RESEARCH PAPERS

SITE SPECIFIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM AND TIME HISTORY

ANALYSIS OF SHEAR WALLED BUILDING
By
PARESH V. PATEL
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad.
ABSTRACT
For estimation of seismic forces on buildings IS: 1893-2002 specified response spectra are used. Code specified zone
factor and response spectra are applicable for the general soil conditions. But the peak ground acceleration and
seismic effects on buildings depend on sub soil condition, as evident from damages occurred to buildings of
Ahmedabad during Bhuj Earthquake. In the present paper response of soil to seismic event is evaluated in terms of site
specific response spectra and acceleration time history at ground surface using software ProSHAKE. The site specific
response spectrum obtained at various sites of Ahmedabad are compared with the standard response spectrum given
in IS 1893:2002 for medium soil condition. The dynamic response spectrum and time history analysis of 3-D shear wall
framed buildings, with different shear wall positions, is carried out using ETABS software. Comparisons of analysis results
obtained in terms of time period, base shear and design forces in ground floor shear wall considering site specific
response spectrum, acceleration time history and IS 1893:2002 standard response spectrum are carried out.
Keywords: Shear wall, Site Specific Response Spectrum and Time History, Dynamic Analysis, Time Period, Base Shear,
Position of shear Wall.

INTRODUCTION Sabarmati, suffered severe damages despite being in

Earthquakes are one of the most devastating of all natural seismic zone III, and at 250 km from the epicenter. This
hazards and are considered to be the most powerful indicates that intensity of ground shaking or peak ground
natural disasters which are unavoidable. The hazards acceleration at different sites can be different during
associated with earthquakes are referred to as seismic particular seismic event. During an earthquake there is
hazards. Structural design plays an important role in release of energy, which reaches to the ground surface
mitigation of seismic hazards in case of strong and to the structures by means of seismic waves. These
earthquakes, which in turn depends on estimation of seismic waves originate from the point of occurrence of the
earthquake forces on buildings. Codal provisions usually earthquake and travel through bedrock and soil strata, the
specify standard normalized response spectra for different structure is shown as in Figure 1 [1]. When these waves travel
soil conditions. Code specified response spectra are through the soil profile, their properties such as amplitude,
developed from statistical analysis of record of ground velocity, acceleration, frequency etc. get altered due to
acceleration at different sites during various seismic events. various soil parameters. Thus local soil conditions play an
These response spectra are applicable for the general soil important role in generation of response spectra. Response
conditions and give reasonable estimate of seismic forces
acting on building.
Local soil conditions play an important role on behaviour of
buildings during an earthquake. The devastating
earthquake, with magnitude of 7.6, that struck the Kutch
area of Gujarat state on January 26, 2001, was the most
severe natural disaster to affect India. The city of
Ahmedabad, in Gujarat state, situated on the banks of river Figure 1. Schematic Representation of Earthquake Location

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spectra developed for a particular site considering layered 1.1 Characterization of site
soil of different properties and seismic ground motion are Based on geotechnical and geophysical investigations
very important for realistic estimate of earthquake forces properties of various layers of sub-soil are found up to bed
on buildings. rock or hard strata. The local characteristics of the site such
In the present paper response of soil to seismic event is as shear wave velocity, shear modulus of the soil deposits,
evaluated in terms of site specific response spectra at unit weight of soil, thickness of soil layers are obtained from
ground surface using ProSHAKE software [4]. The data the available borehole data.
required for development of site specific ground response 1.2 Selection of Ground Motions
analysis like soil profile, shear wave velocity etc are
Appropriate rock motions i.e. natural acceleration time
collected from geotechnical and geophysical
histories or synthetic acceleration time histories are
investigations. Time history recorded at Passport office
selected to represent the design rock motion for the site.
building of Ahmedabad on 26th January 2001, Bhuj
When the base of a soil deposit is subjected to a specific
earthquake is taken as an input motion. The site specific
ground motion caused due to earthquake then at each
response spectrum obtained at various sites of
increment of time there is dynamic response of the ground
Ahmedabad are also compared with the standard
measured in terms of acceleration, velocity and
response spectrum given in IS 1893:2002 for medium soil
displacement.
condition. The site specific acceleration time history is also
1.3 Ground Response Analysis
developed for various sites of Ahmedabad.
With the application of ground response analysis to a
In order to study the effects of site specific response
particular site, response of the soil to the earthquake is
spectrum and acceleration time history, shear wall framed
obtained. In ground response analysis, the bedrock
buildings have been chosen because of its wide
motions developed due to earthquake are considered as
application in high rise building as a lateral load resisting
the input motions to calculate acceleration time history
element. Shear wall frame building having three bays in
and site specific response spectra of various sites.
each direction with different shear wall positions are
considered. ETABS software is used for three dimensional 1.4 Site specific Design Spectra for Analysis
structural analysis of shear wall framed building considering The calculated ground surface motion is analyzed to
site specific response spectrum and time history. The results develop the design spectrum for a site. The ratio of spectral
are obtained in terms of time period, base shear and acceleration calculated from response spectra and peak
design forces in ground floor shear wall. Comparisons of ground acceleration of the ground surface motion gives a
these analysis with results as obtained from site specific site specific design spectrum.
response spectrum and time history with analysis results 2. Methods Used For Site Specific Ground Response
obtained considering IS 1893:2002 standard response Analysis
spectrum are carried out.
The behavior of a soil deposit under the effect of seismic
1. Site Specific Ground Response Analysis event is studied through ground response analysis. Usually
As shown in Figure 2 following are the steps undertaken to the response of layered soil profile of particular site is
determine site specific response of soil [2]. obtained by applying an acceleration time history at bed
rock level or at hard soil level. From ground response
Characterization Selection of
Ground Response analysis, response spectrum and acceleration time history
of Site ground of Motions
Analysis
Site specific design spectra for at ground level are obtained and further used for structural
Response spectrum analysis
analysis of buildings. There are various methods to carry out
Site Specific Ground Response Analysis such as: one-
Figure 2. Steps for Site Specific Ground Response Analysis
dimensional, Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional

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ground response analysis. Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of

Complete ground response analysis must take into Technology, Nirma University. The data consists of
account various factors such as rupture mechanism at the information about properties of soil up to bedrock or up to
origin of earthquake, propagation of seismic waves hard strata. The properties include thickness of soil layers,
through the crust to the top of the bedrock, variation of soil unit weight and standard penetration test (N) values. The
profile in vertical and horizontal direction etc. It is difficult to geotechnical data required for ground response analysis
quantify all these parameters and thus complete ground are thickness of material, shear wave velocity, modulus
response analysis becomes highly complicated and time curve and damping curve. The important soil profile data
consuming. Therefore, one dimensional ground response given as input in ProSHAKE are presented in Table 1 to 4.
analysis is preferred over other analysis methods due to its Screenshots of ProSHAKE software for ground response
simplicity [3]. Further it provides conservative results and analysis are shown in Figure 3. It shows various stages of
many projects in past had been designed using this input of ProSHAKE software like defining material properties
methodology. A large number of commercial programs of each layer, profile of particular site with location of input
based on one dimensional ground response analysis are Layer No. Material Name Thickness (m) Vs m/sec
available for use on personal computers. 1 Medium brown clayey silt and sand 2.1 178.4
2 Loose to medium yellow silty fine sand 2.15 222.1
One-dimensional ground response analysis is based on the 3 Medium yellow sand with kankar 0.3 226.5
4 Loose to medium yellow sand 0.75 236.9
5 Medium yellow clayey silty sand 0.7 245.9
assumption that the ground surface and all material 6 Medium yellow silty sand 2 268.6
7 Medium yellow silty sand 2 288.1
boundaries below the ground surface are horizontal and 8 Medium yellow silty sand 2 305.3
9 Medium yellow silty sand 3 325.3
response of a soil deposit is caused by seismic waves 10 Medium yellow silty sand 0 325.3

propagating in the vertical direction below the bedrock. Table 1. Soil Profile- Motera Site
The method is based on the lumped mass model of sand
Layer No. Material Name Thickness (m) Vs m/sec
deposits resting on rigid base to which seismic motions are 1 Dark brown silty sand 0.9 220.2
2 Brown silty sand 2.8 252.5
applied. 3 Yellowish Silty Sand 1.1 268.5
4 Yellowish Silty Sand 0.5 274.6
3. Site Specific Ground Response Analysis of Ahmedabad 5 Dark brown clay sand 0.7 282.3
6 Brownish clay sand 2 302.2
7 Brownish clay sand 2 317.00
One-dimensional ground response analysis is performed 8 Brownish clay sand 2 330.70
9 Brownish clay sand 3 350.40
using ProSHAKE software [4]. In ProSHAKE software one 10 Brownish clay sand 0 350.40

dimensional equivalent linear ground response analysis of Table 2. Soil Profile- Paldi Site
horizontally layered soil deposits is carried out. With the help Layer No. Material Name Thickness (m) Vs m/sec
of ProSHAKE software, site specific ground response analysis 1 Brownish silty sand 2.8 252.3
2 Yellowish Brown Gravel 0.8 263.7
of various sites of Ahmedabad city is performed. ProSHAKE 3 Reddish brown clay gravel 3.2 303.1
4 Brownish fine clay sand 0.2 305.3
provides the results of acceleration time history, ground 5 Brownish clay sand 2 325.3
6 Brownish clay sand 2 337.5
response spectra and depth plots of various sites. The 7 Brownish clay sand 2 348.1
8 Brownish clay sand 2 357.3
obtained results of various sites are further compared with 9 Brownish clay sand 0 357.3

each other. Site specific ground response analysis of Table 3. Soil Profile- Chandkheda Site
following sites is performed: Layer No. Material Name Thickness (m) Vs m/sec

·Motera Site 1 Dark brown clay sand 0.9 214.2

2 Brown fine clay gravel 1.8 245.7
3 Yellowish brown clay gravel 1.1 259.2
·Paldi Site 4 Brownish fine silt gravel 0.7 266.3
5 Brownish fine silty sand 0.7 273.1
·Chandkheda Site 6 Light brown silty sand 0.8 280.5
7 Brownish fine silty sand 2 299.1
8 Brownish fine silty sand 2 314.2
·Sola Site 9 Brownish fine silty sand 2 325.3
10 Brownish fine silty sand 3 343.3
For the above mentioned site locations, the geotechnical 11 Brownish fine silty sand 0 343.3

borehole data is collected from the Geotechnical Table 4. Soil Profile- Sola Site

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Figure 3. Ground Response Analysis using ProSHAKE Software

motion and location where response spectra, compared to IS 1893 specified response spectra for
acceleration time history are required with relevant data. buildings having lower time period. The peak values of Sa/g
The actual recorded ground motions during Bhuj are 6.43, 3.89, 3.89, 379 for Motera, Paldi, Chandkeda,
earthquake on January 26 th
2001 at ground floor of Sola site respectively as compared to 2.5 specified in
Passport Office building are modified to generate artificial IS:1893. This indicates that low rise buildings having time
ground motions using ProSHAKE. The artificial acceleration period in range of 0.2 to 0.4 sec experience higher seismic
time history thus computed at 15m depth of Passport forces as compared to IS:1893 specified seismic forces.
Office site is considered as input motion for all sites. Site specific acceleration time histories for four sites of
Subsequently acceleration time histories and spectral Ahmedabad are presented in Figure 5. Acceleration time
accelerations are computed at ground surface for all sites history gives acceleration of ground at different time
of Ahmedabad using ProSHAKE. Further site specific interval. This time history is applied to building to understand
response spectra are compared with the standard actual response of building to earthquake ground motion.
response spectra of IS: 1893 (Part I)-2002 [5] as shown in
Figure 4. From comparisons it is observed that site specific
response spectra gives higher values of (Sa/g) as
7.00 4.50
6.43 IS1893 IS1893
6.00 4.00
Motera 3.89 Paldi
3.50
5.00
3.00
4.00 2.50
Sa/g

Sa/g

3.00 2.00
1.50
2.00
1.00
1.00 0.50

0.00 0.00
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000
time(sec) time(sec)

4.50 4.00
IS1893 3.79 IS1893
4.00 3.89 3.50
Chandkheda Sola
3.50 3.00
3.00 2.50
Sa/g
Sa/g

2.50
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.00 0.00
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000
time(sec) time(sec)

Figure 4. Comparison of Response Spectrum of

Various Sites and IS 1893 Figure 5. Site Specific Time histories at various sites of Ahmedabad

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From Figure 5, it is observed that peak ground acceleration The dynamic analysis of the multi-storey buildings is carried
of ground is different at different sites. So response of same out using ETABS software [6]. ETABS, Extended three
buildings on different sites will be different. Dynamic dimensional Analysis of Building Structures, is user friendly,
parameters at the ground surface like peak displacement, special purpose analysis and design software developed
peak velocity and peak acceleration are presented in specifically for building systems. ETABS Version 9 features an
Table 5. Peak ground acceleration is similar to zone factor intuitive and powerful graphical interface with modeling,
as specified in IS:1893. From Table 5 it is observed that of analytical, and design procedures. Although use of ETABS is
peak ground acceleration in terms of 'g' (gravitational quick and easy for simple structures, ETABS can also handle
acceleration) is 0.220, 0.116, 0.110, 0.108 for Motera, large and complicated building models, including a wide
Paldi, Chandkheda, Sola sites respectively compared to range of nonlinear behaviors. The results of dynamic
0.160 as specified in IS 1893. analysis of shear walled buildings are obtained in terms of
4. Response Spectrum Analysis of Shear Walled Building time period, base shear and design forces in shear wall
considering IS 1893 response spectrum and site specific
To understand the effect of site specific response spectrum
response spectrum.
on analysis of multistoried building a shear wall building is
considered in this study. When walls are situated in The time period based on dynamic analysis and IS
advantageous position in a building, they can form an 1893:2002 specification are compared as shown in Figure
efficient lateral load resisting system, while simultaneously 7. It is observed that dynamic analysis gives higher time
fulfilling other functional requirement. Four geometric period compared to code specified time period given by
positions of shear walls i.e., central, middle sided, outer 0.09h/d. For low rise building the difference is low
sided and corner sided are considered. Further the number compared to high rise building. Further code based
of storey is considered as 10, 20, and 30 storey. Plan of formula gives same time period for different shear wall
building is shown in Figure 6. Height of each story is position with building having same number of stories. Base
considered as 4 m. The dimensions of various structural shear is obtained for 10, 20, and 30 storied building by site
elements are given in Table 6. Live load of 4 kN/m is 2 specific response spectrum analyses using ETABS software.
considered in all the buildings. The response spectrum function and related data are
defined in ETABS as shown in screenshots of software in
Parameters Peak ground Peak Peak Spectral Spectral
Site Acceleration Velocity Displace- Acceleration Acceleration Figure 8. Comparisons of base shear in different shear wall
(g) (m/sec) ment (m) (Sa) coefficient (Sa/g)
position are carried out considering site specific response
Motera 0.220 0.183 0.368 1.41 6.43
Paldi 0.116 0.110 0.369 0.45 3.89 spectra and IS 1893 response spectrum. The same is
Chandkheda 0.110 0.113 0.369 0.43 3.89
Sola 0.108 0.112 0.369 0.41 3.79
presented in Figure 9. The base shear indicates total
earthquake force acting on the building. It is observed that
Table 5. Comparisons of Dynamic Parameters of Sites
for different buildings site specific response spectrum
analysis gives higher base shear compared to IS:1893

4
Time period (sec)

Figure 6. Geometric Positions of Shear Wall in 10, 20 and 3

30 storey symmetrical buildings 2

1
Building Bay Storey Beam Column Slab Shear wall
Type Size Height Size Size Thickness Thickness 0
center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner
mxm m mxm mxm m m
10 storey 20 storey 30 storey
10-storey 6×6 4 0.4 × 0.6 0.55 × 0.55 0.15 0.17 IS 1893:2002 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55
20-storey 6×6 4 0.4 × 0.6 0.75 × 0.75 0.15 0.20 Dynamic analysis 0.91 1.009 1.88 1.102 2.14 2.185 3.155 2.284 3.598 3.631 4.796 3.759
30-storey 6×6 4 0.4 × 0.6 1×1 0.15 0.30

Table 6. Shear wall frame building properties Figure 7. Comparison of Time period for various shear
wall framed buildings

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8000.00

7000.00

6000.00

5000.00

Axial force (kN)

4000.00

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner
10 storey 20 storey 30 storey
IS1893 3665.6 2487.6 2064.8 2404.0 5065.2 3799.8 3514.4 4287.4 7238.7 5975.7 5559.6 6075.9
Motera 3722.3 2482.8 2039.7 2448.5 4836.1 3642.4 3382.1 3915.7 6926.6 5790.0 5275.5 5800.7
Paldi 3655.5 2473.3 2028.7 2402.8 4781.9 3622.7 3378.6 3843.3 6850.0 5786.5 5273.6 5745.3
Chandkheda 3653.9 2473.0 2028.4 2402.0 4780.4 3622.6 3378.5 3842.0 6849.1 5786.5 5273.6 5744.7
Sola 3652.2 2472.8 2028.2 2401.3 4779.3 3622.6 3378.3 3841.4 6848.4 5786.4 5273.5 5744.2
Figure 8. Response Spectra Case Data in ETABS
Figure 10. Comparison of Axial Force for various buildings using
1400.00 Response Spectrum analysis
1200.00
450.00
1000.00 400.00
Base s hear (kN)

350.00
800.00
300.00

shear force ( kN)

600.00
250.00
400.00 200.00
150.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
50.00
center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner
0.00
10 storey 20 storey 30 storey center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner

IS1893 762.92 679.19 779.71 716.53 868.34 858.36 921.20 883.14 902.93 934.61 1072.861001.83 10 storey 20 storey 30 storey

Motera 859.21 799.17 843.88 870.46 797.09 768.37 656.94 773.98 932.23 683.44 1265.081075.83 IS1893 366.29 327.24 200.14 344.93 321.77 363.72 193.45 383.95 313.21 312.09 203.41 320.87
Paldi 751.10 611.88 738.30 682.46 646.14 561.12 488.90 518.00 704.18 583.35 788.97 707.19 Motera 400.73 384.80 216.88 418.62 253.66 333.24 136.83 339.78 308.41 258.03 229.24 332.79

Chandkheda 745.15 601.73 736.04 677.18 637.00 554.29 486.23 512.27 701.09 581.86 784.01 702.40 Paldi 349.05 294.78 189.94 328.72 190.45 240.24 103.15 223.74 229.44 201.40 145.91 222.21

Sola 741.29 594.26 734.79 673.40 631.21 548.95 484.28 508.34 699.00 580.42 779.93 698.66 Chandkheda 345.90 289.90 189.37 326.20 186.79 237.11 102.61 221.07 228.56 199.65 145.04 220.77
Sola 343.97 286.31 189.05 324.40 184.25 234.64 102.22 219.25 227.95 198.22 144.32 219.65

Figure 9. Comparison of Base shear for various buildings using

Response Spectrum Analysis Figure11. Comparison of Shear Force for various buildings using
Response Spectrum Analysis
specified response spectrum analysis. For analysis of shear
2500.00
walled building various load cases and their combinations
are considered as per IS 1893:2002. The design of shear 2000.00
Bending moment (kN m)

wall is carried out by considering axial force, shear force 1500.00

and bending moment. These internal forces in wall are 1000.00

obtained by considering combinations of gravity loads

500.00

and lateral loads with appropriate load factors as specified

0.00
in IS:1893. The design forces in terms of axial force, shear center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner

10 storey 20 storey 30 storey

force and bending moment are obtained from site IS1893 1985.06 1915.19 1392.19 1939.45 1821.75 2247.68 1313.55 2101.03 2207.19 2204.751636.79 2255.25
Motera 2148.17 1969.32 1548.64 2182.96 1250.50 1656.99 853.59 1591.70 1543.58 1439.11 1293.79 1579.66
specific response spectrum analysis of buildings. The results Paldi 1948.16 1688.60 1383.49 1879.91 1083.91 1393.40 730.41 1289.87 1312.39 1248.69 979.08 1281.05
Chandkheda 1941.98 1675.74 1380.33 1872.00 1078.02 1386.70 728.10 1285.02 1310.00 1243.79 975.50 1276.58
are obtained when earthquake force is acting in X- Sola 1936.55 1666.39 1378.09 1865.93 1074.02 1381.47 726.92 1281.49 1308.16 1239.62 972.24 1272.97

direction. The design axial force obtained by site specific

Figure 12. Comparison of Bending Moment for various buildings
response spectrum analyses and its comparison with using Response Spectrum Analysis
IS:1893 specified response spectrum is shown in Figure 10. spectrum gives higher design shear force. Figure 12
The variation in axial force is within 5% to 10% when different presents comparison of design bending moment in wall
response spectrums are considered for analysis. Figure 11 when different response spectrums are considered for
presents comparison of design shear force in wall when analysis. For 10 storey building site specific response
analysis is carried out with different response spectrum. spectrum analysis of building yields higher design bending
Except for 20 storey building site specific response moment in the wall.

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5. Time History Analysis of Shear Walled Building reduction factor associated with overstrength and ductility
For engineering purposes the variation of ground in the system and multiplied by the importance factor to
acceleration with respect to time is the most useful way of arrive at the design base shear [8].
defining the shaking of ground during an earthquake. Time Analysis result obtained in terms of base shear is shown in
history analysis procedure [7] provides structural response Figure 14. IS:1893 response spectrum analysis gives higher
of building as a function of time, but structural design is base shear in comparison to site specific time history
usually based on the peak value of forces and analysis of buildings. The design axial force in shear wall is
deformations over the duration of the earthquake induced presented in Figure 15. It is observed that for 20 and 30
response. For the single degree of freedom system this storey buildings site specific time history analysis gives
values can be determined directly from response higher value of design axial force in most of the shear wall
spectrum. But, for the multi degree of freedom system this locations. Figure 16 presents design shear force in wall at
values determined directly from response spectrum does different sites. In most of the cases IS 1893 response
not give exact result. So, it is necessary to perform time spectrum analysis gives higher value of design shear force
history analysis for the important structure. The site specific compared to site specific time history analysis. The design
time history analysis of the multi-storey buildings is carried 1200

out using ETABS software [6]. In the present study, site 1000

specific acceleration time history is obtained for various

800

sites of Ahmedabad city using ProSHAKE software. The time

Ba se sh ea r ( kN)

600
history functions and load cases are defined in ETABS as
400
shown in Figure 13. As the acceleration time history in
longitudinal direction gives critical results, it is considered in 200

analysis. 0
center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner

10 storey 20 storey 30 storey

In linear time history analysis, the building is first modeled in IS1893 762.92 679.19 779.71 716.53 868.34 858.36 921.20 883.14 902.93 934.61 1072.86 1001.83
Motera 512.07 482.76 448.28 591.38 764.22 522.41 478.45 563.79 460.34 569.83 924.14 915.52

ETABS and acceleration time history is applied at the base Paldi 443.97 448.98 345.87 457.78 688.97 431.09 431.03 526.72 470.69 393.1 712.5 718.97
Chandkheda 452.59 452.41 348.28 449.14 678.62 439.66 422.41 509.48 457.76 396.55 699.57 718.97

of the building. The analysis results give displacement of Sola 461.21 452.41 344.82 449.14 673.45 443.97 422.41 509.48 453.45 339.52 699.57 718.97

building, internal forces in members at each time

Figure 14. Comparison of Base shear for various buildings
increment under a specific ground motion. The peak using Time history analysis
values of internal forces in members are considered for
design of structure. The base shear obtained from a linear 10000

time history analysis has to be divided by response 9000

8000

7000

6000
Ax ial force (kN)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner
10 storey 20 storey 30 storey

IS1893 3665.662487.602064.872404.065065.223799.863514.414287.497238.715975.795559.666075.95
Motera 3501.803279.732639.072170.844876.556784.015011.03 6172.146778.648921.778139.478277.68
Paldi 3434.563270.462623.712129.454834.336773.675007.736128.596685.168922.808131.518231.12
Chandkheda 3430.423271.202624.842125.314830.206768.505006.686122.486682.448921.778134.618256.31
Sola 3434.563269.642624.282129.454838.416771.055009.086141.046685.558920.738133.068259.04

Figure 15. Comparison of Axial Force for various buildings

using Time history analysis
Figure 13. Time History Case Data in ETABS

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450
spectrum. This affects base shear of multistoried buildings
400

350
and design forces in shear walled building. The buildings
300 having time period in range of 0.2 to 0.5 seconds
shear force (kN)

250
experience higher base shear compared to IS 1893
200

150 specified base shear.

100
50
From the comparisons of time period of buildings, it has
0
center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner
been observed that IS 1893:2002 gives same time period
10 storey 20 storey 30 storey for a particular building with different positioning of shear
IS1893 366.29 327.24200.14 344.93321.77363.72 193.45383.95 313.21312.09 203.41320.87
Motera 245.69 240.00120.00 284.26313.97236.69 100.55248.80 211.45 135.78 162.94276.72
wall. It indicates that there is no effect of shear wall
Paldi 215.59 222.02101.09 221.38283.86188.69 87.67 234.20 161.38123.34 126.72219.35 positioning on time period given by IS 1893:2002. While in
Chandkheda 221.80 218.06102.56 217.26279.72192.83 87.67 228.00 162.94125.76 126.72215.58
Sola 223.86 216.00100.19 219.31277.66194.89 87.80 225.94 161.38126.41 124.14217.24 case of dynamic analysis, it is observed that the shear wall
Figure 16. Comparison of Shear Force for various buildings position in center for all different high-rise buildings has the
using Time history analysis minimum time period in their first mode. Eventually it will
bending moment for ground floor shear wall is presented in attract more earthquake forces and it will be the critical
Figure 17. From comparison it is found that IS 1893 case among the other shear wall positions. The maximum
response spectrum analysis gives higher design forces. time period is observed in the case of buildings with the
6. Results and Discussions shear wall position at outer side.

Site specific response analysis for four sites of Ahmedabad From the comparison of base shear, it is observed that
city is carried out using ProSHAKE software. From the base shear considering site specific response spectrum is
available data of sub-soil strata and input motion of higher for 10 storey building with all shear wall positions.
acceleration time history recorded during Bhuj earthquake While in 20 storey building IS 1893 response spectrum gives
th
of 26 January 2001, response spectra and acceleration higher value of base shear. In 30 storey building with outer
time history for four sites are obtained. From comparison of and corner side shear wall, site specific response spectrum
response spectrum plot for longitudinal direction, it is found gives higher amount of base shear. So, site specific
that IS 1893 response spectrum is having lower values of response spectrum gives realistic estimate of earthquake
spectral acceleration (Sa/g) for structure having lower time forces on buildings.
periods. While IS 1893 response spectrum gives higher From results of design forces in ground floor shear wall it is
values of spectral acceleration (Sa/g) for structure having observed that the design forces in shear wall are governed
higher time periods compared to site specific response by site specific response spectrum in case of 10 storey
2500 building. The variation in design forces is 2% to 10%. Site
specific response spectrum at Motera site gives higher
2000
design forces compared to other sites' response spectrum.
Be n d ing m om e nt ( k N m )

1500 Building with outer shear wall position gives lower design
forces in shear wall while, center shear wall position case
1000

gives higher design forces than the other shear wall

500
positions in building.

0 In case of time history analysis the building is subjected to

center middle outer corner center middle outer corner center middle outer corner
10 storey 20 storey 30 storey ground acceleration and peak earthquake forces are the
IS1893 1985.0 1915.1 1392.1 1939.4 1821.7 2247.6 1313.5 2101.0 2207.1 2204.7 1636.7 2255.2

Motera 1461.2 1631.8 1003.4 1282.3 1295.1 1422.4 657.94 807.90 1148.2 845.69 881.38 972.41 maximum forces acting on structure in the event of
Paldi 1306.4 1487.0 860.83 1108.9 1158.6 1241.2 646.36 780.25 897.94 752.75 721.55 830.17
Chandkheda 1318.9 1487.0 845.75 1108.9 1155.3 1228.4 646.14 776.69 884.48 775.27 713.80 830.17 earthquake. Usually code specified seismic forces are
Sola 1306.0 1474.6 858.25 1108.9 1189.6 1241.3 645.92 775.08 892.24 768.11 713.80 830.17
reduced to take into account overstrength and ductility of
Figure 17. Comparison of Bending Moment for various buildings
using Time history analysis structural system. From the result of time history analysis

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RESEARCH PAPERS

design earthquake forces are obtained by considering all buildings. Dynamic analysis of the R.C.C. shear wall
effect of 2 × R i.e., earthquake forces are divided by 2R. As framed structures gives higher time period as
per IS:1893 factor 2 is for converting maximum considered compared to the time period obtained from formula
earthquake (MCE) to design basis earthquake (DBE) and of IS:1893-2002 (Part-1). Center shear wall position
factor R (=5) is response reduction factor for considering gives less time period, while outer sided shear wall
ductility of structural system. Otherwise the results of time building gives higher time period.
history analysis would be very high as it is similar to ·IS 1893-2002 specified response spectrum gives lower
maximum considered earthquake without considering value of base shear for 10 and 30 storey building
ductility of structure. Base shear in all cases is governed by compared to base shear obtained based on site
IS1893 response spectrum as compared to time history specific response spectrum. Response spectrum of
analysis. Shear force and bending moment in ground floor Motera site gives higher base shear than response
shear wall as obtained by IS:1893 response spectrum are spectrum of other sites for same building. While IS 1893-
higher compared to site specific time history analysis for all 2002 gives higher value of base shear for 20 storey
buildings. Time history analysis gives higher axial force for 10 buildings in comparison to site specific response
storey shear wall building having middle and outer shear spectrum.
wall. For 20 and 30 storey buildings time history analysis
·In most of cases outer shear wall positioning in building
gives higher axial force for all shear wall locations except in
gives higher value of base shear. While, middle side
center. In all buildings Motera site acceleration time history
position gives lower value of base shear. So, site
gives higher base shear and design forces compared to
specific response spectrum as well as position of shear
other sites acceleration time history.
wall affects the total seismic force acting on buildings.
For regular buildings considered for the study site specific
·Site specific response spectrum gives higher amount
response spectrum analysis gives higher design forces
of design forces in 10 storey shear wall framed building
compared to site specific acceleration time history. But for
while in 20 and 30 storey building IS 1893 response
buildings having complicated and irregular geometry time
spectrum is governing. If IS:1893 specified response
history analysis may give higher design forces, which need
spectrum is used for structural design then, 10 storey
to be investigated.
building will be deficient, while 20 and 30 story
Microzonation studies of important cities are available, buildings will be over designed. So, site specific
which specify site specific peak ground acceleration, response spectrum analysis of multi-storeyed building
response spectrum and acceleration time history in various yield safe and economical design.
part of city. If such data are available structural engineer
·Base shear obtained considering IS 1893 response
can use the same for realistic estimation of seismic forces
spectrum is higher compared to base shear obtained
which lead to economical and safe structures. Structures
from time history analysis for buildings with all positions
designed by considering site specific response spectrum
of shear wall. Time history analysis gives higher axial
or acceleration time history will be neither over designed
force in ground floor shear wall in most of the cases
nor unsafe. With advances in computational tools it is easier
while shear force and bending moment are governed
to predict site specific ground response and to use it for
by response spectrum analysis. This indicates that the
structural design.
detailed and time consuming time history analysis will
Conclusion not be required for structural design of regular
Based on the above study following conclusions can be buildings.
made: ·Site specific response spectrum and time history
·As IS 1893:2002 specified time period does not take analysis present actual behaviour of structure during
into account shear wall position time period is same for seismic event and should be followed for important

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December 2010 - February 2011
 RESEARCH PAPERS

buildings. With availability of microzonation data of city [4]. EduPro Civil Systems, Inc., “ProSHAKE Ground
and advanced computational techniques it become Response Analysis Program, Version 1.1”, User Manual,
easier for structural engineers to perform site specific Redmond, Washington.
response spectrum and time history analysis of [5]. IS1893: (Part I)-2002, “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
buildings. Design of Structures” (Part 1) Bureau of Indian Standards,
References New Delhi.
[1]. Kramer, Steven L. “Geotechnical Earthquake [6]. Wilson E. L., and Habibullah A.(2002). “Extended Three
Engineering”, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996. Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems ETABS Version
[2]. Govinda Raju, L., Ramana, G. V., Hanumantha Rao, 9.0.7”, Users manual, Computers and Structures, Inc.,
C. and Sitharam, T. G. (2004), “Site-Specific Ground Berkeley, California.
Response Analysis,” Current Science, Vol.87, No.10, [7]. Chopra, Anil K.(2001). Dynamics of Structures, Prentice
pp.1354-1362. Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
[3]. Steven L. Kramer and Sarah B. Paulsen “Practical Use [8]. Saatcioglu, Murat and Humar, JagMohan, (2003).
of Geotechnical Site Response Models” University of “Dynamic analysis of buildings for earthquake resistant
Washington , Seattle , Washington pp.1-10. design”, Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 30, pp. 338–359

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Paresh V. Patel is Professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad. He obtained M.E. (Structure) in
1993 from Gujarat University and Ph.D. (Structure) in 2006 from the M. S. University of Baroda. He has four years of professional and
fourteen years of academic experience. He is life member of ISTE, IE(I), ISWE, ICI and INSDAG. His area of interest includes analysis
and design of various types of structures.

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December 2010 - February 2011 49