 1,000 meter squares is

the basis of the military grid system which

is used in reading military map.

BASIC MAP READING

❑ Grid square - can be located or

identified by combining the number of the

vertical grid line and horizontal grid line

which intersect at the lower left corner of

the square.

Characteristics of grids:

- Does not requires knowledge of the area

- Applied to large areas

- Does not requires land marks

- Applies to all map scales

BASIC MAP READING

Locating points within a grid squares:

- 4 digits nearest to 1,000 meters

- 6 digits nearest to 100 meters

- 8 digits nearest to 10 meters

- 10 digits nearest to 1 meter

BASIC MAP READING

Rule in determining grid coordinate –

“read right up”

Grid coordinates (GC) – nearest to 10 mtrs(8digits)

GC – 17320170 GC – 19140252

GC– 02385578 GC– 89052564

Grid coordinates(GC)–nearest to 1 meter(10 digits)

GC – 1732301702 GC – 1914102520

GC – 0238855780 GC – 8905725642
BASIC MAP READING

Graphic (bar) scale – is the most accurate

means of measuring distance on a map. It is

the ruler printed on the map on which

distances on the map may be measured as

actual ground distance.

Graphic scale is divided into 2 parts:

1. Primary scale – distance from zero mark

to the right.

2. Scale extension – from the zero mark to

the left. This is divided into ten (10) equal

parts to enable more accurate

measurements.

BASIC MAP READING

Directions:

Methods of expressing directions are:

Degrees = 360 degrees(1) one circle

Mils = 6,400 mils (1) one circle

Grad = 400 grads (1) one circle

360 degrees = 6,400 mils

1 degree = 17.8 mils

90 degrees = 100 grads

1 degree = 60 minutes

1 minute = 60 seconds

1 click in compass = 3 degrees

BASIC MAP READING

Three (3) basic lines

1.True north = always constant

2. Magnetic north=when working with a

compass

3. Grid north = when working with a mil

map

BASIC MAP READING

Elevation and relief

A.Definition:

1. Elevation – the height (vertical distance)

of an object above or below a datum

plane.

2. Datum plane – a reference from which

measurement maybe taken. This datum

plane for most maps is average sea level.

3. Relief – the configuration (shape) of the

ground

BASIC MAP READING

Types of contour:

A. Index contour – every fifth contour line

is an inches line and is indicated by

heavier brown line.

B. Intermediate contour – are the four

lighter contour lines drawn between the

index contours.

C. Supplementary contour – represents

half intervals between intermediate

contours and is shown by brown lines.

BASIC MAP READING

D. Depression contour – an area that is

lower in elevation that all the

surroundings terrain is indicated tick

marks pointing down slope.

E. Approximate contour - are broken

lines of the same thickness and type as

the contour replayed.

BASIC MAP READING

Contour lines to identify ground forms

A. Hills –series of concentric contour lines

which gradually grow smaller, ending

with a small closed contour line in the

center.

B. Peaks of hill tops – a small closed,

relatively circular contour at the center of

the series of concentric contour line.

BASIC MAP READING

C. Ridges – series of connecting peak or a

valley floor.

D. Saddles – is a low point between two

peaks along the crest of a ridges.

E. Spur –that form a series of successive

rounded u shapes.

F. Cliff C– lines that form a series of

successive v-shape, a stream course that

neither has nor developed a valley floor.

BASIC MAP READING

Two types of azimuth

A) Forward azimuth(FA)

B) Back azimuth(BA)

Procedure on how to get the Back Azimuth

When the FA is less than 180 degrees,

add 180 degrees

Ex: FA = 75 degrees

75 degs + 180 deg = 255 degs BA

BASIC MAP READING

When the FA is more than 180 deg, less

180 degs

Ex: FA= 245 degrees

245 degs - 180 degs = 65 degs BA

When FA is 180 degs either add or less

180 degs.

BASIC MAP READING

Bearing – express a direction as an angle

measured east or west from a north

deference. Bearing cannot exceed 90

degrees or one quarter of a circle. One

quarter of a circle is known as quadrant.

The compass and its uses

The magnetic compass is the most

commonly used and simplest instrument

for measuring direction and angles in the

field.

BASIC MAP READING

Two varieties :

A. Lensatic compass

B. Artillery compass

Care and use of compass

1. Handle the compass with care. The dial

is set at a delicate balance and a

shock could damage.

BASIC MAP READING

2. Close and return the compass to its

special container when not in use.

3. When the compass is used in the dark,

an initial azimuth should be set

4. Compass reading should never be

taken near visible masses of iron or

electrical circuits

BASIC MAP READING

Parts of lensatic compass

1. Luminous dot 9. Lens

2. Cover 10. Eye piece

3. Front sight (hair line) 11. Holding ring

4. Dial 12. 90 degrees dot

5. Stationary index 13. 180 degs dot

6. Movable brass rim 14. 270 degs dot

7. Scale 15. Movable crystal

a. Long luminous line 16. Rim holder

b. 45 degs luminous line

8. Rear sight

BASIC MAP READING

Lensatic Compass

BASIC MAP READING

Proper way of sighting the lensatic

compass

BASIC MAP READING

How to orient the map

A. By the use of the lensatic compass

B. By inspection
C. By intersection

BASIC MAP READING

BASIC MAP READING

A. Map and compass:

1. Orient the map using compass.

2. Locate two or three unknown positions

on the ground and mark them on the

map.

3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to a

known position; convert to grid azimuth.

4. Change the grid azimuth to a back

azimuth and draw a line on the map

from the known position back toward

your unknown position.

BASIC MAP READING

5. Repeat (3) and (4) above for a second

known position.

6. For a check on your accuracy, repeat (3)

and (4) above for a third known position.

7. The intersection of the lines is your

position.

BASIC MAP READING

B. Straight edge method: (no compass is

available)

1. Orient the map on a flat surface by the

inspection method.

2. Locate two or three known position on

the ground and mark them on the map.

BASIC MAP READING

3. Lay straight edge on the map as a

center of the straight edge at a known

position pivot point and rotate the

straight edge until the known position on

the map is aligned with the known

position on the ground.

4. Draw a line along the straight edge until

the known position on the ground

towards your position.

BASIC MAP READING

5. Repeat (3) above using a second known

position and as a check on your

accuracy repeat (3) above using a third

known position.

BASIC MAP READING

BASIC MAP READING

Contour line

A contour line - is a line

representing an imaginary line on the

ground along which all points are at the

same elevation.

It indicate a vertical distance above

or below a datum plane. Starting at sea

level.

BASIC MAP READING

Major relief information

1. Hill – a point or small area of high

ground. When you are located on a

hilltop, the ground slopes down in all

direction.

2. Valley – a stream course which has at

least a limited extent of reasonably

level ground bordered on the sides by

higher ground.

3. Ridge – a line on high grounds, with

normally minor variation along it.

BASIC MAP READING

4. Spur – a usually short, continuously

sloping line of higher ground normally

jutting out from the side of a ridge.

5. Saddle – a dip or low point along the

crest of a ridge. A saddle is not

necessarily the lower ground between

two hilltops.

6. Depression – a low point or sinkhole,

surrounded on all sides by higher

grounds.

BASIC MAP READING

7. Cuts and fills – man made features by

which the bed of a road or a railroad is

graded or leveled.

8. Cliff – a vertical of near vertical slope.

When a slope is so steep that it cannot

be shown at the contour interval the

ticks always point towards lower

ground.

BASIC MAP READING

BASIC MAP READING

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

For the purpose of this study, let us look into the

importance of intelligence as visualized by Sun Tzu,

a Chinese military philosopher and thinker. He said:

“ If you know the enemy and know yourself, you

need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you

know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory

gained you will also suffer a defeat. It you know

neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in

every battle.”

II. Definition of Terms:

➢ Intelligence - knowledge acquired

by the collection, evaluation, analysis,

integration and interpretation of all available

information concerning an enemy, whether

actual or potential.

➢ Counter-intelligence - all active and

passive measures taken to ensure the

safeguarding of information, personnel and

materials from espionage, subversion and

sabotage.

➢ Intelligence cycle - it is a

continuous process. It is a repetition of

what has transpired or become known.

Therefore, there is no first nor last

phase – hence a cycle.

III. 5 Phases in Intelligence

Cycle

A. Planning or direction of the

collection effort.

B. Collection of information

C. Processing or production of

intelligence.

D. Analysis andproduction of

information

E. Dissemination & use of the

resulting intelligence.

. Planning or direction the

collection effort 1. Definition - is a crucial phase

in the production of intelligence

for it is here that we determine

the intelligence requirements to

support the commander’s

mission. - It is here also that we

determine which collection

agencies are to exploit which

source. .

Steps to consider in planning:

1. Determining the intelligence

requirements-guidelines/consideration

A. Enemy capabilities - these refer

to enemy strengths which would affect the

accomplishment of the mission.

B. Enemy vulnerabilities - these

refer to enemy weaknesses or that which

render the enemy to damage, deception and

defeat.

C. Weather and terrain - weather

information may be required to determine its

effect on the enemy and the terrain. Terrain

data includes cross-country traffic ability,

obstacles, roads and rail conditions and

susceptibility to flooding.

D. Order of battle - when the enemy

situation is vague, and for purposes of long

range planning, order of battle factors maybe

the basis for intelligence requirements.

E. Next major decision - future

operations are considered. If the

intelligence does not plan ahead, the

commander, will find himself ready to

continue the work /attack, but the

information of intelligence needed.

F. Preventing surprise of the

command - required in order to avoid

tactical surprise.

G. Information needs of higher or

adjacent units - each level of command

will normally be assigned collection mission

by higher, lower & adjacent headquarters.

2. Determining the intelligence priorities.

There are two requirement priorities namely:

A) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
INFORMATION (EEIS)

1. Commander’s highest priority

requirements

2. Obtained items of information and or

intelligence needed by the

commander in making a decision

with an acceptable degree of

confidence.

3. Information about the enemy and

the aoo that the commander must

have to arrive at a reasonably sound

decision during a particular phase of

an operation.

B) OTHER INTELLIGENCE

REQUIREMENTS (OIRS)

-Information needed by the

Commander but are not his highest priority.

1. Collection worksheet - either

written or oral, whereby an intelligence

officer takes the intelligence requirements as

announced by the commander.

2) Collection agency - it is an

individual or unit which systematically

exploits the source of information in order to

gain the desired information.

Categories of collection agencies:

1) Intelligence Specialists - individuals

trained in the specialized aspects of

intelligence. Organic to the military

organization.

Ex: ob specialist; interrogators;

photo interpreters

2) Troops - soldiers and their units.

ex: battalion; div corps; field army

3) Special Units - units dealing in the

collection of information.

B. Collection of information

1.Definition- the systematic extraction

of the information from source.

2. Primary consideration:

A. Source of information -

the actual origin of the information.

(Person, things, detectable enemy

activity)

B. Collection agencies - this

topic has been discussed under

planning collection effort.

C. Processing or production

of information into

intelligence.

1. Definition: Information

is recorded, evaluated and

interpreted.The end result of

which becomes intelligence.

2. Three (3) parts of

processing:

A) Recording -

mechanical process whereby

all collected information

recognized in a ready usable

form. -

Reduces all available info,

making interpretation easier

and more accurate.

2. Tools used in recording:

A. Intelligence journal

B. Intelligence worksheet

C. Enemy situation map

D. Intelligence files

B) Evaluation - the

examination of information to determine

its pertinence or value in the production of

intelligence, the reliability of its source or

agency and, its credibility or accuracy.

Evaluation rating

Reliability of source and agency

Probable Accuracy

A - completely reliable 1 - confirmed

B - usually reliable 2 - probably true

C - fairly reliable 3 - possibly true

D - not usually reliable 4 - doubtfully reliable

E - unreliable 5 - improbable

F - judge 6 - truth cannot be judge

C. Interpretation - determining the

significance of information with respect to

information and intelligence already at

hand and the drawing of conclusions as to

the probable meaning of the evaluated

information.

Three (3) Components of Interpretation:

1. Analysis - the examination of information

with selected emphasis in the light of what

has been previously known.

- Taking apart an information to critically

examine each component

2. Integration - the combining of selected

data to form a pattern which will have

meaning and establish a basis for

deduction or conclusion.

3. Deduction - is simply the formation of

conclusion concerning the effect of the

evaluated information on the current

situation.

D. Dissemination and use of intelligence

1. Definition - the process of transmitting

information and intelligence to higher,

lower, and adjacent units for the possible

use.

2. Criteria or consideration in

dissemination:

A. Timeliness - for dissemination to

be timely.

B. Propriety - for information and

intelligence to be disseminated properly,

they must be:

1) sent to the correct ultimate users.

2) presented in a form that lends

itself for immediate use

3)distributed through the most effective

means of communications appropriate to

both time and securing requirements.

4)adequate and accurate.

3. Methods of dissemination:

A) by personal contacts which

include staff visits, telephone calls and

conferences.

B. By messages which include spot

report.

C. By intelligence documents, which

include intelligence estimates, intelligence

summary, periodic intelligence reports,

intelligence annex to an operation order,

and tactical study of weather and terrain.

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National

Service Training Program (NSTP) for the tertiary

level students, amending for the purpose of

Republic Act No. 7077, Presidential Decree No.

1706, and for other purposes.

Sec 2. R. A 9163 hereby affirms the

prime duty of the government to serve

and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be

the responsibility of all citizens to defend

security of the state and in the fulfillment

thereof, the government may require

each citizen to render personal, military

or civil services.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Sec. 4. R. A. 9163 there is hereby

established a National Training Service

Training Program (NSTP), which shall

form part of the curricula of all

baccalaureate degree courses and at of

least two (2) year technical – vocational

courses and is a requisite for graduation,

consisting of the following service

components.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

➢ The Reserve Officer’s Training Corps

(ROTC), which is hereby made

optional and voluntary upon the

effectivity of this Act.

➢ The Literacy Training Services (LTS);

and

➢ The Civic Welfare Training Service

(CWTS)

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Sec. 15(4) of Batas Pambansa Bilang

323 likewise provides that it is the duty

and responsibility of students to

participate actively in civic affairs and be

involved in the promotion of the general

welfare of the people particularly in the

social, economic and cultural

development of the community and in

the attainment of a just, compassionate

and orderly society

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Pursuant to Section 12 Republic Act

No. 9163 otherwise known as the

National Service Training Program

(NSTP) Act of 2001, CHED, TESDA, and

DND in consultation with concerned

government agencies, the Philippine

Association of State Universities and

Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council

of Private Educational Association of the

Philippines (COCOPEA), NGOs,

promulgate the following IRR to

implement the provisions of this Act.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163

(Guiding Principle). While the prime

duty of the government to serve and

protect its citizens, in turn, it shall be the

responsibility of all citizens to defend the

security of the state, and in the

fulfillment thereof, the government may

require each citizen to render personal

military or civil service.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Sec 2. Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163

( Role of the Youth)

1. In recognition of the vital role of

the youth in nation building, the state

shall promote civic consciousness

among them and shall develop their

physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and

social being. It shall inculcate the ideals

of patriotism, nationalism, and advance

their involvement in public and civic

affairs

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

2. As the most valuable resources of the

nation, they shall be motivated, trained,

organized and involved in military

literacy, civic welfare programs and

other similar endeavors in the service of

the nation.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental Law

Pertinent

to R. A. 9163

Sec. 4, Rule III, IRR to

R. A. 9163 (Coverage)

1. All incoming freshmen

students, male and female, starting

School Year (SY) 2002 –2003, enrolled

in any baccalaureate and in at least two

(2) year Technical – Vocational or

associate courses, are required to

complete one (1) NSTP component of

their choice as a graduation

requirement.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

2. All higher and technical-vocational

education institutions must offer at least

one (1) of the NSTP components.

a. State Universities and Colleges

(SUCs), shall offer the ROTC Program

and at least one (1) other NSTP

component.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

b. The Philippine Military Academy

(PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine

Academy (PMMA), Philippine national

Police Academy (PNPA), and other

SUCs of similar nature, in view of the

special character of these institutions,

are exempted from the NSTP.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental Law

Pertinent

to R. A. 9163

c. Private higher and technicalvocational education institutions with at

least 350 students cadets, may offer the

ROTC Program and consequently

establish/maintain a Department of

Military Science and Tactics (DMST),

subject to the existing rules and

regulations of the Armed Forces of the

Philippines (AFP).

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163

(Guiding Principle). While the prime

duty of the government to serve and

protect its citizens, in turn, it shall be the

responsibility of all citizens to defend the

security of the state, and in the

fulfillment thereof, the government may

require each citizen to render personal

military or civil service.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental Law

Pertinent

to R. A. 9163

Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163

(Guiding Principle). While the prime

duty of the government to serve and

protect its citizens, in turn, it shall be the

responsibility of all citizens to defend the

security of the state, and in the

fulfillment thereof, the government may

require each citizen to render personal

military or civil service.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

2. A one (1) summer program in lieu of

the two (2) semester program may be

designed, formulated and adopted by

the DND, CHED and TESDA, subject to

the capability of the school and the AFP

to handle the same.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Sec. 11, Rule V, IRR to R. A. 9163

(Organization of NSTP Graduates):

1. Graduates of the ROTC

components of the NSTP shall belong to

the National Service Reserve Corps

(NSRC) and could be tapped by the

state for literacy and civic welfare

activities, through the joint efforts of

DND, CHED and TESDA, in

coordination with DILG, DSWD and

other concerned agencies/ associations.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

2. The CHED, TESDA and DND, in

consultation with other concerned

government agencies, shall issue the

necessary guidelines for the

establishment, organization,

maintenance and utilization of the

National Reserve Corps.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

3. Graduates of the ROTC program

shall form part of the Citizen Armed

Force, pursuant to R. A. 7077, subject to

the requirements of DND

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

Sec. 13, Rule VI, IRR to R. A. 9163

(Transitory Provisions):

1. Students who are currently

enrolled but have not taken any of the

Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare

Service (CWS) or Law Enforcement

Service (LES) programs shall be

covered by the NSTP law.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

2. Students who have completed two (2)

semesters of the Expanded ROTC (EROTC. National Service Training

Program) are deemed to have complied

with the NSTP law.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

3. Students who are not covered by

Section 13 of this Rule and have taken

only one (1) semester or Basic ROTC or

E-ROTC/ NSTP, shall be take one more

semester of any NSTP components to

qualify for graduation purposes.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental

Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

➢ The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)

recognizes the Constitution of the Republic as the

legitimate expression of the people’s will. It is

mandated to serve and protect the people and

secure the sovereignty of the state and the

integrity to its national territory from internal and

external threats, adheres to the principle of

supremacy of civilian authority over the military at

all times and vows to uphold and defend the

Constitution

The AFP identifies

itself with the Filipino

people’s historical
struggles for freedom and

justice and their vigilance

against any attempt to

violate the country’s

integrity and sovereignty.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP

The AFP as the

embodiment of the cherished

martial values and traditions

of the Filipino people, traces

its roots to certain historical

events foremost of which is

the Battle of Mactan on 27

April 1521 where Lapu-Lapu,

the acknowledge father of

the AFP, first signaled

` our love for freedom.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP

The Dagohoy, Revolt in 1744, the

Muslim resistance and other similar

uprisings against Spanish

colonialism, the founding of the

Katipunan on 07 July 1892 by

Andres Bonifacio, considered as

the father of the Philippine Army,

the Tejeros convention on 22 March

1897 which proclaimed officially our

desire for complete independence

and thereafter gave birth to the

Philippine Army. Subsequently, the

Philippine Navy was created on 20

May 1898.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP

On 12 June 1898, the Philippine

Independence was declared at Kawit,

Cavite, and for the first time, the Philippine

Flag was unfurled by General Emilio

Aguinaldo and our National Hymn was

played. The Filipino-American hostilities

between 1898 and 1899 further

demonstrated the Filipino soldier’s best in

terms of honor, valor, loyalty, duty and

solidarity despite the overwhelming

superiority of the enemy forces. To hasten

the Philippine campaign on peace and

order, the Philippine Military Academy was

organized on 25 October 1898. By virtue of

the National Defense Act enacted officially

on 21 December 1935, The Armed Forces

of the Philippines was created.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP

TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE

AND SECURE THE

SOVEREIGNTY OF THE

STATE AND THE INTEGRITY

OF THE NATIONAL

TERRITORY.

MISSION OF THE AFP

Exercises

strategic

direction

Secretary of

National Defense

PRESIDENT

(Commander-in-Chief)

Executive

supervision

over the AFP

Chief of Staff

AFP

Executes

policies of C-in-C

and commands

to the AFP

CHAIN OF COMMAND

The President is the CommanderIn-Chief of the AFP. He/She

exercises strategic direction over

the personnel and the resources

of the military establishments

through the Secretary of the

Department of National Defense,

who also represents his/her in the

executive function and in the

supervision of the Defense

Program of the country.

HON DELFIN H LORENZANA

PRES RODRIGO R DUTERTE

CHAIN OF COMMAND

The Chief of Staff, AFP executes

the command functions of the

President in relation to strategy,

tactics and operations. He is

also the immediate adviser of

the Secretary of National

Defense Program as prescribed

by the Secretary of National

Defense. The Chief of Staff has

command and control over all

the elements of the AFP.

CHAIN OF COMMAND

GEN FELIMON T SANTOS JR PA

GHQ&HSC

AFP-WIDE SUPPORT & SEPARATE UNITS

PSG PMA JCSC RESCOM LOGCTR ISAFP AFPMC

AFPCES CEISSAFP CRSAFP AFPFC

AFP

ARMY AIR FORCE NAVY

MAJOR SERVICES

VISCOM EMCOM

AREA COMMANDS

NOLCOM SOLCOM WESCOM SMCOM

AFP ORGANIZATION

CSAFP

VCSAFP

DCS

PERS, J1
DCS

INTEL, J2

DCS

OPNS, J3

DCS

LOG, J4

DCS

PLANS, J5

DCS

WCEIS, J6

DCS

RRFD, J7

COORDINATING STAFF

TDCS

TAG TJAG TPMG TCCS TCE TQMG TCN TCDS OSPS AFPREO

SPECIAL STAFF

TCOCS TSG AFPEBSO

AFPBSO

AFPMPMO TIG PIO AFPSM

ESPA OSSS LOLA

SJS

JOC

PERSONAL STAFF

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS AFP

Armed Forces of the Philippines shall

be composed of the Regular Force

and Reserve Force components.

The Regular Force is the permanent

military organization which is

maintained in time of peace and war.

The Reserve Force is the military

organization that will come up

physical existence only upon

mobilization as may be called upon

by the Commander-In-Chief due to

state of national emergency such as

war or widespread disorder.

AFP COMPOSITION

PHILIPPINE

ARMY

PHILIPPINE

AIR FORCE

PHILIPPINE

NAVY

AFP

AFP MAJOR SERVICE

PHIL ARMY MISSION

PHIL AIR FORCE MISSION

PHIL NAVY MISSION

PHILIPPINE

ARMY

PHILIPPINE

AIR FORCE

PHILIPPINE

NAVY

AFP

NAVAL

RESERVE
COMMAND

AFP

RESERVE

COMMAND

AIR

RESERVE

COMMAND

ARMY

RESERVE

COMMAND

MAJOR SERVICE RESERVE

COMMAND

Was organized as an AFP-wide support and

separate unit on 01 April 1993 pur to General

Order No. 22 GHQ, AFP dated 02 March

1993 and Republic Act No. 7077, otherwise

known as the Armed Forces of the

Philippines Reservist Act as a base for the

rapid expansion of the Armed Forces of

the Philippines in times of

emergency.

AFP RESERVE COMMAND

Is premised on a dedication to service, faced

with the challenge of being in a constant

state of readiness and responsiveness if it is

to back up the regular army.

ARMY RESERVE COMMAND

Is actively involved in the administration and

utilization of the Air Force reservist.

AIR FORCE RESERVE COMMAND

Tasked to oversee and administer all Naval

Reservists in our country, in order to provide the

Navy not only a base for expansion in the event

of war, invasion, rebellion, or disaster and

calamity relief but also to assist in socioeconomic development of the country.

NAVAL RESERVE COMMAND

Naval Reserve Center

Northern Luzon

(Naval Detachment

Bonuan, Dagupan City)

8 NAVAL RESERVE CENTER

Naval Reserve Center

National Capital Region

(Fort Bonifacio, Taguig

City)

EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE

CENTER

Naval Reserve Center

Southern Luzon

Legaspi City

EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE

CENTER

Naval Reserve Center

West

(Palawan)

EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE

CENTER

Naval Reserve Center

Eastern Visayas

(Cebu City)

entire Visayas, Leyte.

Samar

EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE

CENTER

Naval Reserve Center

Western Visayas

(Ilo-ilo)

EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE

CENTER

Naval Reserve Center

Western Mindanao

(Zamboanga City )

Mindanao Areas

EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE

CENTER

Naval Reserve Center

Eastern Mindanao

(Davao City)

Davao up to Sarangani

EIGHT (8) NAVAL RESERVE

CENTER

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter
➢ Introduction

➢ Definition of Terms

➢ Necessity for Discipline

➢ Creating a Climate of Discipline

➢ Military Courtesy in the AFP

➢ Identification of Ranks in the AFP

➢ Many people think that discipline is nothing more

than the enforcement of regulations and the

corresponding punishment when one violates

them. Others associate discipline with the state of

subservience where subordinates blindly follow

the orders of their superiors out of habit or fear.

➢ Discipline is the quality of being able to behave

and work in a controlled way which involves

obeying particular rules or standards.

Military Courtesy - the written, officially

prescribed code of department

(responsibility) for members of the

military establishments

Morale - the mental state and spirit of an

individual or unit.

Definition

Military discipline - is necessary to

ensure orderly and effective group

action, commonly known as teamwork.

Teamwork - is particularly important in

military operations where its presence or

lack of it may very well spell the

difference between victory or defeat.

Necessity for Discipline

With discipline, a soldier learns a sense

of obligation to himself and to his

comrades; to his commander and the

entire organizations.

The ultimate objective of military

discipline, is unit efficiency in battle – to

ensure that a unit performs its role

correctly; that it reaches its objectives,

accomplishes its assigned mission and

helps other units to accomplish their

mission.

Necessity for Discipline

We find ready application of discipline in

all aspects of military life. We often hear

of “supply discipline”, water discipline”.

Training - a soldier learns to work with

other soldier; learn to unify their actions

into a single effort in order to accomplish

the group mission and develops the

habit of prompt obedience to all orders.

Creating a Climate of

Discipline

Judicious Use of Punishment and

Reward - the best kind of discipline is

that which exacts obedience by

appealing to reason and which makes

use of the so called “positive incentives”

– reward.

Creating a Climate of

Discipline

Instilling a Sense of Confidence and

Responsibility - a confident and

responsible soldier realizes that he has

an obligation not only to himself but to

the other soldier in the organization.

Creating a Climate of

Discipline

Military Courtesy -the act of politeness,

civility and respect that personnel in the

military organization accord to one

another.

Salute – the most important and most

common form of all military courtesy.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

Saluting - one of the most common and

basic forms of military courtesy. It is

basically an exchange of greetings

between military and/or uniformed

services personnel.

How to Salute?

Salute is normally given with the

right hand; when right hand is

encumbered, left hand could be used.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

➢ The salute is made whether a

headgear is worn or not.

➢ Rifle salutes are used in place of the

hand salute when carrying a rifle.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

Who are entitled to the salute?

➢ The National Flag and National

Anthem.

➢ Commissioned Officers of the Armed

Forces of the Philippines

Military Courtesy In The

Service

Who are entitled to the salute?

➢ Civilian high officials or foreign

dignitaries during military honors

rendered for them.

➢ Officers of the Coast Guard and

Geodetic Survey and the Public Service

when they are serving with the AFP.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢ When men seated in boats in which

there is no officer, the petty officer in

charge of the boat, rises and salute all

officers passing near or within the boat.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

Who are entitled to the salute?

➢ When boarding a navy ship in which

the national Flag is flying, all persons in

the naval service upon reaching the

upper platform of the accommodation

ladder or shipboard end of the prow,

face the national flag, and salute, then

salute the Officer of the Deck (OOD).

➢ When leaving the ship, salute first

the OOD and then the national Flag..

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢ Officers seated in boats rise in

rendering and returning salutes when a

senior enters or leaves the boat or when

acknowledging a gun salute

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢ Coxswain in charge of a boat rise and

salute all officers entering or leaving the

boat. All members of the crew when the

boat is not underway and not carrying an

officer aboard stand and salute when an

officer comes alongside, leaves the side,

or passes near them.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢ In Navy building, the same general

rules of saluting apply as on board navy

ship. Salute all officers senior to you on

all occasions, salute all other officers on

first meeting during the day. The salute

also rendered indoors during

ceremonies, honoring the flag and in

court martial.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢ When in company with a senior, you

always walk on his left or put him on

your right. This also applies aboard

in any vehicle

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢ If officers and enlisted men are

standing together not in formation and a

senior approaches, the first to perceive

him shouts “ATTENTION” and all faces

him and salute.

➢ When in formation, the officer in

charge cautions his unit to attention

before executing the appropriate salute.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢Overtake and pass a senior officer

only upon his permission. When it

become necessary to walk pass a senior

officer, pass on his left side, salute

when you are abreast and ask, “BY

YOUR LEAVE SIR?” When the officer

returns the salute you can continue pass

him.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢When reporting on deck or outdoors

ashore, covered and salute accordingly.

If reporting to an officer, salute and

state your business.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢An enlisted man being seated and

without particular occupation rises upon

the approach of an officer, faces him and

salutes. If both remain in the same

vicinity, the salute need not be repeated.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢If seniority is unknown, the safest way

and the best rule is to salute mutually

and without say.

➢Sentries at gangway salute all officers

going or coming over the side and when

passing or being passed by officers

close aboard in boats.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When to salute?

➢Officers and enlisted personnel both

salute a senior officers riding in a

vehicle. A driver of a vehicle is required

to salute if the vehicle is at halt.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

When not to render salute?

➢ When troops are at work.

➢ Indoors, except when reporting to an

officer.

➢ When carrying articles with both

hands, or being so occupied as to

make saluting impracticable.

➢ When serving as a military prisoner.

Military Courtesy In The

Service
Terminologies

Rank – is the combined rate and rating

of an individual.

Unrated/Non-rated/Unclassified – a

term used to identify an individual who

has not yet been classified for a

particular rating. His rank would carry an

initial (UN). Ex: ASN(UN)

Military Courtesy In The

Service

Terminologies

Rating – is a term used in the Navy to

identify an occupational specialty that is

based on aptitude, training, experience,

knowledge and skills of an individual.

Rate – is the term used to identify the

level of achievement and expertise

within the individual’s rating. Rate may

also be called paygrade within a rating.

Military Courtesy In The

Service

Terminologies

Striker – a term that applies to an

individual in the paygrade E1 to E3.

Petty Officer – a term that applies to an

individual in the paygrade E4 to E7

Military Courtesy In The

Service

AFP ENLISTED RANKS AND

INSIGNIA

AFP ENLISTED RANKS AND

INSIGNIA

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MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1)

Name of Presenter

➢ An interior guard duty system is installed to

preserve order, protect property, and enforce

military regulations. Security is part of the

commander’s responsibility,.

Normally, an interior guard system is composed of

the following:

➢ Field Officer of the Day (FOD)

➢ Officer of the Day(OOD)

➢ Commander of the Guard (COG)

➢ Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)

➢ Relief Commander for each relief

➢ Sentinel of the guard

Countersign

Consist of a secret challenge and

reply to aid the guards/sentinels in the

scrutiny of persons who apply to pass

the lines or it may be defined as a secret

challenge and the secret password.

DEFINITION

Challenge
The command, “HALT, WHO IS

THERE?” given by a sentry is used to

cause an unidentified person or party to

halt and be identified.

DEFINITION

Password

Word or a distinctive sound used

to answer a challenge, identifies the

person or party desiring to enter or pass

and is always a secret.

DEFINITION

Interior Guard

The guard detailed by a

commander to preserve order, protect

property and enforce regulations within

the jurisdiction of the command.

DEFINITION

Relief

Those members of the guard who,

under the supervision of and including a

corporal of the guard, have the same

watch; the procedure whereby posted

member of the guard.

DEFINITION

Sentry

An enlisted man assigned to duty

as member of the guard, to keep watch,

maintain order, protect person or

property, or warn of any attack, a

sentinel.

DEFINITION

Watch

A period of time during which a

member of a guard performs the

prescribed duties, beginning from when

he is posted and the termination when

he is relieved by proper authority.

DEFINITION

Relieve

To direct any member of the guard

to cease performance duties.

DEFINITION

Post

The place or area where a sentry

is stationed or the place where a

member of the guard other than the

sentry is required to be when not

performing duties elsewhere.

DEFINITION

Patrol Post

A post within a sentry prescribed

his own route, within specified limits, or

has his route prescribed for him.

DEFINITION

Fixed Post

A post within the limits of which a

sentry is not required to more about

appreciable for the performance of this

duty.

DEFINITION

Guardhouse

A building, tent or other location

designated as the headquarters of the

guard.

DEFINITION

Detain

The action of any person so

authorized used to secure the custody of

an illegal offender until proper authority

may be noticed.

DEFINITION

Field Officer of the Day(FOD)

FOD - A field grade officer detailed as

FOD is the Commanding Officer’s

personal representative. His primary

concern is the proper supervision in the

performance of duty of the interior

guards.

DEFINITION

Officer of the Day (OOD)

OOD - The OOD is responsible for the

proper performance of duty by the main

guards. He is charged with executing all

orders of the commanding officer

relating to interior duty guard.

DEFINITION

Commander of the Guard (COG)

COG - He is responsible for the

instruction, discipline, and performance

of the guards.

DEFINITION

Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)

SOG - The SOG is the overall supervisor

over the other NCO and sentinel of the

guards. He takes over as commander of

the guards in case no one else is

detailed as such.

DEFINITION

Relief Commander

Instruct his relief as to their orders

and duties and make certain that each

sentinel understand.

DEFINITION

Sentinel of the Guards

They must memorize, understand,

and comply with the general orders for

sentinel and comply with the specific

orders applicable to their particular

posts including the use of countersigns if

they are in effect.

DEFINITION

General Orders No. 1

To take charge of my post

and all government property in

view.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 2

To walk my post in a military

manner, keeping always on the

alert and observing everything that

takes place within sight or hearing.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 3

To report all violations of

orders I am instructed to enforce.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 4

To repeat all calls from posts

more distant from the guardhouse

than my own.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 5

To quit my post only when

properly relieved.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 6

To receive, obey and pass to

the sentinel who relieves me all

orders from the Commanding

Officer, Officer of the Day,

Commissioned and Non -

Commissioned Officers of the

guard only.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 7

To talk to no one except in line

of duty.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 8

To give an alarm in case of fire

and disorders.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 9

To call the Commander of the

Guard in any case not covered by

instructions.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 10

To salute all Officers and all

Colors and Standard not cased.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

General Orders No. 11

To be especially watchful at

night during the time for challenging

and to challenge all persons on or

near my post and to allow no one to

pass without proper authority.

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

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