Ceramic and Clay Products/Materials | 1

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 1

 Material: C O N C R E T E
Description: − the most commonly used artificial stone made by binding together
particles of some inert material with a paste made of cement and water
− a composite material, consisting mainly of Portland cement, water and
aggregate (gravel, sand or rock); when these materials are mixed
together, they form a workable paste which then gradually hardens
over time
− it is an important construction material used extensively in buildings,
bridges, roads and dams; its uses range from structural applications,
to paviours, kerbs, pipes and drains
• Components of Concrete:
− the hydraulic used to produce concrete
− cement paste (cement mixed with water) sets and hardens by
hydration, both in air and under water
1. CEMENT / BINDER − the main base materials (for Portland cement), are limestone, marl
and clay, which are mixed in defined proportions
− this raw mix is burned at about 1,450°C to form clinker which is
later ground to the well-known fineness of cement
− consisting of sand and gravel, represent the grain skeleton of the
concrete; all cavities within this skeleton have to be filled with
binder paste as much as possible
− it sums up to approximately 80% of the concrete weight and 70%
2. CONCRETE of the concrete volume.
AGGREGATES − can occur naturally (fluvial or glacial) or industrially produced like
lightweight aggregates as well as recycled aggregates
− for high-quality concrete, they are cleaned and graded in industrial
facilities by mechanical processes such as crushing, washing,
screening and mixing together

− liquids or powders which are added to the concrete during

mixing in small quantities
3. CONCRETE
− dosage is usually defined based on the cement content
ADMIXTURES
− it has significant impact on the fresh and/or hardened concrete
properties and can act chemically and/or physically

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 1

 − Supplementary Concrete Materials (SCM) are finely divided
4. CONCRETE
materials used in concrete in order to improve or to obtain
ADDITIONS &
desired fresh and hardened concrete properties
SUPPLEMENTARY
− there are two types of inorganic additions:
CONCRETE
(a) Nearly inert additions (type I)
MATERIALS
(b) Pozzolanic or latent hydraulic additions (type II)

− the suitability of water for concrete production depends on its

origin
− water recovered from processes in the concrete industry (wash
5. WATER water) is generally suitable for concrete but must met additional
weight of solids in the concrete occurring when water recovered
from processes in the concrete industry is used must be less
than 1% of the total weight of the aggregate contained in the mix
• Classification of Portland Cement:

TYPE I − used for general construction, having none of the distinguishing

NORMAL qualities of the other types

− having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, making it more

resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of
TYPE II hydration
MODERATE − used in general construction where resistance to moderate sulfate
action is required or where heat buildup can be damaging, as in
the construction of large piers and heavy retaining walls

− very finely grounded having an increased content of tricalcium

silicate, causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than
TYPE III
normal Portland cement
HIGH EARLY
− used when the early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-
STRENGTH
weather construction to reduce the time required for protection
from low temperatures

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 2

 − having a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an increased
content of dicalcium silicate, causing it to generate less heat of
TYPE IV
hydration than normal Portland cement
LOW HEAT
− used in the construction of massive concrete structures, such as
gravity dams, where a large buildup in heat can be damaging

− having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the

TYPE V
need for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its
SULFATE
setting time
RESISTING
− used where resistance to severe sulfate action is required

• Classes of Concrete:

AAA 1:1:2 − used in pre-stressed and post-tensioned

− used in underwater retaining wall, shear wall

AA 1 : 1.5 : 3
and elevator core walls

− used in footings, pier, columns, girders,

A 1:2:4
beams, joists and slabs

− used in slabs on fill and non-load bearing

B 1 : 2.5 : 5
wall or 4” CHB

C 1:3:6 − concrete plant boxes and parapet walls

− used in plant boxes, footpaths, walkway and

D 1 : 3.5 : 7
lean concrete

Note: Cement-Sand-Gravel Proportion

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 3

• Types of Concrete Aggregates:

− occurs naturally found in riverbeds

− composed of fine rock material and mineral
1. SAND
particles
− free of salt and must be washed

− smaller than 1/ 4" diameter scones

2. FINE AGGREGATE
− used to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate
and to act as a workability agent

− bigger than 1/4'" diameter stones

3. COARSE
− use of the largest permissible maximum
AGGREGATE
size permits a reduction in cement and
water requirements

• Types of Concrete Hardeners:

− liquids containing silicoflourides or
fluosilicates and wetting agent which
reduces the surface tension of the liquid and
allows it to penetrate the pores of the
concrete more easily
1. CHEMICAL
− the silicoflourides or fluosilicates combine
HARDENERS
chemically with the free lime and calcium
carbonate which are present in the concrete
and bind the fine particles into a flintlike
topping, which is highly resistant to wear
and dusting

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 4

 − specially processed and graded iron
particles which are dry-mixed with Portland
cement, spread evenly over the surface of
2. FINE METALLIC
freshly floated concrete, and worked into
AGGREGATE
the surface by floating
− the result is a hard, tough topping which is
highly resistant to wear and less brittle than
normal concrete
• Types of Bonding Agents:

− iron particles are larger, but with same

materials as the permeability reducer
1. METALLIC
− bonding takes place through the oxidation
AGGREGATE
and subsequent expansion of the iron
particles

− consists of a highly polymerized synthetic

liquid resin dispersed in water
2. SYNTHETIC − when it is sprayed or painted on a concrete
LATEX EMULSION surface, the pores in the concrete absorb
the water and allow the resin particles to
coalesce and bond

• Concrete Admixtures:

− an admixture used to speed up the initial set of concrete

1. CEMENT
− such material may be added to the mix to increase the rate of
ACCELERATOR
early-strength development for several reasons

− delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete

− in hot weather, hydration is accelerated by the heat, thus cutting
down the time available to place, consolidate, and finish the
concrete
2. CEMENT − high temperatures, low humidity and wind cause rapid evaporation
RETARDER of water from the mix during summer; this drying of the concrete
leads to cracking and crazing of the surface
− an initial set retarder will hold back the hydration process, leaving
more water for workability and allowing concrete to be finished
and protected before drying out

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 5

• Control of Concrete Mixes:

− a cone test to determine the workability or

consistency of concrete mix prepared at the
laboratory or the construction site during the
progress of the work
SLUMP TEST − the cone is filled in three equal layers, each
being tamped or rodded 25 times with a
standard 5/8" bullet nosed rod; when the
cone has been filled and leveled off, it is lifted
carefully and the amount of slump is
measured

• Types of Slump Test:

− the only slump that can be measured in the

test
1. TRUE SLUMP
− the measurement is taken between the top
of the cone and the top of the concrete after
the cone has been removed

− indication of very low water-cement ratio,

2. ZERO SLUMP which results in dry mixes
− this type of concrete is generally used for
road construction

− indication that the water-cement ratio is too

high, i.e., concrete mix is too wet or it is a
3. COLLAPSED
high workability mix, for which a slump test
SLUMP
is not appropriate

4. SHEAR SLUMP − indicates that the result is incomplete, and

concrete to be retested

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 6

• Permissible Slump Consistency:
Workability Slump Compacting Factor Use

− used in road making and heavy

Very Dry 0-25mm 0.78 mass construction
(0-1”) − roads vibrated by power
operated machines

− used for foundations with light

Low 25-50mm 0.85 reinforcement
(1-2”) − roads vibrated by hand operated
machines
− manually compacted flat slabs
using crushed aggregates
50-100mm 0.92 − normal reinforced concrete
Medium
(2-4”) manually compacted and heavily
reinforced sections with
vibrations

− for sections with congested

100-175mm
High 0.95 reinforcement
(4-7”)
− not normally suitable for vibration

• Concrete Products / Materials:

− used to simulate stone from concrete methods
by splitting a solid concrete block to expose
two rough surfaces.
− made by making a mortar of cement and very
1. CAST STONE
high-quality silica sand and casting it in molds
which produces a unit with the face shaped to
simulate chipped sand stone, shale or slate
− done either by placing coloring material on the
mold or either by mixing the color to the mortar

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 7

 − units that can be custom-made any size to fit
a particular structure
2. PRECAST FACING
− precast with lightweight aggregates and are
SLABS
fixed to the building by pins or dowels to a
steel frame and by metal strap anchors to a
concrete or backup wall.

− a concrete layer that is in contact with traffics

directly and it is used for different purposes
and applications.
3. CONCRETE
− need to be strong and durable but also it must
PAVEMENTS
be workable and cost effective because it is
commonly prone to severe environmental
conditions.

− also known as Concrete Masonry Units

(CMUs) that provide very durable structural
and non-structural partitions
4. CONCRETE
− generally used as a backup wall that gets
BLOCKS
covered with a finish material or exposed in
utilitarian spaces like mechanical rooms or
basements

− mass manufactured to standard sizes that can

be easily interchanged
5. CONCRETE − has two surfaces: one is smooth, and the
PAVING BLOCKS other is a rough surface
− flexible surface treatment options for exterior
pavement applications

• Types of Concrete Blocks:

− usually made from richer mixes with holes that

1. HOLLOW take up about 25-50% of its composition
LOAD-BEARING − the hollows are a great help in terms of
CONCRETE thermal and sound insulation
BLOCK − made with heavyweight aggregate and 25lb -
35lb when made with lightweight aggregate

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 8

 − thick pieces of concrete made from leaner
mixes; easier to produce due to its basic
composition
2. SOLID LOAD − commonly used for active structural elements
BEARING BLOCK in infrastructure projects since it offers better
stability
− fines as one having a core area of not more
than 25% of the gross cross-sectional area

3. HOLLOW
− used in the laying of partitions characterized
NON-LOAD
with accurate wall geometry saving low weight
BEARING
− the core area exceeds 25% of the cross-
CONCRETE
sectional area
BLOCK

− tiles made by hand, one at a time, using

mineral pigments, cement, a mold, and a
4. CONCRETE hydraulic press
BUILDING TILE − the pigment composition is a mixture of high-
quality white Portland cement, marble
powder, fine sand, and natural mineral color
pigments

− a mixture of cement and aggregate, usually

sand, formed in molds and cured
5. CONCETE BRICK
− certain mineral colors are added to produce a
concrete brick resembling clay

• Sizes of Concrete Hollow Blocks:

4” x 8” x 16”
− for non-load bearing partitions
(0.10m x 0.20m x 0.41m)

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 9

 6” x 8” x 16”
− for load bearing walls
(0.15m x 0.20m x 0.41m)

12.5 pcs of CHB will be required to cover one square meter area
because a piece of standard concrete hollow block (CHB) has a surface area of 0.08sqm.

• Brand of Cement and • Unit Prices of Cement, CHB, and

Concrete Products
Other Concrete Products:
Available to Market:

Excel Portland Cement 190.00/bag

Premium Portland Cement 210.00/bag
Solido Premium Portland Cement 228.00/bag
WallRight Masonry Cement 230.00/bag

RapidSet Portland Cement 172.00/bag

WallMaster Masonry Cement 222.00/bag
Kapit-Balay Blended Cement 225.00/bag
Republic Portland Plus 279.00/bag

APO Pozzolan Cement 168.00/bag

Rizal Masonry Cement 190.00/bag
APO Portland Premium 195.00/bag
APO Masonry Cement 195.00/bag
Rizal Portland Super 208.00/bag

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 10

 Advance Portland Cement 182.00/bag
Advance Blended Cement 289.00/bag

Supreme Portland Cement 188.00/bag

Max Plus Portland 208.00/bag
Master Palitada Masonry Cement 250.00/bag

Concrete Hollow Blocks 4” x 8” x 16” 12.00/pc

(CHB)* 8” x 8” x 16” 18.00/pc

300mm x 1m 639.50/pc
Reinforced Concrete Pipe*
375mm x 1m 758.23/pc

Concrete Tiles
21.00-159.00/pc
(10cm x 20cm / 30cm x 60cm)

Note: 40 kilograms of cement per bag

Currency unit of Philippine Peso
*from Philippine Construction and Materials Prices

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 11

o Other Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials:
− also known as breezeblocks, screen blocks,
cinder blocks, or textile blocks and came in an
1. DECORATIVE assortment of styles and sizes
CONCRETE − it was created as a more viable option than
BLOCKS blocks of solid concrete
− the repetitive pattern creates a garden screen
that is a decorative point of interest and an
offset to the solid structure
− serve as a conduit material for irrigation, water
supply lines, sanitary sewers, culverts, and
storm drains
2. CONCRETE
− sizes can range from four inches up to 17 feet
SEWER
in diameter with five standard shapes: circular,
horizontal elliptical, vertical elliptical, arch, and
rectangular

• Innovative Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials:

− a lightweight block which is outstanding in
thermal and sound insulation qualities
− basic ingredients are cement made from
silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum
1. CELLULAR powder
CONCRETE − can be easily cut or sawed to any desired
BLOCKS shape with woodworking tools and are laid up
in masonry cement or cement-lime mortar
− characterized with self-compacting property
wherein no compaction is required and it
steadily flows out of a pump outlet to fill mold
− a bioconcrete mixed using the same
techniques as traditional concrete except that
it also contains specific bacteria that generate
crystals that enclose their cells
2. SELF- − when mixed with other secretions, such as
HEALING
proteins and sugar, a glue-like substance is
CONCRETE
generated
− when the concrete cracks, these bacteria are
activated and form either limestone or calcite,
a process that seals the gaps

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 12

 − a porous pavement made of larger particles
than traditional concrete
3. PERVIOUS
− creates voids within the concrete that allow for
CONCRETE
the gradual infiltration of rainwater into the
ground below

− pigmented admixtures added to cement,

gravel, sand and water result in colored
4. PIGMENTED concrete mixtures
CONCRETE − it adds a sense of perspective and contrast
with surroundings while reducing the
dependence on paints and sealants

− the cement absorbs the sunlight in the day and

emits it in the night time
− this technique allows the materials
5. LIGHT crystallization properties to break up and allow
GENERATING the light to pass through making it opaque
CEMENT − can also be used in road signs because of the
light emitting properties
− composed of silica, river sand, industrial
waste, alkali and water.
− a concrete fabricated by adding photocatalyst
into conventional concrete (TiO2)
− it has the capability to realize air depollution,
self-cleaning, and self-disinfecting
6. PHOTO- − the formed highly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals
CATALYTIC can react with contaminants and produce
CONCRETE carbon dioxide, water, or other harmless
substances
− the decomposed pollutants can be taken away
by wind or rain to achieve the function of air
depollution and self-cleaning

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 13

 • Use
• Method of Application • Equipment/Tools Used
(Interior/Exterior)
cement
aggregates
sand
Concrete Mixing
concrete mixer
Step 1: Preparing the Dry Mix
shovels
Step 2: Mixing in Water Both
rubber boots and gloves
Step 3: Adjusting mixture
screed levelers
Step 4: Pouring mixture
trowels
bucket
wheelbarrow

concrete blocks
concrete
CHB Laying
Trowels
Step 1: Gathering the Supplies
Screed Levelers
Step 2: Preparing the Footing
Screed Levelers
Step 3: Preparing to Lay the
Mortar
Concrete Blocks Both
Wheelbarrow
Step 4: Laying the Concrete
chisel
Blocks
Shovels
Step 5: Applying mortar
Trowels
Step 6: Adding reinforcement
cement
Rubber Boots and Gloves

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 14

• References:

Burlungan, R. (n.y.). ARBT01_REF_AR_BURLUNGAN. Microsoft Teams.

Designing Buildings Ltd. (n.y.) Concrete. Retrieved from

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Concrete.

Jamal, H. (2017). Concrete Slump Test - Theory and Lab Test. Retrieved from
https://www.aboutcivil.org/concrete-slump-test.html.

Plan Academy Inc. (n.y.). Concrete: 4 Innovations You’ve Never Heard Of. Retrieved from
https://www.planacademy.com/concrete-4-innovations-youve-never-heard-of/.

Rediscover Concrete. (n.y.). CONCRETE PRODUCTS. Retrieved from

http://rediscoverconcrete.com/en/concrete-applications.html.

Rethinking Internet Media Pvt Ltd. (n.y.). 10- Innovative construction materials used around the
world. Retrived from https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/fresh-perspectives/a1072-10-
innovative-construction-materials-used-around-the-world/.

Rhombus Concrete Lt. (n.y.). Concrete Classes and Their Uses. Retrieved from
https://rhombusconcrete.com/concrete-classes-and-their-uses/.

Salvan, G.S. (n.y.). Architectural Buildng Materials (Third Edition). JMC PRESS, INC.

Sika Concrete. (n.y.). Concrete Components. Retrieved from

https://sikaconcrete.co.uk/technical-information/concrete-components/.

The Constructor. (n.y.). Concrete Slump Test for Workability - Procedure and Result. Retrieved
from https://theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-slump-test/1558/

Concrete and Concrete Products / Materials | 15

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 1
 Material: C L A Y
Description: − a finely-grained natural rock or soil material composed of one or more
clay minerals (kaolinites or smectites), sometimes with small quantities
of quartz, metal oxides and organic matter formed very slowly as a result
of the weathering and erosion of rocks containing feldspar
− classified as a fine soil, it is characterized with dry lumps, smooth to the
touch, shrinks on drying which usually leaves cracks, intermediate to high
plasticity
− can be extracted from the ground and processed (adding water) to
change its shape, or increasing its strength (adding straw, sand, etc.) that
it can be considered sustainable
− an important ingredient in composite materials such as adobe, cob,
rammed earth, wattle and daub, clay plaster, clay mortar, ceramics, etc.
− has good robustness, stability and durability; it is fire-resistant and
capable of withstanding seismic activity, giving it a potential lifespan of
100 years or more

• Principal Forms of Clay:

− unconsolidated and unstratified clay occurring

1. SURFACE CLAY
on the surface of the earth

− a sedimentary rock composed of very fine clay

particles which have been subjected to high
pressure until they have become relatively hard
2. SHALES − forms from the decomposition of the mineral
feldspar in very deep body of water where the
water is still enough to allow the extremely fine
clay and silt particles to settle to the floor

− a refractory clay which can be fired to a high

temperature without deforming or melting
3. FIRE CLAYS − found at deeper levels and usually have more
uniform physical and chemical qualities with
higher Alumina (AL) content

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 1

• Classes of Clay:
− contains about 15% calcium carbonate
(lime) and burn to a yellowish color and
is chalky
1. CALCAREOUS CLAYS − usually deposited in shallow water near
land, since the carbonate is
precipitated by marine organisms that
need land-derived nutrients
− composed of silicate of alumina, with
feldspar and iron oxide, characterized
by the absence or very low contents of
2. NONCALCAREOUS
smectite and the high contents of
CLAYS
vermiculite
− bum buff, red or salmon depending on
the iron oxide content which vary from
2% - 10%

Material: C E R A M I C
Description: − made from a mixture of minerals, typically silica sand, fired with
nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature that the silica re-
crystallizes to form a glassy material, and up to 30% water
− has greater density, strength, hardness, resistance to chemicals and frost
and a greater dimensional stability; however, they are often brittle in
nature
− this material tends to be porous, the pores and other microscopic
imperfections act as stress concentrators, decreasing the toughness
further, and reducing the tensile strength
− because of the rigid structure of the crystalline materials, there are very
few available slip systems for dislocations to move, and so it deform very
slowly
• Types of Tiles and Ceramic:

− used for the bearing walls of light

buildings, the height usually restricted
1. LOAD-BEARING WALL to four stories
TILE − structural load bearing wall tile are
made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in
thicknesses

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 2

 − non-load bearing tile serves as a base
2. PARTITION TILE
for plastering

− intended for use in both bearing and

non-bearing walls which will be faced
3. BACK-UP TILE with brick or facing tile
− the facing is bonded to the back up and
the loads are supported by both

− used on the inside of exterior walls to

provide air spaces for insulation to
4. FURRING TILE prevent the passage of moisture and to
provide a suitable plastering surface
− classified as non-load bearing

− cover to insulate structural steel in

5. FIREPROOFING TILE
fireproof construction

− one way ribbed concrete floor and roof

slabs can be formed by using structural
clay floor tile
6. FLOOR TILE − manufactured in both load-bearing and
non-load bearing grades in standard
thicknesses ranging from 3”-12” and
standard length and widths of 12”

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 3

 − unglazed tile and may have either a
smooth or a rough textured finish
designed to be used as exposed facing
material on either exterior or interior
walls and partitions
− two classes:
7. STRUCTURAL CLAY (a) Standard Tile
FACING TILE − suitable for general use in either
exterior or interior locations
(b) Specialized Tile
− have heavier shells and webs
and are intended for greater
resistance to impact and
moisture penetration

− produced from high-grade light burning

clay which is suitable for the application
8. STRUCTURAL GLAZED of ceramic or salt glaze
FACING TILE − two types:
(a) Single Faced Units
(b) Two Opposite Faces Glazed

• Types of Tiles Finishes:

− held to the wall by the bond of the

1. ADHESION TYPE mortar to the ceramic veneer back and
to the backing wall

− held by mortar and by wire tiles

between the terracotta and the wall
behind adhesion type ceramic veneer
2. ANCHOR TYPE is available in face sizes up to 600
sq.in. and 24 in. max. widths
− lengths can be up to 36" thickness
limited to 1 5/8"

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 4

 • Brand of Ceramic Tiles and • Standard Sizes of Clay Tiles • Unit Prices of
Ceramic Tiles and
Clay Tiles Available to Market: and Ceramic Tiles:
Clay Tiles:

20cm x 20cm 15.68-18.05/pc

20cm x 30cm 19.86-25.41
30cm x 30cm 15.00-37.05/pc
40cm x 40cm 50.00-62.00/pc
30cm x 60cm 84.00-134.00/pc
60cm x 60cm 175.00-217.00/pc

8" x 8" (40 pcs/box) 12.00-16.00/pc

8" x 12" (40 pcs/box) 20.00-23.00/pc
8" x 8" (40 pcs/box) 12.50-15.35/pc
12" x 12" (25 pcs/box) 25.40-37.15/pc
16" x 16" (25 pcs/box) 48.45-61-90/pc

20cm x 20 cm 20.00/pc
30cm x 60cm 115.00-163.00/pc
60cm x 60cm 140.00-430.00/pc
80cm x 80cm 999.00-1,032.00/pc

30cm x 30 cm 28.75-32.75/pc
40cm x 40cm 56.00-61.25/pc

30cm x 60 cm 163.00/pc
60cm x 60 cm 183.00-210.00/pc

Note: Currency unit is Philippine Peso

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 5

o Other Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials:
− hard-fired in computer-controlled kilns at
high temperatures to fuse the clay particles
for maximum strength impervious to
ultraviolet radiation, which often causes
1. PAVER BRICK
artificially colored concrete pavers to fade
− installed in a flexible paving system, their
individual strength is further enhanced by a
phenomenon known as interlock
− made from recycled clay, water, other
organic ingredients, that makes it
impervious to the corrosive nature of acidic
2. CLAY PIPE waste water
− characterized with high resistant to
chemical degradation that can last for
thousands of years

• Types of Ceramic Roof Tiles:

− a different shape generally laid side by

7. ALLAHABAD side and joints are then covered with half-
TILES round tiles
− used for making good and pleasing roofs

− uniform in shape, size and free from

irregularities such as twist, bends, cracks,
8. FLAT TILES etc.
− the water absorption should not exceed
twenty per cent by weight

− red in color and made of double

channelled Basel Mission Mangalore
9. MANGALORE pattern
TILES − flat pattern provided with a suitable
projection so that they interlock with each
other when placed in position

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 6

 − form when they are placed in position
aside lap of one or two corrugations
10. CORRUGATED
− the placing of such tiles on a roof gives an
TILES
appearance of corrugated galvanized iron
sheets

− hollow tapered burnt clay tiles with conical

shape that can be manufactured on the
11. GUNA TILES potter’s wheel
− can be inserted into another to form a
ring; the ring may be made of suitable
ways like circular, parabolic, elliptical, etc.

− ordinary half-round country tiles also

called the locking tiles or pantiles
12. POT/PAN TILES − hand-molded, first into a flat tile, then to
the required shape on the wooden pattern
and burnt in a kiln after drying

• Clay Minerals as Construction Materials:

− a type of clay that has an ability to swell
and gel when dispersed in water which is
used mainly in excavation and foundation
works
1. BENTONITE − also known as bleaching clay because of
its innate bleaching properties
− containing more than 85%
montmorillonite, it is considered to be high
plastic clay
− also called china clay characterized with a
soft consistency and earthy texture
− it is easily broken and can be molded or
2. KAOLINITE shaped, especially when wet
− its high fusion temperature and white
burning characteristics makes it
particularly suitable for the manufacture of

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 7

 − whiteware (china), porcelain, and
refractories
− it can also be used as a raw material for
the production of white cement clinker
and as an artificial pozzolanic additive for
concrete (in a form of metakaolin)
• Innovative Clay and Ceramic Products / Materials:
− made from Lias clay mixed, ground and
formed into small spheres and then fires
at about 1,200C
− the organic components of the clay burn
off in the furnace and the spheres expand
the weight, size and strength of the
ceramic expanded clay which are now full
of air cavities can be precisely controlled
1. LIAPOR in a technically sophisticated production
process
− the block assumes the internal structure
of the spheres creating good thermal
insulation and heat storage properties
characterized with lightweight and
compression-resistant properties that
provides optimum particle strength

− a composite material made of clay and

hydrogels or planting media that can
replace water and soil and lower the
temperature of the interior when actuated
− it works as an evaporative cooling device
that reduces the temperature 5 or 6
degrees and increases the humidity
2. HYDROCERAMICS
passive intelligence makes its
performance is proportional to the heat in
the outside environment
− characterized with evaporation property
of the hydrogels with the thermal mass,
and humidity control property of clay
ceramic and fabric

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 8

 − the unusual shape of this brick helps
majorly in blocking the sun and letting the
building breathe through its hollow cores
in letting the air pass
− this structure helps in noise intrusion from
3. HOLLOW CLAY the exteriors in the building in contributing
BRICKS to the thermal comfort of the building
users
− the 3D properties give an aesthetic look to
the facade and can be used in forming
several shapes and patterns on the wall
exteriors

• Use
• Method of Application • Equipment/Tools Used
(Interior/Exterior)
Bricks
Brick Laying
Shovel
Step 1: Setout brickwork
Trowel
Step 2: Begin laying bricks
Stringline Both
Step 3: Mix and apply mortar
Pointing Tool
Step 4: Remove excess mortar
Mortar
Step 5: Finishing brickwork
Chisel
Tiles
Spacer
Tile Installation
Trowel
Step 1: Prepare the surface
Mortar
Step 2: Begin your layout
Sealer
Step 3: Apply the adhesive Both
Grout
Step 4: Cut tile as needed
Chisel
Step 5: Set your tile
Floor Scraper
Step 6: Grouting joints
Level
Rubber Mallet
Sarking
Batten
Roof Tile Installation
Anti-Ponding Board (APB)
Step 1: Installing sarking and battens
Nail
Step 2: Installing anti-ponding board Exterior
Tiles
Step 3: Putting on the tiles
Seals
Step 4: Sealing the tiles
Ridge Pieces
Mortar

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 9

• References:

Burlungan, R. (n.y.). ARBT01_REF_AR_BURLUNGAN. Microsoft Teams.

Designing Buildings Ltd. (n.y.). Clay in construction. Retrieved from https://www.designing

buildings.co.uk/wiki/Clay_in_construction

Designing Buildings Ltd. (n.y.). Use of ceramics in construction. Retrieved from https://www.
designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Use_of_ceramics_in_construction.

Kaolin. (n.y.). How kaolin is helping build a better world. Retrieved from
https://kaolin.basf.com/applications/market/selected/construction

Liapor. (n.y.) Innovation out of clay for modern construction materials. Retrieved from
https://www.liapor.com/medien_en/lia_downloads/datei/144_miniflyer_engl.pdf

Salvan, G.S. (n.y.). Architectural Buildng Materials (Third Edition). JMC PRESS, INC.

Mohawk Industries. (n.y). Tile Installation. Retrieved from

https://www.mohawkflooring.com/tile/guides/tile-installation

The Constructor. (n.y.) Uses of Bentonite in Construction. Retrieved from https://theconstructor

.org/others/bentonite-uses-construction/13332

Ceramic and Clay Products / Materials | 10