CIVI 6051

DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL
STRUCTURE

Ardalan Sabamehr
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Winter 2021
 • Kulak. G. L. and Grondin, G. Y., Limit States Design in Structural Steel, 10th Edition,
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC), 2016.
• Handbook of Steel Construction, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC), 11th
Edition, 2014 This handbook includes a reprint of the Canadian Standards Association,
CAN/CSA-S16-09-2014, Design of Steel Structures. A CISC commentary on this standard,
explanatory notes and design aids are also included in the handbook.
• R.A. MacCrimmon, Crane-Supporting Steel Structures – Design Guide, 3rd Edition,
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC), 2017.
• A. Ghali, Circular Storage Tanks and Silos, E & F. N. Spon Ltd
• S. S. Safarian and E. C. Harris, Design and Construction of Silos and Bunkers, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company Inc., 1985.
• Weyer J. and Baragaño S., Industrial building Planning and Design, Design Media Publishing
(UK) Limited.
• Snow, D.A. ed., 2001. Plant engineer's reference book. Elsevier.
REFERENCES • Canam building, Purling and Girt
• Chai and Sung, STABILITY OF STRUCTURES Principles and Applications
• CANADIAN SHEET STEEL BUILDING INSTITUTE, Structural and Crane Load Design
Criteria For Steel Building Systems

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA

Crane Types
Steel Building Systems can support several different types of crane systems when

required. The typical crane types are Top Running, Under Hung and Jib cranes and

are usually electric powered. Cranes can be provided in several styles based on

the required capacity, span and service class.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA
Top Running cranes are supported by the

crane bridge end trucks bearing on rails that are

supported on top of their crane beams. These

cranes have the greatest variation in capacity,

span and service class and usually span the full

width of the framing supports.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA
Under Hung cranes are supported by using a

suspension type support which is connected to the

bottom of a frame. The crane wheels are supported

from the bottom flange of the crane beams which act as

a crane rail and usually only span a portion of the

column to column span of the structure. They are

usually a small capacity of crane.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA
Jib cranes are specialty cranes for a specific
location and utility. They consist of a fixed length
horizontal boom that can rotate about the
supporting column. They are commonly used in
areas of staged production to transfer work from
station to station. Jib cranes are usually attached
to a column flange allowing a rotation of more
than 180 degrees. Considering the rotation of the
load, Bi-axial bending usually governs the design
of the supporting column.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA
Crane Service
Cranes are classified based on their frequency of operation called a Duty Cycle varying from Class

A to F. A Class A crane is for more infrequently used moderate cranes and a Class F is for a heavy

duty continuous severe service. The service of the crane is based on the quantity of partial and full

lifts during a specified period of operation and does not limit the capacity of the crane. Cranes that

are usually supported by SBS (Steel Beam System) buildings are often top running cranes of Class

C. SBS buildings that support cranes greater than C must be evaluated based on the additional

requirements set forth by the CISC Crane-Supporting Steel Structures: Design Guide.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA
Top Running Crane
Top running cranes are the most common type of crane that a SBS building can be designed to

support. The capacity of the crane is based on the magnitude of the Lifted Load. The Lifted Load,

Span and Service define the crane member sizes, girder type and configuration. Single Girder

cranes with a capacity of 10 tons usually span up to 50’.Double Girder cranes with a capacity of 25

tons usually span up to 65’. Box Girder cranes usually are required on longer spans.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA
Top Running Crane
The function of a crane is to move the lifted load horizontally and longitudinally in the building. The

lifted load is usually supported with a hook, which is cabled to a hoist. The hoist is supported by a

trolley which moves the horizontally along the crane bridge. The crane bridge is connected to a

number of crane trucks at each end depending on the capacity and span. The crane trucks can

have 2, 4 or 8 wheels based on the capacity of the crane. The wheels ride along a crane rail which

is supported by runway beams. The sketch in the Figure illustrates the basic crane components and

some of the defined distances.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA
Top Running Crane
The crane span is defined as the horizontal distance from center to center of the crane wheel

supports. The horizontal crane coverage is defined as the crane span less the left side hook

approach and right side hook approach. Side clearances are measured from the center of the

supporting rail to the face of the supporting column and are required for operation, safety, and wheel

maintenance.

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CRANE COMPONENTS AND DEFINITIONS

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 CRANE COMPONENTS AND DEFINITIONS
The hook height is the distance from the datum to the highest position of the hook.

The crane must be able to travel within the building avoiding obstructions in the

building such as lights, equipment and the structural framing. The vertical

clearance is measured from the top of the crane rail to the underside of the

structure. This clearance is based on the size of the crane bridge, location of the

hoist and trolley, rail and a safety allowance.

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 CRANE COMPONENTS AND DEFINITIONS
Serviceability requirements of the crane system and crane supporting structural

system are outlined in the CSA-S16 Design of Steel Structures. Unfactored crane

loads without impact are used to calculate the deflections. The permissible

vertical deflection limit for runway beams is L/600 for class A, B, and C

cranes, L/800 for class D, and L/1000 for classes E and F.

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 CRANE COMPONENTS AND DEFINITIONS
The permissible horizontal deflection limit of runway beams is L/400.The permissible lateral

deflection of the crane supporting structural system is based on unfactored crane loads, or

unfactored 1 in 10 wind loads, and shall not exceed 50mm for cab operated cranes. The permissible

lateral deflection of the structure is CH/240 for class A, B and C cranes, and CH/400 for class D, E

and F cranes, where CH is measured from the base to the top of the crane rail. There is an

exception for frames supporting pendant-operated cranes, which has a limit of CH/100.“L” is the

center to centre distance between crane runway beam supports.

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 CRANE DATA
Crane Data for the design of crane systems is to be provided by the manufacturer of the crane to

the designer of the crane supporting system. Listed below is the minimum required crane

information to be used in the design of crane supporting systems.

Quantity of Cranes
New or Existing Crane
Capacity (tons or tonnes)
Class
Span
Power source (hand geared or electric)
Total weight of crane, weight of trolley and hoist
Maximum Wheel load (without impact)
Spacing, Diameter and Number of wheels
Vertical and Horizontal clearances
Hook approach
Special impact factors or serviceability requirements 15
 CRANE DATA
The sketch in the Figure shows the cross section of a steel building system with the associated

crane loads. The sketch in the Figure shows the longitudinal loads applied to the building by the

crane.

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BUILDING LONGITUDINAL LOADS

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 LOAD DIRECTIONS
The vertical crane live loads are applied to the top of the rail at the centerline of the crane beams.

The weight of the crane beam is applied at the top of the corbel bracket. The vertical loads are

applied eccentric to the supporting frame column when a corbel attached to the column is used. The

horizontal and longitudinal crane loads are considered as live loads. They are applied at the top of

the crane rail as illustrated in the Figure.

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 BUILDING CRANE LOADS

Note: Impact factor also applies for crane beam connection, fatigue check requirement for stress
reversal on top flange, tension flange and welds at stiffeners.

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 CRANE BEAM LOADS
The design of the Crane Beam is to include all the loads imposed on the beam, which include the

self weight of the beam, rail, all accessories, the loads induced from the crane and the lifted load.

The design of the crane runway beams is to include the impact factor. The Impact Factor is applied

to the lifted load and the weight of the crane including the trolley and hoist. For example, an

electrically operated crane has an impact factor of 1.25; whereas pendant operated cranes have an

impact factor of 1.10.

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 CRANE BEAM LOADS
Crane beams are usually designed as simple span beams. Structural analysis of

the beam is required to determine the location of the maximum design moments

and shears due to the crane traveling along the length of the crane beam.

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 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Load combinations are specified in the National Building Code of Canada. The

crane loads are considered to be live loads. Consideration of the magnitude and

direction of the crane must be taken into account when loading the frame. One

combination is to include the maximum vertical loads on one side of the bridge with

the horizontal loads going in one direction and then a combination with the

horizontals going in the opposite direction. Frames should always be designed with

the maximum load on one side and the minimum load on the other.

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 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Multiple cranes can impact the quantity of load combinations greatly, especially for multi-

span frames. For vertical loads, all combinations of maximum/minimum loads for each

crane must be checked; all cranes are loaded simultaneously. This is not necessary for

lateral and longitudinal loads, since there is a very low probability of multiple cranes

imposing full lateral (or longitudinal) loads at the same time. Similarly, the vertical impact

load is not required for all cranes simultaneously. Refer to the CISC Crane-Supported

Steel Structure Design Guide for suggested load combinations for various situations.

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 CRANE BEAM CORBELS
The design of the crane runway beam supporting corbel is to include the impact factor and

fatigue loading. The design of the crane beam corbel is to include all the loads imposed on

the corbel from the crane beam. Simple span crane beams impose loads in one direction.

Continuous crane beam design causes stress reversals on the corbel.

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Building Size: 30m clear span building x 42m long x 9m high
7 - 6m bays
Crane Data: 1 new 10 tonne, Class C, electric operated crane
Crane span: to be determined
Crane weight: 11500 Kg
Trolley weight: 630 Kg
Hoist weight: combined with trolley
Maximum wheel load: 81.3 KN (without impact)
Number of wheels: 2 per end truck
Wheel spacing: 4980 mm
Vertical clearance: 1295 mm
Horizontal clearance: 203 mm
Crane approach: 1016 mm
Crane is electrically operated, and is not pendant operated
Code specified serviceability requirements

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Determine the Crane Span:
The crane span is the building width, less the structure depth, less the horizontal clearances, and
is illustrated in the Figure.
Building Width = BWD = 30000 mm
Assumed Frame Width = AFWD = 1070 mm
Horizontal Clearance = HCD = 203 mm
Crane span = SPD = BWD – 2 (AFWD + HCD)
SPD = 30000 – 2(1072 + 203) = 27450 mm

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CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Calculate the Crane Loads:
Lifted Crane Load = LCL = 10 tonnes = 97.90 KN
Crane Weight = CW = 112.87 KN
Trolley and Hoist Weight = THW = 6.19 KN
When the lifted load is hoisted and is as far to the left as physically
possible, it is at the closest position to the left support. This is equal to
the crane approach. The crane approach is the smaller distance of the
left or right side approach.
Crane Approach = CAD = 1016 mm
The Maximum Load Factor for this span based on the side approach is
MXLF = (SPD –CAD) /SPD = (27450 – 1016 )/27450 = 0.96

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Calculate the Crane Loads:
The Minimum Load Factor for this span based on the side approach is
MNLF = 1 – MXLF = 1 – 0.96 = 0.04
There are 2 wheels per truck and 2 trucks per crane for a total of 4 wheels for this crane.
Wheels per Truck = TrW = 2
Total number of Wheels = TTrW = 4
The calculated Wheel Loads are:
Maximum Wheel Load = MXWL = CW/TTrW + MXLF ( THW + LCL ) / TrW
MXWL = 112.87 / 4 + 0.96 ( 6.19 + 97.90 ) / 2 = 78.18 KN
Minimum Wheel Load = MNWL=CW/ TTrW + MNLF ( THW + LCL ) / TrW
MNWL = 112.87 / 4 + 0.04 ( 6.19 + 97.90 ) / 2 = 30.30 KN

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Calculate the Crane Loads:

The sum of all wheel loads is 2 ( 78.18) + 2 ( 30.30) = 216.96 KN

Check the sum of the lifted load + the crane, trolley and hoist weight.

112.87 + 6.19 + 97.90 = 216.96 KN

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Configuration Causing Maximum Crane Load on a Frame

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
The distance between frames is the bay size, BAYD = 6000 mm
The Wheel Spacing =WSD = 4980 mm
Truck Wheel Factor = TWF = ( 2 –WSD/ BAYD)
= 2 – 4980/6000 = 1.17
Vertical Frame Load:
Maximum Live Load:
MXVFL = MXWL * TWF = 78.18 * 1.17 = 91.47 KN
Minimum Live Load:
MNVFL = MNWL * TWF = 30.30 * 1.17 = 35.45 KN
Assume the crane beam, rail and accessories weighs 7 KN per 6m bay

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Horizontal Load:
The horizontal load is 20% of the sum of the lifted load, weight of the trolley and
hoist weight applied at the top of the rail and is equally divided between each side
of the crane. The horizontal load will then be distributed to each frame proportional
to the relative stiffness and support conditions.
CLHL = CRHL = ( 0.20 ( THW + LCL ) /2 ) TWF
= ( 0.20 ( 6.19 + 97.90 ) /2 ) 1.17 = 12.18 KN

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 CRANE LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA EXAMPLE
Longitudinal Load:
The longitudinal load is to be 10% of the maximum wheel load (on driving wheels)
at the top of the rail.
CLLL = CRLL = 0.10 ( Maximum Wheel Load ) * Number of Wheels
= 0.10 ( 81.3 ) * 2 = 16.26 KN

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 CALIBRATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

Model
Calibration

Mass Stiffness
adjustment adjustment

Measured output Finite Element output

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CALIBRATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

Concrete Steel
Structure Structure

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 MOODLE-BASED QUIZ – FEB 26, 2021

- Read the question from Moodle and write down the question & answer in a piece of paper
WITH YOUR HANDWRITING.
- After you answer all questions, Take a picture from your papers and submit them in the
provided link in moodle called “Quiz 1 – Submission”
- During the exam, I need you to turn on your camera with fully face.
- The quiz will be 1 hr.
- We do have a lecture before staring the quiz.

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