PIMSAT COLLEGES

Bolosan District, Dagupan City, Pangasinan

Module 3

G E 9 – Math, Science and technology

Mission: Strengthen Pimsat

Strengthen Its Presence In The International Market Of Science Applications And

Technology

Vision:

Accelerator Of Scientific And Technological Advancement for The Realities Of The

Future

GOALS / OBJECTIVES

In everything that we do officially, we put Quality First and Foremost, because : We

endeavor to know our students’ requirements; We comply with the standards imposed by the
government and that of international institutions including those set by the CHED, TESDA, ( and
now includes the MARINA / PRC, Dep Ed )

We continuously upgrade our capabilities to deliver multi – discipline programs duly recognized
by the CHED , TESDA, ( and now MARINA / PRC , Dep Ed ) through enhancing programs and
conduct of R and D and Extension Services .

We work as one in attaining our objectives.

Prepared by : Engr. Bobby T. Oganiza, CE, MBA, LPT

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Trigonometric Functions of an Acute Angle :

In dealing with any right triangle, it will be conveient to denote the angle of the triangke as A, B,
and C, ( C being the right angle ) , and the sides opposite the angles as a, b, and c respectively.
With rewspect to angle A, a will be called the opposite side, and b will be called the adjacent
side. With respect to angle B, a will be called the adjacent side and b will be called the opposite
side. Side c will always be called the hypotenuse. ( Refer to the figure below )

c a

A b C

The principal trigonometric functions of an acute angle A are defined as follows :

The principal trigonometric functions of an acute angle A are defined as follows :

opposite side a
Sin A = ------------------------- = --------
hypotenuse c

adjecent side b
Cos A = ------------------------- = --------
hypotenuse c

opposite side a
Tan A = -------------------------- = --------
adjacent side b

adjacent side b
Cot A = --------------------------- = ---------
opposite side a

hypotenuse c
Sec A = --------------------------- = -------
adjacent side b

hypotenuse c
Csc A = ----------------------------- = --------
opposite side a

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Useful Geometric Concepts :

1. In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is euqal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides. ( Pythagorean Theorem )

2. In a right triangle, the sum of the acute angles is 90 degrees.

3. In any triangle, the sum of the three angles is 180 degrees

4. In any triangle , the greatest side is opposite the greatest angle.

5. In any triangle, the sum of any two sides is longer than the third side.

6. The base angles of an isosceles triangles are equal.

The following pairs are reciprocal :

a) Sine and Cosecant

b) Cosine and Secant

c) Tangrnt and Cotangent

Trigonometric Functions of Complementary Angles :

The acute angles A and B of the right triangle ABC are said to be complementary, if their sum is
90 degrees. From the given figure above, the following relationships are derived.

Sin A = a/c = Cos B = Cos ( 90⁰ – A )

Cos A = b/c = Sin B = Sin ( 90⁰ - A )

Tan A = a/b = Cot B = Cot ( 90⁰ - A )

Cot A = b/a = Tan B = Tan ( 90⁰ - A )

Sec A = c/a = Csc B = Csc ( 90⁰ - A )

Csc A = c/b = Sec B = Sec ( 90⁰ - A )

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These relationships associate the functions in pairs - sine and cosine , tangent and cotangent ,
and secant and cosecant – each function of a pair being called co-function of the other. Thus,
any function of an acute angle is equal to the corresponding co-function of the complementary
angle.

Exercises :

I. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of the acute angles of the right triangle
ABC, given the following :

a) a = 3 , b = 1

b) a = 2 , c = 3

c) b = 7 , c = 14

d) b = 2 , c = √10

e) a = √5 , b 4

f) a = 2 , c = 15

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II. Find the other five functions of the acute angle A, given that :

a) Sin A = 3/7

b) Tan A = 2

c) Sec A = √2

d) Csc A = 5/2

e) Sin A = 1/2

f) Cos A = 3/10

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Name_________________________________________Time_____________Date________

Activity A :

1. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of the acute angles of the right triangle
ABC, given : b = √7 , c = 5

2. Find the other five functions of the acute angle A, given that : Sin A = 2/7

3. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of the acute angles of the right triangle
ABC, given : a = 4 , c = 13

4. Find the other five functions of the acute angle B, given that : Cos A = 4/11

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Name_________________________________________Time_____________Date________

Activity B :

1. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of the acute angles of the right triangle
ABC, given : a = 7 , c = 15

2. Find the other five functions of the acute angle A, given that : Cos A = 4/7

3. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of the acute angles of the right triangle
ABC, given : a = 3 , c = 11

4. Find the other five functions of the acute angle B, given that : Sin A = 7/11

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Exercises : Solve the following problems :

1. A rope is stretched from the top of a pole to a point 15 meters from the foot of the pole.
The rope makes an angle of 30⁰ 25 ‘ with the pole. How tall is the pole ?

Figure : 30⁰25’ a

15 m

Solution :

Tan 40⁰ 50’ = --------

15

a = 15 ( tan 40⁰ 50’ )

a = 12.96 m Answer

2. From the extremity of the shadow cast by a tower, the angle of elevation of the top is
60⁰ 20’. If the shadow is 120 feet long, how far is it from the top of the building to the
extremity of the shadow ?

60⁰20’

Solution :

120 c

Cos 60⁰20’ = ---------- 60⁰20’

c 120 ft

120

C = ----------------

cos 60⁰20’

c = 24.24 ft. Answer

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Name_________________________________________Time_____________Date________

Activity A : Solve the following problems

1. From the top of the cliff which rises vertically 31.5 meters above the river bank, the angle
of depression of the opposite bank is 30⁰ 25’. How wide is the river ?

2. From the top of a lighthouse 48.75 meters above the sea level, a boat is observed under
an angle of depression of 36⁰ 25’ . How far is the boat from the observer ?

3. A flagpole broken over by the wind forms a right triangle with the ground. If the angle
which the broken part makes with the ground is 55⁰ 24’ , and the distance from the tip of
the pole to the foot is 25 meters, how tall was the pole before it was broken ?

4. An Engineer found the angle of elevation of the top of a commercial building to be 25⁰
36’.After walking 180 feet toward the building, he found the angle of elevation to be
68⁰42’. How high is the commercial building ?

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Name_________________________________________Time_____________Date________

Activity B : Solve the following problems

1. From the top of atower 80 meters high, the angles of depressions of two points A and
B, on the ground were found to be 38⁰ 40’ and 55⁰ 36’ respectively. Find the distance
between A and B.

2. A steel ladder resting against the side of a wall makes an angle of 45⁰ 19’ with the
ground. If the foot of the ladder is 200 cm away from the wall, how long is the ladder ?

3. To measure the height of a building, an Engineer set up his transit at a distance 45 meters
from the base of the building. He finds the angle of elevation of the top of the building to
be 60⁰ 15’ . If the telescope of the transit is 1.30 meters above the ground, how high is
the building ?

4. From the top of a cliff, the angle of depression of an approaching boat was found to be 36⁰
15’ . After the boat had moved a distance of 40 meters toward the observer, the angle of
depression was found to have increased by 18⁰ 30’ . How high is the cliff above the water
surface ?

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Name_________________________________________Time_____________Date________

Activity C : Solve the following problems

1 A building 15 meters high stands upon the same horizontal plane as a nipa hut. The
angle of depression of the top and bottom of the nipa hut is 58⁰ 25’ and 62⁰ 10’
respectively. ( both measured from the top of the building ). Find the height of the nipa
hut .

2 A television antenna is on the roof of a building. From a point on the ground 36 feet from
the building, the angles of elevetion of the top and bottom of the antenna are 58⁰ 10’ and
45⁰ 23’ respectively. How tall is the antenna ?

3. A ladder 12 meters long is placed so that it will reach a window 8 meters high on one
side of a street; if it is turned over, its foot being held in one position, it will reach a
window 6 meters high on the other side of the street. How wide is the street from
building to building ?

4. The angle of depression of point A directly north of a 22 – meter tower is 9⁰ 30’ . The angle
of depression of point B , also north of the tower is 19⁰ 50’. How far is point A from point
B?

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Name_________________________________________Time_____________Date________

Activity D : Solve the following problems

1. An Engineer found the angle of elevation of the top of a commercial building to be

29⁰ 32’. After walking 180 feet toward the building, he found the angle of elevation to
be 68⁰42’. How high is the commercial building ?

2. From the top of a lighthouse 42.55 meters above the sea level, a boat is observed under
an angle of depression of 38⁰ 24’ .How far is the boat from the observer ?

3. A flagpole broken over by the wind forms a right triangle with the ground. If the angle
which the broken part makes with the ground is 48⁰ 54’ , and the distance from the tip of
the pole to the foot is 22.8 meters, how tall was the pole before it was broken ?

4. From the top of the cliff which rises vertically 29.5 meters above the river bank, the angle
of depression of the opposite bank is 31⁰ 45’. How wide is the river ?

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 Chapter II

Science and Technology

Introduction :

The evolution of science is like a boon to the world, as human beings come to know a lot about
the world they are living in including the activities they indulge into. Furthermore, the
development of technology along with the advancement in Science helps to bring in a revolution
in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, education, information and technology, and many
more. In the present world, if we think of any sort of development, then the presence of science
and technology cannot be ignored.

Science encompasses the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and
natural world through observation and experiment, and technology is the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes.

Objectives : At the end of this chapter, students should be able to :

1. Appreciate the contribution of science and technology to everyday life and to the quality
of life.

2. appreciate the contribution science and technology have made in the past and how it will
help create solutions for the future.

3. foster and encourage curiosity and enthusiasm about the natural world.

4. appreciate the natural world and the physical environment.

5. communicate effectively using scientific language and reasoning.

6. apply critical thinking and problem solving skills in daily life situations.

7. develop a sense of responsibility for personal learning, inquiry and discovery.

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General Discussions :

What is Science?

Science is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the
structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.

It is a systematized or organized body of knowledge based on observation, experimentation and

study.

Science (from Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds
and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

In short, science is knowledge and the answer to the following questions: What? , How? and
Why?

The Main Branches of Science

A. Physical Science - deals with the study of non-living things, their composition, nature,
characteristics, the changes they have undergone and the factors affecting these changes.

1. Physics

2. Chemistry

3. Astronomy

4. Oceanography

5. Meteorology

6. Geology

7. Ecology

8. Climatology

9. Metallurgy

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B. Biological Science

1. Botany

2. Zoology

3. Anatomy

4. Physiology

5. Genetics

C. Social Sciences

1. History

2. Political Science

3. Economics

4. Psychology

A. Physical Sciences :

1. Physics – is the branch of science that studies the behavior of

all types of matter present in and beyond the universe. It

is the study of the inanimate world, the things physically

present around us. In engineering , physics is the

study of the inter-relationship of force, matter and

energy. Energy produces force and force, and force applied

on matter, causes physical changes on it, or causes motion

on the object.

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Branches of Physics:

A. Mechanics – is the methods and quantitative study of Physics.

a) Statics – study of forces at rest or in equilibrium

b) Dynamics – study of forces in motion.

* Kinematics – deals with the description of the

motion of a body.

* Kinetics – Deals with the effects of forces on the

motion of a body.

* Mechanics of Fluids or Hydromechanics – study of

flow of fluids.

B. Heat – is a form of thermal energy which determines the hotness

or coldness of a body.

Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of a body.

Thermometer is a device used to measure temperature.

C. Electromagnetism – combined study of electricity and magnetism.

D. Waves – the study of sound and light.

E. Advanced or Modern Physics – deals with the study of Nuclear

energy and Particle physics.

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2. Chemistry – is the branch of science that deals with the study of the structure, properties and
composition of matter and the accompanying chemical changes when they react with each
other. It is the chemical combination of one or more substances to form a new single
substance.

Example: when atoms of oxygen and hydrogen combines in appropriate proportion to form
water.

Things You Need To Know About Chemistry :

Basic Chemistry Facts for Beginners

Are you new to the science of chemistry? Chemistry may seem complex and intimidating, but
once you understand a few basics, you'll be on your way to experimenting and understanding the
chemical world. Here are ten important things you need to know about chemistry.

I. Chemistry Is the Study of Matter and Energy

Chemistry, like physics, is a physical science that explores the structure of matter and energy
and the way the two interact with each other. The basic building blocks of matter are atoms,
which join together to form molecules. Atoms and molecules interact to form new products
through chemical reactions.

II. Chemists Use the Scientific Method

Chemists and other scientists ask and answer questions about the world in a very specific
way: the scientific method. This system helps scientists design experiments, analyze data,
and arrive at objective conclusions.

What Is the Scientific Method ?

It is a method of procedure that has characterized natural science consisting in systematic

observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of
hypotheses. The process of the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses),
deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or
empirical observations based on those predictions.

Biochemists study DNA and other biological molecules.

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III. There Are Many Branches of Chemistry

Think of chemistry as a tree with many branches. Because the subject is so vast, once you
get past an introductory chemistry class, you'll explore different branches of chemistry, each
with its own focus.

List of the Branches of Chemistry:

a. Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry - There are chief differences between organic
and inorganic compounds. The main difference is in the presence of a carbon atom; organic
compounds will contain a carbon atom (and often a hydrogen atom, to form hydrocarbons),
while almost all inorganic compounds do not contain either of those two atoms.

b. Analytical Chemistry – deals with the study of the separation, identification, and
quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.

c. Physical Chemistry – The branch of chemistry concerned with the application of the
techniques and theories of physics to the study of chemical systems. The rainbow of
colored fire was made using common household chemicals to color the flames.

d. Biochemistry - is the branch of chemistry that explores the chemical processes within and
related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and
chemistry. The study of the chemistry behind biological processes and the synthesis of
biologically active molecules are examples of biochemistry. It allows us to understand how
chemical processes, such as respiration, produce life functions in all living organisms.

Chemical Engineering – is the branch of engineering concerned with the design and
operation of industrial chemical plants. It is a discipline influencing numerous areas of
technology. In broad terms, chemical engineers conceive and design processes to produce,
transform and transport materials beginning with experimentation in the laboratory
followed by implementation of the technology in full-scale production.

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IV. The Coolest Experiments Are Chemistry Experiments :

It's hard to disagree with this, because any awesome biology or physics experiment
could be expressed as a chemistry experiment! Atom smashing, Nuclear chemistry,
Flesh-eating bacteria, Biochemistry. Many chemists say the laboratory components of
chemistry is what got them interested in science... not just chemistry, but all aspects of
science.

V. Chemistry Is a Hands-On Science

If you take a chemistry class, you can expect there to be a lab component to the course.
This is because chemistry is as much about chemical reactions and experiments as it is
about theories and models. In order to understand how chemists explore the world, you'll
need to understand how to take measurements, use glassware, use chemicals safely, and
record and analyze experimental data.

VI. Chemistry Takes Place in a Laboratory and Outside the Laboratory

When you picture a chemist, you may envision a person wearing a lab coat and safety
goggles, holding a flask of liquid in a laboratory setting. Yes, some chemists work in
labs. Others work in the kitchen, in the field, in a plant, or in an office.

VII. Chemistry Is the Study of Everything

Everything you can touch, taste, or smell is made of matter. You could say matter makes
up everything. Alternatively, you could say everything is made of chemicals. Chemists
study matter, therefore chemistry is the study of everything, from the smallest particles
to the largest structures. Did you eat an apple? It's made of chemicals.

VIII. Everyone Uses Chemistry

You need to know the basics of chemistry, even if you aren't a chemist. No matter who
you are or what you do, you work with chemicals. You eat them, you wear them, the
drugs you take are chemicals and the products you use in daily life all consists of
chemicals.

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 IX. Chemistry Offers Many Employment Opportunities

Chemistry is a good course to take to fulfill a general science requirement because it

exposes you to math, biology, and physics along with principles of chemistry. In college,
a chemistry degree can act as a springboard to numerous exciting careers, not just as a
chemist.

Cooking is applied chemistry, involving organic compounds and chemical reactions in

food. David Chasey, Getty Images .

X. Chemistry Is in the Real World, not Just the Laboratory

Chemistry is a practical science as well as a theoretical science. It is often used to design

products real people use and to solve real-world problems. Chemistry research may be
pure science, which helps us to understand how things work, contributes to our
knowledge, and help us make predictions about what will happen. Chemistry may be
applied science, where chemists use this knowledge to make new products, improve
processes, and solve problems.

3. Astronomy – is the study of the universe and the heavenly

bodies.

4. Oceanography – is the study of large volume of water or the

study of the ocean.

5. Meteorology - study of the atmosphere and how processes in

the atmosphere determines Earth’s weather and

climate.

6. Geology - deals with the composition of Earth materials, Earth

structures, and Earth processes

7. Ecology – deals with the study of the factors that affect the

environment.

8. Metallurgy – Study of the earth’s crust.

B. Biological Sciences
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 Any branch of science that deals with the study of living things, like, trees, animals,
micro-organism, etc.

1. Botany – deals with the study of plants

2. Zoology – deals with the study of animals

3. Anatomy – the study of the human body.

4. Physiology - science that deals with how living things

function.

5. Genetics – the scientific study of the heredity and variations

of organisms.

C. Social Sciences

* the scientific study of human society and social relationships

* a branch of science that deals with the institutions and functioning of human society
and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society.

1. History – the study of past events that relate to a particular

subject, place, organization, etc.

2. Political Science – the study of governments and how they

work. It is concern chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially

governmental institutions and processes.

3. Economics – the science which is concerned with the system and process by which goods
and services are produced, sold, and bought. Usually it is the part that relates to money.

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 4. Psychology – the science which deals with the mind and

behavior in relation to a particular field of

knowledge or activity. It deals with the mental

and behavioral characteristics of a an

individual or group.

5. Philosophy – the study of ideas, about knowledge, truth, the

the nature and the meaning of life.

6. Humanities – deals with compassionate, sympathetic, or

generous behavior or disposition of humans.

ACTIVITY 1

General Discussions

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Name:_____________________________________________ Date Submitted ______________

Course/Year/Section: _________________________________

Rating: ____________________________________________

1. Name the 3 main branches of science and explain each:

a) ________________

b) ________________

c) ________________

2. What specific branch of science is involved when a man pushes and moves an object?
Explain.

Name:_____________________________________________ Date Submitted ______________

Course/Year/Section: _________________________________

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Rating: ____________________________________________

3. What is the difference between Basic science and Applied science? Explain briefly.

4. Explain the inter-enhancement of Science and Technology.

5. Differentiate Chemistry from Physics by giving an example.

( Use the back page if necessary )

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