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Week 2 - PPT 2 - AMG 211 (Equations and Inequalities)

This document provides information about linear equations and inequalities in two variables. It discusses how to plot points on a plane using x- and y-axes, find the solution set of a linear equation by graphing or using elimination/substitution methods, and graph linear inequalities in one and two variables. Examples are provided to illustrate how to solve systems of linear equations and inequalities.

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174 views49 pages

Week 2 - PPT 2 - AMG 211 (Equations and Inequalities)

This document provides information about linear equations and inequalities in two variables. It discusses how to plot points on a plane using x- and y-axes, find the solution set of a linear equation by graphing or using elimination/substitution methods, and graph linear inequalities in one and two variables. Examples are provided to illustrate how to solve systems of linear equations and inequalities.

Uploaded by

not funny didn't laugh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AMG 211

(Management Science)
Week 2

By:

Dr. Joel M. Ilustracion


Professor
Linear Equations in Two Variables:
Plotting a Point to a pane
The extent of a plane is determined by two
intersecting number lines perpendicular to each
other.
These lines are known as axes of reference.
They intersect at zero.
Any point in the plane is determined by the
coordinates of the two axes.
It has been a practice to assign x as the
horizontal axis and y is the horizontal axis.
Any point in the plane corresponds to an
ordered pair of numbers (x, y).
It is an ordered pair because the order that
x comes first before y is important.
The points to the right of zero along the x-
axis are positive, while the points to the left
of zero are negative.
The points above the zero along the y-axis
are positive, while those below zero are
negative.
Examples:
1. To locate the point (3, 5), locate 3 along
the x-axis and from there move upward until
y = 5.
2. To plot (4, -5), locate 4 along the x-axis
and from there move downward until y = -5.
3. To plot (-4, 5), locate -4 along the x-axis
and move upward until y = 5.
4. To locate (-3, -3), locate -3 along x-axis
and from there moved downward until y = -3.
Graph of a Linear Equation in Two Variables
Finding the solution set of a linear equation in two
variables can be done by assuming a value for one
variable and then solving for the other.
Example 1.
Graph the solution set of the equation x + y = 3
Solution:
Assume at least 2 values of x or y. (The easiest is to
use the x-intercept and y-intercept. Thus, assume x = 0,
and solve for y.
x + y = 3 Assume x = 0 then,
0+y=3
y = 3 (0, 3) is a part of the graph which is the
y-intercept
Assume y = 0, and solve for x
x+y=3
x+0=3
x = 3 (3, 0) is a part of the graph which is the
x-intercept
Hence, we have to plot (0, 3) and (3, 0) and connect
them by means of a line.
System of Equations in Two Variables
There are three ways of finding the
common solution of equations in 2 unknown:
1. Using the elimination method by addition
and subtraction
2. Graphing
3. Substitution
Finding the Common Solution by Eliminarion
Example 1.
Find the common solution of: x + y = 9
x −y=1
a) Using addition
x+y=9
x–y =1
2x = 10
x=5
Solving for y: Take any of the two equations
x + y = 9 if x = 5, then
5+y=9
y=9–5
y=4
Common solution or solution set: (5, 4)
b) Using subtraction:
x+y=9
x– y=1
2y = 8
y=4
The above examples show that the addition
process is used if we want to eliminate variables
with unlike signs in the 2 equations and subtraction
is used to eliminate variables of the same sign.
To check if (5, 4) is the solution set, substitute
the coordinate in both equations.
Check:
x+y=9 x–y=1
5+4=9 5–4=1
9=9 1=1
Example 2.
Find the common solution of: 3x + y = 18
x – 5y = -10
Solution:
We can observe that addition or subtraction can
not immediately eliminate either variable. But if we
multiply the first equation by 5 and multiply the
second equation by 1 to eliminate y, we have:
5(3x + y = 18) = 15x + 5y = 90
1(x – 5y = -10) = 1x - 5y = -10
16x = 80
x=5
Solving for y:
3x + y = 18 if x = 5, then
3(5) + y = 18
15 + y = 18
y = 18 – 15
y=3
Common solution: (5, 3)
Check:
3x + y = 18 x – 5y = -10
3(5) + 3 = 18 5 – 5(3) = -10
15 + 3 = 18 5 – 15 = -10
18 = 18 -10 = -10
Example 3.
Find the common solution of: 5x + 4y = 38
2x + 3y = 18
Solution:
Multiply the first equation by 2 and multiply the
second equation by 5, to have the same coefficient
of x.
2(5x + 4y = 38) = 10x + 8y = 76
5(2x + 3y = 18) = 10x + 15y = 90
-7y = -14 by subtraction
y=2
Solve for x:
5x + 4y = 38 if y = 2, then
5x + 4(2) = 38
5x + 8 = 38
5x = 38 – 8
5x = 30
x=6
Common solution: (6, 2)
Solving System of Equations by Graphing
Example:
Find the solution set of: x + y = 9
x–y=1
Solution:
Find the intercepts of both equations:
In x + y = 9 if x = 0, then y = 9 (0, 9)
if y = 0, then x = 9 (9, 0)
In x – y = 1 if x = 0, then y = -1 (0, -1)
if y = 0, then x = 1 (1, 0)
The point of intersection (5, 4) is the common
solution
Solving System of Equations by Substitution:
Example 1.
Find the common solution of: x + y = 9
x–y=1
Solution:
Solve for x in the first equation: x = 9 - y
Substituting the value of x in the second equation:
x–y=1
(9 – y) – y = 1
9–y–y=1
9 – 2y = 1
- 2y = 1 – 9
- 2y = -8
y=4
Solving for x:
x+y=9
x+4=9
x=9–4
x=5
Common solution: (5, 4)
Example 2.
Find the common solution of: 5x + 4y = 38
2x + 3y = 18
Solution:
Solving for x in the first equation:
5x + 4y = 38
5x = 38 – 4y
38 −4y
x= 5
Substituting the value of x in the second equation
2x + 3y = 18
38 −4𝑦
2( 5 ) + 3y = 18
38 −4𝑦
2( 5 ) + 3y = 18

76 −8𝑦
5( + 3y = 18)
5
Getting rid of the denominator:
76 – 8y + 15y = 90
7y = 90 – 76
7y = 14
y=2
Solving for x:
5x + 4y = 38 if y = 2, then
5x + 4(2) = 38
5x + 8 = 38
5x = 38 – 8
5x = 30
x=6
Common solution: (6, 2)
Linear Inequalities
Inequalities or inequations are algebraic
statements showing expressions that are not equal.
Linear Inequalities in One Variable
The difference between equation and inequality
is that in an inequality, multiplying or dividing both
members by negative numeral will reverse the
symbol of inequality.
Illustration:
Consider -3 < 5.
If we multiply both members by a negative
numeral, say by -1, the left member becomes 3 and
the right member becomes -5.
Hence, it becomes 3 > -5. (Note that if the <
symbol is not reversed, the inequality 3 < -5 is no
longer true).
Finding the Solution Set of an Inequality:
Example 1.
Find the solution set of 2x + 14 ≤ 4
Solution:
2x + 14 ≤ 4
2x ≤ 4 – 14
2x ≤ -10
x ≤ -5
To check: Pick a value of x which is less than -5
Let x = -6
2x + 14 ≤ 4
2(-6) + 14 ≤ 4
-12 + 14 ≤ 4
2 ≤ 4
Example 2.
Find the solution set of: x + 3 ≥ 5x – 1
Solution:
x + 3 ≥ 5x – 1
x – 5x ≥ - 1 – 3
- 4x ≥ -4
- 4x/4 ≥ -4/-4
x≤ 1
To check: Take a value which is less than 1:
Let x = -1
x + 3 ≥ 5x – 1
-1 + 3 ≥ 5(-1) -1
2 ≥ - 5 -1
2 ≥ - 4 true
Graph of Linear Inequalities in one Variable
Example 2. Solve for x and graph the solution set of:
2x ≥ 20 + 4x
Solution:
2x ≥ 20 + 4x
2x – 4x ≥ 20
- 2x ≥ 20
x ≤ -10
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables:
The solution set o an inequality in 2 variables can
be shown in a graph.
Steps in graphing an inequality in 2 variables
1. Graph the corresponding equation of the
inequality. The graph is a line.
2. Pick (0, 0) and substitute its coordinates in the
given inequality.
3. If the coordinates satisfy the inequality, shade
the region on the side of the line. If the coordinates
do not satisfy the inequality, shade on the other
side of the line.
Example 1. Graph x + y ≤ 4
Solution: Take its equation x + y = 4. Taking its intercept:
x+y=4
If x = 0, y = 4. Hence the point is (0, 4)
If y = 0, x = 4. Hence the point is (4, 0)
Plotting the points:
Take (0, 0) on the lower of the line, and see if it
satisfies x + y ≤ 4. Substituting: x + y ≤ 4
0 + 0 ≤4
0 ≤ 4 (true).
Therefore, the region or half plane where (0, 0)
is located contains the solution set of the
inequality, hence the graph is:
Example 2: Graph x + y < 4. (Note that the equality
sign is not included).
Example 3. Graph x – 2y ≥ 6
Solution:
Take the equation x – 2y = 6. Its intercepts are
(0, -3) and (6, 0).
Pick (0, 0) and substitute in x – 2y ≥ 6.
0–0≥6
0 ≥ 6 is false
Since (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality, the area
where (0, 0) is located does not contain the solution set.
Hence the other side of the line is to be shaded.
Example 4. Graph x + 3y ≥ -9
Solution:
Take the equation x + 3y = -9. The intercepts are
(0, -3) and ( -9, 0).
Pick (0, 0) and substitute in x + 3y ≥ -9
0 + 3(0) ≥ -9
0 + 0 ≥ -9
0 ≥ -9 is true
Hence (0, 0) is located in the feasible region.
(Feasible region containing the solution set).
Example 5. Graph x ≤ 8
System of Inequalities in Two Variables
The solution set of a system of equations as we
have discussed previously is their point of
intersection.
In the case of system of inequalities, since the
solution set of a single inequality is a plane or half-
plane, the common solution is the intersection of
the inequalities which is also a plane.
Example:
Graph the solution set of the system:
x – y ≥ -4
x+y≤4
Graph the solution set of the system: x – y ≥ -4
x+y≤4
Solution: Taking the corresponding equation of each:
x – y = -4 if x = 0, y = 4 (0, 4) and if y = 0, x = -4 (-4,0)
x + y = 4 if x = 0, y = 4 (0, 4) and if y = 0, x = 4 (4, 0)
Example 2. Graph the solution set of the system:
x≥0
y≥0
Solution:
Example 3. Graph the common solution of:
x≥0
y≥0
x + y ≤0
Solution:
x≥0 implies that the set of points belongs to
y≥0 first quadrant and the solution to
x + y ≤ 5 is below the line. Hence the
graph is:
End of Week 2

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