Proto-Andean evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru

David M. Chew, Giovanni Pedemonte, Eoghan Corbett

PII: S1342-937X(16)30064-8
DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.016
Reference: GR 1610

To appear in: Gondwana Research

Received date: 20 October 2015

Revised date: 16 March 2016
Accepted date: 18 March 2016

Please cite this article as: Chew, David M., Pedemonte, Giovanni, Corbett, Eoghan,
Proto-Andean evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru, Gondwana Research (2016),
doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.016

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Proto-Andean evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru

David M. Chewa*, Giovanni Pedemonteb, Eoghan Corbetta

a
Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2,

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Ireland
b
Escuela de Geología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú

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Abstract
The Eastern Cordillera of Peru represents one of the longest (> 1200 km) Paleozoic

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metamorphic and magmatic belts exposed along the western Andean margin of South
America. In this study we examine the tectonothermal evolution of a key segment of the

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metasedimentary basement of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (the Huaytapallana Complex)
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and demonstrate that it has experienced a hitherto undocumented high-grade orogenic event
at 260 Ma (latest Middle Permian) based on U-Pb and Th-Pb monazite age data from
paragneisses and U-Pb dating of zircon rims from leucosomes. These ages are interpreted as
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recording crystallization and are consistent with 255 Ma rutile growth in lower-grade units.
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U-Pb apatite data (c. 260 Ma – 230 Ma) in all units are consistent with slow cooling from this
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260 Ma metamorphic peak. U-Pb zircon geochronology of pre-tectonic plutons yield ages
ranging from c. 302 Ma to c. 260 Ma. These geochronological data are augmented by new U-
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Pb apatite age data from other segments along the Eastern Cordillera of Peru. A regional
synthesis of existing geochronological constraints from the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
demonstrates that the margin has experienced a polycyclic orogenic history. Deformation
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and magmatism occurred at c. 480 Ma and c. 435 Ma during the Famatinian orogenic cycle,
was followed by a Late Silurian to Early Carboniferous (c. 420-350 Ma) magmatic and
metamorphic gap, and terminated with Gondwanide magmatism and metamorphism at c. 315
Ma and c. 260 Ma. These Famatinian and Gondwanide orogenic phases can be correlated
into the Proto-Andean margin of Argentina and Chile and are thus of regional extent. The
evolution of the Proto-Andean margin is thus best explained by changes in tectonic plate
reorganization in a long-lived Paleozoic accretionary orogen which was undergoing phases of
advance and retreat, resulting in magmatic pulses and orogenic phases which can be
correlated along the length of the plate boundary.

Keywords: Proto-Andes, Peru, Eastern Cordillera, U-Pb geochronology, orogeny

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1. Introduction
The Eastern Cordillera of Peru represents one of the longest (> 1200 km) Paleozoic
metamorphic and magmatic belts exposed on the western Andean margin of South America
(Fig. 1). Whereas Andean deformation and magmatism have been extensively studied (e.g.

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Jaillard and Soler, 1996; Ramos, 2009; Pfiffner and Gonzalez, 2013), the Paleozoic evolution
of much of the Proto-Andean margin is more complex (e.g. Pankhurst et al., 1998; Thomas

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and Astini, 2004; Chew et al., 2007; Miskovic et al., 2009) and more difficult to unravel.

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This is because even in regions such as the Eastern Cordillera of Peru where pre-Andean
basement rocks are not buried by recent volcanism or foreland basin sediments, it is difficult

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to correlate orogenic phases in the basement rocks without comprehensive geochronological
studies. This problem is exacerbated by the polycyclic orogenic history of the Paleozoic

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Proto-Andean margin (the Andes represent the locus of continued plate convergence through
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much of the Phanerozoic), and even the effects of Andean (Eocene–Oligocene) tectonism can
be difficult to identify in metasedimentary basement rocks where lithostratigraphic
correlation is difficult.
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The Eastern Cordillera of Peru consists of a series of Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks,

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termed the Marañón Complex north of 11ºS, and the Huaytapallana Complex south of 11ºS
(Mégard, 1978; Pfiffner and Gonzalez, 2013; Fig.1). The metasedimentary basement is
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intruded by several intrusive suites, including a series of Ordovician – Early Silurian

granitoids, Carboniferous – Early Permian I-type granitoids and diorites, and Late Permian-
Triassic granodiorites and S-type granites (Fig. 1, Miskovic et al., 2009). Ordovician
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plutonism is also observed on the coast in the Arequipa basement (Fig. 1), a Proterozoic
crustal block that experienced 0.9–1.2 Ga Grenville metamorphism (Loewy et al., 2004;
Wasteneys et al., 1995), and in the offshore continuation of this crustal block on the outer
shelf rise (Isla de las Hormigas Afuera, Fig. 1; Romero et al., 2013).

The timing of deformation in the metasedimentary basement of the Eastern Cordillera

of Peru was originally regarded as Neoproterozoic in age based on bulk, unabraded U-Pb
zircon data (ca. 630–610 Ma lower intercepts) from granulitic gneisses in central Peru
(Dalmayrac et al., 1980). Recent studies demonstrate that it is Paleozoic in age and
comprises at least two orogenic cycles, an Ordovician magmatic and metamorphic event
(Cardona, 2006; Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., 2009; Willner et al., 2014), and a
Carboniferous orogenic phase which is spatially associated with regional arc magmatism

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(Cardona, 2006; Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., 2009). These events have been correlated
(Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., 2009; Ramos, 2009) with the Early to Middle Ordovician–
age Famatinian metamorphism and subduction-related magmatism and a Carboniferous
(Early Gondwanide) event that affected much of the Proto-Andean margin of South America

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(Pankhurst et al., 1998; Thomas and Astini, 2004). In this study we examine the
tectonothermal evolution of a key segment of the metasedimentary basement of the Eastern

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Cordillera of Peru (the Huaytapallana Complex east of Huancayo, Figs 1,2) and demonstrate

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that it has experienced an hitherto undocumented high-grade orogenic event at c. 260 Ma
(Middle Permian). These geochronological data are augmented by new U-Pb accessory

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mineral age data from other segments along the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Fig. 1). The
geological evolution of key sectors of the Eastern Cordillera is then synthesised by

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incorporating data from this work and other recent studies, which are used to make a tectonic
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model for the Paleozoic evolution of this segment of the Proto-Andean margin.

2. Geological setting and samples

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Samples for U-Pb accessory mineral (apatite, rutile, zircon and monazite)
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geochronology were collected mainly from metasedimentary and intrusive rocks in the
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Huaytapallana Complex east of Huancayo (Figs 1, 2). Additionally apatite U-Pb

geochronology was undertaken on several samples from the study of Chew et al. (2007) to
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characterise the late orogenic cooling history of key segments of the Eastern Cordillera to the
north (sampling areas denoted by black boxes on Fig. 1). South of 11°S, the metamorphic
basement inliers of the Eastern Cordillera have been divided into a series of massifs by
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Mégard (1978) based primarily on their metamorphic grade. These inliers (the Chupán –
Huasahuasi, Maraynioc-Marairazo, Huaytapallana and Huaytapallanakaru massifs, Fig. 10)
were considered to be Precambrian in age by Mégard (1978). Although we view these
massifs as probable along-strike equivalents of the Marañón Complex to the north, they are
grouped here into one unit termed the Huaytapallana Complex.

Three sampling transects (Figs 2B-D) were undertaken in the main study area (Fig. 2A)
and sample descriptions are listed in Appendix A. The highest-grade rocks occur in the
Huaytapallana Massif (Fig. 2C) of Mégard (1978), and comprise high-grade garnet-
sillimanite-biotite bearing paragneisses with abundant development of leucosomes (Figs. 3A-
3C). A small foliated meta-diorite body was observed cutting the paragneisses (Fig. 3D,
sample TCH-004). Lower-grade rocks occur to the north in the southernmost portion of the

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Maraynioc-Marairazo massif (Fig. 2B) of Mégard (1978). This unit comprises albite-bearing
and chlorite-bearing mica schists with minor psammites and amphibolites. Its contact with
the Muchac Granodiorite (Fig. 3E) to the west is a thrust fault (Fig. 2B). The southern
sampling transect (Fig. 2D) was undertaken in the northernmost portion of the

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Huaytapallanakaru Massif of Mégard (1978). It comprises biotite-grade mica schists and
psammites cut by both the Villa Azul Batholith (Fig. 2D, Fig. 3F) and minor metadolerite

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intrusions (Fig. 3G, 3H).

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To the west of the Eastern Cordillera in this region, a succession of Paleozoic

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sedimentary sequences crop out in semi-grabens in the Mantaro Valley, which are overlain by
remnants of the Triassic – Jurassic carbonate platform, the Pucará Group. To the east,

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Paleozoic units crop out and comprise continental clastic sequences of the Devonian
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Cabanillas Group, the continental and shelf sequences of the Mississippian Ambo Group, the
marine Upper Carboniferous Tarma Group, a condensed Pennsylvanian - Permian carbonate
platform of the Copacabana Group and continental red beds and volcaniclastics of the
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Triassic Mitu Group (Fig. 4). The Villa Azul Batholith strikes NW-SE with a strike length of
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more than 600 km and an average width of 15 km (Cerrón and Ticona, 2003) and is mainly
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emplaced into metamorphic rocks of the Huaytapallana Complex. The sole existing
geochronological constraint from the region is a K-Ar biotite age of 251 Ma from the Villa
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Azul Batholith near Villa Azul Ranch (Stewart et al. 1974).

3. Analytical technique
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Zircon, apatite, rutile and monazite grains were separated using standard separation and
concentration procedures (jaw crushing, Wilfley table, heavy liquids and magnetic
separation) at the Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin (TCD). The fraction
between 125 and 250μm was used in the majority of cases. U-bearing accessory mineral
phases were picked under a binocular microscope in ethanol, mounted in 2.5cm epoxy
mounts and polished to approximately half thickness prior to analysis. Cathodoluminescence
(CL) images of zircon grains were acquired at the Centre for Microscopy and Analysis at
TCD using a Tescan MiraXMU Scanning Electron Microscope with a KE Developments
Centaurus Cathodoluminescence Detector.

3.1 U-Pb LA-ICPMS analyses

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All U-Pb data were acquired using a Photon Machines Analyte Exite 193 nm ArF
Excimer laser-ablation system with a Helex 2-volume ablation cell coupled to a Thermo
Scientific iCAP Qc at TCD. 0.65 l/min He carrier gas was split evenly between the large
outer sample chamber and the small inner volume (the „cup‟) where ablation occurs. A small

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volume of N2 (ca. 6 ml/min) to enhance signal sensitivity and reduce oxide formation and 0.7
l/min Ar nebulizer gas was then introduced to the sample-gas mixture via an in-house

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202 204,206,207,208 232 238
smoothing device. Hg, Pb, Th and U were acquired for all U-Pb analyses.

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Zr, 43Ca, 48Ti and 31P were employed as the internal standards for zircon, apatite, rutile and
monazite respectively. Zircon analyses employed either a 30 µm laser spot, a 4 Hz laser

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repetition rate and a fluence of 3.9 J/cm2 for detrital analyses, or a 14 µm laser spot, a 5 Hz
laser repetition rate and a fluence of 3.9 J/cm2 for dating thin zircon rim overgrowths in high-

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grade paragneiss samples (e.g. TCH-002, -003 and -007). Apatite and rutile analyses were
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acquired using either a 30, 47 or 60µm laser spot (kept constant for a given session), a 5 Hz
laser repetition rate and a fluence of 3.9 J/cm2. Monazite analyses were acquired using a
14µm laser spot, a 4 Hz laser repetition rate and a fluence of 3.9 J/cm2.
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The raw isotope data were reduced using the “Vizual Age” data reduction scheme of
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Petrus & Kamber (2012) within the freeware IOLITE package of Paton et al. (2011). User-
defined time intervals are established for the baseline correction procedure to calculate
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session-wide baseline-corrected values for each isotope. The time-resolved fractionation

response of individual standard analyses is then characterised using a user-specified down-
hole correction model (such as an exponential curve, a linear fit or a smoothed cubic spline).
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The data reduction scheme then fits this appropriate session-wide “model” U-Th-Pb
fractionation curve to the time-resolved standard data and the unknowns. Sample-standard
bracketing is applied after the correction of down-hole fractionation to account for long-term
drift in isotopic or elemental ratios by normalizing all ratios to those of the U-Pb reference
standards. Common Pb in the apatite and rutile standards was corrected using the 207Pb-based
correction method using a modified version of the VizualAge DRS that accounts for the
presence of variable common Pb in the primary standard materials (Chew et al. 2014).

3.2 U-Pb accessory mineral standards

For zircon, the analytical procedure utilized repeated blocks of four zircon standards
followed by 20 unknown samples. The four zircon standard analyses comprised two analyses
of the primary standard 91500 zircon (206Pb/238U TIMS age of 1065.4±0.6 Ma; Wiedenbeck

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et al. 1995), followed by one analysis of Plešovice zircon (weighted mean Pb/238U TIMS
age of 337.13 ± 0.37 Ma; Sláma et al. 2008) and Temora 2 zircon (206Pb/238U TIMS age of
416.8 ± 1.3 Ma; Black et al. 2003). Plešovice and Temora 2 yielded LA-ICPMS U-Pb
concordia ages of 337.8 ± 1.3 Ma (MSWD = 5.1; n = 26) and 417.2 ± 1.4 Ma (MSWD =

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0.107; n = 33) in this study.

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For apatite and rutile, blocks of six standards and two NIST612 standard glass analyses

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were followed by 20 unknown samples. Madagascar apatite (Thomson et al. 2012) (weighted
average ID-TIMS concordia age of 473.5 ± 0.7 Ma, Cochrane et al. 2014) was used as the

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primary apatite reference material. McClure Mountain syenite apatite (weighted mean
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Pb/235U age of 523.51 ± 2.09 Ma, Schoene & Bowring 2006) and Durango apatite (31.44 ±

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0.18 Ma, McDowell et al., 2005) were used as a secondary standards. McClure Mountain
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apatite yielded a U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg concordia lower intercept age of 521.2 ± 2.6 Ma
(MSWD = 1.6; n = 56), anchored using a 207Pb/206Pb value of value of 0.88198 derived from
an apatite ID-TIMS total U-Pb isochron (Schoene and Bowring 2006). The Durango apatite
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standard (McDowell et al., 2005) yielded an unanchored U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg concordia

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lower intercept age of 31.18 ± 0.89 Ma (MSWD = 0.99; n = 75).

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R10 rutile (U–Pb TIMS age of c. 1090 Ma (Luvizotto et al., 2009) was used as the
primary rutile standard while R19b rutile (weighted mean TIMS 206Pb/238U age of 489.5 ± 0.9
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Ma, Zack et al., 2011) and RZ-3 rutile (SIMS U-Pb a mean Pb/206Pb age of 1780.2 ± 9.6
Ma, Shi et al., 2012) were used as secondary standards. R19 rutile and RZ3 rutile yielded
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concordia ages of 490 ± 12 Ma (MSWD = 0.45; n = 12) and 1783 ± 36 Ma (MSWD = 5.0; n
= 12) respectively. 44069 monazite (TIMS U-Pb concordia age of 424.9 ± 0.4 Ma,
Aleinikoff et al., 2006) was used as the primary monazite standard and A49 and A276
monazite (TIMS U-Pb monazite ages of 1874.8 ± 5.4 Ma and 1915.6 ±5.6 Ma, Yann Lahaye,
unpublished data) were used as secondary standards. A49 monazite yielded a LA-ICPMS U-
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Pb concordia age of 1877 ±10 Ma (MSWD = 0.023) and a weighted average Pb-232Th age
of 1877 ± 26 Ma (MSWD = 1.5). A276 monazite yielded a LA-ICPMS U-Pb concordia age
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of 1906.8 ± 7.8 Ma (MSWD = 2.7) and a weighted average Pb-232Th age of 1906 ± 21
(MSWD = 1.9). In both cases there is very good agreement between the LA-ICPMS U-Pb
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concordia ages and the weighted average Pb-232Th ages of the secondary monazite
standards.

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4. Results
U-Pb apatite, rutile, zircon and monazite concordia diagrams are presented in Figs. 5, 7-
9, and summarized in Table 1. The raw U-Pb data for all analyses are listed in Appendices B-
E. Representative SEM-CL images are presented in Fig. 6. The MSWD of the U-Pb

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concordia ages employs both the MSWD for X-Y equivalence and the MSWD for
concordance. The U-Pb systematics of individual samples are discussed in the following

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section, whereas the geological significance of the U-Pb data from the Huaytapallana

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Complex is discussed in section 5.1.

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4.1 Apatite U-Pb data from the Huaytapallana Complex
Apatite U-Pb data were acquired from eight samples (metasedimentary rocks and pre-tectonic

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intrusives) from the low-grade portions of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2B, 2D, Fig. 5)
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and for four high-grade paragneiss samples and one intrusive rock from the high-grade
portion of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2C, Fig. 7). In the low-grade portions of the
Huaytapallana Complex, the apatite U-Pb data all lie on Tera-Wasserburg discordias,
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yielding lower intercept ages ranging from 281.9 ± 7.8 Ma (FW2-010, Fig. 5R) to 228.1 ± 5.1
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Ma (FW2-007, Fig. 5Q). All eight of these Tera-Wasserburg discordias are unanchored, i.e.
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the upper intercept (the initial Pb composition) and the lower intercept age are determined
exclusively from the spread in the U-Pb data on Tera-Wasserburg concordia. Six of the eight
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samples (Fig. 5; FW2-002, -004, -007, -010, -014, -015) have a sufficiently large spread in U-
Pb ratio that they yield lower intercept age uncertainties less than 3% (Table 1), with two
samples (Fig. 5; FW2-003, -006) yielding large uncertainties because individual analyses
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cluster close to common Pb. Three samples from the high-grade portion of the Huaytapallana
Complex lie on Tera-Wasserburg discordias, yielding unanchored lower intercept ages
ranging from 229.9 ± 20 Ma (TCH-001, Fig. 7C) to 250 ± 16 Ma (TCH-003, Fig. 7F). Two
samples (TCH-002, -004) do not lie on a Tera-Wasserburg intercept, implying open system
behavior most likely associated with the samples residing for a duration in the temperature
window for Pb retention (closure temperature estimates are c. 425°C to 500°C; Chamberlain
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and Bowring, 2001). In these samples, individual Pb-corrected ages (essentially a Tera-
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Wasserburg lower intercept age for a specified initial Pb/206Pb composition; Williams,
1998) are presented. The 207Pb-corrected ages are calculated using a starting estimate for the
age of the apatite and adopting an iterative approach using the Stacey and Kramers terrestrial
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Pb evolution model (Chew et al. 2011a). Pb-corrected ages in these samples range from

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200.3 ± 4.4 Ma to 310.6 ± 16 Ma (Fig. 7E) and from 157.1 ± 9.7 Ma to 220.3 ± 3.1 Ma (Fig.
7H).

4.2 Rutile U-Pb data

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Rutile U-Pb data were acquired for two samples from the low-grade portions of the
Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2D, Fig. 5). Both samples yield rutile U-Pb data that lie on

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Tera-Wasserburg discordias, yielding lower intercept ages of 257.8 ± 2.3 Ma (FW2-002, Fig.

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5F) and 250.9 ± 7.4 Ma (FW2-007, Fig. 5P). The U-Pb data lie close to radiogenic
compositions on the Tera-Wasserburg concordia and were anchored using an initial

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Pb/206Pb composition of 0.852 (the Stacey and Kramers model calculated at 255 Ma) with
a conservative uncertainty of 0.02 (2.3%). The samples were anchored due to the relatively

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small spread in U-Pb ratios, but as they plot so close to radiogenic compositions they are very
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insensitive to the choice of initial Pb composition.

4.3 Zircon U-Pb data

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Zircon U-Pb data were acquired from six intrusive rocks in the low-grade portions of
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the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2B, 2D, Fig. 5), along with detrital zircon spectra from two
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psammites in this same unit. U-Pb zircon data were also acquired from zircon rims
associated with leucosome development from three paragneisses in the high-grade portions of
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the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2C, Figs. 6-7). The six intrusive rocks yield concordia ages
ranging from 260.1 ± 3.9 Ma to 302.0 ± 3.7 Ma (Fig. 5), with one Late Mesoproterozoic age
of 1023.5 ± 2.9 Ma (FW2-002, Fig. 5C). Two intrusive samples (FW2-001, -010) yield
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entirely concordant data, while the remainder yield concordant analyses with discordant
analyses interpreted as older inherited grains (FW2-006, Fig. 5h), inherited grains and Pb loss
(FW2-003, Fig. 5d), common Pb and Pb loss (FW2-002, Fig. 5b) and inherited grains and
common Pb (FW2-011, Fig. 5s). The detrital zircon spectrum from the psammite sample
FW2-004 (Fig. 5K) yields a relatively restricted detrital zircon population with peaks at c.
750 Ma and 1000-1200 Ma. Sample FW2-007 (Fig. 5N) yields a detrital zircon population
with peaks at 470-550 Ma, 750 Ma, and a broad range of detrital zircons from 900-1800 Ma
with the most significant peaks at 1050 and 1200 Ma.

A very small population of approximately thirty zircon grains was obtained from three
high-grade paragneisses (TCH-002, -003 and -007) in the high-grade portions of the
Huaytapallana Complex. SEM-CL imaging of these zircons (representative images in Fig. 6)

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shows that the zircons range in size from c. 50 µm to 100 µm. The cores of the zircons have
textures consistent with magmatic zoning with variable CL response from grain to grain, and
are interpreted as detrital zircons incorporated into the metasedimentary protolith. These
cores are mantled by thin (c. 5 to 200 µm) zircon rims with crudely developed zoning,

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interpreted as recording high-grade metamorphism and leucosome development. The cores
yield ages between 550 and 1100 Ma with Th/U ratios between 0.1 and 0.5 (Fig. 7a),

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consistent with a magmatic precursor. The rims with the lowest Th/U ratios (<0.01; Fig. 7b)

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yield a concordia age of 260.4 ± 2.5 Ma, with the low Th/U ratios consistent with a
metamorphic origin (Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003). Analyses marginally older than the

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concordia age on Fig. 7b are interpreted as either core-rim mixtures with relatively low Th/U
ratios indicating that only a small inherited component is present (two oldest red ellipses on

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Fig. 7b) or a young c. 285 Ma magmatic grain with igneous Th/U ratios of 0.1 – 0.43 (green
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ellipses on Fig. 7b).

4.4 Monazite U-Pb and Th-Pb data

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Monazite U-Pb and Th-Pb data were acquired for four high-grade paragneiss samples
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from the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 8, samples TCH-001, -002, -003, -007). U-Pb
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Wetherill Concordia ages range from 261.6 ± 1.8 Ma (Fig. 8a, TCH-001) to 267.5 ± 1.4 Ma
(Fig. 8e, TCH-003) whereas Th-Pb ages range from 260.9 ± 2.5 Ma (Fig. 8d, TCH-003) to
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264.0 ± 2.9 Ma (Fig. 8b, TCH-001). With the exception of sample TCH-003, all U-Pb ages
and Th-Pb ages from the same sample are within analytical uncertainty, clustering at c. 262
Ma.
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4.5 Apatite U-Pb data from other localities in the Eastern Cordillera
Apatite U-Pb and Th-Pb data were acquired for five samples (one leucosome and four
granitoids) from the sample suite of Chew et al. (2007) in the central and northern portions of
the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (black boxes highlighted on Fig. 1). These data are presented
on Fig. 9a-e, along with one apatite U-Pb age and one titanite U-Pb age from Chew et al.
2014 (Figs. 9f,g). The five apatite U-Pb ages (Figs 9a-e) all lie on Tera-Wasserburg
discordias, yielding lower intercept ages ranging from 315 ± 12 Ma (SU 03-20, Fig. 9d) to
393.8 ± 9.5 Ma (DC 5/6-5, Fig. 9c). The initial Pb composition of four of the samples (DC
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5/5-7, 5/5-10, 5/6-5 and SU 03-20) was anchored using an initial Pb/206Pb composition
derived from the Stacey and Kramers model with a conservative uncertainty of 0.02 (2.3%),
as otherwise they exhibit a relatively poorly constrained intercept age due to the small spread

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in U-Pb ratios. The samples have moderately radiogenic compositions so they are not
particularly sensitive to the choice of initial Pb composition. One apatite sample (SU 03-21,
Fig. 9e) was not anchored as individual analyses cluster close to common Pb.

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5. Synthesis of the timing of metamorphism and magmatism in the Peruvian
Eastern Cordillera

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This section synthesizes the geological evolution of the Huaytapallana Complex (5.1)

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before summarizing recent studies on other sectors of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Fig. 10).
These regional syntheses are then incorporated into a model which summarizes the

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development with the Eastern Cordillera of Peru with time (section 6).

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5.1 Evolution of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 10a)
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The U-Pb monazite and zircon and Th-Pb monazite data from the garnet-sillimanite
paragneisses south of Glaciar Huaytapallana (TCH sample suite, Fig. 2c) are interpreted as
recording crystallization during peak metamorphism, and these high-temperature
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chronometers constrain the timing of high-grade metamorphism and leucosome development

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in this sector of the Huaytapallana Complex at 260 Ma (latest Middle Permian). The U-Pb
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apatite system records post-orogenic cooling in the high-grade paragneisses (closure

temperature estimates are c. 425°C to 500°C; Chamberlain and Bowring, 2001). Several
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samples (TCH-001, TCH-003, TCH-007) yield apatite U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg lower

intercept ages consistent with post-orogenic cooling from the 260 Ma metamorphic peak, but
two samples (paragneiss TCH-002 and metadiorite TCH-004) do not yield a Tera-
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Wasserburg intercept array, with Pb corrected ages ranging from 310.6 Ma – 200.3 Ma
(TCH-002) and 220.3 to 157.1 Ma (TCH-004). Although the metadiorite (TCH-004) cuts the
Huaytapallana Complex, it does share the same regional tectonic foliation and the cause of
this late open system behavior in the apatite U-Pb data from this sample is uncertain.

The lower-grade, southern sample suite (samples FW2-001 – FW2-010, Fig. 2D) did
not yield monazite, but rutile was recovered in sample FW2-002 (Parihuanca microgranite
intrusive) and sample FW2-007 (Chuyas psammite). The U-Pb rutile system has a closure
temperature of c. 620°C (Vry and Baker, 2006; Chenriak, 2000). U-Pb rutile Tera-
Wasserburg lower intercept ages (FW2-002, 257.3 ± 5.5 Ma, Fig.4F; FW2-007, 250.9 ± 7.4
Ma, Fig. 5P) are thus interpreted as recording crystallization and are consistent with the 260
Ma metamorphic peak documented in the high-grade paragneisses. The detrital zircon

10
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spectrum in sample FW2-004 (Yerba Buena Psammite, Fig. 5K) yield a detrital zircon
population with two peaks at c. 750 Ma and 1000-1200 Ma. Sample FW2-007 (Chuyas
Psammite, Fig. 5N) yields a more dispersed detrital zircon population more characteristic of
the Proto-Andean margin of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (cf. Chew et al., 2008), with peaks

PT
at 470-550 Ma, 750 Ma, and a broad range of detrital zircons from 900-1800 Ma with the
most significant peaks at 1050 and 1200 Ma. The Pariahuanca microgranite sample has

I
yielded a U-Pb zircon crystallization age of 1023.5 ± 2.9 Ma. Given that the youngest

CR
detrital zircons peaks which place maximum deposition ages on the psammites in this sector
are c. 750 Ma (FW2-004, Yerba Buena Psammite, Fig. 5K) and c. 470 Ma (FW2-007,

US
Chuyas Psammite, Fig. 5N), the c. 1023 Ma age for the Pariahuanca microgranite implies that
it must be a locally restricted basement inlier, but unfortunately its contact relationships with

N
the metasedimentary rocks of the Huaytapallana Complex are not exposed. Isolated
MA
occurrence of foliated Mesoproterozoic granitoids have been documented elsewhere in the
Eastern Cordillera of Peru south of 11°S by Miskovoic et al. (2009), including the 985 ± 14
Ma Satipo tonalite, the 1071 ± 23 Ma Mariposa alkali feldspar granite and the 1123 ± 13 Ma
D

Querobamba granite).
E
PT

All younger igneous intrusive samples in this southern sector of the studied area have
been affected by tectonism (either weakly- to moderately-developed foliations, or
CE

chloritization and kinking of Fe-Mg phases such as biotite and strained extinction in quartz).
U-Pb zircon crystallization ages in the Villa Azul Batholith (Fig. 2D) range from 302.0 ± 3.7
Ma (FW2-010, Pahual Granite, Fig. 5 O) to 290.3 ± 4.0 Ma (FW2-001, Lampa Granodiorite,
AC

Fig. 5A), whereas intrusions cutting the Huaytapallana Complex immediately to the east yield
U-Pb zircon crystallization ages ranging from 274.1 ± 1.2 Ma (FW2-003, Pariahuanca meta-
dolerite, Fig. 5D) to 260.1 ± 3.9 Ma (FW2-006, Ocoro meta-dolerite, a metamorphosed
porphyritic intrusive, Fig. 5H). With the exception of sample FW2-010 from the Villa Azul
Batholith (Pahual Granite, Fig. 5R), all samples from the southern sector of the studied area
(FW2-002, FW2-003, FW2-004, FW2-006, FW2-007) yield apatite U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg
lower intercept ages consistent with cooling from the 260 Ma metamorphic peak. Sample
FW2-010 instead yields an older apatite U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept age of 281.9
± 7.8 Ma and may have been only partially reset during peak metamorphism at 260 Ma.
Only three ages were obtained from the northern sampling transect in the Huaytapallana
Complex. These include a U-Pb zircon age of 278.9 ± 2.9 Ma for the Muchac Granite (FW2-
011; Fig. 5S), which is within analytical uncertainty of the U-Pb zircon age of 292 ± 20 Ma

11
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reported by Miskovic et al. (2009) for the same pluton. The two apatite U-Pb Tera-
Wasserburg lower intercept ages (samples FW2-014 and FW2-015, Fig. 5T and 5U) from this
transect are consistent with cooling from a c. 260 Ma metamorphic peak.

PT
In summary, the evolution of this sector of the Eastern Cordillera east of Huancayo (Fig.
2A, Fig. 10a) can be considered to represent a metasedimentary sequence (maximum

I
deposition ages of c. 750 Ma and c. 470 Ma from psammite samples FW2-004 and FW2-007)

CR
which were possibly deposited on Late Mesoproterozic basement. The contact relationships
with the Late Mesoproterozic basement rocks (U-Pb zircon age of 1023.5 ± 2.9 Ma from

US
sample FW2-002, Fig. 5C) are not exposed and it is likely now tectonically interleaved within
the Huaytapallana Complex. The timing of high-grade metamorphism and leucosome

N
development in the high-grade paragneisses of the Huaytapallana Complex is constrained to
MA
260 Ma by U-Pb and Th-Pb monazite age data and U-Pb dating of zircon rims from
leucosomes, consistent with c. 255 Ma rutile growth in the lower-grade schists and
psammites to the south. The majority of U-Pb apatite data (c. 260 Ma – 230 Ma) in all units
D

are compatible with cooling from this 260 Ma metamorphic peak.

E
PT

5.2 Balsas – Callangate (Fig. 10b)

The geology of the Balsas – Callangate region consists of high-grade biotite-garnet
CE

paragneisses of the Marañón Complex intruded by the post-tectonic Balsas – Callangate

pluton. Leucosome development in the Marañón Complex paragneisses is constrained by a
U-Pb SIMS zircon concordia age of 477.9 ± 4.3 Ma (sample DC 5/5-7, Chew et al., 2007). A
AC

post-tectonic microgranite dyke has yielded a U-Pb SIMS zircon age of 343.6 ± 2.6 Ma
(sample DC 05/5-10, Chew et al., 2007), with a prominent inherited population of
xenocrystic zircon which define a U-Pb SIMS zircon concordia age of 483.8 ± 3.6 Ma.
Detrital zircons from the paragneisses yield no zircons younger than ca. 750 Ma (sample DC
5/5-4, Chew et al., 2007). Sánchez (1983, 1995) reported K-Ar dates of 346.7 ± 7.3 Ma and
329 ± 10 Ma for the Balsas and Callangate monzogranitic plutons, which have subsequently
yielded 40Ar-39Ar ages of c. 350-330 Ma (Sánchez et al., 2006) and U-Pb zircon LA-ICPMS
ages of between 320 – 313 Ma (Miskovic et al., 2009). The c. 478 Ma Marañón Complex
leucosome (DC 5/5-7) and c. 344 Ma post-tectonic microgranite dyke (DC 5/5-10) yield
apatite U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept ages of 349.3 ± 5.8 Ma (Fig. 9A) and 344.3 ±
4.5 Ma (Fig. 9B) respectively. This northernmost portion of the Paleozoic metamorphic belt
of the Peruvian Eastern Cordillera is interpreted as a high-grade paragneiss unit which

12
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underwent Famatinian orogenesis at c. 478 Ma prior to intrusion of the Balsas–Gollón–

Callangate batholith at c. 320-313 Ma. Any subsequent tectonothermal events were not
sufficiently hot to reset the U-Pb apatite and K-Ar biotite systems.

PT
5.3 Sitabamba – Pomabamba (Fig. 10c)
The protolith of the Sitabamba orthogneiss intruded the Marañón Complex in the

I
southwest portion of the Marañón Complex outcrop (Wilson et al., 1995; Chew et al., 2007).

CR
Thermobarometric estimates for the peak garnet-bearing metamorphic assemblage is c. 700
˚C and 12 kbar (Chew et al., 2005). Crystallization of the granodioritic protolith is

US
constrained by U-Pb zircon concordia ages of 442.4 ± 1.4 Ma (TIMS) and 444.2 ± 6.4 Ma
(LA-ICPMS) (sample DC 4/5-2 from Sitabamba, Chew et al., 2007). Approximately 65 km

N
along strike to the SE at Pomabamba, a similar orthogneiss body yields a U-Pb zircon SIMS
MA
concordia age of 445.9 ± 2.4 Ma (sample DC 5/6-5, Chew et al., 2007). LA-ICPMS dating of
xenocrystic cores in the Sitabamba orthogneiss yield a broad spectrum of detrital zircon ages
(cf. Bahlburg and Berndt, in press), with a youngest inherited zircon core of 473 ± 18 Ma
D

(Chew et al., 2007). Titanite from the peak metamorphic assemblage of the Sitabamba
E

orthogneiss has yielded a LA-ICPMS Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept age of 437.1 ± 5.3 Ma
PT

(Fig. 9H, Chew et al., 2014). Post-metamorphic peak cooling is constrained by U-Pb apatite
Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept ages on the cooling path of 365 ± 14 Ma (DC 4/5-2; Fig. 9F,
CE

Chew et al., 2014) and 393.8 ± 9.5 Ma (DC 5/6-5, Fig. 9C). The Sitabamba – Pomabamba
unit is interpreted as a high-grade orthogneiss terrane which underwent orogenesis at c. 437
Ma, demonstrably younger than the age of peak metamorphism in the Balsas sector to the
AC

north.

5.4 Pataz – Parcoy (Fig. 10d)

In the Pataz-Parcoy region, the Eastern Cordillera is characterized by a pre-Silurian
metamorphic basement and cover sequences intruded by Mississippian calc-alkaline plutons.
The pre-Silurian rocks comprise the type region of the metasedimentary rocks of the
Marañón Complex, structurally overlain by volcaniclastics of the Vijus Formation, turbiditic
rocks of the Contaya Formation, and felsic volcaniclastics and turbitiditic rocks of the
Atahualpa Formation. The greenschist to lower amphibolite-facies Marañón Complex is
believed to have undergone four phases of deformation (Schreiber, 1989), in contrast to the
Lower Paleozoic cover sequences which have experienced two moderate folding phases and
lower greenschist-facies metamorphism. The Marañón Complex is in faulted contact with its

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cover sequences, and opinion is divided on whether the contact is conformable or an orogenic
unconformity (Haeberlin, 2002). A c. 470 Ma maximum depositional age for the Marañón
Complex in the Pataz has been obtained from U-Pb detrital zircon dating (Sample AM076,
Chew et al., 2007). The middle and upper portions of the Contaya Formation have yielded a

PT
graptolite fauna of Didymograptus sagitticaulis, Climacograptus ruedemanni, Diplograptus
sp., and Dictionema sp. (Wilson and Reyes, 1964) of middle to Upper Darriwilian age

I
(formerly Llanvirn, 465.7 - 458.4 Ma; Cooper et al., 2012). This is consistent with a U-Pb

CR
zircon maximum depositional age of 466.8 ± 8.1 Ma from the overlying volcaniclastic
Atahualpa Formation (Witt et al., 2013).

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The arc-related Pataz batholith (Schreiber et al., 1990) is a 60 km long, dioritic to

N
monzogranitic, composite intrusion. The batholith and its aureole are well studied as they
MA
form the central part of a ≥160-km-long orogenic gold belt extending along the Eastern
40
Cordillera in northern Peru. Ar-39Ar dating of the Pataz Batholith granodiorites (Haeberlin
et al., 2004) has yielded plateau ages between 329.2 ± 1.4 Ma (biotite) and 319 ± 3.2 Ma
D

(hornblende). U-Pb zircon ages from the batholith are typically older, ranging from 338–336
E

Ma (Schaltegger et al., 2006; Witt et al., 2013). U–Pb zircon dating of samples from
PT

intrusions spatially associated with the Pataz batholith, including quartz syenite and quartz
monzonite, has yielded ages ranging from c. 293 to 332 Ma (Miskovic et al., 2009). The
CE

youngest detrital zircon ages from the Marañón Complex rocks and the biostratigraphical
ages from its Early Paleozoic cover in the Pataz region imply the the Marañón Complex must
have undergone post-470 Ma orogenesis, and we tentatively correlate this event with the c.
AC

437 Ma event experienced by the Sitabamba orthogneiss, consistent with the Late Ordovician
(c. 435 Ma) low-grade metamorphic event inferred in the Marañón Complex by Macfarlane
(1999) based on Rb-Sr whole rock data. Any post-Carboniferous tectonothermal events in
the Pataz – Parcoy region were not sufficiently hot to reset the 40Ar-39Ar biotite system.

5.5 Huánuco - La Unión (Fig. 10e)

Cardona et al. (2009) have subdivided the Marañón Complex in the Huánuco - La
Unión region into four main units. These comprise: (1) a small inlier of amphibolite-facies
gneisses with peak metamorphic temperatures of 590°-615°C (Cardona et al. 2007) and
intruded by a mylonitized granitoid. U-Pb SIMS dating of metamorphic zircon rims from this
gneiss yield an age of 484 ± 12 Ma while the protolith of the mylonitized granitoids is
constrained by a U-Pb TIMS zircon age of 468 ± 5 Ma (Cardona et al., 2009).

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This inlier is enclosed within unit (2), the Eastern Schist Belt comprising micaceous
schists with sporadic intercalations of metabasite and calc-silicate rocks. Calculated PT
conditions range from 3–5 kbar and 350°-450°C to 7–10 kbar and 540°-660°C. Mafic and
ultramafic rocks crop out as discontinuous lenses along the eastern margin of this belt

PT
(Grandin and Navarro, 1979). The youngest detrital zircons in the Eastern Schist Belt cluster
at c. 465 Ma (Cardona et al., 2009) with 40Ar-39Ar and Rb-Sr muscovite metamorphic ages as

I
old as c. 420 Ma (Cardona et al., 2007). Fossiliferous Carboniferous sedimentary rocks

CR
unconformably overlie the eastern schists (Dalmaryac et al., 1988).

US
Unit (3) of Cardona et al. (2009) comprises a series of isolated migmatite bodies
spatially associated with some undeformed granitoids within the Eastern Schist Belt. U-Pb

N
SIMS dating of metamorphic zircon rims (Th/U ratios <1) from one of these migmatites has
MA
yielded an age of 325 ± 8 Ma (Cardona et al., 2009), while a garnetiferous gneiss associated
with a banded migmatite body from the same region has yielded a Sm-Nd garnet-whole rock
isochron of c. 295 ± 13 Ma (Cardona, 2006). Both these ages were obtained from the same
D

area where Dalmayrac et al. (1988) reported a Neoproterozoic U-Pb zircon lower intercept
E

age from a garnetiferous paragneiss.

PT

The greenschist-facies Western Schist Belt (4) is characterized by significant

CE

intercalations of metabasite. Peak metamorphic conditions of 3-4 kbar and 350°-400°C were
documented by Cardona et al. (2007). The youngest detrital zircons cluster at c. 320 Ma
(Cardona et al., 2009), K-Ar muscovite ages cluster at c. 300 Ma (Cardona 2006), and the
AC

belt is covered by Permian sedimentary rocks. The geochronology data of Cardona et al.
(2009) for the Huánuco - La Unión region demonstrate that the Eastern Schist Belt (youngest
detrital zircons at c. 460 Ma, mica cooling ages as old as c. 420 Ma) most likely underwent
deformation during the Early Silurian, possibly contemporaneous with the c. 437 Ma event in
the Sitabamba and Pataz regions to the north. Famatinian events (c. 480 Ma) are also
recorded by the small inlier of amphibolite-facies gneisses within the Eastern Schist belt,
which has also experienced isolated development of c. 315 Ma migmatites. This c. 315 Ma
event is also recorded in the lower-grade Western Schist Belt (youngest detrital zircons at c.
40
320 Ma, mica cooling ages as old as c. 300 Ma). There is a large range in the Ar-39Ar and
K-Ar muscovite and biotite cooling age data of Cardona (2006), with some ages as young as
c. 180 Ma, demonstrating that this sector of the Eastern Cordillera experienced either

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tectonothermal events in the Mesozoic, or partial resetting of the Ar-Ar sytem during
Cenozoic Andean orogenesis.

5.6 Pacococha (Fig. 10f)

PT
The Pacococha adamellite intrudes the metasedimentary basement of the Chupán –
Huasahuasi massif of Mégard (1978). It is post-tectonic with respect to the ductile

I
deformation fabrics in the metasedimentary basement and is overlain unconformably by

CR
Mississippian sediments (Mégard, 1978). It is undeformed on a hand specimen scale, but
magmatic biotite is pervasively chloritized and the pluton is prominently jointed with a series

US
of vertical basic dykes exploiting the fissures (Mégard, 1978). U-Pb SIMS zircon dating
yields a concordia age of 474.2 ± 3.4 Ma (Sample SU 03-19; Chew et al., 2007), implying

N
that the ductile deformation within the metasedimentary basement occurred prior to c. 474.2
MA
Ma and is most likely Famatinian (c. 480 Ma) in age (Chew et al., 2007). Mégard (1978)
reports a K-Ar biotite age of 346 ± 10 Ma from the Pacococha adamellite demonstrating that
any post-Carboniferous tectonothermal events in the Chupán – Huasahuasi massif were not
D

sufficiently hot to reset the 40Ar-39Ar biotite system.

E
PT

5.7 Tapo (Fig. 10g)

The Tapo ultramafic massif crops out east of the town of Tarma, 40 km to the southeast
CE

of the Pacococha adamellite in the Chupán – Huasahuasi massif. It is one of a series of

isolated occurrences of ultramafic rocks that occur scattered along a 300 km long NNW-SSE
trending belt from the Huánuco region in the north to the Tarma region (Castroviejo et al.,
AC

2010). These ultramafic rocks are interpreted as a series of dismembered ophiolites with
ocean ridge or ocean island chemical characteristics (Castroviejo et al., 2009; Tassinari et al.,
2011). The Tapo ultramafic massif was thrust onto early Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of
the Ambo Group, and the basal thrust plane is affected by Andean folds (Castroviejo et al.,
2009). The age of the igneous protolith of the Tapo ultramafic massif is constrained by a Sm-
Nd whole rock (gabbro and chromitite) isochron of 718 ± 47 Ma (Tassinari et al., 2011)
interpreted as the time of oceanic crust formation, while εNd(718 Ma) values of +8.0 for the
chromites and +8.4 for the gabbro imply both the chromite and host gabbro formed at the
same time from the same depleted magma source. Willner et al. (2014) calculated high-
pressure conditions (11-13 kbar at 500-540 °C) for garnet amphibolites within the Tapo
ultramafic massif using a PT pseudosection approach, which contrasts with pressure-
temperature conditions of 2.5 ± 0.5 kbar, 320 ± 20 °C in the adjacent phyllites and

16
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greenschists of the metasedimentary basement massif. A Sm-Nd mineral (garnet, chlorite) –

whole rock isochron of 465 ± 24 Ma from a rodingite within the Tapo ultramafic massif is
interpreted as recording a pulse of fluid influx into the disrupted ultramafic body along major
shear zones during peak metamorphism (Willner et al., 2014), and this age is within error of

PT
the K/Ar amphibole age of 448 ± 26 Ma of Tassinari et al. (2011). The high-pressure
metamorphism indicates that the ophiolitic relic body was subducted at a convergent margin

I
or submerged in a collision zone during the Famatinian orogenic cycle (Willner et al., 2014).

CR
5.8 Tarma – La Merced transect (Fig. 10h)

US
The Maraynioc - Marairazo massif is comprised of polyphase-deformed schists and
paragneisses cut by a suite of pre- to post-tectonic Carboniferous intrusive rocks (Mégard et

N
al., 1978; Chew et al., 2007) with abundant development of syn-tectonic migmatites and
MA
anatectic melts. The syn-D2 migmatitic Huacapistana granite (sample SU 03-21) and syn-D2
migmatic paragneisses in the metasedimentary basement (sample SU 03-24) yield U-Pb
SIMS zircon ages of 310.1 ± 2.3 Ma and 312.9 ± 3.0 Ma (Chew et al., 2007). The timing of
D

this Late Carboniferous (c. 312 Ma) tectonothermal event is corroborated by U-Pb TIMS
E

zircon dating of deformed plutons at 325.43 ± 0.57 Ma (the strongly foliated Hualluniyocc
PT

adamellite, sample SU 03-20, Chew et al., 2007) and entirely undeformed plutons at 307.05 ±
0.65 Ma (Utcuyacu granite, sample SU 03-22, Chew et al., 2007). The Utcuyacu Granite is a
CE

non-deformed monzonitic granite that cuts all fabrics in the metasedimentary basement and
was originally regarded as Andean (Cretaceous to Neogene) in age (Mégard, 1978). LA-
ICPMS U-Pb zircon dating of inherited zircon cores in the anatectic Huacapistana Granite
AC

(SU 03-21) and the migmatitic paragneiss (SU 03-24) yield ages which range between 500
and 340 Ma, demonstrating that the sedimentary protolith was Carboniferous in age and
cannot have experienced Famtinian (c. 480 Ma) or c. 435 Ma orogenesis. A garnet-biotite
schist from the metasedimentary basement (sample SU 03-25) has yielded pressure-
40
temperature conditions of 600 ˚C and 11 kbar (Chew et al., 2005) and an unpublished Ar-
39
Ar biotite age of 204.2 ± 0.8 Ma. The c. 325 Ma Hualluniyocc adamellite (SU 03-20) and c.
310 Ma anatectic Huacapistana granite (SU 03-21) yield apatite U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg lower
intercept ages of 315 ± 12 Ma (Fig. 9D) and 363 ± 44 Ma (Fig. 9E) respectively. This
implies that post-Carboniferous tectonothermal events in the Maraynioc - Marairazo massif
40
were sufficiently hot to reset the apatite Ar-39Ar biotite system, but not the apatite U-Pb
system.

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6. Proto-Andean evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru

6.1 Pre-Phanerozoic evolution
No basement exposures older than Late Mesoproterozoic (1200-1000 Ma) have been
identified in the Peruvian Eastern Cordillera. The isolated Late Mesoproterozoic basement

PT
exposures identified by Miskovic et al. (2009) and this study comprise foliated granitoids and
crop out between 12° and 11°S. The tectonic history of the Mesoproterozoic basement inliers

I
elsewhere in the northern Andes (e.g. the Garzón Massif, Santa Marta Massif, the Guajira

CR
Peninsula and the Santander Massif in Colombia) clearly demonstrates the presence of a
dismembered orogenic belt of „Grenvillian‟ age in the Northern Andes. Although

US
Phanerozoic tectonics may have redistributed some of the basement terranes, particularly in
Colombia, they are still viewed as para-autochthonous domains that have remained in

N
proximity to the margin of Amazonia (Cardona et al. 2010; Chew et al., 2011b), and a similar
MA
scenario is envisaged for the Late Mesoproterozoic basement in the Peruvian Eastern
Cordillera.
D

There is little evidence on the western Gondwanan margin for magmatism during the late
E

Neoproterozoic. A-type granitic plutonism has been documented (775–690 Ma) in the
PT

Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Miskovic et al., 2009) while juvenile extensional magmatism
(dacite dikes) has been dated at 635 ± 4 Ma in the Antofalla Basement of northern Chile
CE

(Loewy et al. 2004). Tassinari et al. (2011) attribute the formation of the igneous protolith of
the Tapo ultramafic massif to the early stages of Rodinian breakup and formation of oceanic
lithosphere on the Proto-Andean margin at 720 Ma. Late Neoproterozoic extension in the
AC

Antofalla Basement probably resulted in the partial detachment of the Antofalla Basement,
which was subsequently re-accreted during the Early Paleozoic Famatinian Orogeny (Loewy
et al., 2004; Ramos, 2008), although the inferred collisional suture in the Argentinian Puna
has been demonstrated to be pre-Famatinian in age (Zimmermann et al., 2014).

The Neoproterozoic age previously assigned to metamorphism of the Marañón Complex

(Dalmayrac et al., 1980) is now regarded to be a result of unresolved multiple inheritance in
bulk, unabraded zircon fractions (Chew et al., 2007). However, U–Pb detrital zircon dating
of autochthonous Neoproterozoic to early Phanerozoic sedimentary sequences from the
northern and central segments of the western Gondwanan margin yield a major peak at 550–
650 Ma (Chew et al., 2008). These authors suggested the source of this detritus could be a
late Neoproterozoic magmatic arc buried beneath the modern Andean foreland. By at least

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530 Ma, segments of the western Gondwanan margin were clearly a destructive margin (the
onset of subduction-related plutonism in the Sierra Pampeanas, Rapela et al. 1998).

In discussing the Paleozoic evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru below, we employ the

PT
terminology of the well-established Paleozoic orogenic and magmatic phases documented in
Argentina and Chile.

I
CR
6.2 c. 480 Ma (~ Early Famatinian) metamorphism
Famatinian magmatism and metamorphism in Northern Argentina (Pankhurst et al., 1998) is

US
broadly contemporaneous with the timing of metamorphism and magmatism documented in
the Balsas-Callangate (Fig. 10b), La Unión-Huanuco (Fig. 10e) and Pacococha-Tapo (Fig.

N
10f, Fig. 10g) sectors of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Chew et al., 2007; Miskovic et al.,
MA
2009). In the Balsas-Callangate and La Unión-Huanuco sectors, these units are characterized
by high-grade rocks (paragneisses with abundant leucosome development in Balsas-
Callangate; orthogneisses cut by mylonitized granitoids in La Unión-Huanuco). In the
D

Pacococha-Tapo sector, peak metamorphic temperatures did not result in anatexis, but the PT
E

and geological constraints from the Tapo ultramafic massif indicate that this relic ophiolitic
PT

body was subducted at a convergent margin or submerged in a collision zone during the
Famatinian orogenic cycle (Willner et al., 2014), contemporaneous with the docking of the
CE

Paracas terrane (Ramos, 2008; Miskovic et al., 2009) which is discussed below. A key
diagnostic test for identifying metasedimentary sequences which have experienced
Famatinian tectono-magmatic events in the Proto-Andes is the presence or absence of
AC

Famatinian peaks in their detrital zircon spectra, as detritus of this age is ubiquitous in post-
Ordovician (meta)sedimentary units in the northern and central Andes (Chew et al., 2008).

The cause of Famatinian metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera has proved controversial in
the past. At the same latitude as the Eastern Cordillera, a lack of sialic basement beneath the
Peruvian Western Cordillera has been inferred since at least the Middle Cretaceous based on
the isotopically extremely primitive intrusives of the Coastal Batholith and the Cordillera
Blanca of Peru, a dominantly mafic underlying crust with average density of up to 3.0 g/cm 3
and a complete absence of zircon inheritance (e.g. Polliand et al., 2005; de Haller et al., 2006).
Chew et al. (2007) inferred that the disposition of the Early to Middle Ordovician
metamorphism and the associated magmatic arc which they identified in the north and central
portions of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru arc was related to the presence of an original

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embayment in the western Gondwanan margin during the early Paleozoic. This was
suggested to explain the present 400 km distance from the present trench to the Ordovician
magmatic front, which must be a minimum figure as at least 100 km of crust has been
eliminated by subsequent subduction erosion on the margin (von Huene and Scholl, 1991)

PT
and a minimum Andean shortening of 175 km must be also be taken into account (Ramos,
2008). Ramos (2008) favored an alternative hypothesis, with the Western Cordillera being

I
underlain by a continental (i.e. sialic) basement block, the Paracas para-autochthonous terrane,

CR
which collided during the late Early Ordovician against the Gondwana margin causing
Famatinian metamorphism and the development of its associated magmatic arc. The Paracas

US
terrane is inferred to have separated from the Arequipa-Antofalla micro-continent along the
Paracas fault which defines the northern limit of the Arequipa-Antofalla block (Miskovic et

N
al., 2009). Ramos (2008) considered the sialic basement in the offshore platform of central
MA
Peru, termed the Paracas High on the continental shelf (Ramos and Alemán, 2000), to
represent a portion of the Paracas terrane. The continental shelf high is exposed on the Las
Hormigas de Afuera Islands (Fig. 1, Fig. 10), and subsequent U-Pb zircon SIMS
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geochronology demonstrates that it represents a continental basement block (predominantly

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high grade hypersthene-bearing gneisses) of Famatinian age (467.9 ± 4.5 Ma, Romero et al.,
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2013), contemporaneous with the arc-derived c. 475-465 Ma San Nicolás batholith sited on
the Arequipa basement of southern Peru (Mukasa and Henry, 1990; Loewy et al., 2004). A
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collisional origin for the Paracas terrane against the Western Gondwanan margin is also
supported by the recognition of the ophiolitic suture within the western margin of the
Marañón Massif by Castroviejo et al. (2009, 2010) and Tassinari et al. (2011), and the
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recognition of high pressure Famatinian metamorphic conditions in the Tapo ultramafic

massif (Willner et al., 2014). The dense, isotopically juvenile crust underlying the Western
Cordillera has been reconciled with a sialic Paracas terrane (Ramos, 2008, 2010; Romero et
al., 2013) based on the evidence that the intra-arc Cretaceous Huarmney basin of the Western
Cordillera was developed by attenuation of pre-existing sialic crust and the corresponding
eruption of large volumes of mafic, isotopically juvenile igneous rocks (Mpodozis and
Ramos, 1989).

6.3 c. 435 Ma (Late Famatinian) metamorphism

High-grade c. 435 Ma (Late Famatinian) metamorphism is most evident in the Sitabamba-
Pomabamba orthogneiss (Fig. 10c). In metasedimentary rocks, this Late Famatinian
orogenic event can be temporally distinguished from older, c. 480 Ma (Early Famatinian)

20
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metamorphism by the presence of Famatinian peaks in their detrital zircon spectra, and
discriminated from younger (c. 315 Ma) Early Gondwanide orogenesis when they are
overlain by Carboniferous sedimentary rocks such as the Mississippian Ambo Group. Based
on their detrital zircon spectra, the Marañón Complex rocks and its Early Paleozoic cover in

PT
the Pataz-Parcoy region (Fig. 10d) have undergone post-470 Ma orogenesis which is
tentatively correlated with the c. 437 Ma event experienced by the Sitabamba-Pomabamba

I
orthogneiss. Similarly in the Huánuco - La Unión sector (Fig. 10e), the Eastern Schist Belt

CR
40
has undergone post c. 465 Ma metamorphism, with Ar-39Ar and Rb-Sr muscovite
metamorphic ages as old as c. 420 Ma. Magmatism of Late Famatinian age is somewhat

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restricted, and includes the c. 442 Ma granodiorite protolith of the Sitabamba-Pomabamba
orthogeniss, an alkali feldspar granite (446.5 ± 9.7 Ma) from the eastern margin of the Cuzco

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batholith (Miskovic et al., 2009) and the possibly co-magmatic, calc-alkaline Ollantaytambo
MA
pyroclastic volcanics (Bahlburg et al., 2006). We consider this event to mark the last
orogenic episode of the Early Phanerozoic Famatinian cycle along this segment of the Proto-
Andean margin. In this sense it could be considered equivalent (if slightly younger) to the
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Middle – Late Ordovician Oclóyic orogenic belt (Ramos, 1986; Bahlburg and Hervé, 1997).
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In the Puna of northwestern Argentina, folding during the Oclóyic orogeny pre-dates the Faja
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Eruptiva magmatism which is constrained to 444 Ma (Bahlburg et al., in review). The Faja
Eruptiva plutons intruded in a sinistral strike-slip regime after the main folding phase of the
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Oclóyic orogeny had deformed the Ordovician basins of the Puna and the Cordillera Oriental.
Bahlburg et al. (in review) link Oclóyic orogenesis to compressional movements within the
accretionary early Paleozoic Terra Australis orogen of Cawood (2005).
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6.4 The Late Silurian – Early Carboniferous (c. 420-350 Ma) magmatic and metamorphic
gap
The central and southern Andes between 4°S and 30°S, and possibly as far south as 42°S, has
no record of subduction and arc magmatism during the Devonian and early Carboniferous
(Bahlburg and Hervé, 1997; Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., 2009; Bahlburg, 2009;
Pankhurst et al., 2016), and the margin may have been a passive one (Bahlburg and Hervé,
1997; Cawood, 2005).

6.5 c. 315 Ma (Early Gondwanide) metamorphism

Following this phase of passive margin sedimentation on the West Gondwana margin, a
continental arc–formed during the Middle Carboniferous (Cawood and Buchan, 2007), as

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indicated by the intrusion of batholiths in the Chilean Frontal Cordillera (Mpodozis and Kay,
1992) and the emplacement of composite calc-alkaline hornblende and biotite-bearing
granodioritic and granitic batholiths over 1200 km of strike of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
(Miskovic et al., 2009). The depleted HFS elements, mature isotopic signatures and the

PT
presence of upper crustal xenoliths suggest these Peruvian Eastern Cordillera granitoids
represent arc-derived magmas that extensively assimilated the basement country rocks

I
(Macfarlane, et al., 1999). This margin switch to active subduction marks the onset of the

CR
pan-Pacific Gondwanide Orogeny, a terminal phase in the Terra Australis Orogen of Cawood
(2005).

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Early Gondwanide (c. 315 Ma) metamorphism is recognized in the Huánuco - La Unión (Fig.

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10e) and Tarma – La Merced transect (Fig. 10h) sectors of the Eastern Cordillera. High-
MA
grade Early Gondwanide metamorphism near Huánuco is restricted to the isolated
development of c. 315 Ma migmatites in the Eastern Schist Belt, which has predominantly
experienced Late Famatinian metamorphism. The Western Schist Belt has experienced low-
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grade Early Gondwanide metamorphism based on the presence of detrital zircons as young as
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c. 320 Ma and mica cooling ages as old as c. 300 Ma. In the Tarma – La Merced transect
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(Fig. 10h), high-grade Early Gonwandide (c. 315 Ma) metamorphism is recognized in syn-D2
migmatites through the Maraynioc - Marairazo massif of the Huaytapallana Complex, and is
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confirmed by geochronology of pre- and post-tectonic Carboniferous plutons. This Early

Gondwanide (c. 315 Ma) event broadly overlaps with a short (c. 5 Ma) gap in arc magmatism
in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru attributed to a temporary flat-slab geometry (Miskovic et al.,
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2009) and with the timing of the high-pressure, low-temperature Toco tectonic event that
folded the Sierra del Tigre turbidites in northern Chile (Bahlburg and Breitkreuz, 1991), with
an upper age limit provided by the emplacement of c. 310–290 Ma plutons into the folded
turbidites (Bahlburg and Hervé, 1997).

6.6 c. 260 Ma (Late Gondwanide) metamorphism

The Late Permian to Late Triassic stage of the Gondwanide orogeny in Peru saw the
emplacement of compositionally restricted, high–SiO2 granites slightly inboard of the
Carboniferous arc and peaked at 235–240 Ma (Miskovic et al., 2009). The magmatic peak is
broadly contemporaneous with a phase of extension and the formation of the continental
epiclastics of the Mitu Group (Mégard, 1978). U-Pb dating of detrital zircons in sedimentary
horizons constrains the age of the Mitu Group to 240 – 217 Ma (Spikings et al., in press).

22
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Late Gondwanide (c. 260 Ma) metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru is first
documented in this study, and has only been identified in the Huaytapallana Complex (in the
southern portions of the Maraynioc-Marairazo massif, the Huaytapallana massif, and the
north part of the Huaytapallanakaru massif). This high-grade metamorphic event is

PT
contemporaneous with a Late Permian deformation phase (Jurua Orogeny) that truncates the
Copacabana Group below the overlying 240 – 217 Ma Mitu Group (Fig. 4; Rosas et al.,

I
2007). All magmatism in this sector is pre- to syn-tectonic with respect to the regional c. 260

CR
Ma (Late Gondwanide) metamorphic peak, ranging from c. 300 - 260 Ma. The timing of
high-grade metamorphism and leucosome development in the high-grade paragneisses of the

US
Huaytapallana Complex is constrained to c. 260 Ma by U-Pb and Th-Pb monazite age data
and U-Pb dating of zircon rims from leucosomes, consistent with c. 255 Ma rutile growth in

N
the lower-grade schists and psammites to the south. The majority of U-Pb apatite data (c. 260
MA
Ma – 230 Ma) in all units are compatible with cooling from this c. 260 Ma metamorphic peak.
The Late Gondwanide metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera is broadly contemporaneous
with the mid-Permian San Rafael (Sanrafaelic) event (Bahlburg and Hervé, 1997; Ramos,
D

2000). The San Raphael event is marked by intense folding and thrusting, resulting in a
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pronounced angular unconformity between Late Carboniferous to Early Permian turbidites

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and the extensive Permo-Triassic Choiyoi Volcanics in Argentina and Chile (Kay et al., 1989;
Ramos, 2000; Ramos and Aleman, 2000).
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6.7 Origin of Gondwanide metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru

During the final stages of assembly of the Pangean supercontinent (c.320 - 250 Ma; Cawood
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and Buchan, 2007), major plate boundary reorganization was accompanied by regional
orogenesis (the 305 - 230 Ma Gondwanide Orogeny) affecting the entire Pacific margin of
Pangea. It marks the final stage in the Neoproterozoic to late Paleozoic Terra Australis
Orogen of Cawood (2005). It represents an accretionary orogeny on a plate margin, which in
the absence of colliding tectonic blocks during subduction and plate convergence must be
driven by an increase in coupling across the plate boundary (Cawood and Buchan, 2007).
Possible mechanisms for increased coupling within accretionary orogens include subduction
of buoyant oceanic lithosphere (resulting in flat-slab subduction), terrane accretion or tectonic
plate reorganization. Flat-slab subduction is thought an unlikely mechanism for the
Gondwanide deformation on the Proto-Andean margin as it should result in igneous rocks
with adakitic compositions, a cessation of igneous activity in the established arc and oceanic
plateau accretion (Cawood and Buchan, 2007). These phenomena are not observed on the

23
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

West Gondwanan margin; neither is there evidence for terrane accretion during the
Carboniferous and Permian outboard of the Peruvian Eastern Cordillera. In contrast, tectonic
plate reorganization can result in rapid increases in the absolute motion of the overriding
plate, resulting in orogenesis which affects the length of the orogen/plate boundary

PT
synchronously. It can therefore be distinguished from the effects of flat-slab subduction or
terrane accretion by correlating the timing of tectonic events along the margin and also coeval

I
tectonic events around the world that may have led to plate reorganization (Cawood and

CR
Buchan, 2007).

US
Accretionary orogens can be broken into two end-member types: retreating orogens which
undergo extension in response to lower plate retreat resulting in forearc accretion and

N
opening of back arc basins, and advancing orogens which develop when the overriding plate
MA
is advancing towards the downgoing plate resulting in arc accretion and retro-arc fold and
thrust belts (Cawood and Buchan, 2007). The mode of plate convergence may switch
between that of an advancing or retreating orogen, a switching process that appears to be
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intimately linked to accretionary orogenesis (Collins, 2002). This process is documented in

E

the Eastern Cordillera of Peru, where there is a shift from the syn-orogenic Carboniferous,
PT

high–LILE/HFSE, calc-alkaline, arc-derived granitoids to late Permian to late Triassic high–

Th-Rb, alkali feldspar granites without significant HFSE depletion (Miskovic et al., 2009).
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This 60 Ma magmatic pulse formed by decompression melting associated with lithospheric

thinning and peaked at 235–240 Ma, contemporaneous with the formation of the syn-rift
continental epiclastics of the Mitu Group (Miskovic et al., 2009) which is constrained to c.
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240 - 217 Ma (Spikings et al., in press). This study demonstrates that early in the late
Permian to late Triassic magmatic pulse, there was a c. 260 Ma phase of high-grade
metamorphism and leucosome development in the southern Peruvian Eastern Cordillera. The
origin of the Gondwanide orogenic cycle along the Proto-Andean margin is thus best
explained by changes in tectonic plate reorganization (Ramos, 1988) along an accretionary
orogen which was undergoing phases of advance and retreat, resulting in magmatic pulses
and orogenic phases (e.g. the Late Carboniferous Early Gondwanide / Toco event and the
Late Gondwanide mid-Permian San Rafael event) that can be correlated along the plate
boundary.

7. Conclusions

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

The Huaytapallana Complex east of Huancayo can be considered to represent a

metasedimentary sequence (maximum deposition ages of c. 750 Ma and c. 470 Ma from two
separate psammite samples) that was possibly deposited on Late Mesoproterozic basement.
The timing of high-grade metamorphism and leucosome development in the high-grade

PT
paragneisses of the Huaytapallana Complex is constrained to c. 260 Ma by U-Pb and Th-Pb
monazite age data and U-Pb dating of zircon rims from leucosomes, consistent with c. 255

I
Ma rutile growth in the lower-grade schists and psammites to the south. The majority of U-

CR
Pb apatite data (c. 260 Ma – 230 Ma) in all units are compatible with cooling from this c. 260
Ma metamorphic peak. U-Pb zircon geochronology of pre-tectonic plutons yield ages

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ranging from c. 302 Ma to c. 260 Ma.

N
This is the first documented occurrence of c. 260 Ma metamorphism in this sector of
MA
the Proto-Andean margin, and a regional synthesis of existing geochronological constraints
from the Eastern Cordillera of Peru demonstrates that the margin has experienced a
polycyclic orogenic history. The Famatinian orogenic history can be subdivided into two
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phases of deformation and magmatism at c. 480 Ma (~ Early Famatinian) and c. 435 Ma

E

(Late Famatinian). Following the Late Silurian – Early Carboniferous (c. 420-350 Ma)
PT

magmatic and metamorphic gap, two phases of Late Paleozoic metamorphism and
magmatism at c. 315 Ma (Early Gondwanide) and c. 260 Ma, and are best developed in the
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central and southern portions of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru. These events, corresponding
to the Famatinian and Gondwanide orogenic cycles, can be correlated into the Proto-Andean
margin of Argentina and Chile and are thus of regional extent. The evolution of the Proto-
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Andean margin is thus best explained by changes in tectonic plate reorganization in a long-
lived Paleozoic accretionary orogen which was undergoing phases of advance and retreat,
resulting in magmatic pulses and orogenic phases that can be correlated along the plate
boundary.

Acknowledgements
This material is in part based upon works supported by the Science Foundation Ireland under
Grant No. 12/IP/1663. GP thanks Dr. Carlos Cabrera and Msc. Ciro Bedia of the
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos for financial support, Msc. Hugo Rivera
Mantilla, Dr. Luis Reyes Rivera, and Agapito Sánchez Fernández of the Instituto Geológico
Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) for comments and suggestions on the manuscript and

25
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the petrology group (GEIPPE) at San Marcos (Luis Ángel Díaz, Edison Morales, and Jorge
Espejo) for their support in the fieldwork.

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Figure Captions

Fig. 1 (A) Map of South America illustrating the major tectonic provinces and the ages of
their most recent metamorphic events from Chew et al. (2007, 2008), adapted from Cordani
et al. (2000). Precambrian and Paleozoic inliers in the Andean belt are shown in black and

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light gray, respectively. (B) Geological map of Peru and Ecuador illustrating the major
Paleozoic metamorphic and magmatic belts along with the Proterozoic gneisses of the

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Arequipa-Antofalla block. Adapted after Chew et al. (2007) using the geology of Litherland
et al. (1994) and Leon et al. (2000), the ages of plutonism from Miskovic et al. (2009) and the
location of the outer shelf high from Romero et al. (2013). The black boxes highlighted on

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the Eastern Cordillera illustrate the sampling localities in this study.

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Fig. 2 (A) Regional geology of the Huaytapallana Complex northeast of the town of
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Huancayo, modified after Paredes (1994) and Cerrón & Ticona (2003). (B-D) large scale
geology maps with the sampling localities in this study depicted. The names of the
metasedimentary basement massifs of the Eastern Cordillera are denoted in blue text and
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follow Mégard (1978).

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Fig. 3 (A-D) Field photographs of the high-grade metamorphic rocks in the study area. (A)
Migmatitic paragneiss from Lake Lasuntay (TCH-001). (B, C) Migmatitic paragneisses from
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Cerro Jacallate (B- TCH-002; C- TCH-003). (D) Foliated metadiorite which cuts the
migmatitic paragneisses at Cerro Lasuntay (TCH-004). (E-H) Field photographs of the low-
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grade metamorphic rocks in the study area. (E) granite outcrop in the village of Muchac
(FW2-011). (F) granite outcrop from the Villa Azul batholoth with abundant mafic enclaves
close to the town of Pahual (FW2-010). (G) outcrop near the town of Ocoro where the
contact relationships between a metadolerite (a porphyritic subvolcanic body, FW2-006) and
schists of the Huaytapallana Complex are evident. (H) Meta-dolerite outcrop near the town of
Pariahuanca (FW2-003).

Fig. 4 Stratigraphic column depicting the Phanerozoic cover sequences overlying the
Huaytapallana Complex, adapted from Cerrón and Ticona (2003) and Rosas et al. (2007).

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Fig. 5 U-Pb zircon Wetherill concordias (A, B, C, D, H, J, M, O, S), U-Pb detrital zircon
probability density diagrams (K, N), U-Pb apatite Tera-Wasserburg concordias (E, G, I, L, Q,
R, T, U) and U-Pb rutile Tera-Wasserburg concordias (F, P) for the FW2 sample suite.

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Fig. 6 Representative SEM cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircon from samples TCH-
002 and TCH-003 with U-Pb LA-ICPMS analysis spots and ages illustrated.

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Fig. 7 U-Pb zircon Wetherill concordias (A, B), U-Pb apatite Tera-Wasserburg concordias (C,
D, F, G, I) and U-Pb apatite 207Pb-corrected ages (E, H) for the TCH sample suite.

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Fig. 8 U-Pb monazite Wetherill concordias (A, C, E, G) and U-Pb monazite 232Th-208Pb ages
(E, H) for the TCH sample suite.

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Fig. 9 U-Pb apatite Tera-Wasserburg concordias from samples from the Eastern Cordillera of
Northern (A-C) and Central (D-E) Peru. U-Pb apatite (F) and titanite (H) Tera-Wasserburg
concordias from the Sitabamba orthogneiss taken from Chew et al. (2014).
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Fig. 10 Geological map of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru based on Fig. 1B. The age of the
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major metamorphic events are based on the geochronology data of Chew et al. (2007) (boxes
B, C, D, G, H), Cardona (2006, 2007) and Cardona et al. (2009) (box E), Castroviejo et al.
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(2009), Tassinari et al., (2011) and Willner et al. (2014) (box G) and this study (box A). The
locations of ultramafic ophiolitic rocks are taken from Castroviejo et al. (2010). The
interpolation of the ages of peak metamorphism in between these study areas is speculative.
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The names of the metasedimentary basement inliers (massifs) of the Eastern Cordillera south
of 11°S are denoted in red text and follow Mégard (1978).

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Table 1 - Summary of the Geochronology Data

U-Pb U-Pb U-Pb
Sample UTM UTM UTM Elevatio U-Pb apatite Th-Pb monazite
Locality Description zircon rutile monazite

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2 3
name East North Square n (masl) 1 age 2 1 age
age age age
290.3 ±

RI
FW2-001 Lampa 511410 8672822 18L 2788 Granodiorite 4.0 Ma
1023.5 ± 257.8 ±

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FW2-002 Pariahuanca 516401 8670733 18L 2164 Microgranite 2.9 Ma 257.3 ± 5.5 Ma 2.3 Ma
274.1 ±
FW2-003 Pariahuanca 516402 8670663 18L 2161 Mafic Intrusive 1.2 Ma 278 ± 18 Ma

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detrital
4
FW2-004 Yerba Buena 520991 8671229 18L 2520 Psammite (720Ma) 236.1 ± 1.9 Ma
Porphyritic 260.1 ±

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FW2-006 Ocoro 518778 8669841 18L 2351 volcanic 3.9 Ma 229 ± 61 Ma
detrital 250.9 ±
4
FW2-007 Chuyas 512833 8673097 18L 2446 Psammite (445Ma) 228.1 ± 5.5 Ma 7.4 Ma

ED
Granitic 302.0 ±
FW2-010 Pahual 510256 8673770 18L 3144 Intrusive 3.7 Ma 281.9 ± 7.8 Ma
Granitic 278.9 ±

T
FW2-011 Muchac 483587 8698990 18L 3897 Intrusive 2.9 Ma

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FW2-014 Puquián 487985 8704142 18L 3364 Pegmatite 236.7 ± 4.1 Ma
FW2-015 Puquián 488068 8704074 18L
C 3420 Psammite 246.0 ± 4.5 Ma
Lasuntay 261.6 ± 1.8
TCH-001 Lake 492919 8681706 18L 4665 Paragneiss 229 ± 20 Ma Ma 264.0 ± 2.9 Ma
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Leucosome in 260.4 ± 262.9 ± 2.0

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TCH-002 Mt. Jacallate 493037 8682128 18L 4759 gneiss 2.5 Ma 200 to 310 Ma Ma 260.9 ± 2.5 Ma
260.4 ± 267.5 ± 1.4
5
TCH-003 Mt. Jacallate 493327 8682523 18L 4860 Paragneiss 2.5 Ma 250 ± 16 Ma Ma 262.8 ± 2.1 Ma
6
TCH-004 Mt. Lasuntay 494034 8681915 18L 4840 Metadiorite 157 to 220 Ma
Mt. 264.1 ± 1.9
TCH-007 Yanauksha 496436 8678999 18L 4400 Paragneiss 230.3 ± 6.5 Ma Ma 260.9 ± 2.7 Ma
Marañon Leucosome in 477.9 ±
7
DC 5/5-7 Complex 168481 9243396 18M 1422 gneiss 4.3 Ma 349.3 ± 5.8 Ma
Microgranite 343.6 ±
7
DC 5/5-10 Balsas 171840 9228140 18M 1067 dyke 2.6 Ma 344.3 ± 4.5 Ma
DC 5/6-5 Pomabamba 239567 9058652 18L 1857 Orthogneiss 445.9 ± 393.8 ± 9.5 Ma

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2.4 Ma
325.4 ±
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SU 03 20 Hualluniyocc 438679 8752628 18L 2753 Adamellite 0.6 Ma 315 ± 12 Ma

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310.1 ±
7
SU 03-21 Huacapistana 446986 8761090 18L 1662 Granite 2.3 Ma 363 ± 44 Ma
titanite age:

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442.4 ± 437.1 ± 5.3
7 8 8
DC 4/5-2 Sitabamba 199248 9111706 18L 3063 Orthogneiss 1.4 Ma 365 ± 14 Ma Ma

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1 2 3 4
Wetherill Concordia age. Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept age. Weighted average Th-Pb age. Detrital sample, youngest population or grain in
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parentheses. Composite concordia age from samples TCH-002 and TCH-003. Does not define a clear intercept on a Tera Wasserburg Concordia, range in
207 7 8

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Pb-corrected ages presented. U-Pb zircon ages from Chew et al. (2007). U-Pb apatite and titanite data from Chew et al. (2014)

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Graphical abstract

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Highlights

New evidence of high-grade orogeny in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru at c. 260 Ma

Proto-Andean margin has experienced polycyclic (Famatinian, Gondwanide)

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orogenesis
Implies phases of advance and retreat in a long-lived Paleozoic accretionary orogen

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