Project Report

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018)

Program Name and Code : MECHANICAL (ME,A)

Course Name and Code : BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTR-
ONICS ENGINEERING (22310)
Academic Year : 2020-21
Semester : THIRD

A MICRO PROJECT On
PREPARE STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIODES AND THEIR
APPLICATION

Submitted on 2021 by the

group of 41 TO 45 students

Enrollment
Sr. No. Roll No. Name of student
No.

1 41 SURWADE KIRAN DHANANJAY 2000180251

2 42 PATIL ARYAN KUNDAN 2000180252

4 44 BEHARE RITESH ANIL 2000180260

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5 45 KAKAR VISHAL RAJESH 2000180262

Project Guide
Smt. P.M.Shanbhag madam

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Master /MS .Kiran Surwade ,Aryan Patil ,Ritesh
Behare ,Vishal Kakar Roll No.41 to 45, of third Semester of Diploma in
Mechanical engineering of Institute, Government Polytechnic, Jargon
(Code: 0018/1567) has completed The Micro Project satisfactorily in the
Subject - Basic Electrical And Electronics Engineering (22310) For the
Academic Year 2020- 2021 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: JALGAON
Enrollment no;
2000180251 ,2000180252 ,2000180260 ,2000180262
Date:09/11/2021

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

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GOVTERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-
III sem (Full Name) ; Kiran Surwade, Aryan Patil,
Ritesh Behare, Vishal Kakar. Roll No./Seat No. 41 TO 45 as a student Of III
Sem/Year of the Programme mechanical humbly submit that I have completed
from time to time the Practical/MicroProject work as described in this report by
my own skills and study between the period from 2020 to 2021as per
instructions/guidance of Smt. P.M.Shanbhag And that following students were
associated with me for this work, however, quantum of my contribution has been
approved by the Lecturer. And that I have not copied the report on its any
appreciable part from any other literature in contravention of the academic
ethics.

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Date: 09/11./2021 Signature of Student

Academic Year: 2020-21 Name of the Faculty: P.M.Shanbhag

Course: BEEE Course code: 22310 Semester: III
Title of the project: PREPARE STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIODES

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY Sign of date

PERFORMED guide

1 Discussion and
finalization of topic
2 Preparation and submission
of
Abstract

First Week
3 Literature
Review

4 Collection of
Data

5 Collection of
Data

6 Discussion and outline of

Content

7 Formulation of
Second week Content

8 Editing and proof Reading of

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9 Compilation of
Report And Presentation

10 Third Week Seminar

11 Viva voce
12 Final submission of
Micro Project

INDEX
Sr. No. Content Page No.
1 ABSTRACT 6

2 INTRODUCTION 7
3 P-N JUNCTION 7
DIODE
4 ZENER DIODE 8
5 TUNNEL DIODE 8-9
6 LIGHT EMITTING 9
DIODE
7 VARACTOR DIODE 10-11
8 SCHOTTKY DIODE 11
9 CRYSTAL DIODE 12
10 VACUUM DIODE 13
11 AVALANCHE DIODE 14

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12 ADVANTAGES AND 15
DISADVANTAGES
OF DIODES
13 REFERENCE 16
1.ABSTRACT

Types of diodes is the name of our project. Types of diodes and

their uses are given in this project. And in this their information
is given. We have taken nine types of diodes, namely P-N
junction, Zener diode, Tunnel diode, LE diode, varactor diode,
schottky diode, crystal diode, vaccum diode, avalanche diode,
etc.

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2. Introduction :

Diodes are electronic components function as a one-way value it means it’s allow
current to flow in one direction. These diodes are manufactured by the
semiconductor materialsg germanium, silicon and selenium. Operation of diode can
be classified into two ways, if it flows the current then it is forward biased otherwise
it is reverse biased.

For silicon diodes the forward voltage is 0.5v and for germanium it is 0.3v. in silicon
diode the dark band indicates the cathode terminal and the other terminal is anode.
Generally diodes are used as reverse polarity protector and transient projector.
There are many types of diodes and some of these are list as follows.

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3.P-N junction diode :

The improved version of the normal P-N junction diode gives the pin diode in pin
diode doping it not necessary. The intrinsic material means the material which has
no charge carriers it inserted between the P and N regions which increase the area
of depletion layer.

When we apply forward bias voltage the holes and electrons will pushed into the
intrinsic layer. At same point due to this hi injection label the electric field will
conduct through the intrinsic material also. That field made the careers to flow from
two regions. The symbol of PIN diode is as shown below.
Applications :
Rf Switches: pin diode is used for both signal and component selection. For
example pin diodes acts as range switch inductor in low phase noise oscillators.
Attenuators: it is used as bridge and shunt resistance in bridge-T attenuator.
Photo detectors: it detects x-ray and Gamma ray photons.

4.Zener Diode :

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It is a passive element was under the principle of zener breakdown. First produced
by Clarence zener in 1934. It is similar to normal diode in forward direction, it also
allows current in reverse direction when the applied voltage reaches the breakdown
voltage. It is designed to prevent the other semiconductor devices from momentary
voltage pulses it acts as voltage regulator.
Application :
-zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.
-zener diode protects from over voltage.
-zener diode used in clipping circuits.
-zener diode can be used to shift voltage.

5.Tunnel diode :

It is used as high speed switch coma off order nano-seconds. Due to tunneling effect
it has very fast operation in microwave frequency region. It is a two terminal device
in which concentration of dopants is too high.

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The transient response is being limited by junction capacitance plus stay wiring
capacitance. Mostly used in microwave oscillators and amplifiers. It acts as most
negative conductance device. Diodes can be turn in both mechanically and
electrically. The symbol of tunnel diode is as shown below.

Applications :
•Tunnel diode is used in different oscillators like relaxation, microwave, etc.
•It is used as a switching device with very high speed.
•It is used like a logic memory storage device.
•It is used as a microwave oscillator with high frequency.
•These diode is used as an oscillator, amplifier and switch.

6. Light emitting diode :

Symbol of light LED is as shown below.

Light-emitting diodes convert the electrical energy into light energy. First production
started in 1968. It undergoes electroluminescence process in which holes and

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electrons are combined to produce energy in the form of light in forward bias
condition.

Earlier they used in inductor lamps but now in recent applications they are using in
environmental and task handling. Mostly used in applications like aviation lighting,
traffic signals, camera flashes.

Applications :
•light emitting diode is used in traffic signals.
•light emitting diode used in auto motive headlamps.
•light emitting diode used in medical devices.

7.Varactor diode :

The symbol of varactor diode as shown below.

Varactor diode are also known as Varicap diodes. it acts like the variable capacitor.
Operations are performed mainly at rivers by a state only. These diodes are very
famous due to its capability of changing the capacitance rangers with in the circuit in
the presence of constant voltage flow.

They can able to vary capacitance up to high values. In varactor diode by changing
the rivers bias voltage we can decreases or increases the depletion layer. These

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diodes have many applications as voltage controlled oscillator for cell phones,
satellite prefilters, etc.
Applications :
•Varactor diode is used in parametric amplifiers.
•Varactor diode used in in frequency multi pliers.
•Varactor diode used in FM transmitters and phase locked loops in radio,
television sets and cellular for telephones.

8.Schottky diode :

The symbol of Schottky diode as shown below.

In this type of diode the junction is formed by contacting the semiconductor

material with metal. Due to this the forward voltage drop is decreased to min. The
semiconductor material is n-type silicon which acts as an anode and the metal acts
as a cathode whose materials are chromium, platinum, tungsten, etc.

Due to the metal junction these diodes have high current conducting capability does
the switching time reduces. So, Schottky has greater used in switching applications.
Mainly because of the metal semiconductor junction the voltage drop is low which
in turn increases the diode performance and reduces power loss. So, this are used in
high frequency rectifier applications.

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Applications :
• Schottky diode are used in electronics industry for many applications in diode
rectifier because of its properties. They are used for voltage clamping applications,
to prevent transistors saturation. It is used as Schottky TTL in digital devices as this
device is required fast switching.

9.Crystal diode :

The symbol of crystal diode as shown below.

This is also known as cats wish kar which is a type of point contact diode. Its
operation depends on the pressure of contact between semiconductor crystal and
point.

In this metal wire is present which is pressed against the semiconductor crystal. In
this the semiconductor crystal acts as cathode and metal wire acts as anode. These
diodes are are obsolete in nature.
Applications :
•crystal diode is used in rectifiers
•crystal diode is used in receivers
•diode is used for switching power supply •crystal diode is used
in semiconductor converter technology.
10.Vacuum diode :

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The symbol of vacuum diode as shown below.

Vacuum diodes consists of two electrodes which will acts as an anode and the
cathode to stop cathode is made up of tungsten which emits the electrons in the
direction of Enid. Always electron flow will be from cathode to anode only. So, it
acts like a switch.

If the cathode is coated with oxide material then the electrons emission capability is
high. Anode is a bit long in size and in some cases their surface is rough to reduce
the temperatures developing in the diode. The diode will conduct in only one case
that is when the anode is positive regarding to cathode terminal.
Applications :
•among the common applications of vacuum diodes are amplification of a weak
current, rectification of an alternating current to direct current generation of
oscillating radio frequency power for radio and radar, and creation of images on a
television screen or computer monitor.

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11.Avalanche diode :

The symbol of avalanche diode given below

This is passive element work under principle of avalanche breakdown. Eight words in
reverse bias condition. IIT results large currents due to the session produced by PN
junction during reverse bias condition.

These diodes are specially designed to undergo breakdown at specific reverse

voltage to prevent the damage. This feature provides better search protection than
a simple zener diode and its more like a gas discharge tube replacement.

12.Advantages and Disadvantage of diode :

Benefits or advantages of Diode

Following are the benefits or advantages of Diode:

➨It functions as rectifier in order to convert alternating current into direct current.

➨It is used to suppress voltage spikes. Moreover, it is used to protect electronic

components which are vulnerable to reverse voltages.

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➨It is fast in operation and does not require any warm up time.

➨It is very cheap compare to vacuum tube.

➨Semiconductor diode does not generate any current when voltage is not applied.

➨It operates at low voltage and hence it consumes less power.

➨It is smaller in size and light in weight.

➨It has long life.

Drawbacks or disadvantages of Diode :

Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of Diode:

➨Semiconductor diode cannot withstand very high reverse voltage.

➨It offers poor response.

➨It has reverse saturation current.

➨Noise level is high in semiconductor device at high frequencies.

➨Different diodes have unique benefits and drawbacks and hence refer individual
advantages and disadvantages of respective diode.

13.Reference

• Wikipedia

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• scribd.com
• byju’s.com
• Nirali BEEE textbook.
• Used various PDF available on internet.

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