1

2
 INTRODUCTORY LETTER

Dear reader,

The following work deals with some of the most enduring mysteries
concerning ancient Egypt, its civilization and the monuments it left behind.
Of particular interest are the Great Pyramid and the Great Sphinx, the
great leonine statue that has proudly guarded the Giza necropolis for
millennia now. Ancient Egypt is a civilization that has arguably intrigued
and impressed countless generations with its technological achievements
and wisdom. Nevertheless, its origin still eludes us giving rise to various
theories that attempt in one way or the other to satisfactory explain, how
the Egyptian civilization rose to greatness from the seemingly inhospitable
desert that surrounds the Nile Valley. These theories can range from the
construction of pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs, to the involvement of
extraterrestrials and survivors from the lost continent of Atlantis in
Egyptian history. Sincerely speaking though, to claim there is a definite
answer as to whom or what triggered the rise of the Egyptian civilization is
wishful thinking. This is why I decided to take a fresh approach to the
subject by giving the chance to the ancient Egyptians to speak for
themselves by sharing with us their traditions and beliefs as they were
recorded down in various ancient records. Meaning this is an attempt to
find out what are the origins of the Egyptian civilization and the purpose of
the monuments it left behind, as well as the identity of those who erected
them, based purely on Egyptian traditions and accounts. Although in no
way I would like to impose my own conclusions or thoughts to you dear
reader, one thing I can say with certainty is that there is not enough
evidence to support or dismiss the idea that it was the extraterrestrials or
“Atlanteans” behind the wonder we call “ancient Egypt” as some would
conveniently like to believe or disprove. Nevertheless, there is enough
evidence to suggest that whoever was behind the conception of the
Egyptian civilization appears to have been present in other parts of the
globe, who had as a goal to re-start civilization after it was erased by a
great catastrophe and apparently ancient Egypt was an utter success!

Giorgio Balabanis
Athens
10/22/2021

3
4
 ENIGMAS OF THE PAST
The Great Sphinx
The Great Pyramid
The Hall of Records
and
The Watchers

CONTENTS

THE GREAT SPHINX 7 – 16

THE SPHINX AS A SYMBOLIC ARTIFICIAL ISLAND OF THE FIRST TIME? 17 – 19

SPHINX, THE GUARDIAN OF THE SECRETS OF ROSTAU 20 – 21

WHAT LIES BENEATH THE SANDS OF GIZA? 22 – 25

THE GREAT PYRAMID AND ITS SECRETS 26 – 30

THE FOLLOWERS OF HORUS AND THEIR ATTEMPT TO REVIVE A LOST

WORLD 31 – 35

MYSTERY OF THE SABIANS 36 – 49

THE IDENTITY OF THE WATCHERS 40 – 43

SOURCES 45 - 48

5
6
 THE GREAT SPHINX

Starting point of this magical journey into the myths and traditions of ancient
Egypt is arguably the most famous statue ever built, the so-called Great
Sphinx, commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx. The
imposing monument happens to be one of the world's largest and oldest stone
carvings that features a human head, adorned with a royal headdress attached
to a lion’s body. According to the evidence, the Sphinx was carved from a single
piece of limestone and faces directly from West to East, as it stands on the Giza
Plateau on the west bank of the Nile. The face of the leonine monument is
generally believed to represent Pharaoh Khafre and thus, he is identified as the
most probable candidate behind the Sphinx’s carving out of the natural bedrock.
A conclusion established after the recovery of an intact statue of Khafre found
within a pit in the Valley Temple near the Sphinx. However, it is still unclear
when it was built and by whom, with Egyptologists theorizing that the Great
Sphinx was most likely built by Pharaoh Khafre at the same time he built his
pyramid (an assumption that is greatly mistaken based on the evidence presented in the following pages).
The main reason of this uncertainty (as to who built the Sphinx and when) is the absence
of any known inscription dating back to the Old Kingdom era that describes its
construction or even its original purpose. A peculiarity that was initially noted
by Egyptologist Selim Hassan, who wrote the following in 1949, during
excavations of the Sphinx’s enclosure:

“Taking all things into consideration, it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this,
the world's most wonderful statue, to Khafre, but always with this reservation: that there
is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre; so,
sound as it may appear, we must treat the evidence as circumstantial, until such time as
a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to
the erection of the Sphinx.”

Obviously Hassan was not convinced that the 4th Dynasty Pharoah was
behind the construction of the Sphinx and the fact the renowned scholar relied
on luck to solve the riddle of the Sphinx, indicates that not only the leonine
statue is an “oddity” but that its age is open to debate. Perhaps the reason
Hassan was in unease about the identity of the Sphinx’s builder?
Renowned Egyptologist Wallis Budge, shortly before his death stated that the
Sphinx at Giza was thought to be connected in some way with foreigners or
with a foreign religion dating back to pre-dynastic times!
Although Budge never explained how he had come to such an astonishing
conclusion, evidence of a pre-dynastic Sphinx can be found on the Inventory
Stela, an ancient tablet that dates back to the 26th Dynasty, discovered in 1858
at Giza by French archaeologist Auguste Mariette, during excavations of the Isis
temple. The tablet was located very close to the Great Sphinx of Giza and states:

“Long live The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu, given life… He found the house of
Isis, Mistress of the Pyramid, by the side of the hollow of Hwran (The Sphinx) and he
built his pyramid beside the temple of this goddess and he built a pyramid for the King's
daughter Henutsen beside this temple. The place of Hwran Horemakhet (Great Sphinx) is
on the South side of the House of Isis, Mistress of the pyramid… He restored the statue,
all covered in painting, of the guardian of the atmosphere, who guides the winds with his

7
gaze. He replaced the back part of the Nemes head-dress, which was missing with
gilded stone. The figure of this god, cut in stone, is solid and will last to eternity, keeping
its face looking always to the East.”

As it becomes apparent, the stela clearly states that the Great Sphinx was
already present during the time of Khufu, a predecessor of Khafre, who is
credited for doing repairs on the body of the statue and its Nemes headdress.
Information that implies the Sphinx’s body must have already been severely
eroded during the time of the Old Kingdom (c. 2700–2200 BC) and thus, it could very
well be a pre-dynastic monument. However, if that is the case, who could have
been behind its carving out of the natural bedrock?
According to “The Dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldea,” a book authored
by one of the most prominent Egyptologists, Gaston Maspero:

“…The Great Sphinx Harmakhis has mounted guard over its northern extremity ever
since the time of the Followers of Horus. Hewn out of the solid rock at the extreme
margin of the mountain plateau, he seems to raise his head in order that he may be the
first to behold across the valley the rising of his father the Sun. Only the general outline of
the lion can now be traced in his weather- worn body. The lower portion of the head-dress
has fallen, so that the neck appears too slender to support the weight of the head.”

Could these Followers of Horus mentioned by Maspero be the foreigners Wallis

Budge suspected to be behind the construction of the Sphinx?
Egyptian traditions identify the Followers of Horus or the “Shemsu-Hor” as a
series of semi-divine, sage-kings who possessed great astronomical knowledge
and ruled Egypt before the pharaohs. Interestingly, the Royal Canon of Turin
states that the “Followers” ruled Egypt for six thousand years, between the
reign of the gods and the first pharaohs. A tradition supported by the work of
renowned Egyptologist Professor Walter Bryan Emery, who stated that towards
the end of the IV millennium B.C. the people known as the Disciples of Horus
appear as a highly dominant aristocracy.
According to Egyptologists, the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (which started with
the unification of the two lands “Upper and Lower Egypt” under Pharaoh Menes) begun in 3,100 BC. A
fact that means if the Followers truly ruled Egypt before the 1st Dynasty as the
ancient Egyptian traditions claim, then the Sphinx must be at least 5,000 years
old!
One of the major proponents in regard to the antiquity of the Sphinx was
“rogue” Egyptologist John Anthony West, who (after he got inspired by the work of the French
mystic and alternative Egyptologist Schwaller de Lubicz) noticed that the weathering patterns
on the Sphinx were consistent with water erosion, rather than wind and sand
erosion as the accepted theory suggests. West noted that the patterns seemed
peculiar to the Sphinx and since they were not found on other structures on the
plateau, the brilliant researcher contacted Geologist and Boston University
professor Robert Schoch, who after he examined the monument agreed that
there was evidence for water erosion. A remark that later led to the formation of
“the Sphinx water erosion hypothesis.” The only issue with their hypothesis
though was that Egypt is arid today, something that does not account for the
water erosion witnessed on the body of the Sphinx and its enclosure.
However, studies have shown that approximately 10,000 years ago the land of
Egypt was experiencing a wet and rainy climate. Evidence that compelled West
and Schoch to conclude that in order to have the effects of water erosion found
8
on the Sphinx and its enclosure, the statue would have to be at least 7,000
years old if not older. A date highly controversial amongst scholars since recent
studies have showed that the occurrence of heavy rainfalls lasted until the end
of the Old Kingdom, circa 2,200 BC and thus, a change from a wet to a much
drier climate may have come to an end around 3,500 – 1,500 BC (which is as much
as 500 years later than currently thought). Evidence that according to Egyptologists is
enough to dismiss West’s hypothesis altogether.
Despite what the majority of scholars purport, there are some who are in favor
of a pre-dynastic Sphinx like British geologist Colin Reader, who has openly
proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early
Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis during the Old
Kingdom. He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx
temple, the Causeway and the Khafre mortuary temple are all part of a complex
which predates Dynasty IV or the dynasty of Khufu and Khafre, who are
generally credited with the construction of the aforementioned monuments.
Similarly, alternative researcher Alan Alford has proposed that the whole
question of dating the Giza compound itself had to be re-thought, for the
compound itself as a whole was laid out according to an intricate geometrical
plan. A plan which included the Great Pyramid, the Sphinx, its temples, the
causeway and Khafre’s pyramid, monuments that were constructed in the pre-
dynastic period, for it would seem that the position of the two Sphinx temples
was determined by two intersection lines drawn from both of the two giant
pyramids. Close comparison of the construction quality evident in the
structures at Giza revealed to Alford that there are at least three levels or
periods involved:

 The first level, responsible for the original construction of the major
structures.
 The second level, a “remnant” or elite priesthood left behind at or that
came to occupy the site (the Shemsu-Hor?).
 The third level, the Egyptian civilization itself.

Alford maintained that the Sphinx, the temples and the two giant pyramids at
Giza were already present at the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty and pharaohs
Khufu and Khafre simply adopted and refurbished them. The society that
designed and built the structures however, disappeared long before the
Egyptians occupied them, with an intervening period where the site was
maintained by a small and elite priesthood.
Obviously, Alford was up to something because the reality of this elite or its
remnant that ruled Egypt before the pharaohs is supported from the evidence
discovered in royal tombs by Professor Walter Bryan Emery who wrote:

“Towards the end of the IV millennium B.C. the people known as the Disciples of
Horus appear as a highly dominant aristocracy that governed entire Egypt. The
theory of the existence of this race is supported by the discovery in the pre-dynastic
tombs, in the northern part of Higher Egypt, of the anatomical remains of individuals with
bigger skulls and builds than the native population, with so much difference to exclude
any hypothetical common racial strain. The fusion of the two races must have come
about in ages that concurred, more or less, with the unification of the two
Egyptian kingdoms.”

9
 In 1817, when Italian explorer and Egyptologist Giovanni Gianbattista Caviglia
cleaned the front of the Sphinx (something that had not been done since the fall of the Roman
Empire), an inscription on a toe of the left paw of the Sphinx written in Greek was
found with reference to how this is an official documentation dating from 166
AD after the reign of Marcus Aurelius, to commemorate the restoration of the
walls surrounding the Sphinx by the Romans. This text is very exciting and yet
one does not have a chance to view it today due to the successive restorations
on the body of the Sphinx. Nevertheless, there are three existing translations of
it. The first was made by Henry Salt, the British Consul General in Cairo and
the second by Selim Hassan. The third translation of the inscription was made
by Reverend Coleridge of Eton and is featured in the book “Operations
conducted at the Pyramid of Giza” authored by Colonel Vyse in 1842 and it
reads:

“This structure [the Sphinx] is the work of the immortal Gods. Placed so as to
dominate the soil of this Land of harvest, built in the center of a cavity from which they
withdrew the sand, like an island of stone in the vicinity of the pyramids. So that
we can see it, not as the sphinx defeated by Oedipus, but as a sacred servant of
Latona, who guards with vigilance; the Sacred Guide of the Land of Egypt.”

Interestingly, what the inscription conveys is that the Sphinx was regarded as
a monument erected by the gods and not by any Dynastic Egyptians and their
Pharaohs. Information that supports the content of the Inventory Stela about
the pre-dynastic origin of the Great Sphinx. Furthermore, the monument is
described as a servant of Latona, the Roman version of the Greek Goddess Leto.
A goddess that mothered the sun god Apollo, a Greco-Roman deity associated
with the Egyptian sun god Horus (son of Goddess Isis), who the Great Sphinx was
believed to represent. Hence, it was revered as an image of “Hor-em-akhet” or
“Horus of the Horizon.” A tradition that arguably denotes the feline monument
was associated with a solar cult at least since the Early Dynastic Period,
providing credence to Reader’s theory.
One thing that scholars unanimously concur about the Sphinx, is its strangely
disproportioned head compared to the rest of its body. An artistic depiction not
exhibited on any other anthropomorphic Egyptian sphinx, where the head of
each statue matches the dimensions of its leonine body. A fact that makes most
scholars to speculate that the Sphinx must have originally been designed and
intentionally built as a true feline. An assumption that if it is correct, then a
smaller rendition of the leonine statue must have surely been made by the awe
struck Dynastic Egyptians, which the author identifies to be the “Recumbent
Lion.” A statue of a feline from the Old Kingdom era, currently exhibited at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

10
 Evidence that suggest the Recumbent Lion is indeed a “mini replica” of the
Great Sphinx (a pre-dynastic monument with a feline appearance) can be found on the Naqada
Label dated to the 1st Dynasty. According to scholars, the Naqada Label depicts
a visit to a shrine dedicated to the patron goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt
by Horus Aha (Horus the Fighter), also known as Menes, the legendary founder of the
1st Dynasty. Strangely, although several documents from the 1st and 2nd
Dynasties confirm the existence of a shrine dedicated to the Two Ladies,
scholars state that its location still eludes them. Bearing this detail in mind, is
there any chance that this mysterious shrine is actually the Sphinx?
Could the feline monument be the slouching lion depicted on the lower section
of the tablet, which is visited by the king and his entourage?

Egyptologists explain that the glyph of the slouching lion depicted on the lower
part of the tablet is the symbol of Aker. In Egyptian mythology Aker is an earth
god who presided over the western and eastern borders of the Underworld. It
was believed that during the night, the sun god Ra journeyed through a tunnel
that existed in the earth (the cause of the night-time) and his emergence from it brought
the new day, which was guarded by Aker, who opened the earth’s gate for the
sun god to pass into the Underworld. Curiously, on the walls of tomb KV9
situated in the Valley of the Kings (originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V but completed
and used by his uncle, Ramesses VI, whose sarcophagus fragments were found in the burial chamber) one
can find depictions from the “Book of Gates,” also known as the “Book of Aker,”
which features the journey of the sun god. In one of the sections of the book
(illustrated in the following page) scholars argue there is a depiction of the solar barque,
as it enters and exits the underworld, passing over the heads of the double
sphinx of Aker.

In between the heads of Aker, the arms of Goddess Nun raise the sun disk
from the depths symbolizing its regeneration. Curiously, within the bodies of
the slouching lions, there is a male bird-headed figure (Ra-Sokar), vertically
oriented within an oval design that symbolizes the “House of Sokar,” the key
figure into solving this riddle.
One of the most famous funerary Egyptian texts is undoubtedly the “Amduat”
(or “That Which Is In the Afterworld” or “Book of What is in the Underworld”), a text that dates back to

11
the New Kingdom era. The Amduat tells the story of Ra, the Egyptian sun god
who travels through the underworld, from the time when the sun sets in the
west and rises again in the east. It was believed that the dead Pharaoh had to
make the same journey, ultimately to become one with Ra and live forever and
thus, the funerary text was inscribed on the walls of the deceased ruler’s tomb.
In Egyptian cosmology, the underworld is divided into twelve hours of the night,
each representing different allies and enemies the Pharaoh/Sun-god will
encounter. The most interesting among them are Hours 4 and 5 since scholars
believe that they unfold in Giza, revealing a connection between Aker and Sokar
because:

 In Hour 4 the Pharaoh/Ra reaches Imhet the difficult sandy realm of

Sokar, the underworld hawk deity, where he encounters dark zig zag
pathways, which he has to negotiate.

 In Hour 5 the Pharaoh/Ra discovers the tomb of Osiris which is an

enclosure beneath which is hidden a lake of fire, with the tomb covered
by a pyramid like mound (identified with the goddess Isis) and on top of which Isis
and Nephthys have alighted in the form of two kites (birds of prey).

5th hour of the Amduat

The first person to notice a connection between Giza and the netherworld of
the Egyptian cosmology was Selim Hassan, who came to the conclusion that
the Amduat's Fourth and Fifth Hours seemed different to
the rest and bore the name Rostau which was the ancient
name for Giza, coming to the conclusion that the
descriptions of these particular “hours,” as portrayed in
the Amduat, were once part of a separate tradition that
related directly to the topography of Giza. Additionally, in
his book “the Secret Chamber” Belgian author Robert
Bauval writes that in the “Book of the Two Ways,” there is
a reference to the “Highland of Aker, which is the dwelling
place of Osiris” and another that states “Osiris who is in the Highland of Aker.”
Probably that is the same clue that led Selim Hassan to associate Giza with
Rostau, since he concluded that Aker is most likely symbolized by the Great
Sphinx. Therefore, the “Highland of Aker” most likely refers to the raised Giza
plateau upon which the Sphinx in the role of Aker proudly stands. Moreover,

12
according to Manetho (a priest and historian who lived during the Hellenistic period of ancient Egypt),
Pharaoh Menes was not only the unifier of Upper and
Lower Egypt, but the founder of Memphis too, where Giza
is part of. Bearing this detail in mind and resuming back
to the Naqada Label, on the top section of the tablet there
is an image of a boat which scholars identify as the
Hennu Barque, the funerary boat of Sokar, with the god perched on top of it in
his birded form. Interestingly, Sokar was the patron god of Rostau/Giza, a fact
that denotes the scenes depicted on the label most likely take place in Giza!
Therefore, could the slouching lion featured on the lower part of the label be
nothing else but the Great Sphinx?
Earlier it was mentioned that the Naqada Label depicts a visit to a shrine
dedicated to the patron goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt by Horus Aha.
According to Egyptian traditions, these goddesses where Wadjet and Nekhbet,
also known as the “Two Ladies,” the protectors of unified Egypt who after the
unification of the two lands were shown together as part of the crown of Egypt.
The goddesses were responsible for establishing the laws, protecting
the rulers and Egyptian country and promoting peace. Interestingly, the holiest
of deities in the Egyptian pantheon usually were referred to by such
euphemisms (like the Two Ladies, corresponding to Wadjet and Nekhbet) or other euphemistic
titles in order to keep their names secret from enemies and disbelievers and to
show respect for their powers. An example is to be found in the following
commemoration of a military campaign under pharaoh Amenhotep III. The
official account of his military victory emphasizes his martial prowess but notes
that the Two Ladies appeared to him to provide advice and a warning about the
leader of the Kush army:

“Regnal Year 5, third month of Inundation, day 2. ...appearing in truth, [the] Two Ladies,
Who [establish] laws and [pacify] the Two Lands... [to the] King of Upper and Lower
Egypt, Nebmaatra, heir of Ra, Son of Ra, [Amenhotep, ruler of Thebes] ... came to tell [the
pharaoh], "The fallen one of vile Kush has plotted rebellion in his heart." [The pharaoh]
led on to victory; he completed it in his first campaign of victory. [The pharaoh] reached
them like the wing stroke of a falcon... Ikheny, the boaster in the midst of the army, did
not know the lion that was before him. Nebmaatra (Amenhotep) was the fierce-eyed lion
whose claws seized vile Kush, who trampled down all its chiefs in their valleys, they
being cast down in their blood, one on top of the other”

It is from this commemoration that the identity of the shrine starts to reveal
itself because the Pharaoh is envisioned as a fierce lion, denoting a connection
with Sekhmet. A feline goddess closely associated with kingship, frequently
described as the mother of “Maahes,” the lion god who was a patron of the
pharaoh, representing the king as the offspring of the feline goddess.
Interestingly, British geologist Colin Reader has reported that images depicting
the Pharaoh in the form of a lion smiting his enemies, date as far back as the
Early Dynastic Period and since the Naqada Label depicts Menes paying tribute
to this mysterious shrine, could in actuality be the Sphinx as an image of his
“feline mother”?
According to scholars, Amenhotep’s description as a “fierce-eyed lion” is an
euphemism related to Sekhmet, who along with Wadjet and Nekhbet were
the strongest patrons of Ancient Egypt. Therefore, if the Two Ladies are
present on the Naqada Label, then could Sekhmet be present as well?
13
 Sekhmet was a warrior goddess, protector of the pharaohs and daughter of the
sun god Ra. She was among the most important deities, who acted as the
vengeful manifestation of Ra's power, the Eye of Ra. This is the reason she was
said to be horrifying, given epithets such as “One Before Whom Evil Trembles”,
“Mistress of Dread”, “Lady of Slaughter” and “She Who Mauls.” Epithets that
seem to match the Arabic Egyptian name given to the Sphinx, “abu alhol” or
“The Terrifying One,” literally “Father of Dread.” Bearing these epithets in mind,
could the association of the leonine monument with terror throughout Egypt’s
history be a preserved although fragmented memory of what the Sphinx once
really was?
According to Egyptian mythology, Sekhmet was originally the warrior goddess
of Upper Egypt, whose body was said to take on the bright glare of the
midday sun, giving her the title Lady of Flame. The feline goddess also
bears the Uraeus, a symbol that associates her with Wadjet and royalty as
well as the solar disk. After the unification of the two lands, Sekhmet was seen
as the more powerful of the two warrior goddesses. To the Pharaohs, Sekhmet
was a military patroness and a symbol of power in battle. Her priestesses
scared of Sekhmet’s wrath performed a ritual before a different statue of the
goddess on each day of the year to appease her. Hence, since Sekhmet
symbolized military power, could the Naqada Label depict Hor Aha pay a tribute
to the leonine shrine that was an image of his patroness?
Interestingly, one common trait of Sekhmet’s statues is that they were rigidly
crafted, without exhibiting any expression of movements or dynamism. The
purpose behind this peculiar artistic decision had as a goal to make them last
for a long time rather than to
express any form of functions or
actions she was associated with and
arguably the Sphinx is a statue well
resistant to time. Bearing this detail
in mind, it becomes apparent that the
“Recumbent Lion” (which has been identified
by the author as a rendition of the Sphinx at Giza)
bears uncanny similarities with the face rendered to Sekhmet by Egyptian
artists, denoting it is probably Sekhmet’s body that still dominates the eastern
part of the Giza plateau. Additional evidence that suggest the Sphinx was likely
a statue of Sekhmet derive from the artistic renditions of the feline goddess,
since she was always depicted dressed in red symbolizing the color of blood and
studies have shown that the Sphinx was largely painted in red, at times
referred to as “the Red Lady.”
The gruesome traditions ascribed to Sekhmet and subsequently to the Sphinx
spring from the archaic “Myth of the Heavenly Cow,” a flood story where the
feline goddess is the devourer of mankind. The narrative begins in the mythical
past, at the dawn of Egyptian history when the land was ruled by the sun god,
Ra. According to the myth, the creator god had reached old age and his mortal
subjects found the opportunity to conspire against him and rebel against his
rule. In return Ra is said to have summoned his council in secret, which
comprised of the gods Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nu and the primordial “mothers and
fathers” who were with him before the world was created. He also summoned
his “Eye,” a fiery manifestation of his divine power, which along with the rest of
his council discussed what should be done about the rebellious hearts of men.

14
The council of gods suggested that Horus should “let [his] Eye go” and send it
down in the form of the goddess Hathor, to wreak vengeance on the disobedient
humans. Thus, Hathor is released on the world and starts to kill thousands of
humans, triggering a great flood of blood. The story continues with Hathor
returning triumphant and as Ra celebrates his unopposed rule, Hathor takes
the form of the vengeful lion-headed goddess Sekhmet to wade in the blood of
the humans she had massacred throughout Egypt, refusing to return back to
the sun god. Ra worried that Sekhmet would completely eliminate the human
race orders 7,000 jars of beer to be mixed with red ochre to resemble blood and
has them taken to Dendera where he floods the plains. When Sekhmet arrives
in the plains of Dendera to carry on with her gruesome deed, she notices the
field of “blood” and drinks it, passes out and wakes up as the peaceful Hathor,
friend of humanity.
American comparative mythologist David Talbot in his book “Saturn Myth”
points out that Sekhmet was the far-famed eye of Ra, the Utchat, the giver of
life and the great protectress (remember Aker guarded the sun), the very heart and soul of
the primeval sun himself in her leonine form. This description of Sekhmet as he
points out expresses a remarkable parallel to the Sumerian goddess Inanna,
who displayed the same forms in her role as the terrifying
radiance in the center of the god An, the overarching ruler of
the sky. Talbot explains this is not a coincidence. Instead, he
believes that these mythic forms are the archetype of the
great comet, from which the female comet archetype
descended. He identifies this comet as the planet Venus just
like American scholar Immanuel Velikovsky before him, an
agent of world destruction, which is why we find a
remarkable number of comet attributes in the titles of the
goddess Sekhmet, such as the “Beautiful Eye of the Primeval
Sun,” “the Great Flame or Flaming One,” “the Destroyer by Fire,” “the
destroyer of rebellions,” “the ruler of serpents” and most importantly “the Ruler
of Lions.” Talbot writes that the ancient texts themselves support this notion
by stating that Sekhmet entered the conflagration displaying a trail of fire:

“Behold me, men and gods! I have come into being as the Lady of Glorious Appearing, my
flame is behind me. It is a flame which drives away on its account. The tip of its flame
crosses the land from the sky… No one at all approach her, the streams behind her are
flames of fire.”

Moreover, Sumerian texts appear to describe a similar global fear and

trembling at the tempestuous radiance of Inanna, identified as planet Venus.
Precisely the same way Sekhmet appeared as a flame of fire in her tempest,
instilling terror on earth and threatening to destroy the world. Evidence that
denotes the Sphinx is most likely an image of Sekhmet:

“I am mistress of the flame, the fear of me is in their hearts and the awe of me is in their
hearts. The flame makes his enemies fall. It is a flame moving before the wind of the sky
to the end of the earth.”

Moreover, Inanna was frequently depicted in the company of lions, her alter
ego, as Talbot adds. Bearing this detail in mind, the most convincing piece of

15
evidence that the Sphinx was not only a leonine statue but most likely a statue
of Sekhmet derives from the Burney Relief (featured in the previous page), which
illustrates the Mesopotamian warrior goddess standing on the back of what
appear to be a pair of Aker lions, confirming the obvious!
Consequently, the author comes to the conclusion that the Naqada tablet
depicts a litany lead by Horus Aha, who arrived on the Giza plateau on board
the Hennu Barque, bearing gifts to his patron goddess in her “Sphinx form” to
celebrate his success in unifying Egypt. A monument that was apparently
present on the plateau since pre-dynastic times, a time period that the
Egyptians believed the world was ruled by the gods, the so-called Zep Tepi.

16
 THE SPHINX AS A SYMBOLIC ARTIFICIAL ISLAND
OF THE FIRST TIME?

Interestingly, in Egyptian iconography the Sphinx is at times adorned with a

peculiarly large lotus fan. Admittedly a bizarre artistic expression which
purpose and significance are revealed through the myth of “Ra and the Island of
Creation.”
In the myth, the sun god is said to have emerged through a lotus flower on the
primeval mound that surfaced from the primordial waters of Nun. An event that
is believed to be beautifully depicted on
the two stelas featured on the left, where
the sun rises on the back of the Sphinx
as a lotus flower, just like Ra did during
the beginning of time. Evidence that
suggests the Sphinx was perhaps a
symbolic Island of Creation, from which
the sun emerged for the first time?
Could this peculiar artistic depiction
symbolically refer to the rising of the sun “behind” or “within” the Aker/Sphinx,
the guardian of the passage that Ra had to cross each night?
Egyptologists purport that the association of the lotus with the birth of the
sun was probably due to the pedals of the flower, which resemble the glowing
rays of the sun. An association that hints to the antiquity of the Sphinx,
perhaps as a monument that was present during the dawn of the Egyptian
civilization?
According to scholars, the “Djedkhonsuiefankh” funerary papyrus exhibited in
the Cairo Museum, depicts the separation of the sky-goddess Nut from the
earth god Geb by their
father Shu, god of light,
air and atmosphere, who
is assisted by various
ram-headed deities.
Egyptian mythology says
that Geb and Nut were
born gripped tightly in
each other's arms and had to be separated by their father Shu in order to create
the atmosphere which allows life to flourish. An event that is said to have taken
place during the creation of the world and surprisingly the Sphinx appears to
be present, observing the family “drama” as it unfolds!
Evidence that convincingly denotes the painted sphinx is the Great Sphinx of
Giza, are the depictions of the Hedjet crown of Upper Egypt and the Deshret
crown of Lower Egypt, which flank the leonine statue (remember the shrine of the Two
Ladies). A monument that as the evidence suggests was of great significance to
the ancient Egyptians since it did not only commemorate the unification of the
two lands (an association that was established by the Pharaoh of the 1st Dynasty, Menes ) but because
it was apparently believed to be present during the creation of the world
(confirming its pre-dynastic origins?)! Moreover, there is a peculiar doorway painted above
its head and a lotus flower placed on its back. Additional evidence that confirms

17
this is indeed the Great Sphinx, through its role as the guardian of the entrance
to Rostau (the passageway from which the sun emerged) and the Cave of Sokar and possibly
as a symbolic Island of Creation, where the Sun rose from within or below it, as
a lotus flower for the first time.
In the Amduat there is a peculiar reference to a Lake of Fire and since the
Sphinx was probably an image of Sekhmet, a goddess associated with fire and
burning, could this mythical lake also have a physical counterpart?

Could the Sphinx have indeed been an artificial island within the fabled lake?

The inscription found by Gianbattista Caviglia on a toe of the left paw of the
Sphinx, specifically states that the Sphinx is built in the center of a cavity like
an island, which is admittedly a very intriguing description of the Sphinx’s
enclosure. Moreover, in the Amduat it is written that from this fiery lake, the
blessed drink cool water, but for sinners it is like fire. Baring this detail in mind,
is it not curious that Sekhmet was called the “Lady of Flame,” while the Sphinx
was at times known as the Island of the Two Flames?
What if the Sphinx was an island of stone, a symbolic Island of Creation where
Ra was believed to emerge from within it (the Sphinx faces the eastern horizon), through
the passageway that the lion statue as Aker was believed to guard?

Could this also explain why the lake was associated with fire?

Since the leonine monument faces the sun as it rises in the horizon and if it
was indeed surrounded by the waters of an artificial lake, then the water would
definitely mirror the rays of the sun on its surface and that could very well be a
symbolic purification ritual giving the impression of a fiery lake (thus, the red color?)
explaining why the sinners were most likely believed to get burnt (in the same way in
pop culture holy water burns the undead).
Interestingly, when renowned Egyptologist Auguste Mariette cleared the sands
around the Sphinx down to the bare rock, stated that the Sphinx enclosure
had to contain water of the Nile in ancient times. British researcher and
author Andrew Collins in his book the “Gods of Eden” appears to support this
notion by writing that since the Island of Sokar is supported by the twin
sphinxes called Aker (guardians of the entrance and exit to the Amduat) which are recognized
as the Sphinx, it strongly suggests that an island surrounded by a man-made
reservoir or lake really did once exist in the vicinity of the Giza plateau. The
British author further adds that it was originally established as a sacred
domain not during the pyramid age but much earlier, during the epoch of the
first time, the very fact acknowledged by the inscription in the Sphinx Stela,
which proclaims Giza-Rostau as the splendid place of the first time.
Unfortunately, Collins does not entertain the possibility that the Sphinx and its
enclosure could very well be the actual lake with its sacred island. A possibility
that is taken seriously by American author Robert Temple, who in his book
“The Sphinx Mystery, the Forgotten Origins of the Sanctuary of Anubis”
presents numerous clues and accounts ranging from ancient to modern times,
accompanied by an opulent number of pictures that confirm the reality of the
hypothesis presented here. In his book, Temple explains that the water of the
Nile at the time of inundation (which occurred once a year and did up until recently before the
Aswan dam was constructed), came right up to the edge of the Sphinx Temple, where

18
one today can find the remains of ancient quays in the front of the edifice.
According to the American author, the water of the Nile was allowed to fill in the
Sphinx Pit (which he calls the “Sphinx Moat”) by some simple water-raising devices, led
along the narrow channel between the Sphinx Temple and the Valley Temple,
which are the two structures in front of the Sphinx, while the flow of the water
was controlled by a series of sluices and water gates. Based on that, he explains
that in order to hold the water within the sphinx moat, all that was necessary
was the west wall of the Sphinx Temple and a strong sluice gate in the passage
between the Sphinx and Valley Temples. The water would have been led into
the Sphinx moat along this passage that separates the two temples and
connects the area to the east of the temples, where the Nile water was and the
Sphinx moat directly.
Temple purports that evidence of carved indentations and depressions in the
stone of the north wall of the Valley Temple appear to be slots for sluice-gate
mechanisms. He also identifies bolt holes drilled into the wall apparently for
fastening the sluices with metal rods. Furthermore, at the very point where the
channel between the two temples spills directly into the sphinx moat, the
American author identifies a clear swirling pattern in the rock, which seems to
indicate repeated rushing of water from the channel into the moat when a
sluice was probably raised. The water must therefore have been raised into the
narrow channel and when it had reached a certain level, a sluice was lifted so
that it could pour into the moat, Temple explains. He also states that another
crucial fact about the Sphinx moat is that from the earliest times in the old
kingdom much of the rainwater from the east slope of the Giza plateau was fed
into it by a prominent drainage channel, the existence of which has been
constantly mentioned by Zahi Hawass. Moreover, he explains that the reason
why the temple wall is in front of the Sphinx is to act as the fourth barrier to
the water, preventing the water from leaving out.
Evidence that further supports Temple’s theory appear to be the horizontal
erosion on the side of the Sphinx and the vertical erosion on the sides of the pit,
especially the south side which could have been caused only if the Sphinx was
sitting in the middle of a moat filled with water and the continual dredging of it
(due to the windblown sand) accumulated there. Every time the moat was dredged,
water poured down in torrents onto the sides, leading to vertical erosion,
accentuated by the natural cavities in the limestone bedrock, Temple explains.
The American researcher concludes that the only reasonable explanation
according to the evidence is that the Sphinx pit was once a moat filled with
water, while the Sphinx itself was an artificial island.
Herodotus, the father of history in his second volume of “Histories” describes
Egypt's geography and people along with many traditions which were already
considered ancient in his time. Interestingly, one of those referred to the waters
of the Nile which flowed around an island at Giza (the Great Sphinx?) on which a king
was buried (…a king?!).

19
 SPHINX, THE GUARDIAN OF THE SECRETS OF
ROSTAU

Keeping Herodotus’ account into mind, on the Naqada Label, the “slouching
lion” appears to be accompanied by a glyph of stairs. Could this glyph denote
the role of the monumental statue as guardian of the cavities and chambers
(House of Sokar) beneath Giza that date back to the time the gods ruled the earth?
Could the description of Aker in the 5th hour of the Amduat as a guardian of a
gate that opened to a subterranean passage that the sun god Ra crossed every
night also have a physical counterpart in Giza?
Is this why Aker was first described as one of the earth gods that guarded the
“gate to the yonder site”?
The ancient Egyptian “single-stair” hieroglyph according to Gardiner’s
Grammar, is subset for “buildings or parts of buildings.” An interpretation that
arguably means the Naqada Label identifies the engraved slouching lion as
an actual building/shrine/monument and thus, it could only be a
rendition of the Great Sphinx. Bearing this detail in mind, clues that denote a
connection between the leonine monument and subterranean passageways,
arise from the identification of the Giza plateau as the realm of Sokar (the Memphite
god of the dead, patron of the workers who built the necropolis and the craftsmen who made tomb artifacts)
since the falcon-headed god was also known by the epithet “He of Rostau,”
where “Rostau” translates as the “Place of Openings” or “Mouth of the
Passages.” A connection that has actually been confirmed by experts since
1925, when the entire Sphinx was finally excavated by an archaeological
expedition led by Emile Baraize, that permitted the early adventurers to take a
clear shot of the Great Sphinx before any restorations had taken place by
modern man. Astonishingly, reports from that period report numerous cavities,
entrances and what appear to be tunnels leading towards unexplored
chambers beneath the majestic monument that were unfortunately “covered
up” later (the reason has not been satisfactorily explained to this day). Investigations conducted
in the 1990’s by Boston University, Florida State University and Waseda
University in Japan also located various anomalies in the area around the
monument. The results of the surveys performed by scientists were later
confirmed when a team that consisted of Thomas Dobecki and John Anthony
West, carried out a survey of their own which indicated several anomalies in the
form of hollow, regularly shaped spaces or chambers, a few meters below the
ground, between the paws and at either side of the Sphinx. Their findings were
publicly announced in a documentary called “The Mystery of the Sphinx,”
causing a major steer in the media and the scientific community.
Egyptian authorities announced a similar discovery in 1994, through a
newspaper report that was carried under the headline “Mystery Tunnel in
Sphinx.” The report stated that workers repairing the ailing Sphinx discovered
an ancient passage that led deep into the body of the mysterious monument.
The discovery was acknowledged by Giza Antiquities chief Zahi Hawass, who
announced its extremely old age, wondering who could have built the passage,
why and where it could possibly lead.
The most recent update on the topic was made in 2019, when confirmation
that the Sphinx sits on top of underground passageways was announced by the
scientific community through historian Bettany Hughes’ Channel 5 show

20
“Egypt’s Greatest Treasures.” The British historian shared with the audience
how two chambers were found underneath the statue that could lead to Khufu’s
unearthed treasure:

“Generations of ancient Egyptians came to respect and fear this otherworldly creature,
really believing that it had supernatural powers… And the fascination with the Sphinx
shows no sign of letting up… Archaeologists are investigating under the statue because
there are tantalizing clues that the Sphinx sits right on top of a network of chambers and
tunnels.”

Dr. Hughes later admitted that it is too early to say where the tunnels finish
but postulated that they could be linked with Khufu. A statement that suggests,
scientists suspect there is a subterranean connection between the Sphinx and
the Great Pyramid. Could this be a sign that there is more than what we have
been told?
Could “the powers that be” have already explored the bowels of Giza and have
discovered whatever was hidden within them?
Although for the time being we can only speculate, the existence of those
tunnels scholars now proudly announce to have discovered, were very well
known to the ancients. During his trip to Egypt, Herodotus wrote that the
priests there recited him their long-held tradition of the formation of
underground apartments by the original developers of Memphis. This long
held tradition is also mentioned by Greek philosopher Crantor, who wrote that
there were certain underground pillars in Egypt that contained a written
stone record of pre-history and they lined access ways connecting the
pyramids. Fourth Century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus also made
a reference to the existence of subterranean vaults that lead to the interior of
the Great Pyramid. The most fascinating account (regarding the existence of secret
passageways beneath the Sphinx and apparently the pyramids), however, is that of Iamblichus, a
Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher of Arab origin who wrote about an entranceway
through the body of the Sphinx that lead into the Great Pyramid:

“This entrance, obstructed in our day by sands and rubbish, may still be traced between
the forelegs of the crouched colossus. It was formerly closed by a bronze gate
whose secret spring could be operated only by the Medjay. It was guarded by public
respect and a sort of religious fear maintained its inviolability better than armed
protection would have done. In the belly of the Sphinx were cut out galleries
leading to the subterranean part of the Great Pyramid. These galleries were so
artfully crisscrossed along their course to the Pyramid that in setting forth into the
passage without a guide throughout this network, one ceasingly and inevitably returned
to the starting point.”

As Iamblichus confirms, the entrance to the underworld of Giza was not only
situated at the paws of the Sphinx but it was also guarded by the Magi or
Medjay, an elite paramilitary police force of Egypt. A sign that denotes the great
religious significance those galleries had, which admittedly makes one wonder
what the original developers of Memphis could have hidden beneath the sands
of Giza that the ancient Egyptians so passionately guarded. Could it have been
ancient knowledge and wisdom from a bygone era as some traditions claim?

21
 WHAT LIES BENEATH THE SANDS OF GIZA?

First-century Roman historian Pliny wrote that deep below the Sphinx is
concealed the tomb of a ruler named Harmakhis that contains great
treasure. Curiously, the name Harmakhis was also given to the Sphinx which
was known as “The Great Sphinx Harmakhis who mounted guard since the
time of the Followers of Horus.” A clue that makes one wonder if the name
“Harmakhis” instead of referring to a legendary king was an “alias” for the Great
Sphinx that was believed to guard a great treasure. Possibly a treasure from the
time the sun-god Ra/Horus ruled the earth, before the flood?
Possibly, since the meaning of the name Harmakhis (also spelled as Hor-em-akhet)
translates as “Horus of the Horizon” and arguably denotes the identification of
the leonine statue with the sun deity Horus, god of kingship and more
importantly, a mythological pharaoh! Additionally, there is a report made by
the fourth-century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus which reads:

“The inscriptions which the ancients asserted were engraved on the walls of certain
underground galleries and passages were constructed deep in the dark interior to
preserve ancient wisdom from being lost in the flood.”

The possibility that there is a repository of knowledge somewhere beneath the

sands of Giza associated with a legendary king named Harmakhis is further
supported by the traditions of the Sabians of Harran, who made their annual
pilgrimage to the pyramids of Giza, believed to be the tombs of Hermes
Trismegistus and Agathodaimon built before the Flood.
Interestingly, Hermes Trismegistus or “Hermes the Thrice-Greatest” is a
legendary Hellenistic figure that originated as a syncretic combination of the
Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth. According to the tradition,
Hermes is the purported author of the “Hermetica,” a widely diverse series of
ancient and medieval texts that lay the basis of various philosophical systems
known as Hermeticism. Ancient traditions reveal that the reason Hermes was
termed as “Thrice-Wise” is because he had a threefold origin. The first Hermes
was comparable to Thoth, who was a “civilizing hero,” an initiator into the
mysteries of the divine science and wisdom that animate the world, who
carved the principles of this sacred science in Egyptian hieroglyphs. The
second Hermes was in Babylon and was the initiator of Pythagoras and the
third Hermes was the first teacher of alchemy. Interestingly, Thoth’s name
translates as “[He] is like the Ibis” and was often depicted as a man with the
head of an ibis. According to Czech religious scholar Theodor Hopfner, Thoth's
Egyptian name was written as “dhwty” and originated from “dhw,” the oldest
known name for the ibis, normally written as “hbj.” The addition of “-ty” as
Hopfner explained, denotes that he possessed the attributes of the ibis. Hence
Thoth's name would mean “He who is like the ibis,” according to this
interpretation.
In Egyptian mythology, Thoth was the god of wisdom, writing, hieroglyphs,
science, magic, art, judgment and the dead. Originally a Moon god, Thoth was
seen as a scribe of the gods, credited with the invention of writing and Egyptian
hieroglyphs. The Egyptians credited him as the author of all works of science,
religion, philosophy and magic. The Greeks further declared him the inventor of

22
astronomy, astrology, the science of numbers, mathematics, geometry,
surveying, medicine, botany, theology, civilized government, the alphabet,
reading, writing and oratory. They further claimed he was the true author of
every work of every branch of knowledge, human and divine. Based on the
above, could Thoth represent the Shemsu-Hor (who possessed attributes similar to those of
the ibis god), the original developers of Giza who hid great knowledge beneath the
sands of Giza?
According to the experts, throughout its history, Hermeticism was closely
associated with the idea of a primeval, divine wisdom, revealed only to the
most ancient of sages, such as Hermes Trismegistus.
Bearing this fact in mind, it is the connection of Thoth with the Moon that
sheds more light to the riddle presented here, since it involves the Sabians and
their belief that Hermes’ tomb was situated in Giza.
The Sabians of Harran were an enigmatic people and great star/planet-
worshippers. Even their name “Sabian” is a derivation from the Coptic
“Saba’ia,” meaning “people of the Stars.” Interestingly, one of their major deities
was Sin or Suen, the god of the moon in the Mesopotamian religions of Sumer,
Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia and Aram. The moon-god was commonly designated
as En-zu or “Lord of Wisdom.” Experts purport that the “wisdom” personified
by the moon-god is likewise an expression of the science of astronomy or
the practice of astrology, in which the observation of the moon's phases is an
important factor. Evidence that suggests the national god of the Sabians and
Hermes/Thoth shared similar attributes. Sabians were identified by early
writers with the ancient Jewish Christian group of the Elcesaites and with
Gnostic groups such as the Hermeticists, the Mandaeans and by some others
with the followers of Noah, since they were believed to be people who lived in
Pre-Adamite times, who acknowledged Hermes Trismegistus as their prophet
and the Hermetica as their sacred text. The connection of the Sabians with a
pre-flood world and Giza is further elucidated through Islamic traditions, where
Hermes is identified as the prophet Idris.
Idris is an ancient prophet mentioned in the Quran, whom Muslims believe
was the third prophet after Seth and the second prophet mentioned in the
Quran, placing him between Adam and Noah. Idris’ pre-diluvian status is
further denoted through his connection with Enoch, since Islamic sources state
that Idris’ true name is Enoch and that he is called Idris in Arabic because of
his devotion to the study of the sacred books of his ancestors Adam and Seth.
Interestingly, Enoch is a biblical figure prior to Noah's flood, who is said to
have been taken up to Heaven and appointed guardian of all the celestial
treasures, chief of the archangels who taught him all the secrets and mysteries
of the universe. In Islamic traditions, Idris is described not only as a prophet
but as a philosopher and mystic too. Several of the classical commentators on
the Quran such as Al-Baizawi, have stated that Enoch was called Idris from the
Arabic “dars” and means “to study,” due to his knowledge of divine mysteries.
The name of the prophet itself is said to translate as the “interpreter,” since he
was among the first men to use the pen as well as being one of the first men to
observe the movement of the stars and set out scientific weights and
measures. Ibn Arabi described Idris as the “prophet of the philosophers” and a
number of works were attributed to him, while he was also credited with several
inventions, including the art of making garments. A common interpretation of
the epithet “Trismegistus” as “thrice great,” recalls the three characterizations

23
of Idris: as a messenger of god or a prophet, as a source of wisdom or hikmet
(wisdom from hokhmah) and as a king of the world order or a “sultanate.” However,
the revelatory traditions do not cease here since Hermes/Idris/Enoch is also
connected with another key figure that sheds more light to what might lie
beneath the sands of Giza, who and when might have placed it there and for
what reason.
This key figure is Surid Ibn Salhouk, an Islamic legendary king (also known as
Saurit and Saurid) who is said to have lived before the Great flood. In legends, Surid
was often conflated with or identified as the biblical prophet Enoch, the Muslim
prophet Idris and Hermes Trismegistus. Interestingly, among other
achievements, the legendary king was often credited with building the
Pyramids of Giza. One legend in particular relates how, three hundred years
prior to the Deluge, Surid had a terrifying dream of the world's end and so he
ordered the construction of the pyramids so that they might house all the
knowledge of Egypt to survive into the present. American scholar Martyn
Smith comments:

“The story of Surid and his antediluvian construction of the pyramids assigns to them a
place in sacred history and establishes a neutral narrative ground upon which Muslims
and Christians could agree.”

The fact that two “opposing” religions agree on such a profound legend is
monumental in its implications, since it denotes that the Giza Pyramids are
indeed associated with lost knowledge that pre-dates the Flood and the reason
why all these legendary figures associated with wisdom were intricately
connected with them. The Christian ascetic clement of Alexandria added to this
theory by stating that alongside the Emerald Tablet of Thoth (a compact and
cryptic Hermetic text was highly regarded by alchemists as the foundation of their art) were 42 other
sacred tablets stored in a subterranean vault beneath Egypt hidden until
mankind was worthy of the knowledge that they held.
Perhaps this is the reason Caliph Al Ma’mun tunneled into the Great Pyramid
in 832, when he reportedly led a large army into Egypt to put down the last
great Bashmurite revolt. While in Egypt, the strong man is said to have ordered
the breaching of the Great Pyramid of Giza looking for knowledge and treasure.
The reports state that Al Ma’mun and his men entered the pyramid by
tunneling into the Great Pyramid near where tradition located the original
entrance. Ironically the resulting passage from Ma’mun’s operation (today known as
the “Robbers' Tunnel”) is the very same tunnel from which tourists enter the pyramid
today. What is interesting about the story though as some researchers point out
is the rather peculiar accuracy of the tunnel itself, since it tracks into the
pyramid in a direct line for the all-important junction between the descending
and ascending passageways. The diggings were almost right on their target as if
Ma’mun knew exactly where to go to. Evidence perhaps that he was looking for
something he was not only convinced that was stored within the pyramid but
where exactly it was to be found?
This could very likely be the case considering that the presence of the true
entrance of the pyramid was well known at least since classical times and it is
still visible to this day. For instance, the Greek geographer and philosopher
Strabo reported the following about the original entrance to the Great pyramid:

24
“The Great Pyramid, a little way up on one side, has a stone that may be taken out,
which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations.”

As scholars purport, Strabo seems to describe a door made of stone that is

movable in some way, able to go upwards and outwards at the same time.
Having noticed this peculiarity, alternative researchers Ralph Ellis and Mark
Foster propose that Ma’mun already knew about the original entrance and the
descending passage and thus, the real reason for constructing the forced tunnel
was not to get into the pyramid, but rather to get something out. Whatever it
was, however, it must have been small enough to go down the first part of the
ascending passage, but perhaps too long to go around the bend between the
descending and ascending passageways. Therefore, the only alternative was to
dig a tunnel directly outwards from the junction of the two passageways,
completely bypassing the internal passageway constriction, the researchers
conclude. A proposal that admittedly explains why so much rubble was later
found at the bottom of the descending passage. Evidence that denotes the
Caliph was most likely looking for something specific within the pyramid that
had trouble of getting out. However, what could this “something” be?
Various historic accounts report that Ma’mun was distinguished by his love of
knowledge, recognized as the most intellectual Caliph of the Abbasid family.
Political Scientists Michael Hamilton Morgan in his book “Lost History”
describes al-Ma'mun as a man who “Loves Learning.” His thirst for knowledge
was so large that once it is said he defeated a Byzantine Emperor in a battle
and as a tribute, he asked for a copy of Almagest, Ptolemy's Hellenistic
compendium of thoughts on astronomy written around A.D. 150. It is even said
that Al-Ma'mun conducted in the plains of Mesopotamia, two astronomical
operations with the intent to achieve a degree of measurement (al-Ma'mun's arc
measurement). The intelligent man was also known to be interested in alchemy and
although he was unsuccessful in transmuting gold, his methods greatly led to
the patronization of pharmaceutical compounds. Ma'mun among other things
was also a pioneer of cartography having commissioned a world map from a
large group of astronomers and geographers. Interests that denote the nature of
treasure the Caliph desired to retrieve from within the Great Pyramid was
knowledge, something more valuable to him than gold since he was raised into
a wealthy family. An assumption that is also supported by British author
Graham Hancock, who in his “Magicians of the Gods” writes:

“Described by Gibbon as “a prince of rare learning,” it seems Ma'mun's investigation

was prompted by information he'd received about the Great Pyramid, specifically that it
contained: “a secret chamber with maps and tables of the celestial and terrestrial
spheres. Although they were said to have been made in the remote past, they were
supposed to be of great accuracy.”

25
 THE GREAT PYRAMID AND ITS SECRETS
The association of the Great Pyramid with pre-diluvian knowledge is
additionally supported by the writings of Arab historian and traveler Al Mas’udi,
who wrote in the 10th century in his magnum opus “The Meadows of Gold and
Mines of Gems” that mechanical statues with amazing capabilities guarded
subterranean galleries under the Great Pyramid. Mas’udi further wrote that the
automatons were programmed for intolerance, “for they destroyed all except
those who by their conduct were worthy of admission.” This extremely hostile
behavior of those inanimate guardians as Mas’udi later writes was due to the
fact that:

“Written accounts of Wisdom and acquirements in the different arts and sciences were
hidden deep, that they might remain as records for the benefit of those who could
afterwards comprehend them.”

Mas’udi later confesses:

“I have seen things that one does not describe for fear of making people doubt one's
intelligence... but still I have seen them.”

Interestingly, the Arab historian appears to have somehow gained access to

these galleries and reported directly what he saw, making an emphasis that the
records of wisdom contained within them is not meant for everyone. Evidence
that admittedly suggests this knowledge is possibly destructive if it falls to the
wrong hands and is probably the reason behind the “draconian” security
measures. Moreover, the connection between the Great Pyramid and precious
knowledge that pre-dates the Flood is also denoted by the implementation of
advanced engineering skills that are exhibited all over the pyramidal mound.
As a matter of fact, the Great Pyramid happens to be the largest of all
pyramids and the most perfect mathematically and geometrically. It also
contains major design elements that are absent from other pyramids. To give a
perspective, the Great Pyramid was the heaviest and most precise structure
known on Earth and so old that its origin became lost in the shadows of time. It
also happens to be located at the center of the land mass of the earth,
since studies have shown the east/west parallel and the north/south meridian
that cross the most land, intersect in two places on the earth, one in the ocean
and the other at exactly the spot occupied by the Great Pyramid. Interestingly,
its weight is estimated to be 5,955,000 tons, which when multiplied by 10^8
gives a reasonable estimate of the earth’s mass, while the curvature designed
into the faces of the pyramid exactly matches the radius of the earth.
Furthermore, the relationship between Pi (p) and Phi (F) is astonishingly
expressed in the fundamental proportions of the Great Pyramid. However, the
most extraordinary feature exhibited on the artificial mound that by far denotes
whoever was behind its construction possessed superb engineering skills, is the
fact that the megalithic monument is eight sided and not four sided like the rest
of the pyramids. J.P. Lepre in his book “The Egyptian Pyramids: A
Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference” writes:

26
“One very unusual feature of the Great Pyramid is a concavity of the core that makes the
monument an eight-sided figure, rather than four-sided like every other Egyptian pyramid.
That is to say, that its four sides are hollowed in or indented along their central lines,
from base to peak. This concavity divides each of the apparent four sides in half, creating
a very special and unusual eight-sided pyramid.”

The hollowing-in can be observed only from the air and only at certain times of
the day, explaining why virtually every available photograph of the Great
Pyramid does not show the spectacular phenomenon and why the concavity
was never reported until the age of aviation. The hollowing-in of the Great
Pyramid was discovered entirely by accident in 1940, when a British Air Force
Pilot, P. Groves, flew over the pyramid, noticed the concavity and took a picture
as a proof of what he had witnessed.

Old accounts report that the Great Pyramid was originally covered with casing
stones made of highly polished limestone (unfortunately, the casing stones were used by Arabs
to build mosques after an earthquake in the 14th century loosened many of them), which enabled the
pyramid to reflect the sun’s light, making it shine like a jewel. Egyptologists
estimate that even though the casing stones are no longer present, when the
pyramid was in pristine condition they would act like a gigantic mirror,
reflecting light to the point it would be visible from the mountains in Israel and
probably the Moon, giving the impression of a shining star on Earth.
This is probably the reason ancient Egyptians called the Great Pyramid
“Ikhet,” an epithet that translates as the “Glorious Light,” since the artificial
mound acted as a light beacon on earth. Interestingly, several ancient eye-
witness reports also state that the casing-stones were originally inscribed
with symbols containing “a peculiar sort of wisdom.” In an old scroll
preserved in the Bodleian Library, Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi, a Persian
Muslim geographer, mathematician, physician and scientist of the 8th Century
recorded the following tradition:

“Two of those [pyramids] exceeded all the rest in height, being 400 cubits high and as
many broad and as many long. They were built of large blocks of stone and so well joined
together that the joints were scarcely perceptible. Upon the exterior of one structure
[The Great Pyramid] was inscribed every charm and wonder of physics.”

A similar tradition was also recorded by Mas’udi who wrote:

“On the Eastern [Great] Pyramid, built by the ancients, the celestial spheres were
inscribed, likewise the positions of the stars and their circles, together with the history
and chronicles of past times, of that which is to come and of every future event. Also, one

27
may find there the fixed stars and what comes about in their progression from one epoch
to another and images made of their forefathers’ creations.”

Surprisingly, what both of the referenced reports emphasize on once again, is

the association of the Great Pyramid with knowledge, which according to
Mas’udi, a large part of was astronomical (the Shemsu-Hor were said to possess great
astronomical knowledge). Therefore, could the Islamic traditions have a merit when
they state that Surid constructed the Great Pyramid to house knowledge due to
an impending catastrophe?
Could this knowledge have not only been preserved as a reminder of what
happened before but also as a warning of future catastrophes to later
generations as Mas’udi seems to imply?
Additional evidence that the Great Pyramid pre-dates Dynastic Egypt derives
from the work of David Talbot, who explains that ancient myths speak of the
wandering sun god Ra who found his stable resting place that was the apex of a
mountain of fire and light, the pillar in support of the sky. A place that the
Egyptians called “Akhet,” as Talbot informs.
Egyptology teaches that “Akhet” is an Egyptian hieroglyph that represents the
sun as it rises over a mountain and translates as “horizon” or “the place in the
sky where the sun rises.” Egyptologist Maria Carmela Betro describes it as a
“Mountain with the Rising Sun.” Interestingly, Akhet appears in the Egyptian
name of the Great Pyramid as “Akhet Khufu” or “Horizon of Khufu.” Bearing
this detail in mind, in the Heliopolitan creation myth of ancient Egyptian
religion, Benben was the mound that arose from the primordial waters of Nun
upon which the creator deity Ra settled. The Benben stone, named after the
mound, was a sacred stone in the temple of Ra at Heliopolis. It was the location
on which the first rays of the sun fell and it is thought to have been the
prototype for later obelisks and the capstones perched on the summit of
pyramids known as a pyramidion. However, what if the Great Pyramid existed
before dynastic Egypt as the evidence suggests and was the inspiration behind
the later Benben and pyramidion tradition?
Could it have actually played the role of the mythical Akhet, the sacred mound
of creation?
American archaeologist Henri Frankfort wrote that the first piece of solid
matter created by Ra in the primeval ocean was a stone, the Benben which
originated from a drop of the seed of Ra that fell into the primeval ocean. More
precisely one should say that Ra was the seed and the seed was the Benben
stone, the first thing to stabilize at the cosmic center. An interpretation that
admittedly applies to the Great Pyramid since it lies at the center of the
landmass of the earth. Egyptian myths say that from Ra flowed the four
streams of life, demarcating the four quarters or corners of the cosmic dwelling,
which all meet at the Benben, the Foundation Stone.
Therefore, could the four corners refer to the four sides of the pyramid that
meet at the top where the Benben/capstone of the Great pyramid was placed
(which is said to have been made out of gold, the color of the sun’s rays) , the stable resting place of
the wandering sun god Ra?

28
 Talbot points out that there is an aspect of the four streams which seems to
defy nature and reason since they are called “pillars.” Interestingly, the four
sons of Horus frequently appear as four supports holding aloft the womb of the
sky goddess Nut. The comparative mythologist explains that the standard
analysis of the four pillar-gods by dispersing them to an indefinable “four
corners” of our earth deprives them of their concrete aspect as life-streams
flowing from the sun. When the great sun god Ra identifies the four sons of
Horus as the spirits who “have sprung from my body and who shall be with me
in the form of everlasting judges…,” it is clear that the four powers occupy a
particular place, Talbot purports. The pyramid texts locate Ra at the place of
the four pillars and this place is doubtless the womb of Nut the Holy Abode.
Talbot writes that the four streams are conceived as four pillars radiating from
the immovable foundation stone to sustain Ra’s cosmos at four cardinal
points and interestingly the corners of the artificial mound align well with the
cardinal directions, forming a four pointed star when observed from above.
Evidence that admittedly suggests the Great Pyramid and its capstone were
Ra’s stable resting place, the apex of the mountain of fire and light, the pillar in
support of the sky!
Moreover, Talbot’s reference to Nut is quite intriguing because the goddess
was regarded as the protector of Ra who gave birth to the sun god daily. She
was also regarded as the mother of Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys, where the
first was originally a solar deity believed to be buried beneath Giza and guarded
by Isis as mistress of the Pyramid. Bearing the last tradition into mind, one is
reminded of the description given in the 5th Hour of the Amduat, where the
Pharaoh/Ra discovers the tomb of Osiris which is an enclosure covered by a
pyramid like mound identified with the goddess Isis. Could that pyramid
mound be the Great Pyramid?
On the Inventory Stela one reads:

“Long live The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu, given life… He found the house of
Isis, Mistress of the Pyramid…”

Interestingly, scholars recognize that Isis as the head over the pyramid is a
reference to its capstone, the heart of it. As Egyptologists explain in the middle
register of the 5th hour in Amduat, Isis acts as the head over this cavern, filling
it with flames of fire and defending this threatened area, where Ra-Osiris-Sokar
lies in its interior. Moreover, the myths relate that the creator raised the mount
from the primeval ocean, which the Egyptians knew as the Primeval Hill, where
Frankfort states:

“Within the expanse of the primeval waters he created dry land, the Primeval Hill, which
became the center of the earth, or at least the place round which the earth solidified. Local
traditions differ as regards the details; but everywhere the site of creation, the first land

29
to emerge from chaos, was thought to have been charged with vital power. And each god
counting as Creator was made to have some connection with this Hill.”

In Egyptian language, the concept of “pillar” or “foundation” merges with

“mountain” or “hill.” The small pyramidion on top of the obelisk represented the
Benben stone (Foundation Stone), the Seed of Ra. To the modern mind it may seem
peculiar that the foundation stone should lie at the summit rather than the
base of the cosmic hill. However, when one realizes that the summit was the
fixed center of the turning cosmos, the idea takes on a remarkable logic, since it
implies that the Great Pyramid represents the sun god on the center of Earth’s
landmass, the primeval hill.
Interestingly, the texts of Edfu state that the key feature of the lost homeland
of the gods was a “primeval temple that was erected on a low mound.” Could
this primeval temple be an additional reference to the Great Pyramid?
The answer is an astounding “yes” based on the work of Professor I.E.S.
Edwards (formerly Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum), who believed that the
natural hill, now incorporated within the Great Pyramid, was to be
identified as the Great Primeval Mound. E. A. E. Reymond confirmed this
supposition by writing that the Great Mound formed the original nucleus of the
world of the gods in the primeval age, so it follows that the rocky mound at the
heart of the Great Pyramid and later the Great pyramid itself, served the same
function in the project to resurrect that lost world in Egypt!
Ancient history and civilizations expert Matthew Sibson is of the same opinion
who (although there is a universal agreement that there is a hill underneath the Great Pyramid) believes
this large mound could be far bigger than previously thought:

“The estimations of the volume of the hill that makes the foundations of the Great Pyramid
are based on topographic maps and the few physical observations made inside the
pyramid but the truth is nobody knows. The most up-date-view is that under the Great
Pyramid is a 20-metre-high truncated pyramid shaped hill known as an inselberg. But I’m
speculating, it was actually much larger. A larger hill would make the process of building
the pyramid far easier.”

Matthew reported in a recent video on his YouTube channel “Ancient

Architects,” that the Queen's Chamber which sits far higher than the 20 meter-
height of the inselberg (an isolated hill or mountain rising abruptly from a plain) is substantial
proof of his claim. A clue that arguably suggests the Great Pyramid is the “X”
that marks the spot. Despite the convincing evidence, the author believes the
conclusive answer is to be given by the original developers of Memphis, the
Followers of Horus!

30
 THE FOLLOWERS OF HORUS AND THEIR
ATTEMPT TO REVIVE A LOST WORLD

Scholars unanimously concur that one of the mysteries that surround the
Egyptian civilization is that every aspect of its sciences, artistic and
architectural techniques as well as the hieroglyphic system of writing show
virtually no signs of a period of development. As a matter of fact, many of the
achievements of the earliest dynasties were never surpassed or even equaled
later on. A mystery that John Anthony West ascribed to the fact that the
Egyptian civilization was not a development but a legacy. An interesting
assumption that finds ground in Egyptian legends and traditions that make
reference to a particular group of divine beings, the Followers of Horus, who are
said to have lived in Egypt in Pre-Dynastic times, way before the Pharaohs.
Although scholars today regard these individuals as mythical beings and
nothing more, they are curiously referenced as “historical” figures in the
papyrus of Turin, which happens to be the most extensive list available of kings
compiled by the ancient Egyptians and is the basis for most chronology before
the reign of Ramses II.
The Papyrus of Turin places this primeval generation prior to the first
historical king Menes, the unifier of Egypt, whose reign as it was previously
mentioned dates back to 3,100 BC. Those individuals according to Egyptian
traditions were regarded as great priests and keepers of sacred knowledge who
taught people astronomy, mathematics, agriculture and architecture. The
ancient Egyptians called them “Shemsu-Hor” (Followers of Horus) as well as the
“Senior Ones”, “Ancestors” and “Sages”, who according to the Edfu Building
Texts numbered to “Seven Sages.” They were also known as the “akhu” which
is the plural form of “akh,” a spiritual entity that was believed to have survived
death and mingled with the gods. It was also believed that an akh was an
effective spirit that could still influence events in this world. Egyptologist
Wolfgang Helck proposed that an Akh represented a dynastic god connected to
the ancestors. Graham Hancock in his book “The Message of the Sphinx” writes
that the hieroglyphs for “akhu” can also mean “Transfigured Beings”, “Shining
Ones”, “Shining Beings” or “Astral Spirits” and are identified by some linguists
with the stars. An interpretation that admittedly suggests the Shemsu-Hor had
a celestial origin. Nevertheless, could the various epithets have been also given
to the Followers due to their advanced astronomical wisdom, perhaps as an
allusion to “wise in the science of stars”?
Possibly, since Sir E. A. Wallis Budge in his “Hieroglyphic Dictionary” provides
additional meanings for the word “akhu” such as “to be bright”, “to be excellent”
or “to be wise” and “instructed.” An Akh was frequently depicted as a hermit
ibis and was commonly flanked by the hieroglyphic symbol of “neter” or “god.”

“Netjer-akhty nṯr-ʳḫtj” - God of the horizon “Akhty ʳḫtj” - He of the horizon

31
 The usage of ibis as a reference to the Shining Ones closely connects these
“sages” with the god Thoth, Giza and a pre-flood knowledge. Egyptologist Wallis
Budge believed that hieroglyphs started as pictographs and since the name of
the Shemsu-Hor was written with the glyph of the ibis and the rising sun on top
of the primeval mound/hill, it arguably denotes their nature as primordial
beings. Further proof of this supposition derives from the Egyptian chroniclers,
who inform that the Followers of Horus lived during the epoch of Zep Tepi or
the “First Time” when the land was ruled by the gods. Interestingly, the sun
god Ra was qualified as an Akh himself, referred to by the name of
“ibis Akhti,” an epithet that further denotes the Shemsu-Hor were primordial
beings (through their connection with Ra) connected with the Great Pyramid and whatever
lies beneath it.
According to the incredible work of Robert Temple, the essential meaning of
the word “Tep” is “mouth” as well as the “beginning or commencement of
anything.” Another fascinating interpretation of the same word is provided by
Graham Hancock, who explains that “Tepi” can also mean “ancestors,” since
the word was applied to the “Tepi-aui-qerr-en-pet,” which translates as “the
ancestor-gods of the circle of the sky” and identifies the Shemsu-Hor as the
ancestral beings that lived during the so-called Golden Age. Hancock further
adds that in the Pyramid Texts “Tepi-aui” is one of the many titles by which the
“ancestral deities” of the Zep Tepi were known, who were supposedly there, at
the dawn of civilization. Interestingly, the hieroglyphic sign used to determine
the “Tepi-aui” is the body of a large, slouching lion, with only the paws,
breast and head shown. Evidence that suggests the Sphinx was not only a pre-
dynastic monument but it was most likely carved out of the natural bedrock by
the Shemsu-Hor, just like French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero initially
proposed in the early 1900s.
Moreover, the sign of the slouching lion is also used as a determinative for a
very similar class of beings called the “Akeru,” described in Wallis Budge’s
Hieroglyphic Dictionary as a group of gods said to be the ancestors of Ra. An
interpretation that correlates with the myth that the first Egyptians came forth
from the eye of the sun god to populate the world. Evidence that suggests the
Shemsu-Hor were perceived as the primordial ancestors of the Egyptians, the
so-called Shining Ones (they had the radiance of the sun), who were brought here by Ra
during the First Time.
Most information today concerning the Followers of Horus derives from the
Edfu Building Texts. In them one can find frequent references to the “wisdom of
the sages” and their gift to mankind, which was knowledge, including that of
architecture. As a matter of fact, Egyptian traditions identify the Sages as the
“culprits” behind the plans and designs that were to be used for all future
temples and monuments in the land of Egypt. The Edfu texts specifically state
that the “words of the sages were copied down by the wisdom-god Thoth
into a book that codified the locations of certain “sacred mounds” along
the Nile. A tradition that admittedly suggests Thoth was a symbolic reference to
the Followers as a whole.
The title of that lost book according to the texts was “Specifications of the
Mounds of the Early Primeval Age” and it was believed to have contained
records not only of all the lesser mounds (pyramids) or temples, but also of the
Great Primeval Mound itself, the place where time had supposedly begun
(obviously a reference to the Great Pyramid). Such an example is the temple of Hathor in

32
Dendera where inscriptions on its walls blatantly state that the architects and
builders who constructed the temple complex used “blueprints” that were
recorded in ancient writings and were handed down by the “Followers of
Horus.”
Interestingly, when it comes to the origins of the “Primeval Ones,” the Edfu
Building Texts speak of an island, the location of which is never specified.
However, the texts state that this mythical island was destroyed by an enemy,
described as a serpent, “the Great Leaping One” (a meteorite or a perhaps a planetary body
that passed by extremely close from our planet?). The texts identify this “serpent” (according to
Talbott’s work, comets were always identified as serpents and so did electrically charged planets such as
Venus)as the culprit behind a terrible flood that swept away this primeval world
of the gods, killing the majority of its divine inhabitants. However, the texts
state that a few of them managed to escape the disaster and flee the scene to
wander the earth (the foreigners Egyptologist Wallis Budge mentioned?). Their purpose in doing
so was to locate suitable sites where they could implement their sacred
knowledge and architecture in an attempt to re-build what was lost. Something
that E. A. E. Reymond confirmed through her extensive studies of the Edfu
Texts in her book “The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple” by stating that:

“the first era known by our principal sources was a period which started from what
existed in the past. The general tone of the record seems to convey the view that an
ancient world, after having been constituted, was destroyed, and as a dead world it came
to be the basis of a new period of creation which at first was the re-creation and
resurrection of what once had existed in the past.”

To most alternative researchers, the lost island of the Primeval Ones shares
many similarities with the story of the lost island-continent of Atlantis, if not
actually being one and the same. The first to entertain a connection between
the two mythical locations was French occultist Alexandre Saint-Yves in the late
1800s. A similar connection was made almost five decades after the death of
Saint-Yves by Egyptologist and occultist R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz and
American clairvoyant Edgar Cayce, the so-called “Sleeping Prophet,” who during
one of his sessions revealed there was a strong connection between Atlantis and
Egypt, till the fabled island-continent was destroyed in a final catastrophic
event around 10,000 BC. In one of his recordings, the Sleeping Prophet further
revealed that through their superior technology, the Atlanteans learned of the
imminent destruction and fled the scene into a mass exodus, with their
historians fleeing particularly to the land of Egypt with which they had close
ties. In Egypt, the American clairvoyant said the Atlanteans hid their secrets,
knowledge (of astronomy, magic, medicine, alchemy, mathematics and religion) , most precious
treasures and technology inside the Hall of Records, a hidden chamber deep
beneath the Great Sphinx, with the goal of restoring the glory of Atlantis when
the world was once again ready.
Although the evidence currently available does not allow for a definite
identification of Atlantis as the island of the Primeval Ones, the potential
connection of the mythical island with Egypt is arguably very intriguing.
Especially when the Edfu texts state that the Shemsu-Hor (just like with the Atlanteans)
were the survivors of a global flood triggered by a cosmic impact, who found
shelter in Egypt, where they attempted to revive their lost world.

33
 Bearing this possibility in mind, the reference to the “Specifications of the
Mounds of the Early Primeval Age” is clearly an allusion to the pyramid field
which stretches along the western bank of the Nile River. As for the Great
Primeval Mound, the place where time had supposedly begun, it can only be a
reference to the Great Pyramid, implying that the artificial mound was indeed
the first pyramid to be built and the later were “mere copies” of it. Interestingly,
Graham Hancock writes that although most pyramids were constructed during
the dynastic period of Egypt, they were probably erected over pre-existing
structures acting as “markers” on the map, which must have dated back to
the time of the gods-gods whom the Edfu texts make quite blatant were capable
of uniting with the sky. Through the middle of this skyscape Hancock explains,
at the bottom of a wide, dark “valley,” flows the celestial counterpart of the
sacred river Nile, the stunning feature that we now call the Milky Way which
the ancient Egyptians knew as the “Winding Waterway.” An assumption that
denotes the reason behind the construction of the pyramids in the Nile Valley
was astronomical.
Giulio Magli, professor of archeoastronomy at Milan's Polytechnic University
seems to have come to a similar conclusion by stating that some of Egypt's
most magnificent pyramids were deliberately designed to follow a pattern of
invisible diagonal lines. According to the Italian scientist, these invisible lines
would connect most of the funerary complexes (pyramids) denoting that the
arrangement of the monuments was carefully chosen in order to satisfy a
number of criteria, which include dynastic lineage, religion and astronomical
alignments. Inspired by Bauval’s Orion Correlation Theory, South African
author Wayne Herschel in his book “The Hidden Records” proposes that the
whole pyramid field of Egypt mirrors in the night sky the constellations that are
situated along the ecliptic. A theory that arguably resonates with what Hermes
Trismegistus revealed during his conversation with Asclepius:

“Do you not know, Asclepius that Egypt is an image of heaven or to speak more exactly,
in Egypt all the operations of the powers which rule and work in heaven have been
transferred to earth below?”

British Egyptologist Kate Spence of Cambridge University also writes that the
stars were a guiding force in how the pyramids were aligned, which were often
named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For instance, the formal
name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was “The Southern Shining Pyramid”
and that of Senusret II at El Lahun was “Senusret Shines.” From this
perspective, Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson of Cambridge University in England
argues that the pyramids may be seen as symbolic “stairways to the stars” that
act as “launch pads for the pharaoh’s journey to the afterlife among the stars.”
Evidence that suggests each pyramid could possibly represent a particular star
in the heaven that contributed to the formation of a constellation on the ground,
as a piece of a grand puzzle. Moreover, could the pharaohs by erecting a
pyramid, also symbolically attempted to join Ra by owning their own version of
the Primeval Mound, the Great Pyramid?
Although we may never find out, as is now evident, the perfection and
technological skills exhibited at Giza’s levels of construction, especially the one
featured on the Great Pyramid, point strongly to the idea that the Giza complex
was designed and laid out in high antiquity by a society or elite whose scientific

34
and technological knowledge rivaled our own. As to what they could have
possibly hidden below the sands of Giza, the author believes it is knowledge
from the “Golden Age,” an epoch that ended with the Great Flood which
destroyed the advanced society of the gods, who foresaw the end and went into
great lengths to preserve their culture. A culture that appears to have originated
from a now submerged land with ties to the stars, where its survivors stored
their vast knowledge inside a repository of knowledge for later generations, with
the goal to spark the rise of civilization once again and along with it rebuild
their lost world.
Ironically, is this not the plot of Isaac Asimov’s science fiction book series
“The Foundation,” where the revolutionary Dr. Hari Seldon, who predicts the
impending fall of the Galactic Empire followed by a prolonged Dark Age, along
with a band of loyal followers ventures to the far reaches of the galaxy to
establish “The Foundation,” an attempt to preserve the future of civilization, in
what he called an “Encyclopedia Galactica”?
In a sense, could the Egyptian civilization have been the “Second Empire” from
Asimov’s famous book series, which rose from the ashes of the previous one
thanks to the Foundation of Dr. Seldon?

35
 MYSTERY OF THE SABIANS:
THE HALL OF RECORDS AT THE EXTREME
BOUNDARIES OF THE EARTH

Following up from the Mysteries of Egypt and the grand plan of the Shemsu-
Hor to revive their lost from Flood world, it became apparent that part of their
attempt to preserve their culture and wisdom was the construction of a
subterranean repository of knowledge. According to the evidence, the Giza
plateau in Egypt was designated as such a location. However, if the Primeval
Ones were as advanced in various sciences as the Egyptian traditions describe
them to be, then could they have also left such repositories in other parts of the
world?
In particular and taking into consideration the traditions of the Sabians, could
the survivors of the Great Flood have constructed another repository of
knowledge somewhere in Northern Mesopotamia, in the area the Sabians called
home, Harran?
Although there is not a definite answer, it is highly probable based on the
account of Arab traveler Al Mas’udi, who in his “The Meadows of Gold and
Mines of Gems” makes a reference to a mysterious temple complex known as
Sogmatar:

“At the extreme boundaries of the Earth stands an ancient temple, which is round and
has seven doors on each side and a lofty dome which has also seven sides and is famous
throughout the land for its extraordinary height and admirable construction. On top of the
dome is a kind of precious stone or crystal as large as a bull’s head, dispelling darkness
for a great distance… Many great kings of old have tried to get hold of this stone, but with
no success: all those who tried, fell lifeless at a distance of 10 feet…even if one uses
spears, arrows or other similar contrivances, these similarly stop and fall mid-air at a
distance of 10 feet... To this date, there is no means for a man to get hold of this stone.
Those so daring or foolish to think they could demolish the temple would be struck by
instant death. Certain sages explained this phenomenon as being caused by certain
magnetic stones placed at a regular distance all around the temple. Within the temple is a
very deep pit, how deep nobody knows. It has seven sides and is constructed in such a
manner that whoever attempts to get too close in order to look down will fall into the deep
and thus find his death. Around the pit is a ring of brass carrying the signs of an ancient
writing: “This pit leads to the Hall of Records, in which all the wisdom of the
world is kept since time immemorial. Here is preserved the history of the World,
the science of Heavens and the hidden secret of all things past, present and
future. In this pit lie all the treasures of the World, but whoever wishes to be worthy of it
must be our equal in power, wisdom and science. Whoever is able to do so, then he will
know himself as one of our kind. But beware shall you not be worthy, because you will
learn how much more profound is our wisdom, broader our science and impenetrable our
vigilance” This temple, just as its dome, rests on a rock of stupendous size, similar to a
great mountain, so hard that no excavation can be made in its sides…Nobody who has
seen this ancient temple, can go away without being struck by a great melancholy and
unexplained attraction for it”

According to Mas’udi’s account, it seems that the identity of those who created
the Sogmatar temple complex were either the “the Primeval Ones,” who initially
occupied the site before the Deluge or someone who had direct access to their

36
knowledge and possibly technology, who occupied the site on a later date. If the
second probability is regarded as the correct one, then could the site’s
significance have been recognized by those who occupied the site on a relatively
recent date due to its strong connection with whoever resided there before the
Flood?
Although we might never know, the connection between Sogmatar, Giza and
the Primeval Ones is strongly suggested in Mas’udi’s accounts, where the Arab
explorer makes abundantly clear that both sites hide valuable knowledge and
wisdom which pre-dates the Flood and is meant to be possessed by only those
who are dimmed worthy. A similarity that definitely cannot be a coincidence!
Especially when throughout its history, Hermeticism (the religion of Sabians) was
closely associated with the idea of a primeval, divine wisdom. Moreover, experts
believe that the name “Sabian” is likely a derivation from the Coptic “Saba’ia,”
meaning “people of the Stars,” which is probably a reminiscence of a very
ancient star cult which had its roots in the ancient Egyptian religion, the
cult of the Magi of ancient Persia and the western Hermetic tradition as modern
scholars suggest. A fact that suggests why the Sabians were particularly
interested in Egypt.
Additional evidence that supports a possible connection between Sogmatar
and Giza can be found in Graham Hancock’s book “Magicians of the Gods,”
where the British author writes that archaeoastronomer James Q. Jacobs has
noticed that Harran’s latitude is 36.87 degrees north of the equator which
appears to be a non-random coincidence, since the figure is the same as that
for the acute angle of a 3:4:5 right triangle, a triangle which contains one 90
degree right angle and whose side lengths are in the ratio 3:4:5. Based on
Jacobs’ observations, Hancock wonders if it is simply a coincidence that a 3:4:5
right triangle with the same internal angles exists inside the King’s chamber of
the Great Pyramid of Egypt too, a remark that would definitely confirm the
connection between the two sites. If true, then it would arguably explain why
someone would engage in a work of such a monumental scale (as to sculpture natural
hills and raise giant mounds of hewn stone) similar to the one exhibited in Giza, if it was not
to protect something of great value.
Sogmatar lies 57 km off the ancient town of Harran in South-Eastern Turkey,
not far from the famous megalithic complex of Göbekli Tepe. Remains of walls
and turrets can be seen all over the main hill that date back to the 2nd century
AD. These are the ruins of the main temple of Sogmatar, which is surrounded
by the remains of seven large buildings of religious significance (perhaps where the
magnetic stones reported by Mas’udi were installed?) and the reason why the site is also
known as “The Town of Seven Temples.” It is not clear if there are any
astronomical alignments associated with the hill or the seven structures
surrounding it, but a nearby subterranean temple contains references to the
planets and the moon god, denoting that the sacred hill most likely involved
worship of the celestial bodies. According to German historian Theodor Háry,
the entire complex was designed at some point in the 1st or early 2nd century
AD to mirror the position of the planets and the constellations in the night sky
of Harran, connecting the megalithic site with the fabled city of Abraham.
Harran, also known as Carrhae, was a major ancient trade center and city as
far back as the third millennium BC in Upper Mesopotamia, which site is in the
modern village of Harran, Turkey. The city was the chief home of the
Mesopotamian moon god Sin and based on historical reports, it was the

37
Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (the same guy who tunneled his way into the Great Pyramid) in 830
CE, who while passing through Harran on his way to a campaign against the
Byzantine Empire, forced the Harranians to convert to one of the “Religions of
the Book,” meaning either Judaism, Christianity or Islam.
In particular and based on Abu Yusuf Absha al-Qadi’s account, Ma'mun stood
with his army at the gates of Harran and questioned the Harranians about what
protected religion they belonged to and since they were neither Muslim,
Christian or Jewish, the caliph told them that they would have to decide which
religion to follow by the time he returned from his campaign or he would kill
them for being non-believers. Subsequently, the Harranians consulted with a
lawyer who suggested them to seek advice in the Quran. In it they found that
the Sabians were tolerated despite their “pagan” beliefs because Hermes was
identified with the prophet Idris and being left with no choice, they adopted
their name and religion. Thus, these newly dubbed “Harranian Sabians”
acknowledged Hermes Trismegistus as their prophet and the Hermetica as their
sacred text. Iranian University Professor of Islamic studies Seyyed Hossein Nasr
has interestingly stated that:

“The Harranians were the principal inheritors in the Middle East of what has been called
"Oriental Pythagoreanism" and were the guardians and propagators of Hermeticism in the
Islamic world, they practiced the religion of the heirs of the prophet Idris”

It is said that when Caliph Al-Mamum returned to the city, the Harranians
claimed protection on the basis of being one of the “people of the Book”
mentioned in the Quran. What seems to be a bit odd however, is how easily the
Harranians converted to Hermeticism and accepted its teachings by heart. It is
almost as if they had already an affiliation towards the religious-philosophical
system of Hermeticism or did they?
In a sense, could the two people (Harranians – Sabians) have originally belonged to
the same group?
According to Iranian scholar and authorized Quranic reader Al-Kisa’I who lived
during the 7th century, when Abraham came to Harran and attempted to
convert the Sabians, some of them accepted the faith of Abraham, but some
others refused saying:

“How can we believe you, since you read no Book?” Those who did not follow Abraham
have remained in the neighborhood of Harran and declare, “we acknowledge the
religion of Seth, Idris and Noah.”

Al-Kisa’I additionally reports that the Harranians possessed writings that were
believed to have been handed down from Seth and Idris. Does this imply that
the Harranians were a faction of the Sabians, who later abandoned or forgot the
old astral religion only later to accept it once again due to the circumstances?
What is mostly known about the Sabians today comes from an 8th century
book “The Nabatean Agriculture,” written by ibn Wahshiyya, a Nabataean
agriculturalist, toxicologist and alchemist. The text discusses beliefs attributed
to the Sabians, in particular that they were people who lived in Pre-Adamite
times (pre-Flood times). In the account of the Christian historian Bar Hebraeus of
the 13th century, it is written that Harran had been built by Cainan and had
been named for another son of his called Harran. Interestingly, Cainan is

38
mentioned in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Book of Genesis, the
Book of Jubilees and the genealogy of Jesus given in Luke 3:36 in the New
Testament. He is described as a son of Arpachshad and father of Salah, who
lived in the time between Noah and Abraham. According to the Book of Jubilees,
Cainan was taught to read by his father and found, carved on the rocks by
former generations, an inscription preserving the science of astrology as
taught by the Watchers, who had rebelled from God before the deluge.

“And the sow grew, and his father taught him writing and he went to seek for himself a
place where he might seize for himself a city. And he found a writing, which former
generations had carved on the rock and he read what was thereon, and he transcribed it
and sinned owing to it, for it contained the teaching of the watchers in accordance
with which they used to observe the omens of the sun, moon and stars in all the
signs of heaven.”

Similarly, Josephus refers to pillars of brick and stone upon which the
children of Seth (a figure associated with Hermeticism) had inscribed their astrological
knowledge for future generations. In another tradition it is said that Cainan was
the first after the flood who invented astronomy and that his sons made a god
of him and worshiped his image after his death. In the Sefer ha-Yashar, a
medieval Hebrew midrash, Cainan is described as the possessor of great
astrological wisdom, which had been inscribed on tables of stone.
Apparently, from the few remaining sources that describe Harran’s founder, it
can be inferred that the region Abraham’s city was established (including Sogmatar),
was occupied since Pre-Adamite times, when the Watchers roamed the Earth
whose vast astronomical knowledge was either written down by them or by their
“pupils” as a heritage for future generations. Thus, eliminating any chances of
Harran and Sogmatar be randomly occupied sites by the Harranian Sabians.
Consequently, similar to Egyptian traditions, the origin of star worship and
observation possessed by the Sabians can be traced all the way back to a
mysterious group of people that pre-dates the Flood and in this instance is
identified with the Biblical Watchers. Bearing this detail in mind, what could
the identity of the Watchers be?

Could they have been emissaries-survivors of a lost pre-diluvian civilization?

39
 THE IDENTITY OF THE WATCHERS

According to the Biblical narrative, the Watchers are angels dispatched on

Earth to watch over humans by the order of the Most High. However, soon they
begin to lust for human women and instigated by their leader Samyaza, they
procreate with them giving birth to the renowned Nephilim. Despite their illicit
procreation with humans though, the Biblical texts state that the most sinful
action committed by them was their decision to teach and instruct humankind
in various forbidden arts, sciences and celestial “secrets” or “mysteries” of the
true heavenly gnosis or knowledge. In particular, patriarch Enoch in his
apocryphal book credits them for teaching man astrology, astronomy,
divination, meteorology and the art of writing with ink and paper. Arts that
Thoth and the Shemsu-Hor were also credited for teaching to mankind,
suggesting they could very well be the same civilizing deities.
According to the experts, the Aramaic word “ir” (plural “irin” for “watchers”) derives
from the root of the Hebrew word “er” which means “awake - watchful –
vigilant,” terms used in connection with the Biblical angels. That said, could
these terms correspond to the astronomical skills of the Watchers and their
ability to predict events based on their heavenly observations?
This could very well be the case based on the representations of the mythical
Apkallu sages from ancient Mesopotamia. According to the experts, the royal
throne in Neo-Babylonian palaces was situated in front of a relief portraying
antithetical Apkallu flanking a Tree of Life. American Prof. Helge Kvanvig in his
“Primeval History: Babylonian, Biblical, and Enochic: An Intertextual Reading,”
states that the Tree of Life represents the king, whom the sages protect with
their wisdom as it is expressed through a recurring phrase “massartu sa sarri
nasaru” or “to keep the king’s watch.” Kvanvig explains that in the Akkadian
phrase the element of “watching” is expressed twice, both through the noun
“massartu” and through the verb “nasaru.” Interestingly, the Akkadian
“massartu” both has the connotation “guard, watchman, be awake” and
“someone who watches for astronomical observation.” The noun corresponds
closely to the verb “nasaru” and translates as “guard, take care of, keep watch
for celestial phenomena.” The two meanings “guard” and “watch for omens”
come together in the tasks of the sages, since it was through their watching for
divine signs that they guarded the king. Evidence that suggests the Watchers
(whose role appears to reflect the mythical Apkallu sages) are to be identified with ancient
astronomers?
According to Mesopotamian traditions, the Apkallu or the Seven Sages (just like
with the Shemsu-Hor) rose from the sea at the beginning of time (Zep Tepi of the Egyptians)
to offer to human beings (who were initially unaware of the benefits of culture and civilization) the
sacred “ME” or the laws of civilization after they were created by the god Enki
(God of Water and Wisdom, possessor of the meh, the laws and powers concerned with all of life and the gifts of
in order to establish culture. They are described as priests of god Enki
civilization)
and advisors or sages to the earliest kings of Sumer before the Flood. The
term “Apkallu” is Akkadian and it is thought to derive from the Sumerian Abgal
also written as AB.GA.AL. The word derives from the Sumerian Ab = water, Gal
= great, Lu = man and covers the following semantic range: a wise man or
expert, a mythical sage, a type of priest or exorcist or a diviner. They were
commonly represented as having the lower torso of a fish or dressed as a fish

40
and at times as winged with the bird-of prey-head (connection with the Shemsu-Hor?).
According to various legends they were the founders of the seven cities of Eridu,
Ur, Nippur, Kullab, Kesh, Lagash and Shuruppak, while in the Epic of
Gilgamesh they are also credited with laying the foundations of Uruk. Proof of
their Pre-Diluvian origin derives from ancient traditions that make it
abundantly clear that post-deluge sages were considered human and referred to
as “Ummanu” instead of “Apkallu.” As some scholars point out, there is a
demarcation between the antediluvian Apkallu and the postdiluvian Ummanu,
both of whom served as advisors to the human king. The Flood is identified as a
point of apparent cosmic shift, after which human enjoyment of familiarity with
supernatural beings in a spiritually superior age was replaced by a state of
hiddenness or “occultation” of the supernatural realm. Assyriologist Mehmet-Ali
Ataç suggests that the relationship between the Apkallu and the “Ummanus” is
such that the former appear to have initiated the latter into their respective
expertise and professions and in turn, the latter became the “masters of truth”
in their own generations and perhaps even guided kings along the path of
wisdom and moral conduct. If so, after direct royal access to the supernatural
Apkallu was disrupted by the Deluge, the postdiluvian ummanu, human court
sages-astronomers who were heirs to the tradition of the Apkallu, provided
indirect access to their wisdom.
An assumption that brings us closer to uncovering the identity of the
Watchers since the Apkallu were associated with another group of
Mesopotamian deities known as the Igigi. Though sometimes synonymous with
the more familiar term “Anunnaki,” in one myth the Igigi were the younger gods
who were servants of the Anunnaki, until they rebelled. According to the
Sumerian Lexicon the definition of the Igigi is:

 Igi: eye(s), glance, face, aspect, looks, to see.

 gi: to surround, besiege; to lock up (circle + to descend into).

 gi: young man.

Interestingly a Sumerian logographic equivalent of the term Igigi is “nun-gal-e-

ne,” which translates as “the great princes/sovereigns,” an epithet ascribed to
the Biblical Watchers. Additionally, the Apkallu are said to have committed
various transgressions which angered the gods and they were banished. These
seeming negative deeds of the later Apkallu and their roles as wise councilors
have led some scholars to equate them with the Nephilim of Genesis 6:4.
Now the Nephilim are regarded as the offspring of the Sons of God, another
epithet of the Watchers and a term that denotes a connection with the Shemsu-
Hor and the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, as pre-diluvian sages with divine-
astronomical knowledge.
The renowned Biblical scholar Claus Westermann wrote that the phrase “Sons
of God” in the text of Genesis 6 is based on the Ugaritic “bn 'il.” He specifically
referenced an Ugaritic text that uses the phrase “bn il” three times in
succession as “il bn il - dr bn il - mphrt bn il” which translate as “El, the sons
of gods - the circle of the sons of gods - the totality of the sons of gods.”
Subordinate evidence derives straight from the Hebrew Bible which makes

41
several references to the “sons of the Elohim,” where in Hebrew language the
word son is “ben” (resembles the Ugaritic “bn”):

 Job 1:6, 2:1: bəne ha elohim - the sons of Elohim.

 Job 38:7: bəne elohim - sons of Elohim.
 Deuteronomy 32:8: bəne elohim / bəne el - sons of Elohim / sons of El

Interestingly in the Hebrew Bible, the word “Elohim” usually refers to a single
deity, particularly (but not always) to the God of Israel and other times to deities.
According to scholars, the word is the plural form of the word “eloah” and is
related to “el.” It is cognate to the word “l-h-m” which is found in Ugaritic and is
used for the pantheon of Canaanite gods, the children of El and
conventionally vocalized as “Elohim.” Thus, the Hebrew term “bəne elohim” (“sons
of God” or “sons of the gods”) in Genesis 6:2 compares to the use of “Sons of Gods”
(Ugaritic: b'n il) as “Sons of El” in Ugaritic mythology, who is identified again and
again as the “Father of Heaven”, “Warrior”, “Creator of Creatures”, “Father of
the gods” and “Father of Man.” Surprisingly, the word “Anunnaki” can be
explained in a similar manner, since it derives from “An,” the Sumerian god of
the sky and “da-nuna,” “da-nuna-ke-ne” or “da-nun-na,” which means “princely
offspring” or “offspring of An.” Consequently, the term “Sons of God” can also be
interpreted as “Sons of Heaven/Sky,” evidence that admittedly suggests these
civilizing deities could have originally had a heavenly origin.
Therefore, could the term (Sons of God) be a title that denotes high or celestial
status in a similar way the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs identified themselves as
the Sons of Ra, acting as the representatives of the sun god on earth (since he had
withdrawn himself), who ruled the land during the Zep Tepi?
One peculiarity that arises from the Biblical narrative is that although the
Watchers are identified as the villains of the story, in actuality it is them who
assisted mankind by sharing with it the arts of civilization in a similar way the
Shemsu-Hor and the Apkallu did. A remark that makes one wonder if the
concept of “bad vs. good” angels in Biblical texts is a fabrication to give depth to
the Biblical narrative and a reason behind the cause of the Flood, the source of
evil and why humans should be afraid of God and behave accordingly.
Whatever the motive might have been behind the Biblical narrative, what can
be concluded from the information presented in this work is that someone in
remote antiquity attempted to contact people in various regions of the world
and educate them in the arts of civilization, before and after a devastating
cataclysm ravaged the whole world. An attempt that was somewhat a success,
considering that mankind developed once again and advanced high in many
arts and sciences.
Interestingly, in one of his recordings about Atlantis and its connection with
Egypt, Cayce added one last detail:

“In the Hall of Records there is an Atlantean flying vehicle which was used to help
construct the Great Pyramid and inside the library [Hall of Records] tunnels lead into
habitable areas of the Inner Earth”

If the content of Cayce’s recordings is taken seriously, then could the

aforementioned recording not only confirm the high tech that was utilized on
the construction of the Giza monuments but the existence of subterranean

42
compartments constructed by the Primeval Ones deep beneath Giza?
Could the Shemsu-Hor have found shelter beneath the Earth to protect
themselves from any future catastrophes?
Could the rumors that refer to the existence of massive chambers, described
as larger than the grandest churches ever built by modern man and the
discovery of a 15,000 year old underground metropolis that reaches several
levels below the Giza plateau, be true and not fanciful stories?
Could all these traditions, theories, beliefs and rumors be somehow bits and
pieces of the same story?
Could these pre-diluvian civilizers, the Primeval Ones, be indeed the survivors
of a lost civilization that had originally come down from the stars (and possibly found
shelter beneath the Earth?), who had as a goal to educate and set mankind on a
civilized course once again after its complete destruction?
Although for the time being we can only speculate, what is certain is that both
Giza and Sogmatar are undoubtedly associated with legends that refer to
underground passageways and tunnels build by a “superior race” that go deep
into the earth, waiting for those daring enough to uncover their secrets!

And the search continues…

43
44
 SOURCES

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5026556
https://phys.org/news/2018-07-reveals-great-pyramid-giza-focus.html
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0810/0810.1592.pdf
https://books.google.gr/books?id=jzFk65Z8UIUC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Me
sketiu&source=bl&ots=NSnquOz3-
B&sig=ACfU3U3joXGzt3RJ91c8fJbscSF9h7jm7g&hl=el&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs
z9OHyr7gAhUjyaYKHc2fAswQ6AEwB3oECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=Mesketiu&f=f
alse
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/star-charts-reveal-
how-ancient-egyptians-planned-navigate-sky-after-death-020533
http://www.catchpenny.org/xp/files.html
http://radeisis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cosmo-egiptologia.html
http://www.crystalinks.com/nut.html
https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/nut.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)
https://www.meretsegerbooks.com/pages/books/M3529d/aad-chicago-
institute/medinet-habu-the-epigraphic-survey-vol-vi-the-temple-proper-part-ii-
the-re-chapel-the-royal-mortuary
http://blavatskyarchives.com/mackeysd/mackeysd.html
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0810/0810.1592.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor
https://www.ancient.eu/Hathor/
http://www.crystalinks.com/hathor.html
http://egyptraveluxe.blogspot.com/2011/09/book-of-earth.html
http://alienexplorations.blogspot.com/1979/01/other-depictions-of-sokar-
funerary-bark.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennu
https://rgdn.info/en/hranitel_bytiya._chast_ii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Edfu
https://www.ancient-code.com/shemsu-hor-the-celestial-architects-of-the-
great-sphinx-an-800000-year-old-monument/
http://www.gigalresearch.com/uk/publications-pharaohs.php
http://myweb.usf.edu/~liottan/theegyptiansoul.html
http://www.sofiatopia.org/maat/hidden_chamber02.htm
http://www.academia.edu/6243648/The_Message_of_the_Sphinx_A_Quest_for_
the_Hidden_Legacy_of_Mankind
https://books.google.gr/books?id=gmA8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT153&lpg=PT153&dq
=great+primeval+mound&source=bl&ots=I8Sqq3v8WW&sig=ACfU3U1xQjuLd8Y
W0ZzFbR9xmo_hYXolFA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitosDZk-
PgAhVdwMQBHcdlCLMQ6AEwBnoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=great%20primeval
%20mound&f=false
https://books.google.gr/books?id=9RguCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139&lpg=PT139&dq
=great+primeval+mound&source=bl&ots=v4Sj0uu985&sig=ACfU3U20lkJ1s69T
UYeCGpF7C9LH9Ixs3w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitosDZk-
PgAhVdwMQBHcdlCLMQ6AEwB3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=great%20primeval
%20mound&f=false
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids

45
https://www.heritagedaily.com/2018/02/ancient-egyptian-pyramids-
map/118351
https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2010/09/giza-pyramids-
aligned-towards-city-of.html#mzcWEhArdWHxOKTe.97
https://books.google.gr/books?id=r1ooDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138&lpg=PT138&dq
=abu+rawash+sirius&source=bl&ots=j618vnPuRi&sig=ACfU3U3yDlgFr3n2Cuw-
TnVFC6ceiuGv7A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSwfvG1uXgAhXKD5oKHS09Cac
Q6AEwFXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=abu%20rawash%20sirius&f=false
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_correlation_theory
http://www.gizapyramid.com/general.htm
http://www.ladbible.com/more/interesting-i-just-found-out-the-great-pyramid-
of-giza-has-eight-sides-not-four-20160610
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Louis_Norden
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Davidovits
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintaka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star#Spectroscopic_binaries
http://www.narmer.pl/pir/baka_en.htm
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/zawiyetp.htm
https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/sokar.html
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/religion/sokar.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seker
https://grahamhancock.com/collinsa2/
http://www.redmoonrising.com/Giza/OsirisMyth2.htm
http://www.michaelmandeville.com/library/egypt/thothpro.htm
https://wikitravel.org/en/Cairo/Giza
https://wikitravel.org/en/Memphis_(Egypt)
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/giza.htm
https://isiopolis.com/2014/09/23/isis-mistress-of-the-pyramids/
http://www.gizapower.com/CPDBio.htm
https://369news.net/2018/04/10/great-pyramid-giza-nikola-tesla-power-
plant/
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/caverns.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV9
https://books.google.gr/books?id=eWV0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA486&lpg=PA486&d
q=ramesses+iv+aker&source=bl&ots=tML3Eh5aYz&sig=ACfU3U3Y06KfHg0MOF
2LNq4ewfoin9ul3g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGj8uXs_LgAhVB2aYKHd8FDQ
sQ6AEwDHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=ramesses%20iv%20aker&f=false
https://egypte-
eternelle.org/index.php/fr/?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=4
35
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza
http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/early-dynastic-period/1st-
dynasty/horus-aha/naqada-label.html
http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/dynasty0.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet
http://www.crystalinks.com/sekhmet.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-unification-of-upper-lower-egypt.html
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/sphinx1.htm
https://www.ancient.eu/article/236/the-mystery-of-the-great-sphinx/

46
https://www.ancient-code.com/chambers-beneath-sphinx-rare-images-show-
access-sphinx/
https://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/big-egyptian-
sphinx-cover-hidden-chambers-unexcavated-mound-and-endless-denial-
021647
https://gigalinsights.com/2018/03/28/some-amazing-secrets-of-the-sphinx/
http://www.ancientarchitects.co.uk/2017/11/inside-sphinx-secret-internal-
chambers.html
http://www.sphinxmystery.info/downloads/new_dawn.pdf
https://secrethistoy.fandom.com/wiki/The_%22secret_Chamber%22_beneath_
the_Sphinx
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Horus
http://www.ancientpages.com/2017/04/06/what-was-the-sphinx-and-what-
is-wrong-with-its-body-and-head/
https://books.google.gr/books?id=pVkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT221&lpg=PT221&dq
=the+house+of+the+lake+rostau&source=bl&ots=WVG4FY6NJg&sig=ACfU3U1O
XQNV3hFB0RNO6eZVNhTjpQHSzA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAp_iJg_jgAhX
GxaYKHYsMD0UQ6AEwGHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=the%20house%20of%20t
he%20lake%20rostau&f=false
https://archive.org/details/travelsinegyptnu01nord/page/120
https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/Herodcheops.html
https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/Herodotus.html
https://egyptsites.wordpress.com/2009/02/06/tomb-of-rameses-v-and-vi-
kv9/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aker_(deity)
http://alienexplorations.blogspot.com/1979/01/explanations-behind-sokar-
funerary-bark.html
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/sokar.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/great_dynasties_gallery_01.s
html
https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/royaltombnaqada.html
https://www.britannica.com/place/Memphis-ancient-city-Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Ladies
https://www.investorvillage.com/smbd.asp?mb=4143&mn=355094&pt=msg&
mid=15584832
https://beyondenigma.com/ancient-egyptian-sun-gods-venus-mars-saturn-
align/
http://myforbiddenhisotry.blogspot.com/2017/12/ancient-texts-massive-
underground-world.html
https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa/tunnel-vision-
mysterious-forced-entry-caliph-great-pyramid-giza-001812
https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa-opinion-guest-
authors/tunnel-vision-mysterious-forced-entry-caliph-part2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun
https://newsletters.kelsey.lsa.umich.edu/spring2001/venus.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquiline_Venus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision
https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/David_Talbott
https://thedarkcontinent.co.za/saturn-the-primeval-sun/
https://www.everythingselectric.com/saturn-sun/

47
http://qdl.scs-inc.us/2ndParty/Pages/11007.html
http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2004/arch/040923saturn-ancient.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)
https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/weird-news/ancient-egypt-bombshell-
claims-great-17215725
https://www.ancientpages.com/2017/10/06/ancient-city-sogmatar-recent-
discovery-5000-year-old-childrens-toy/
https://books.google.gr/books?id=9RguCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT253&lpg=PT253&dq
=%E2%80%9CThe+Sabians+were+allowed+to+build+a+new+Temple+of+the+Mo
on+God,+and+to+continue+their+religious+rites,+after+the+Arab+General+Ibn+
Ghanam+conquered+Harran+in+the+seventh+century+AD.&source=bl&ots=v5P
qYvob39&sig=ACfU3U2MYVG1K6VCPk052grTr6e1LeiKmw&hl=el&sa=X&ved=2
ahUKEwjw2NW00JjyAhWM_rsIHfghCWYQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=%E2%
80%9CThe%20Sabians%20were%20allowed%20to%20build%20a%20new%20T
emple%20of%20the%20Moon%20God%2C%20and%20to%20continue%20their
%20religious%20rites%2C%20after%20the%20Arab%20General%20Ibn%20Gh
anam%20conquered%20Harran%20in%20the%20seventh%20century%20AD.&
f=false
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5FQRGfPy8I
https://www.soulask.com/sea-in-the-gobi-desert-the-ancient-home-of-the-
sons-of-god/
https://www.everythingselectric.com/sun-rose-rise-west-egyptian-evidence/
https://pdfcoffee.com/the-chambers-of-the-deep-jim-hurtak-pdf-free.html

48
49