ESSAY PLANS

w: weak
s: strong

- always link to the point made!!!!!!

CHARACTERISATION

ways in which characters are used to explore concern

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Bruno: exploring the concern of ignorance (S)

through curiosity, friendship and plot

- curiosity: wanting to be an explorer / questions

- friendship: forbidden friendship with the ‘opposite’

- plot: the importance of the fence and crossing the fence

Gretel: exploring the concern of nationalistic propaganda (S)

through interest, perspective and crush

- change in interest: dolls to changing politics of WWII

- elite perspective: of the Jews and Germans / Age

- crush on Lieutenant Kotler: ideal aryan race

Mother: exploring the concern of gender oppression (W)

through complicit behaviour, implied affair with Lieutenant Kotler, lack of a name
- complicit behaviour: follows fathers orders (though she disagrees she goes not actively fight)
- affair: as a rebellious movement

- name: her only role is so be a mother / yet novel is omniscient child narrative

Shmuel: exploring the concern of the reality of abuse (W)

through contrasting friendship: physically, emotionally, through interactions

-friendship: contrast between the lives of the two boys

- physically: weight, face (contrasting Bruno)

- emotionally: sad, father missing, more aware

- interactions: with Bruno (his energy), father, and Lieutenant Kotler

Sarajevo Malboro
solbodan
Solbodan: exploring the concern of ignorance (S)

through curiosity, loneliness, ostracisation

- curiosity: of family trees and strangers (unknowing of enemies)

- loneliness: wandering alone during war, without a family to take care of him (society wondering
how he survived) - ignorance of loneliness

- ostracisation: ignorance due to ostracisation of the inferior / loneness due to ignorance

bosnian hotpot
Zlaja: exploring the concern of ignorance (W)

through dreams, love, wealth

- dreams: unrealistic escape (showing cultural context of cafes)

- wealth: decadence and laziness being hand in hand / unaware of other struggles

- love: love is blind (to what is happening around him)

muslim doll
Cipo: concerning nationalist propaganda (W)

through love, frigid nature, (going against) kindness

- love: suppressing his love due to nationalist belief that love cannot be multiethnic

- frigid nature: contrasting nature of his belief / hating Mujesira only because he wasn’t allowed
to love her / seen through Mujesira’s perspective

- kindness: letting Mujesira stay with him / contrasting religions

seconds out
Mišo: concerning nationalist propaganda (W)

through his role in the bar, symbolism of name, friendship

- role in the bar: “Mišo the heart” / “on days he wouldn’t show up at the bar, other felt a kind of
emptiness”

- Mišo: diminutive of mouse / symbolic of prey nature (helplessness) // reflecting reality of war

- friendship: vilified Miso only because of the propaganda

the role of an individual character (and the plot and the reader)

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Bruno: represents the artificial hatred

through friendship with Shmuel, ignorance (hatred is learnt), kindness to Pavel

- friendship: his interactions, bringing him food and crossing the fence for him

- ignorance: of his indoctrination (how easy it is to manipulate children), of the ‘opposite’ / out-
with

- kindness: reinforced through interactions with Pavel as he is still kind to Pavel / cried when he
was hurt by Lieutenant Kotler

Shmuel: represents the resistive kindness of victims / symbolic of the jews

through acceptance, humility, weakness

- acceptance: of Bruno’s background, Bruno’s faults and fathers faults

- humility in friendship: reflecting of context and maturity / asking for things even as he is aware
Bruno’s background (doesn't take advantage of Bruno)

- weakness: physically / often sad and weak // ignorance (less) of his father and the danger of
Bruno going in the camp

Sarajevo Malboro
muslim doll
Cipo: represents the artificial hatred

through his love, frigid nature, ‘doll’

- love: love had no boundaries / can’t help it

- frigid nature: due to not being able to express himself / as a result of societal hate

- doll: symbolic of artificial nature / plastic exterior - judgment based on religion // yet also
implying it was an artificial love

theft
apple tree: artificial hatred

through symbolism, irony, circular narrative

- symbolism: tree of life / life continues to grow // feud over the tree - symbolic of the petty
nature of war

- irony: “during that war-torn September our apple tree produced riper and tastier fruits than ever
before” / enemies until the war happened (forgivness in a time of hate)

- circular narrative: fight began and ended with the tree / reflective of the war (peace war peace)

READER

how the reader identifies with the character

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

catharsis of tragedy through pity and fear

Bruno: child perspective

through narrative and structure, innocence, protection

- narrative and structure: third person omniscient narrative, child’s perspective, chapter titles

- innocence: an aspect which most people have experienced / witnessed

- identify through protection: protective instinct for (innocent) children / in the case of another
child: place themselves in his shoes

Shmuel: victim

through child role, maturity, pity

- child role: 9 year old tainted innocence, friendship

- maturity: for his silence, not retaliating Bruno’s actions

- pity: his back ground, his reality, physicality

Sarajevo Malboro
the excursion
Child: first person narrative (plot)

through narrative of the car crash, Jajce, coming back to Sarajevo

- car crash: glorifying the car crash / ignorance / highlighting childs perspective

- jajce: through perspective “giant lego” / focus on how ‘fun it was’

- sarajevo: ignorance of brutality of war / glorifying imagery / pity his ignorance (protective nature)

theft
Jela: victim (plot)

through verism, climax, pity

- verism: easy to identify with quotidian activities

- climax: contrasting the mediocre day to day life / reader detaches from identifying - shift to pity

- pity: due to experience, out of fear of terror

perspective and understanding

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Dual perspective: Bruno and Shmuel

Bruno: german perspective

- important to understand the indoctrination

- to understand the innocence and ignorance of some Germans

Shmuel: jew perspective

- to give the jew’s a representation (without invalidating experiences)

- reminder of the horrors that children had experienced

*even if it was a fictional story / the verisimilitude raises the main concerns

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
Zlaja: Muslim / Sarajevo

Elena: Croat / Zagreb

through the theme of love: representing the possibility of love even when hatred is assumed

- juxtaposing characterisation reflecting the opposing ethnicities

- constant resistance against their separation

Muslim Doll
Cipo: Christian

Mujesira: Muslim

through the theme of love: yet the resistance against it (due to societal pressure)

- difference in perspective of one another

- Mujesira fear of him and the others

human suffering / broader spectrum of reader

*As the inability to express love

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas
The relationship between Bruno and Shmuel

- juxtaposing lives to highlight Shmuel’s suffering

through the theme of innocence and boundaries

innocence: the child’s perspective / contrasting friendship

boundaries: fence / suffering due to barrier / limitations that everyone has

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
theme of physical boundaries: fleeing location to escape suffering

theme of contrasting ethnicities: socially constructed suffering

Muslim doll
theme of contrasting ethnicities: condition on the fear of others / even a home is divided

theme of physical boundaries: socially constructed / love has no barriers

STYLISTIC FEATURES

purpose of a stylistic feature / effect on reader

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Ennalage: “out-with” / “fury”

- purpose: depict ignorance / what the holocaust is meant to do: kick out a group of people from
the rest of society by imprisoning them

- effect on reader: pity Brunos ignorance / gives the reader a source of comfort because its a
euphemism

Foreshadowing through pathetic fallacy: the rain and thunderstorm / his muddy boots

- purpose: enhance atmosphere of the anticlimax / establish suspense

- effect on reader: engage the reader / gives them a form of anticipation / tension

Adynaton: “the Fury had big things in mind for him”

- purpose: enhance atmosphere of the anticlimax / establish suspense

- effect on reader: engage the reader / gives them a form of anticipation

Euphemism / Aporia: “It’s a very important job,” said Mother, hesitating for a moment. “A job that
needs a very special man to do it. You can understand that, can’t you?”

- purpose: reflect on Mother disagrees with what he is doing yet can’t tell Bruno - protecting his
innocence

- effect on reader: dramatic irony as Bruno is sheltered from reality / sympathy for Bruno

Kinaesthesia:

“He put his face to the glass and saw what was out there, and this time when his eyes opened
wide and his mouth made the shape of an O, his hands stayed by his sides because something
made him feel very cold and unsafe.”

“Poland,” said Bruno thoughtfully, weighing up the word on his tongue.

- purpose: detailed imagery to encapsulate his shock / builds tension and creates anticipation

- effect on reader: sparks curiosity

asyndeton (long syntax): “...all of them—the small boys, the big boys, the fathers, the
grandfathers, the uncles, the people who lived on their own on everybody’s road but didn’t seem
to have any relatives at all—were wearing the same clothes as each other: a pair of grey striped
pajamas with a grey striped cap on their heads.”

- purpose: depict the moments shock / going into detail (for emphasis)

- effect on reader: dramatic irony (Bruno vs reader) / moment of realisation

Epizeuxis (of ‘those people’): “Ah, those people,” said Father, nodding his head and smiling
slightly. “Those people...well, they’re not people at all, Bruno.”

- purpose: reflect on Fathers perspective / indoctrination / dehumanising them

- effect on reader: creates discomfort in reader (Nazi behaviour directly mentioned)

Allusion: “I certainly am a doctor. Just because a man glances up at the sky at night does not
make him an astronomer, you know.”

- purpose: a criticism on Brunos ignorance

- effect on reader: pity the jew’s

Alliteration: "Bruno was sure that he had never seen a skinnier or sadder boy in his life but
decided that he had better talk to him.”

- purpose: enhance image created of Shmuel / child like

- effect on reader: puts emphasis on Shmuel physicality

Sarajevo Malboro
the excursionist:

- Imagery

- Rhetorical question

- Direct address

- Colour imagery

cactus :

- repetition

- Syntax

- circular narrative

theft :

- simile

- metonymy

- sensory language

A ring:
- imagery

- simile

Mr Ivo:

- symbolism

- sensory language

- analogy

Bosnian Hotpot:

- analogy

- imagery

- metaphor

Muslim Doll:

- rhetorical question

- juxtaposing

- hyperbole

Seconds out:

- rule of three

- imagery

- symbolism

Solbodan:
- irony

- zoomorphic

- alliteration

role of a stylistic feature to convey characters (thoughts)

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Ennalage to convey ignorance:

through Bruno and Gretel and out-with / fury

- Gretel & out-with: initially they are both ignorant then Gretel learns and makes fun of Bruno for
saying it / convey her thoughts of maturity and superiority

- Bruno & out-with: show his persistent ignorance and how nobody want to tell him the truth /
convey his innocent yet curious / child-like thought

- Bruno & Fury: meaning leader in German (forever linked with Hitler in German) / only hears
hitlers referred as the leader in his household / associates the Fury with him needing to move
away (so does Shmuel) // later comes to symbolise the incomprehensible force that changes
things for the worse

Sarajevo Malboro
theft
sensory language to show lack of ignorance and reflect reality
- “mouth water fruits” / symbol of the apple tree

- simile / “trembling like a man who had nothing left”

Mr Ivo
sensory language to show lack of ignorance
- the roses in his garden symbolic of his privilege

- weather to depict his fear / “fierce sound winds” “heavy shelling”

stylistic features to create atmosphere / convey, purpose, effect

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

though pathetic fallacy, kinaesthesia, imagery
- pathetic fallacy: to foreshadow plot

- kinaesthesia: create tension

- imagery: enhance the atmosphere

Sarajevo Malboro
Cactus
through colour imagery and syntax
- imagery: the symbolism or colour and darkness

- syntax: create tension or urgency

Theft

through imagery and simile

- imagery: establish fear

- simile: comparison to create fear

stylistic features and audience over time

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Using stylistic features to a time capsule

through imagery, kinaesthesia and pathetic fallacy

- imagery: imagery of human interaction / a timeless reality

- kinaesthesia: the facial expression / a culture-less reality

- pathetic fallacy: nature being an endless cycle an reality

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
through idiom and analogy / focusing on the ‘oldest story in the world: love’
- idiom: “love at first sight” removes from the contextual reality / love being a timeless theme in
reality

- analogy: using an analogy for comparison / avoids time as a barrier

the excursionist
through imagery and irony
- imagery: imagery brings the reader into the past

- irony: based on a real life example / reader is able to input opinion and understand irony better

RAISING CONCERN

resistance (from suffering)

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through the themes of ignorance, boundaries and gender roles
- ignorance: of Bruno / high allows him to indulge in his curiosity / defying the hate

- boundaries: the symbol of the fence / power of that

- gender roles: Bruno’s grandma resisting what Father does / Mothers insinuated act of adultery

Sarajevo Malboro
solbodan
through the themes of ignorance and innocence / similar to the boy in the striped pyjamas
- ignorance: (same) allows his to indulge in his curiosity / giving the impression of resistance and
lack of fear

- innocence: (link) through innocence Slobodan is “free” (link to significance of his name) able to
defy the hate that others are bound to

bosnian hotpot
through the theme of love and escape
- love: resistance the social construct of hate

- escape: resistance by fleeing together / attempt to flee yet a insight to reality as people who
eventually give in to fleeing

the individual and society

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Bruno: the outcast of the novel

through friendship, ignorance and role in family

- friendship: his friendship with a jew / instead of hating - moral that the power of friendship/love
can defeat anything

- ignorance: only one in the novel (including household and Shmuel) who is unaware of the
‘people in the striped pajamas’

- role in family: in regard to his age and his ‘maturity and a 9 year old’

Sarajevo Malboro
solbodan
Solbodan: outcast in the novel

through ignorance, curiosity (link)

- ignorance: (same as BSPJ) of the reality around him / unaware of the war around him

- curiosity: of people’s family trees / indirect way of implying that everyone was part of another
ethnicity (reflecting: war against ethnicities yet no one was a pure ethnicity)

Seconds out
Mišo: the outcast

through ignorance and community

- ignorance: of his actions / his role “the heart” / the ‘why’ to everything

- community: what once was a community became his predator

the human condition (to engage with reader)

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

suffering through the theme of innocence, boundaries and gender roles
- innocence: child’s perspective / contrast between the friendship (being a common point) /
suffering due to voiding someone of love/friendship

- boundaries: symbolism of fence

- gender roles: a common issue (which is unfortunately still persistent) / oppression of females

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot:
suffering through the themes of boundaries and contrasting ethnicities
- boundaries: fleeing location to escape human suffering

- contrasting ethnicities: socially constructed suffering

Muslim Doll:
suffering through the themes of boundaries and contrasting ethnicities
- contrasting ethnicities (link and develop): socially constructed / love having no barriers //
human suffering from the inability to express his love

- boundaries: even a house is divided / divided to ignore human suffering

conclusion: human suffering can be overcome through the power of love or friendship

challenging societal / cultural formal and informal norms

informal norms: norms that are not written and unspoken but are understood by all members of
the society

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

challenging the societal formal though friendship with the enemy

through friendship, curiosity and boundaries

- friendship: with the enemy (not seeing any evil in him / understanding)

- curiosity: of the ‘opposite’ and of the reality / raised questions which no one wants to answer
(knowing that what they are doing is wrong / break his innocence)

- boundaries: finally crossing the physical barrier that was built

Sarajevo Malboro
Solbodan
through ignorance and curiosity
- ignorance: of what is happening around him / through ignorance he is unaware of what the
norms are

- curiosity: talking to stranger / not an accepted cultural norm

Bosnian Hotpot
through love and resistance
- love: between ethnicities / resistance to the socially constructed frame that has been
implemented

gender

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through the characters of Gretel, Mother and Grandmother
minor characters to reflect on how their importance was regarded are unimportant

- Gretel: representation of gender complicity / changes for Lieutenant Kotler

- Mother: Lacks a name (her only role is to be a mother) / complicity even if she disagrees (affair
with Lieutenant Kotler as protest)

- Grandmother: Only person in the novel that openly disagrees with Fathers actions - as his
mother / for that she is cut off from him life

Sarajevo Malboro
the concept of gender inequality is reduced
Bosnian Hotpot
through the theme of love and success
- love: the balance between two genders

- success: the rare case where the women is the working and successful character / man is
dreamy and unrealistic

Theft
through aggression and the effects of war
- aggression: the fight between neighbours / his mother being involving in a screaming match
with Rade (man) / equality in the way they fight

- war: the violent affects of war was felt by a women / arm was blown off (contrasting the
common plot where only men are violently affect / her husband takes care of her (role reverse)

CULTURE AND CONTEXT

family and cultural understand

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

Brunos family dynamic reflecting the cultural norms

through role of Mother, Father and Maria

- mother: representing the maternal role

- father: representing the male dominant figure

- maria: a server for the upper class / “not like father does” speak to Maria (treated badly)

Sarajevo Malboro
theft
through family dynamics, dynamics between contrasting ethnicities
- family dynamics: the protective nature of parents

- contrasting ethnicities: the way in which different ethnicities would interact

the excursion
through the role of the mother and the perspective of the child
- role of the mother: not leaving the child alone at home / role of the mother in regard to taking
care of a child (protective nature)

- perspective of the child: honest perspective on the indigents that occur / honest perspective on
the culture

plot reflecting context / contributing to understanding

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through the shift in location, questions, death
- location: shift of homes (for Bruno and for Shmuel) due to the war / yet for different motives

- questions: limit to the answers for Brunos questions / protecting his innocence (dramtic irony
for the reader) / pity for Bruno

- death: Euphemistic and indirect death of Bruno and Shmuel / gives reader imagination and
power

Sarajevo Malboro
Mr Ivo
through basic necessities and kindness
- basic necessities: and they loss of them during the time of war

- kindness: reinforce the generous gesture of the outsider (reflecting on the Spanish UN soldiers)

Bosnian Hotpot
through the love and the loss of love [the cycle of war]
- love: how different ethnicities aren’t supposed to love / yet hate one another

- loss of love: although ‘love always win’ no one knows what happens to them / suggestive that
they didn’t end up together due to the war (human suffering due to the void of love)

significance of context / importance of understanding context

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

nuance in language, symbolism

through the nuance in language, the euphemistic implications, symbolism (fence/striped pyjamas)
- nuance in language: Ennalage of out-with / euphemistic for Auschwitz [holding deep historical
importance]

- nuance in language: Ennalage of “Fury” representing Hitler during the course of this book

- symbolism: the fence being a physical barrier yet an artificial barrier at the same time / only
thing dividing them can be overcome by the friendship of two children

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
understanding why they can’t be together though theme of resistance, community

- resistance: shift in location to try and be together (contextually disapproved of)

- community: doesn’t believe that they can be together / seen through the third person ominous
perspective

Mr Ivo
how his kindness is a reflection of the ex-communist nature
through altruism, significance of Mr Ivo being a stranger
- altruism: lack fo self interest / doing his duty as a member of society [communist member]

- outsider: how outsiders are viewed / ability to help during a desperate time [ reflecting the
minimal support they received from foreigners ]

THEMATIC

significance and presentation of themes

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

presentation of themes through characters: friendship, nationalism, boundaries
- friendship: a method of overcoming the artificial hatred

- nationalism: the stem of the artificial hatred

- boundaries [fence]: the only non artificial barrier separating them

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
through resistance, escape
- resistance: through the power of loving and supporting one another / not changing yet growing
together

- escape: all victims of the war / escape from the brutality fo the war / reality for everyone
Mr Ivo
through strangeness, generosity
- strangeness: through his and the perspective of others / imagery of his house and his actions

- generosity: the kindness of others is what kept people alive / by his actions

intolerance to strangeness

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through friendship, minor characters, boundaries
- friendship: fear of judgment of his friendship / understanding of the disapproving nature of him
and Shmuel / resisted through his friendship with Shmuel

- Minor character [Maria and Pavel]: Bruno is not to talk to them like father does / observant
nature in regard to Pavel / talks to them without elitist nature

- boundaries: physical representation of his intolerance to the outsiders / fence to keep Jews
inside yet also keep others outside

Sarajevo Malboro
Mr Ivo
through strangeness, generosity
- strangeness: always view him as an outsider / lack of acceptance

- generosity: became tolerant when they needed him

Muslim Doll
through love, generosity
- love: hidden love due to societal construct

- generosity: kind nature of letting her into his home / resistance to the intolerance

artificial nature / deception

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through friendship, boundaries, age
- friendship: over coming the artificial nature of hate / always a common point [with the reader]

- boundaries: only physical boundary set / which is overcome by Bruno at the end of the novel
[representing how hatred is overcome through the act of love]

- age: as an artificial measure to maturity as his observant nature suggests that he is much more
mature than he actually is

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
through love and boundaries
- love: overcoming the artificial architecture of hate through love / resistance to society way of
thinking

- boundaries: attempt the escape the physical boundaries that block them

Muslim doll
through love and boundaries
- love: void of love due to the artificial nature of hate created by society / moulded into thinking
that it is a sin to love

- boundaries: boundaries within his home / clear indication that he has been manipulated for
hating

sense of place

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through the fence, his new home, his old home
define sense of place where you feel most loved and happy / home is defined by friendship
- fence: comfort in the most dangerous place / due to love and friendship that Shmuel provide
for him even if he is the opposite

- new home: Bruno’s development of emotional attachment to his new home / framing hating it
to liking it [all because of finding a Jew friend]

- old home: sense of comfort due to friends and habit / all he ever knew (reflecting how not all
that exist is all you know)

Sarajevo Malboro
cactus
through company and growth
- company: found comfort and company through a plant / through loneliness one finds the most
comforting things

- growth: of his mindset and the cactus / learning to appreciate ‘all the beauty left around him’

Mr Ivo
through generosity and being the outsider
- generosity: finding home through the comfort of others / his generosity gave him a role in the
society

- outsider: he is thought of as the outsider and he always thinks of himself as the outsider / never
finding a sense of place until a role in the society is given to him

role of the non human elements

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through the role of symbolism: fence, pathetic fallacy, the striped pajamas
- fence: role of the fence is representing the artificial curated boundaries by society / the
easiness of overcoming that barrier

- pathetic fallacy: create tension and foreshadow the plot / act as a way of interacting with the
reader [ nature is a timeless things which people have learnt to make associations with ]

- striped pajamas: the only difference (apart from religion) is the way they are dressed as Bruno
“looked just like [Shmuel] yet only fatter’ / reinforcing the artificial nature of the curated hatred

Sarajevo Malboro
Cactus
through the dark and his cactus
- dark: reflecting on how much life can affect you / darkness as an opening to realisation [ ironic
because it acts as a light to introspection ]

- cactus: growth even through dark times / as long as it belongs there it will be alright [symbolic
of him]

theft
through the apple tree and the war
- apple tree: the cycle of life and continuity of life as time passes / growing even through war
[resistance]

- war: the disruption of daily life / war destroying real and imagery worlds / ironically created
peace between the two families (ability to recognise the trivial nature of the fight)

AUTHOR

influence of personal history on novel

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

the friendship of two boys, european catholic (not vilified too much), lack first hand experience
- friendship: he is a gay man / reflecting his yearn for male friendship during his childhood
experience

- catholic school: the germans are not vilified too much / though he has sympathy he introduces
the new perspective of ‘not all Germans were villains (childs) [ can argue how he is biased and
how he is not biased]

- lack of first hand experience: reduces the credibility of the novel because he lack hasn’t
actually experience any of it / may appear to be insensitive / tends to focus on the forgotten
perspective [even if he doesn’t hold the cultural morality]

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
through escape and identity
- escape: Miljenko Jergović found asylum in Zagreb in 1994 / reflecting how he found peace in
Zagreb through the characters

- identity: turbulent identity between feeling a sense of place in Sarajevo and Zagreb / the
difficulty in leaving a part of your identity behind

Mr Ivo
through outsider perspective, community
- outsider: juxtaposing his outsider sentiment while he was in Zagreb / allowed him to recognise
how others may have felt in Sarajevo

- community: depicting how close the community was especially in times of need / knows and
loves the Sarajevo community

CONVENTIONS

conventions influencing meaning

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through plot (climax), character development (friendship), moral
- climax: novel needs climax to engage reader / influences meaning by creating tension and
exaggerating [at the same time it is realistic - verism] / dramatic tension makes it makes it much
more story like

- character development: so that the reader becomes more attached as is able to identify with
the character more / making the climax a lot more impactful

- moral: holds a moral at the end of the novel / making the ending more cathartic for the reader

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
through third person perspective, conflict
- third person perspective: convention of a short story / making it appear more fictional

- conflict: to lead to the moral of the short story / emphasis on the meaning

theft
through first person perspective, conflict
- first person perspective: makes it more realistic / appear more realistic

- conflict: to lead to the moral of the short story / emphasis on the meaning

significance of conclusion

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas

through pathetic fallacy, friendship, death (catharsis)
- pathetic fallacy: foreshadowing the thunderstorm of the novel / adds anticipation and tension to
the atmosphere

- friendship: making the conclusion more significant and emotionally charged as the history
between the characters makes it more theatrical

- death: of children ignites a sad reaction from the readers / cathartic release through a
euphemistic ending of Bruno and Shmuel [the intimacy (holding hands) makes it more
sentimental]

Sarajevo Malboro
Bosnian Hotpot
through love and separation
- love: appeal to love throughout the whole short story / common point of interest / builds up
(through the resistance of the war)

- separation: sentimental catharsis of separation / reality fo war and of life [verisimilitude]

Seconds out
through community and separation
- community: builds up the sentiment of resistance and happiness / false hope for a better
ending

- separation: horse reality of war / pity for Mišo and his innocence makes the separation more
sentimental / symbolic as he was the heart of the pub and he got shot in the heart