AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN

THOMAS HARDY’S POEMS

PROPOSAL

BY
FIRMINUS AGUNG
18.IG.S1.2393

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
MAHASARASWATI DENPASAR UNIVERSITY

2021
 PROPOSAL
Presented to
Faculty Foreign Languages Mahasaraswati Denpasar
University
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Sarjana Sastra

BY
FIRMINUS AGUNG
18.IG.S1.2393

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
MAHASARASWATI DENPASAR UNIVERSITY
2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................... 1
1.1 Background of Study................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem of The Study................................................................ 3
1.3 Objectives of The Study................................................. 3
1.4 Limitation of The Study............................................................. 4
1.5 Significance of The Study.............................................. 4
1.5.1Theoretical Significance.......................................... 4
1.5.2 Practical Significance.......................................................... 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE................ 5
2.1 Review of Related Literature.................................................... 5
2.2 Concepts.................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Figurative Language................................................ 8
2.2.2 Poem’s...................................................................... 8
2.2.3 Thomas Hardy’s....................................................... 9
2.3 Theoretical Framework............................................................. 10
2.3.1 Kinds of Figurative Language.............................................. 10
2.3.1.1Simile................................................................................. 10
2.3.1.2 Metaphor........................................................................... 11
2.3.1.3 Personification.................................................................. 11
2.3.1.4Hyperbole .......................................................................... 12
2. 3.1.5Irony ................................................................................. 12
2. 3.1.6Synecdoche ...................................................................... 12
2.3.1.7 Metominy ......................................................................... 13
2.3.1.8Paradox ............................................................................. 13
2.3.1.9Allusion.............................................................................. 13
2.3.1.10Dead Metaphor................................................................. 14
2.3.1.11 Symbol ........................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Theory of Meaning ............................................................. 14
2.3.2.1 Conceptual Meaning........................................................ 15
2.3.2.2Connotative Meaning........................................................ 15
2.3.2.3Stylistic Meaning.............................................................. 16
2.3.2.4Affective Meaning............................................................ 16
2.3.2.5 Collocative Meaning........................................................ 17
2.3.2.6 Reflected Meaning........................................................... 17
2.3.2.7 Thematic Meaning .......................................................... 17

iii
 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD.............................. 19
3.1 Data Source................................................................................ 19
3.2 Data Colection............................................................................ 20
3.3 Data Analysis............................................................................. 20
3.4 Finding Presentation.................................................................. 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................. 22

iv
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is a medium of communication through which people can

maintain their social relationships. It is impossible for people to live without

socializing with other people. Language it self can survive and thrive because

people use it and teach it to others. With the use of language, people can express

their feelings and thoughts, each language has its own language grammar, where

there are rules that bind the speaker to convey the message in such a way that the

target audience can receive it. The grammar of a language basically consists of

phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. In the field of linguistics, the

latter, namely semantics, is concerned with the construction of meaning in the

words or sentences used.

Semantics is a science that studies the meaning of language that is good

and right both words that stand alone and words that are part of a sentence or

sentence as a whole. Meaning is very important in a language, meaning is also

important for the experience of using language, it is difficult to grasp individual

words, without knowing the meaning of speech, it is difficult to identify the

separate words that make up it. Without the capacity to express meaning,

language is missing an important aspect. That is, meaning is very important in our
lives because of the way it is conveyed or understood so that we know the

meaning, we can learn about figurative language.

Figurative language is a word or phrase that does not have a normal

everyday literal meaning or is not an actual word. Figurative language is used to

give a sense of beauty and emphasize the importance of what is being conveyed.

Usually figurative language aims at concretization figurative language is often

used by poets in every poem and song lyric. Knickerbocker and Renninger (1963:

367) state that figurative language is sometimes called metaphorical language, or

simply metaphorical, because its Greek ancestor Metaphereien means to carry

meaning beyond the literal. A part from that the type of figure of speech that is

observed, its basic function is to always carry meaning from the literal level to the

figurative level.

Poem is a type of literary work that has a different form from others such

as drama, prose, short stories, etc. The language of poem is richer, more

suggestive, and more powerful than the language of prose or drama. Poem is not

only created for a particular community but also for everyone. As an aesthetic

element, poem can make the reader feel what the author feels. In other words,

poem can be said as a medium of communication between writers and readers.

Poem is a complex structure consisting of several elements that are formed. These

elements cannot stand alone but interact with each other. Furthermore, to

understand the meaning of the poem, we must analyze the poem to get the

meaning and message that the author wants to convey to his readers. We can

4
analyze poem by using poetic tools such as diction, figurative language, imagery,

rhyme and rhythm, etc.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on the background as stated above, the research problems can be

formulated as follows:

1. What are the types of figurative language are used in Thomas

Hardy's poems?

2. What is the meaning of the figurative language used in Thomas

Hardy's poems?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on this statement, the objectives of this research are:

1. To describe the types of figurative language used in Thomas Hardy's

poems.

2. To analyze the meaning of figurative language used in inThomas

Hardy's poems.

1.4 Limitation of the Study

This study analyzes figurative language in Thomas Hardy's poems.

Regardless of the type of figurative language observed, its basic function is

always to carry meaning from the literal to the figurative level. This study is

5
limited in analyzing types of figurative language used in Thomas Hardy's poems

and their meanings.

1.5 Significances of the Study

This study aims to contribute both theoretical and practical as described

below:

1.5.1 Theoretical Significance

Theoretically this research is expected to contribute in expanding the

reader's knowledge about figurative language, and the meaning of figurative

language used in poems. This research also can be used as a reference for future

researchers who are interested in analyzing the figurative language used in poems.

1.5.2 Practical Significance

Practically this research is expected to increase the writer's knowledge

about figurative language and the meaning of figurative language used in poems.

And also this research can increase the writer's knowledge in choosing words with

the right meaning in communicating in public. This research is expected to add

information and knowledge for readers in choosing words to communicate that

contain figurative language.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1Review of Related Litelature

As a reference, this research wants previous researchers to have

knowledge that has the same meaning of figurative language. This research has

taken several previous researchers as references, as follows:

The first thesis is entitled “Analysis of Figurative Language Used in

Some of Oscar Wilde's Poems” by Hasanah (2018). The purpose of this study is

to explain the types of figurative language used in Oscar Wilde's poem and to

explain the contextual meaning of each figurative language in Oscar Wilde's

poem. The results showed that there were various types of figure of speech used

in Oscar Wilde's poem such as personification, hyperbole, synecdoche (totem pro

parte and pars prototo), repetition, metaphor, simile, symbol, metonymy,

apostrophe, and image (types of imagery). are visual imagery, auditory imagery,

and gustatory imagery). The most widely used figurative language in some of

Oscar Wilde's poems above is visual imagery, the findings of this study also show

that figurative language is not only found in songs but can also be found in poem.

The similarity between previous research and current research is to find out the

type of figurative language used in poem, previous research used the theory of

5
Perrine and Keneedi to identify the types of figurative language, the current study

used the theory of Knickerbocker and Renninger to identify the types of figurative

language.

The second jurnal entitled “An Analysis of Figurative Language in the

Five Selected Poems of J.C Down” by Fitria (2020). This research discusses

figurative language in five selected poems by J.C Dawn and the aims of this study

to analyze the majas and proverbs in poems by J.C Down.The data were taken

from J.C Dawn poems.In finding and discussion there were found the type of

figuratife language used in J.C Dawn selected poem there are metaphor,

hyperbola, simile, personification, paradox, litotes. The sentence that include

figuratife language in the poems by J.C Dawn are 15 from the poem entitle the

juice, i am human, not sage, acknowledge dream untouchable, and at work and the

dominant figurative language that uses the figurative language in the poem by J.C

Dawn is a metaphor. The function of figurative language style in the poem by J.C

Dawn is showing feelings indecision, falling in love, surprise, sad, showing

admiration, adding to the dramatic impression of certain events, showing

resignation to God Almighty, showing respect and obedience to Almighty God,

showing dislike, despair, and anger and showing someone’s social status. The

similarities between the previous study and current study are to know the type of

figurative language used in poem, the previous study used theory from Abrams

and Perinne to identify the kinds of figurative language, the current study use

theory from Knickerbocker and Renninger to identify the kinds of figurative

language.
 Journal with the title “An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Edgar

Allan Poe’s Poems” by Syafitri (2018). The objective of the research was to

describe kind and meanings of figurative language used in 8 Edgar Allan Poe’s

poems, entitled Annabel Lee,The Sleeper,A Dream Within A Dream,Alone,To one

in Paradise,Spirit of the Dead,The Lake and Evening Star.The data were taken

from Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems. The writer used theory proposed By Abrahams

(1999) and Saputry (2014). The findings there were some findings in this

research including the kinds of figurative language based on the word

clasification( word,pharase,and sentence) and the meanings of figurative

language.Based on Abrahams (1999: 96) figurative language a conspicuous

departure from what user of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of

words in order to achive some special meaning or effect. According to Saputri

(2014: 220 figurative language is language that uses words or expresions with

meaning that is different from the literal interpretation the used of figurative

language had also made the poems sound more beautiful and the used of such

figures also made poems become more iteresting to be read by the readers. The

similarities between the previous study and current study are to know the type of

figurative language used in poem, the diffrences between this study and the

previous study are, the previous study used theory from Abrams to identify the

kinds of figurative language, the current study use theory from Knickerbocker and

Renninger to identify the kinds of figurative language.

2.2 Concepts

In this part explains the descriptions of the concepts are figurative

language, poems and Thomas Hardys. The defenition of them presented as

follows:

2.2.1 Figurative language

Figurative language is words or phrases that do not have literal meaning in

daily life, or are not actual words. The use of figurative language is used to give a

sense of beauty and emphasis on the importance of the thing conveyed. Often,

figurative language is used in poem and song lyrics.

Knickerbocker and Renninger (1963: 367) state that figurative

language is sometimes called metaphorical language, or simply metaphor,because

its Greek ancestor Metaphereien means to carry meaning beyond its literal.

Regardless, of the kind of figure speech which observed, its basic function is

always to carry meaning from the literal to the figurative level.

2.2.2 Poem’s

A poem is a literary work that is written in verse and uses language that is

known for its rhythm, rhyme, and meaning. A well-written poem has a deep

meaning that is expressed by using every available word. The language of poem

is richer, more suggestive, and more powerful than the language of prose or

drama. The poem is not created just for a certain community but also for all
people. As the aesthetic uncertain, whether poems can make readers feel what the

author feels. In another word, the poems can be said as a medium of

communication between the author and readers.

2.2.3Thomas Hardys

Thomas Hardy was born in Dorest England on 02 June 1840, his novels

Tess of the D'Urbervilles Osgood McIlvaine 1891 and Jude the Obscure Osgood

McIlvaine 1895, which are considered literary classics today, received negative

reviews upon publication. He rejected Victoria's belief in an exceedingly

benevolent God, and far of his poem was read as a cynical lament at the bleakness

of the human condition.

A traditionalist in technique, he continues to forge a really original style,

combining rough rhythms and everyday diction with various meter and stanza

forms. a major influence on later poets (including Frost, Auden, Poets, and Philip

Larkin), his influence has increased over the course of this century, offering a

more down to earth, less rhetorical alternative to more mystical and aristocratic

precedents from yeats.

2.3 Theories

This study will use two main theories,they are: the first theory about the

types of figurative language, will be use theory proposed by Knickerbocker and

Reninger (1963) in a book entitled “Interpreting Literature”. And the second,

theory of meaning will be use theory proposed by Leech (1981) in his book

entitled “Semantics: The study of meaning”.

2.3.1 Kinds of Figurative Language

According to Knickerbocker and Renninger (1963: 367), figurative

language is sometimes called metaphorical language, or simply metaphorical,

because its Greek ancestor Metaphereien means to carry meaning beyond the

literal. Regardless of the type of figure of speech observed, its basic function is

always to carry meaning from the literal to the figurative level. They propose

several types of figures, such as simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole,

irony, paradox, dead metaphor and illusion.

2.3.1.1 Simile

A simile is expressed as a comparison of two essentially different objects,

actions or attributes where they share some aspect of commonality, introduced by

“like” or “as”. Example: “My love is like a red rose” (Knickerbocker and

Reninger, 1963) It is called a simile because the word “like” in the sentence above

has a function to compare “love” with “red rose”. Although different, the sentence

above shows the similarity between “my love” and “red rose”. In this case, the

writer wants to convey to the reader that love is as beautiful as a rose.

2.3.1.2 Metaphor

Similar to similes, metaphors are comparing two things using one type of

object or using it elsewhere to show a comparison between them. A metaphor is

an implied comparison in which the words “like” or “as” are omitted. For

example: “Life but the shadow walks” (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963) This

metaphor is used instead of the parable “life is like a walking shadow”. In the

sentence above, the writer wants to tell the reader about the similarities of two

things. The author does not use the word “like” or “as” like simile, this is

compared implicitly. The writer's goal is to make the sentence sound good and

give the reader a good feel when they read the sentence.

2.3.1.3 Personification

Personification is a figure of speech that gives human characteristics to an

object, animal or abstract idea, such as emotions, desires, sensations, physical

movements, and speech. Personification is like metaphor, in that there is an

implied comparison between non-human and human things. Example: “This

honor comes a gray pilgrim” (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963) The sentence in

the example above shows the use of personification, because the word “come” is

for humans, but “this honor” is not human. creature.

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2.3.1.4 Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an overused figure of speech that is used to evoke strong

feelings or to create a strong impression. Hyperbole is not meant to be taken

literally. For example: “Go and catch a shooting star” (Knickerbocker and

Reninger, 1963). The sentence above is a hyperbole because it is an impossible

statement. Hyperbole is used in the sentence so that the sentence has a special

effect to influence the reader's mind to be stronger.

2.3.1.5 Irony

Irony is a figure of speech in which the true meaning is completely at odds

with the espoused or superficial meaning. For example: “The Tsar is God's choice

and will live” (Knickerbocker, 1963). The tsar in the sentence above is actually

not God's choice and will live forever. The sentence above means “the tsar is an

authoritarian individual”. This is the exact opposite of what it means. The author

aims to give an ironic meaning to the sentence.

2.3.1.6 Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech that shows the use of part for the whole.

Synecdoche substitutes some important detail or aspect of the experience for the

experience itself (Knickerbocker and Renninger, 1963:367). Simply put,

Synecdoche is a figure of speech that mentions a part of something to suggest.

Example: “fifty winters have passed”. It is called a synecdoche because the word

“winter” is part of a year which in this sentence represents a whole year. So, this

sentence means, fifty years have passed.

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2.3.1.7 Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech that describes something by using terms

for other things that are closely related to it. Metonymy is characterized by the

substitution of a term or object closely related to the word in mind for the word

itself (Knickerbocker and Renninger, 1963:367). Example: “Crown” is used for

“King”. This sentence shows that metonymy is represented by crown and king in

words. Actually these words have a close relationship with the kingdom, because

the kingdom has a king and a crown as a symbol of government.

2.3.1.8 Paradox

Paradox is a statement or situation that contains elements that seem

contradictory or inappropriate, but on closer inspection may be true.

(Knickerbocker and Renninger, 1963:367). Example: “Light is the darkest thing in

physics”.

2.3.1.9 Allusion

Allegory is a figure of speech is a reference to some well-known place,

event, or person. Not a comparison in the true sense, but a figure in a sense that

contains more meaning than its narrow meaning (Knickerbocker and Renninger,

1963:367). Example: “No! I'm the prince of Halmet, nor was it meant to be”. This

sentence is called a figure of speech because this example gives a reference that

21
no one is a prince and one is always called Prince Halmet honestly admitting that

he was not a prince.

2.3.1.10 Dead Metaphor

Dead metaphors are metaphors that have a figurative meaning but have

lost their figurative meaning through endless uses (Knickerbocker and Renninger,

1963:367). Example: “Clock face” Called a dead metaphor because it emphasizes

more on what is being discussed, showing a certain part of the clock that is the

central part of the topic.

2.3.1.11 Symbol

A symbol is a thing (it can be an object, person, situation or action) that

stands for something else that is more abstract. For example: “our flag is the

symbol of our country”. The use of symbols in Frost's poem is less clear. Frost is

not known as a Symbolist. In fact, the Symbolists were a late 19th century

movement that reacted to realism.

2.3.2 Theory of Meaning

According to Leech (1974), the meanings of these words are complex, in

that they have components such as ideas, qualities, relationships, personal feelings

and associations. The meaning of words is categorized into seven types, such as

conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning,

reflective meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning.

22
2.3.2.1 Conceptual Meaning

According to Leech, conceptual meaning sometimes called “denotative”

or “cognitive” meaning is widely considered to be a central factor in linguistic

communication and can be demonstrated as an integral part of language part of the

important function of language in such a way that other types of meaning no.

Leech (1974:13) pointed out that the purpose of extensional meaning is to provide

an abstract symbolic configuration for the interpretation of each sentence, which

accurately indicates what we need to know if we want to distinguish this meaning

from all other possible sentence meanings Come language.

2.3.2.2 Conocative Meaning

According to Leech (1974:14), connotative meaning is the expression of

communication value based on the signified, higher and higher than its pure

conceptual content. Talking about connotations is actually talking about real-

world experiences that one associates with. an expression when someone uses or

hears it. The meaning of a word is open to interpretation and cannot be

determined. Connotations play a major role in the language of literature, politics,

advertising, and song lyrics. Certain words or sentences convey connotative

meanings due to the use of figurative or figurative language.

23
2.3.2.3 Stylistic Meaning

Stylistic meaning is the meaning conveyed by a language about the state

of its use. In part, we decode the social meaning of texts through our recognition

of the different dimensions and levels of style in the same language. A recent

English account has recognized some of the main dimensions of stylistic

variation, for example:

1. They threw stones at the police, and then carried out loot.

2. After throwing stones at the police, they fled with the money.

Sentence (1) can be uttered by two criminals, talking casually about the

crime afterward. Paragraph (2) can be said by the chief examiner in making the

official report. Both can describe the same incident (leeches 1974:15).

2.3.2.4 Affective Meaning

Affective meaning is a form of meaning that can reflect how the speaker

feels about the listener or the subject Affective meaning refers to the part of

meaning that conveys the emotions and attitudes of language users. Affective

meaning shows the attitude of the speaker towards the person concerned. This

meaning can be conveyed clearly only with the right choice of words as many

have emotive content in them e.g. vicious, evil, tyrannical, love, hate, anger,

sadness and pleasure. Interjections are affective words because they are

expressions of emotions like oh, my dear, dear, hurray.

24
2.3.2.5 Collocative Meaning

Leech (1974: 20) says that collocative meaning consists of word

associations that arise from the meaning of a word that tends to occur in its

environment.. For example, the words “handsome” and “beautiful” have the same

meaning as “handsome” but can be distinguished by the range of nouns that are

likely to occur or be placed together beautiful woman and handsome man. The

ranges may match even though they suggest a different kind of attraction due to

the collocative association of the two adjectives.

2.3.2.6 Reflected Meaning

Leech (1974:19) pointed out that when a meaning of a word forms part of

our response, the reflected meaning is the meaning that appears in the context of

multiple conceptual meanings to another meaning. It involves interconnection at

the lexical level of language. It is only in poem that invites a high sensitivity to

language in all respects, do we find the reflected meaning operating at a

disadvantage.

2.3.2.7 Thematic Meaning

According to Leech (1974:19) The method of communication in which the

speaker or writer organizes the message in terms of order, focus, and emphasis.

for example, it is often felt that active sentences such as (1) below have different

meanings from their passive counterparts (2) even though the conceptual content

looks the same.

25
1. Mrs. Bessie Smith donated the first prize.

2. The first prize was donated by Mrs. Bessie Smith.

The active voice answers the implicit question “What did Mrs. Bessie

Smith?” while the passive voice answers the implicit question “Who donated the

first prize” The two sentences are different, so it is possible that the speaker is

Mrs.. Bessie Smith.

26
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Data Source

The data in this study will be taken from Thomas Hardy's poems. The

research will focused in analyzetypes of figurative language in Thomas Hardy's

poems. There are many poems fromThomas Hardys but the author will use 15

selected poems such as: The Ruined Maid (This poem was published 1866-1901),

The Darkling Thrush (This poem was published December 29, 1900-1901), Suara

(This poem was published 1914), The Convergence of the Twain (This poem was

published 1912), I Looked Up from My Writing (This poem was published 1899),

In Tenebris (This poem was published February 1899), The Departure (This poem

was published in 1840-1928), Rain on the grave (This poem was published in

1840-1928), Di lulworth cove a century (This poem was published in 1920), Tone

Neutral (This poem was published in 1867), The souls of the slain (This poem

was published in December 1899), To Life ( This poem was published in 1840-

1928), Your Last Drive (This poem was published in 1840-1928), The Workbox

(This poem was published in 1840-1928), At Boterel Castle (This poem was

published in 1913). They are selected as data source because Thomas Hardy's

poems have a lot of figurative language which have implicit meaning, so the

writer wants to analyze the types and meanings of figurative language in Thomas

Hardy's poems.

19
 20

3.2 Data Collection

This study will use the observation method in collecting data. Data

collection will be carried out in several steps, such as:

1. Searching for the poems on the website https://www.poem foundation.org/

2. Reading the poems carefully and repeatedly to understand the content of

the poems.

3. Taking notes and

4. Classifying data based on the types of figurative language.

3.3 Data Analysis

After collecting the data the writer will taken next steps to analyze the

data. The data will be alanalyze by use descriptive qualitative method, the steps of

the analyis as follow:

1. Analyzing the types of figurative language used in Thomas Hardys's

poems using theory proposed by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963) in a

book entitled “Interpreting Literature”.

2. Analyzing the meaning of the figurative language used in Thomas Hardy's

poems using theory proposed by Leech (1981) in his book entitled

“Semantics: The study of meaning”.

 21

3.4 Finding Presentations

This section shows the results of data analysis of figurative language and

the meaning of figurative language contained in Thomas Hardy's poems. This

study will use formal and informal methods in presenting data findings. The

formal method is a method that presents the results of the type of figurative

language analysis using a table that shows the percentage of data found in the

poem, and the informal method is a method that presents the results of the

analysis of the meaning of figurative language using paragraphs to show the data

found in the poem.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Daniswara. Rhardian, Made Winaya, Gusti Ngurah Partama. 2016. Jurnal

Humanis

Meanings Of Figurative Language With Refrence To Four Iron Maden

Songs. Denpasar: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud.

Fitria. 2020. Jurnal ’An analysis of Figurative Language in the five selected
poems

of J.C Down. Ngalawak Kertosono Nganjuk: Sekolah Tinggi Agama

Islam Miftahul ‘Ula (STAIM)

Gutenberg.org.(This file was first posted on January 30, 2001) Release Date:

January 24, 2015 (eBook #3168)

Poems of the Past and the Present, by Thomas Hardy (gutenberg.org)

https://www.poemfoundation.org/poets/browse#page=1&sort_by=recently
_added

Hasana, Dwi Nur. 2018. Thesis An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in

Poems

Oscar Wilde. Semarang: Faculty Of Education And Training Walisongo

State Islamic University

Knickerbocker, K.L and Willard Reninger. 1963. Interpereting Literature.

New York: Holt, Rinchart and Winston.

Leech, G.N. 1971. Semantics : The Study of Meaning and the English Verb.

London: Longman.

Syafitri. 2018. Thesis An Analysis of Figurative Language Used In Edgar Allan

Poe’s Poems. Lubuklinggau : STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau.

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