Definition of AI

the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human
intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between
languages.

Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to natural intelligence

displayed by animals including humans

Applications of AI

1. AI in Astronomy

Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be
helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare

In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to
have a significant impact on this industry.

Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help
doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to
the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming

AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the
machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance

AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing
automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial
processes.

5. AI in Data Security

The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital
world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media

Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need
to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data.
AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works
such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with
customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry

Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.

Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey
more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:

Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such
that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots
which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.

Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named
as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment

We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services
such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the
recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture

Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a
day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as
agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful
for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce

AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more demanding in
the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended
size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:

AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate
with students as a teaching assistant.

AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at any
time and any place.
3)How AI can be used in businesses

Information Technology (IT) is used in business for transmitting, storing, manipulating and retrieving
data. The purpose of IT used in business are:

1. Information Technology helps to store the information

2. It helps to make the business calculations, such as profit and loss.
3. It helps to present the details using the PowerPoint software.
4. It helps to communicate using the communication methods, such as e-mails, fax, telephone
linking and so on.

4) Intellligent agents

An intelligent agent is a program that can make decisions or perform a service

based on its environment, user input and experiences. These programs can
be used to autonomously gather information on a regular, programmed
schedule or when prompted by the user in real time. Intelligent agents may
also be referred to as a bot, which is short for robot.
an agent program, using parameters the user has provided, searches all or
some part of the internet, gathers information the user is interested in and
presents it to them on a periodic or requested basis. Data intelligent agents
can extract any specifiable information, such as included keywords or
publication date. In agents that employ artificial intelligence (AI), user input is
collected using sensors, like microphone or cameras, and agent output is
delivered through actuators, like speakers or screens.
Types of intelligent agents
Types of intelligent agents are defined by their range of capabilities and
degree of intelligence:
 Reflex agents: These agents function in a current state, ignoring past
history. Responses are based on the event-condition-action rule (ECA
rule) where a user initiates an event and the agent refers to a list of pre-
set rules and pre-programmed outcomes.
 Model-based agents: These agents choose an action in the same way
as a reflex agent, but they have a more comprehensive view of the
environment. A model of the world is programmed into the internal
system that incorporates the agent's history.
 Goal-based agents: These agents expand upon the information model-
based agents store by also including goal information, or information
about desirable situations.
  Utility-based agents: These agents are similar to goal-based agents but
provide an extra utility measurement which rates each possible scenario
on its desired result and chooses the action that maximizes the
outcome. Rating criteria examples could be the probability of success or
the resources required.
 Learning agents: These agents have the ability to gradually improve and
become more knowledgeable about an environment over time through
an additional learning element. The learning element will use feedback
to determine how performance elements should be changed to improve
gradually.
AI assistants, like Alexa and Siri, are examples of intelligent agents
Structure of an AI Agent
The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent function. The
structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture and agent program.

Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:
Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.
Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.
Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An agent
program executes on the physical architecture to produce function f.

5) What is searching?
Searching is the universal technique of problem solving in AI. There are some single-
player games such as tile games, Sudoku, crossword, etc. The search algorithms help
you to search for a particular position in such games.

Brute-Force Search Strategies

They are most simple, as they do not need any domain-specific knowledge. They work
fine with small number of possible states.
Requirements −
 State description
 A set of valid operators
  Initial state
 Goal state description

Breadth-First Search
It starts from the root node, explores the neighboring nodes first and moves towards the
next level neighbors. It generates one tree at a time until the solution is found. It can be
implemented using FIFO queue data structure. This method provides shortest path to
the solution.
If branching factor (average number of child nodes for a given node) = b and depth =
d, then number of nodes at level d = bd.
The total no of nodes created in worst case is b + b 2 + b3 + … + bd.
Disadvantage − Since each level of nodes is saved for creating next one, it consumes
a lot of memory space. Space requirement to store nodes is exponential.
Its complexity depends on the number of nodes. It can check duplicate nodes.

Depth-First Search
It is implemented in recursion with LIFO stack data structure. It creates the same set of
nodes as Breadth-First method, only in the different order.
As the nodes on the single path are stored in each iteration from root to leaf node, the
space requirement to store nodes is linear. With branching factor b and depth as m, the
storage space is bm.
Disadvantage − This algorithm may not terminate and go on infinitely on one path. The
solution to this issue is to choose a cut-off depth. If the ideal cut-off is d, and if chosen
cut-off is lesser than d, then this algorithm may fail. If chosen cut-off is more than d,
then execution time increases.
Its complexity depends on the number of paths. It cannot check duplicate nodes.
Bidirectional Search
It searches forward from initial state and backward from goal state till both meet to
identify a common state.
The path from initial state is concatenated with the inverse path from the goal state.
Each search is done only up to half of the total path.

Uniform Cost Search

Sorting is done in increasing cost of the path to a node. It always expands the least cost
node. It is identical to Breadth First search if each transition has the same cost.
It explores paths in the increasing order of cost.
Disadvantage − There can be multiple long paths with the cost ≤ C*. Uniform Cost
search must explore them all.

Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search

It performs depth-first search to level 1, starts over, executes a complete depth-first
search to level 2, and continues in such way till the solution is found.
It never creates a node until all lower nodes are generated. It only saves a stack of
nodes. The algorithm ends when it finds a solution at depth d. The number of nodes
created at depth d is bd and at depth d-1 is bd-1.
6) diff fetween informed and uninformed search

Informed Search: Informed Search algorithms have information on the goal state which
helps in more efficient searching. This information is obtained by a function that estimates
how close a state is to the goal state. eg.greedy search

Uninformed Search: Uninformed search algorithms have no additional information on the

goal node other than the one provided in the problem definition. The plans to reach the
goal state from the start state differ only by the order and length of actions.
Examples: Depth First Search and Breadth-First Search .
7) how ai is applied in computer vision and Natural Language Processing?

‘the way machines interpret

Natural Language Processing’:
natural human language
What’ is CV ?: As NLP dealt with textual data, CV is the processing of
image data by your computer and performing multiple useful tasks on
those images.

We may see images as colorful paintings but a computer views them as

pixels and channels. A color image has 3 channels (Red, Green, Blue).
Manipulation of these pixel values is the basis of Computer Vision.
Which are applications of natural language processing in AI?

Top 11 Natural Language Processing Applications

 Sentiment Analysis.
 Text Classification.
 Chatbots & Virtual Assistants.
 Text Extraction.
 Machine Translation.
 Text Summarization.
 Market Intelligence.
 Auto-Correct.

What are the applications of computer vision in artificial intelligence?

7 applications of computer vision

 Computer Vision for Defect detection.
  Computer Vision for Metrology.
 Computer Vision for Intruder Detection.
 Computer Vision for Assembly verification.
 Computer Vision for Screen reader.
 Computer Vision for Code and character reader (OCR)
 Computer Vision + robotics for bin picking.

10: diff B/W depth first search and breadth first search

BFS stands for Breadth First Search is a vertex based technique for finding a shortest path in graph. It
uses a Queue data structure which follows first in first out. In BFS, one vertex is selected at a time when
it is visited and marked then its adjacent are visited and stored in the queue. It is slower than DFS.

/\

B C

/ /\

D E F

DFS stands for Depth First Search is a edge based technique. It uses the Stack data structure, performs
two stages, first visited vertices are pushed into stack and second if there is no vertices then visited
vertices are popped.