GRADE 7 FIRST QUARTER MATH EXAM - number of elements in a set

REVIEWER - denoted by n(name of set) = element count

n(A) = 3
Sets & Venn Diagram
Kinds of Sets
Introduction to Sets
Finite Set
Set
- set with a limited number of Elements
- A well-defined collection of
distinct objects Infinite Set
Well-defined - set with an indefinite number of elements
- cardinality = infinitely many
 clearly indicates that something is a
memebr of a specific group Unit Set

Elements - a set with only one element

- cardinality = 1
- distinct objects that makeup a set
Empty/Null Set
Distinct
- set with no elements
 clearly and noticeably unique - {} or o /
Ways of Describing Sets Universal Set
Listing Method/Roster Form - The set of all definite elements in a particular
- Elements are listed, separated by a comma, and context or situation
enclosed in a pair of brackets Subset
“Set A contains the elements 1, 2, and 3” - A set that can be found inside another set
A = {1,2,3} - If the all the elements of A are also elements if B,
A is a subset of B
Rule Method/Set Builder Notation Form
U B
- Stating a property that describes all the members
of the set
4 5
6 A
A = {x/x is a house in Hogwarts}
“Set A is the set of all x such as x is a house
123
in Hogwarts”
Terminologies on Sets
Elements
- denoted by a non-capital letter

∈ - element of a set
∉ - not an element of a set
Sets
- usually denoted by a capital letter
Cardinality
Power Set - sets that contain the exact same elements
A=B
- The power of Set A or P(A) is the set that
≠ means not equal
contains all the possible subsets of Set A
including the null/empty set and the set itself Equivalent Sets
- Formula:
- sets with the same cardinality
n
 2 = 2 raised to the cardinality of the set A~B
~ means not equivalent
/
n(A) = 3 Set Operations
23 = 2x2x2 = 8
Intersection
The number of subsets in P(A) is 8
- common elements
Venn Diagram
- A∩B
Visual representation of sets and their elements - “intersection of A & B”
Universal Set
U A B
U

Subset Union
B - Elements of both sets combined
A - AUB
- “Union of A and B”

A B
Proper Subset U

 contains at least one element that is not in B

A⊂B
*An empty set is always a proper subset
Improper Subset
 contains the exact same elements as the
original
C⊆A

⊂ = subset
⊄ = not a subset
Difference
- Elements in A but not in B
R
N
- A–B
Joint Sets - “A minus B”
- sets which have elements in common
U A B

W
Disjoint Sets
- sets with no elements on common

Z
Equal Sets
Complement Rational
-

-
All elements in the Universal Set except the
elements in a given set
A’
Q - fraction of 2 integers
Irrational
Z’
P
non-
- “the complement of Set A” - cannot be expressed as a fraction integer
Non-Integers
U A B
- fractions
- decimals
- radicals
*some non-integers are rational, and some are
Solving Word Problems Using Venn Diagrams irrational
Context Clues RATIONAL IRRATIONAL
Fractions -
Decimals Decimals
*Assume A & B are joint sets* - terminating - non-repeating & non-
- repeating & terminating
A ∩ B – and, both non-terminating  e = 2.718281…
 π = 3.141592...
A U B – or, either
Radicals Radicals
- perfect root - non-perfect root
A – B – only, but not - perfect square  √7
 whole number square
A’ - anything but, except, all but/except roots
- perfect cube
SETS & VENN DIAGRAM (Unit I) SUMMARY  whole number cube
Terms: Set Operations roots
well-defined union
elements intersection
cardinality difference
finite vs infinite complement
Hierarchy of Real Numbers
unit, empty, universal
ways of describing sets Hierarchy
Set Relations:
equal & equivalent - Arrangement according to importance
joint & disjoint
proper & improper Real Numbers

Rational Irrational
Non-Integer Rational Integer Non-Interger Irrational
Introduction to Real Numbers Whole Negative
Natural Zero
Numbers
- word/symbol that represents a specific amount or
quantity
Real Numbers
- any number you can think of
Natural/Counting
- numbers used to learn how to count
Whole
- natural numbers + zero (0)
Intergers
- natural numbers + opposites + zero
Number Line - changing the grouping of the addends doesn’t
change the sum
- straight line containing real numbers with equal
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) = D
intervals and is infinite in both directions
Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition
A · (B + C) = (A · B) + (A · C) = D
-1 0 1
negative real origin positive real number Distributive Property of Multiplication Over
number
Subtraction
Locating Points
A
A · (B - C) = (A · B) - (A · C) = D
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Identity Property of Addition

name A:2coordinate - a number plus zero equals the number itself

A+0=0+A=A
- 0 is an additive element
Absolute Value
Identity Property of Multiplication
- distance of a number from 0 (origin)
- -2 = 2 - A number times one equals the number itself
A·1=1·A=A
Estimation of Radicals
- 1 is a multiplicative identity element
- J = √20
Inverse Property of Addition
 √16 = 4
 √25 = 5 - a number plus its additive inverse equals zero
× 25 – 20 = 5 A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0
× 20 – 16 = 4
- 16 is closer to 20 Inverse Property of Multiplication

J - a number times its reciprocal (multiplicative

inverse) equals one
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Properties 0
of Real Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1
A· = ·A=1
A A
Closure Property of Addition
Zero Property of Multiplication
- if the addends are real numbers, then the sum is
also a real number - any number multiplied by zero equals zero
A+B=C A·0=0·A=0

Closure Property of Multiplication

- if the factors (multiplicand & multiplier) are real
numbers, then the product is also a real number
Integers
A·B=C
ADDITON SUBTRACTION
Commutative Property of Addition Case #1: Case #1
Same signs Same signs
- changing the order of the addends doesn’t change - get the sum - get the difference
- copy common sign - copy the common sign
to sum Case #2 Case #2
A+B=B+A=C Different signs Different signs
- solve - solve
- get the sign of the - get the sign of the number
Commutative Property of Multiplication addend with the higher with the higher absolute
absolute value value
- changing the order of the factors doesn’t change
the product
Powers of Negative Integers
A·B=B·A=C
Associative Property of Addition
(-A)n
-A – negative number
n
– exponent
even number of exponents = positive
odd number of exponents = negative
Word Problems
Sea + Air
Sea level = origin
Above sea level = positive
Below sea level = negative
Temperature
Freezing point = origin
Above freezing point = positive
Below freezing point = negative
Directions
North & East = positive
South & West + negative
Money
Deposit, Credit, & Increments = positive
Withdraw, Debit, & Deductions = negative
Scientific Notation
To multiply, multiply coefficients and add exponents
To divide, divide coefficients and subtract exponents
When working with different exponents, always convert
to the higher exponent
- remember that -3 has a higher value than -4