Nomenclature

A area k reservoir permeability

A0 fracture area at tip screen out k1 permeability in the equivalent radial damaged
Ac cross-sectional area zone
Acem cross-sectional area that is cemented k2 permeability in the zone of fracture-face
Ah surface area of hole for heat transfer invasion (outside the radial damage zone), md
Ai surface area of inner casing for heat transfer k3 permeability in the zone of fracture-face
B formation volume factor invasion (inside the radial damage zone), md
b1 radial damage radius kf proppant-pack permeability
b2 fracture-face damage depth kfor thermal conductivity of a formation
c specific heat capacity kg effective permeability to gas
c compressibility K fluid consistency index
cb bulk compressibility KIC critical stress intensity factor (fracture
cma matrix compressibility toughness)
ct total reservoir compressibility ko effective permeability to oil
C cohesive strength kr reservoir permeability
CfD dimensionless fracture conductivity kw effective permeability to water
Cj cohesion for jointed rocks L length
CL Carter leakoff coefficient LD dimensionless horizontal well length
CL,p Carter leakoff coefficient with respect to Lf fracture half-length, ft
permeable layer m mass flow rate
Co uniaxial compressive strength m(p) gas pseudopressure
Cs concentration of solids by volume in the fluid M mass
Cw wall component of leakoff coefficient Mtso total sand weight
D diameter n flow behavior index
Di inner diameter of pipe Nre Reynolds number
Do outer or cut diameter of pipe NReBP Reynolds number of a Bingham plastic fluid
Dw hole diameter p pressure
e eccentricity pBHP bottomhole pressure
E Young’s modulus pC closure pressure
E0 plane strain modulus pc confining pressure
f friction factor pD dimensionless pressure
g acceleration of gravity, ft/sec2 pe outer boundary constant pressure
gc units conversion factor, 32.17 lbm ft/(lbfsec2) pf fracture propagation pressure for a given rate
h formation thickness, ft pi initial pressure
hf fracture height, m pm mud pressure required to prevent plastic zone
hp permeable height, m generation
H depth, ft pnw non-wet fracture pressure
ISIP instantaneous shut-in pressure pr reservoir pressure
J Productivity index pw wellbore pressure
xviii NOMENCLATURE

pwf flowing bottomhole pressure V volume of one fracture wing

p friction pressure VF(t0) fracture volume at tip screen out

p pressure change Vi volume of injected fluid into 1 fracture wing

p drawdown pressure Vu pipe capacity

pn net pressure during fracturing w fracture width

pnw pressure drawdown in the fracture caused by we average fracture width at end of pumping
nonwetting tip wnw fracture width at the beginning of the

p(t0) net pressure at tip screen out nonwetting tip
q volumetric flow rate wp average propped width
qL fluid leakoff rate
x effective formation thickness for heat transfer
r distance from fracture tip xf fracture half-length
re drainage radius Z gas compressibility factor
Rf radius of a radial fracture
ri inner radius of casing
ro outer radius of casing
Ro filter-cake resistance
rp ratio of permeable to fracture area a poroelastic constant (Chapters 6-7)
rw well radius a exponent of fracture area growth, dimensionless
s skin factor (Chapter 17)
sd effective skin factor caused by radial damage a parameter of the Fan-Economides model
and fracture-face damage (Chapter 19)
sf fracture pseudo-skin b index of anisotropy
sND skin due to non-Darcy flow g ratio of average to maximum width,
st total composite skin dimensionless (Chapter 17)
Sf fracture stiffness g gas gravity (Chapter 15)
Sp spurt-loss coefficient g_ shear rate
Sp,p spurt loss coefficient e proppant schedule exponent and also pad
t time fraction, dimensionless
ta pseudotime f effective porosity, fraction
T tensile strength fj friction angle for jointed rock
T torque fp proppant pack porosity, dimensionless
T temperature m viscosity
To temperature of outgoing fluid ma apparent viscosity
Ta temperature in annulus me equivalent Newtonian viscosity
Tc temperature in casing mp plastic viscosity of a Bingham plastic fluid
tD dimensionless time (with respect to well radius) mr viscosity of reservoir fluid, Pas
tDxf dimensionless time (with respect to fracture half- n Poisson’s ratio, dimensionless
length) Z displacement efficiency
te equivalent pseudotime Z hydraulic diffusivity
tp production time, hr Z fluid efficiency, dimensionless
Tfor temperature in formation Ze fluid efficiency at end of pumping, dimensionless
Ti temperature of incoming fluid r density, lb/ft3
Uh overall heat transfer coefficient based on hole s stress, psi
area s0 effective stress, psi
Ui overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside sn stress normal to a failure plane
area t shear stress, Pa
Uo overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside tf shear stress exerted by fluid
area to yield stress of a Bingham plastic fluid
V volume of one fracture wing, m3 ty resistance of gelled drilling-fluid downhole
v velocity to inherent shear strength
vd deposition velocity  rotational speed of a concentric viscometer