Senior High School

Earth Science
First Semester - Quarter 2
Geologic Processes: Weathering
S11ES-IIa-22
Earth Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
First Semester - Quarter 2 - Geologic Processes: Weathering
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Region III

Secretary : Leonor M Briones
Undersecretary : Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module

Author: Donato C. Libunao, Jr.

Language Reviewer: Joselito G. Milan
Content Editor: Marciano V. Cruz, Jr.
Cherilyn R. Goyena, PhD
Illustrator: Donato C. Libunao, Jr.
Layout Artist: Donato C. Libunao, Jr.

Management Team
Gregorio C. Quinto, Jr., EdD
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Rainelda M. Blanco, PhD
Education Program Supervisor - LRMDS
Agnes R. Bernardo, PhD
EPS-Division ADM Coordinator
Marinella P. Garcia Sy, PhD
EPS – Science
Glenda S. Constantino
Project Development Officer II
Joannarie C. Gracia
Librarian II

Department of Education, Schools Division of Bulacan

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS)
Capitol Compound, Guinhawa St., City of Malolos, Bulacan
Email address: [email protected]
 Senior High School

Earth Science
First Semester - Quarter 2
Geologic Processes: Weathering
S11ES-IIa-22
 Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Geologic
Processes: Weathering.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
public institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners meet the
standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and
economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire
the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will
help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners’ progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do
the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Geologic
Processes: Weathering.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to take. If
What I Know
you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.

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 This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
What’s In
current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

What’s New you in various ways; a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice to
solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
What’s More
You may check the answers to the exercises using
the Answer Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank sentence/
What I Have Learned paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned
from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will help you
What I Can Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

Assessment
mastery in achieving the learning competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given to you to

Additional Activities
enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References - This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module will provide you varied learning activities and discussion that will
help you describe how rocks undergo weathering, including its types and the
factors that cause it. Furthermore, this module with provide an opportunity for you
to learn the topic while studying at your own pace and method.

At the end of the module, you are expected to:

 describe how rocks undergo weathering;

 enumerate the types of weathering;

 identify the factors that cause weathering; and

 recognize the importance of conserving rock resources.

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter that corresponds
to the BEST answer from the given options. Write your answers on the space
provided before every number.

_____ 1. Which of the following refers to the process at or near Earth’s surface
that causes rocks and minerals to break down?

a. weathering c. erosion

b. disintegration d. decomposition

_____ 2. Which of the following is the type of weathering wherein rocks are
broken down into smaller pieces but retain its physical composition?

a. mechanical weathering c. biological weathering

b. chemical weathering d. both a and b

_____ 3. The weathering of rocks that are exposed to seawater and sunlight is
an example of what particular type of weathering?

a. mechanical weathering c. biological weathering

b. chemical weathering d. both a and b

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_____ 4. Which of the following is a chemical process which results in the formation of
new substances such as from elements to rocks?

a. weathering c. erosion

b. disintegration d. decomposition

_____ 5. Which of the following is the term used to describe the broken fragments of
rocks?

a. minerals c. clasts

b. pebbles d. sand

_____ 6. All are types of physical weathering EXCEPT:

a. freeze-thaw c. thermal expansion and contraction

b. oxidation d. hydration

_____ 7. Which of the following is NOT a major process of chemical weathering?

a. exfoliation c. oxidation

b. solution d. hydrolysis

_____ 8. Which of the following statements below about weathering is NOT true?

a. Mechanical weathering can be attributed to physical change.

b. Chemical weathering is a form of weathering that causes the chemical

properties of rocks to alter.

c. The disintegration of rocks by the application of physical force is not a form of

weathering.

d. The mechanical disintegration of rocks is important to landscape modification

_____ 9. The process of successive removal of outer rock sheets is called_________.

a. thermal expansion c. granular disintegration

b. contraction d. exfoliation

_____ 10. Which of the following describes the process by which the products of
erosion are transported elsewhere?

a. erosion c. burial

b. sedimentation d. compaction

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 TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

__________ 1. Physical weathering is also known as mechanical weathering.

__________ 2. Areas that are cold and dry tend to have slow rates of physical
weathering and weathering is mostly chemical.

__________ 3. Chemical weathering occurs when the internal structure of a mineral is

changed by the removal or addition of elements.

__________ 4. The length of exposure to agents of weathering does not affect the
degree of weathering.

__________ 5. Doing proper mining practices is a way of conserving rock resources.

What’s In

On your earlier years of studying science, you have learned the difference between
physical and chemical change. Can you still recall the difference between these two
terms?

Physical Change refers to changes limited in the

physical attributes or appearance of an object
without changing its chemical composition. These
include changes in an object’s colour, shape and
texture. An example of this is paper cutting.
Cutting a paper changes its shape and size but
does not affect the chemical composition of paper.
Thus, it is considered as physical change.
Figure 1. Cutting of woods is an
example of Physical change

On the other hand, chemical change is a type of

change that is not only limited to its physical
properties. This type of change involves changes in
its chemical composition and the formation of new
products. Common examples of chemical change
includes change in temperature, change in colour,
noticeable odour, formation of precipitate,
Figure 2. A spoiled bread produces effervescence etc.
foul odor and new color due to
chemical change.

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Let us now check your understanding regarding physical and chemical change.

Directions: Identify the type of change displayed in every given situation. Write PC
for physical change and CC for chemical change.

__________ 1. Fireworks exploding

__________ 2. Digesting food

__________ 3. Rusting of metal

__________ 4. Burning plastics

__________ 5. Filling a balloon with natural air

__________ 6. Cutting of woods

__________ 7. Baking a cake

__________ 8. Making sand castle

__________ 9. Frying an egg

__________ 10. Melting ice

Your knowledge regarding physical and chemical change will be instrumental to

learning the new topic on this module. Let us proceed to the next part of the module.

What’s New

The Earth is constantly and gradually changing. Even the Earth’s surface
slowly undergoes certain changes that come unnoticeable. It is aided by certain natural
forces such as pressure, air, water, temperature and gravity.

Directions: Observe the illustrations below. Compare and contrast afterwards.

Figure 3. This figure shows the changes that may happen to a landform as it undergoes
continuous weathering.

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 What have you observed in the two illustrations? How can you differentiate the two?
What changes have occurred from picture A to picture B?
The two pictures show changes in the surface features of the Earth due to geologic
processes such as weathering and erosion. It depicts how landforms may alter in features
due to certain natural forces in nature.

What is It

GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES WEATHERING

Earth’s landforms and terrains are constantly being carved by natural geologic
processes. No rock, no matter how hard it is, is prone to change and degradation.
Examples of these geologic processes that helped shape the Earth’s surface are
weathering and erosion. These two processes always go side-by-side with one another.

According to the National Geographic, weathering is a process wherein rocks and

minerals are broken down and dissolved on the Earth’s surface. This process is aided by
natural forces called agents of weathering such as water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals
and even changes in the temperature.

The process of weathering includes

disintegration and decomposition.
Disintegration is a process that describes
how large masses of rocks and mechanically
broken down into smaller chunks or
fragments. Decomposition, on the other
hand, is a process that describes changes in
the chemical composition of rocks to form
new products.
Figure 4. Crevices on rocks. This picture shows
the common effect of disintegration on rocks.
The weathered rocks and other products of weathering such as clasts (broken
fragments of rocks) are transported elsewhere in a process called erosion.

There are several types of weathering under two major categories, the mechanical
weathering and chemical weathering. Biological weathering, a type of weathering
that is caused by living organisms, can fall to both mechanical and chemical weathering.

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 Mechanical Weathering

Mechanical weathering, also called physical

weathering and disaggregation, is weathering that
involves the disintegration of rocks causing it to
break while retaining its chemical properties.

Figure 5. An example of rock that

Types of Mechanical Weathering undergone mechanical weathering.

There are five principal types of mechanical weathering.

1. Unloading – The type of mechanical weathering caused by the expansion of the

upper portion of a block intrusive igneous rock. The expansion was caused by
the differential pressure from the bottom of the block and the exposed strata. It
is common for granitic rocks and rocks that lack internal bedding. The exposed
layer continues to weather, allowing the successive removal of outer rock
sheets, a process called exfoliation.

2. Thermal Expansion and Contraction – High temperature causes rock to

expand while low temperature causes rocks to contract (just like the direct
proportionality between temperature and volume in Charles’ Law). The variation
between temperatures can cause rocks to crack. This type of weathering is
common for places that experience extreme swings in daily temperatures just
like in deserts.

3. Freeze-Thaw Weathering – Also called

ice wedging, this is a type of mechanical
weathering that happens when water
penetrates into rock cracks. As temperature
drops, the water freezes and expands
causing the widening of cracks. Continuous
freezing and thawing will cause the crevices
to expand larger which will further lead to
breaking the rock.
Figure 6. This picture shows how ice wedging
or freeze-thaw weathering can widen gaps
between rocks.

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 4. Salt crystal growth – This type of
weathering is quite similar to freeze-thaw. In
this type of weathering, water that contains
dissolved salt penetrates into cracks and
crevices. As temperature rise, water will
evaporate leaving the salt inside it. The crystal
salt inside the crevices will exert pressure and
will cause the larger wedges. This commonly
happens in place experiencing high
Figure 7. This figure shows an example of temperature and evaporation rate and even in
mechanical weathering called Honeycomb
rocks near seawater.
Weathering. This is caused by salt
crystals wearing away rocks.
5. Hydration – In weathering by hydration,
water molecules will attach to crystalline structure of minerals. Water can join
the host through hydration causing the mineral to expand and leave through
dehydration causing the mineral to shrink.

Chemical Weathering

In contrast with mechanical, chemical weathering is a type of weathering caused by

changes in chemical properties of minerals and rocks. Changes in the chemical
composition of rocks and minerals may also help break down rocks.
The products of chemical weathering are commonly stable at the Earth’s surface (just
like metamorphic rocks, rocks formed through extreme heat and pressure). Chemical
weathering are most commonly catalysed by agents such as water, carbon dioxide and
oxygen.

`
Three Chemical Weathering Processes

1. Oxidation – A process where oxygen (from water) bonds with other elements
from rock forming minerals forming other substances that are more stable, lower
malleability, larger volume and more distinct color. It commonly occurs to metals
present in rocks such as aluminum and iron. Oxygen bonds with these metals
forming aluminum and iron oxides.

2. Solution and Carbonation – Solution is the chemical process of dissolving rock

-forming minerals in water. In this reaction, mineral-forming ions are dissociated
and are carried away in the water. Some rocks containing mineral that are
insoluble or slightly insoluble undergoes solution process when water is acidic.
Lichens and mosses aid in the solution process of such types of rocks by
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 secreting acidic substances that readily mix with water from precipitation.

Carbonation, on the other hand, is the chemical weathering process that

decomposes rocks through the aid of water and carbon dioxide. This process is
common to rocks containing carbonates (CO3) such as limestone.

3. Hydrolysis – In this process, water molecules alone, rather than oxygen and
carbon dioxide in it, react with the components of rock-forming minerals. This is
commonly aided by the dissociation of the hydronium ion (H+) and hydroxyl
(OH-) binding with other elements and compounds in rocks.

This process is different from the process of hydration. In hydration, water

moves in and out of the mineral causing the rock to shrink, swell and break
without changing its chemical properties. In hydrolysis, ions from water combine
with other elements/compounds forming new products.

VARIABILITY IN WEATHERING

In this part of the module, the factors affecting the rate, extent and type of weathering will
be discussed.

1. Climate - areas that are cold and dry

tend to have slow rates of chemical
weathering and weathering is mostly Did you know that?
physical; chemical weathering is
Bowen’s Reaction Series is a
most active in areas with high
tool used to describe the
temperature and rainfall. crystallization sequence of
2. Rock Type – Rock susceptibility on common igneous silicate minerals.

weathering is also dependent on the It shows the crystallization

temperature for each mineral.
rock type. Some rocks contain
Minerals at top have the highest
minerals that are highly susceptible
crystallization temperature which
to weathering while there are rocks
means that they will crystallize first
that contain minerals that are highly
from a cooling magma. It is the
resistant to weathering. In the work of a petrologist named
Bowen’s reaction series, minerals Norman L. Bowen.
that crystallize first are more
susceptible and minerals that
crystallize last are more resistant.

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 3. Rock Structure - rate of weathering is affected by the presence of joints,
folds, faults, bedding planes through which agents of weathering enter a rock
mass. Highly jointed/fractured rocks disintegrate faster than a solid mass of rock
of the same dimension

4. Topography – Physical weathering occurs more quickly to highly elevated

areas with steep slope due to the help of gravity. In areas with gentle slopes,
water may stay longer on the surface which causes chemical weathering to occur
more quickly.

5. Time – The length of exposure to agents of weathering affects the rate of

erosion. Parts of rock boulders that are exposed are more susceptible to
weathering because of its exposure to water, air and other agents of weathering.
Also, some rocks submerged in water (both freshwater and seawater) or are
commonly in contact with water are more prone to weathering processes such as
hydration and hydrolysis.

Differential Weathering and Erosion

If a landscape contains a variety of rocks,

some rocks are more susceptible to weathering
and some are more resistant. In this case, more
susceptible rocks undergo weathering faster and
rock fragments are transported through the
process of erosion. This variability in the rate of
weathering in rocks in a landform is called
differential weathering.

The effects of differential weathering is

highly visible to some landforms. Highly resistant
rocks tend to withstand weathering leading to the Figure 9. This picture depicts a landscape
called karst. These are towers of
formation of high-rise landforms such as cliffs and limestone rocks that undergone chemical
mountains. Susceptible rocks are easily eroded weathering.
and transported leading to the formation of gentler
slopes, valleys and even subdued hills.

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 WAYS OF CONSERVING ROCK AND MINERAL RESOURCES

Exhausting the non-renewable resources of the Earth has been one of the greatest
problems since the population has grown even larger. The larger the population means
there will be also a larger need for resources.
Here are some of the methods and ways on how we can help conserve our rock and
mineral resources.
 Recycling was one of the most efficient conservation method. Products
produced from mineral and rock resources can be recycled and reused.
Recycling will reduce the need for new mineral and rock-obtained products.
For example is the use of scrap metal for other purposes.
 People can conserve rock and mineral resources by tapping substitute
renewable sources such hydroelectric and solar energy. By using such, we
can reduce the use of mineral resources such as coal. Still, minimizing energy
use will also be of great help.
 Promoting proper mining methods will prevent resources from exhaustion and
will reduce, if it is not possible to totally eradicate, the harmful effects of mining
to the environment.
 Training for miners and the use of new technological mining methods will be of
great help in conservation. Training for miners will be very helpful because it
will reduce wastage during mining.
 Lastly, you must be aware of the importance of these resources and the risk of
losing them.

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 What’s More

INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 1 : VENN DIAGRAM

Directions: Construct a simple Venn Diagram that will show the similarities and
differences between mechanical and chemical weathering.

Note: Scoring rubric for the diagram was shown below.

Mechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering

Similarities

SCORING RUBRICS

CRITERIA PERFORMANCE INDICATORS POINTS

Content Provided pieces of evidence and 5 points

supporting details.
Correctness Cited information that are correct and 3 points
factual

Organization Expressed the points in clear and logical 2 points

of Ideas arrangement of ideas in the paragraph

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INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT 1 : MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL

Directions: Identify whether the following situations are example of mechanical

weathering or chemical weathering. Write MW for mechanical weathering and CW for
chemical weathering. Write your answers on the space provided before every number.

__________ 1. A stone broken down by hammer

__________ 2. An intrusive igneous rock mixed with water

__________ 3. A rock changes its color when exposed to acid

__________ 4. White crystals appearing in crevices of rocks near the ocean

__________ 5. A portion of a rock pulled-off by gravity

__________ 6. Widened rock crevices due to solidification of water

__________ 7. Rock-forming minerals dissolved when mixed with water

__________ 8. Iron-containing rocks bonds with an ion from water forming iron
oxides.

__________ 9. Formation of rust-like materials in rocks

__________ 10. Outer rock sheets of a rock strata is removed

INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 2 : ANALOGY

Directions: Analyze the pair of words given below. Fill in the blank with missing word
on the second pair. Choices are given on the box below.

Contraction Evaporation Dehydration Polar Regions

Carbonation Change in properties Hydrolysis Disintegration

Limestone Hydroxyl

1. Mechanical - Hydration Chemical - __________________

2. Unloading - Igneous Rocks Carbonation-__________________

3. High Temperature-Expansion Low Temperature-__________________

4. Expansion-Hydration Shrinking-__________________

5. Oxygen-Oxidation Carbon Dioxide-__________________

6. Positive-Hydronium Negative-__________________

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7. Chemical-Decomposition Mechanical-__________________
8. Freeze-thaw-Freezing Slat-crystal Growth-__________________
9. Thermal Expansion-Desert Freeze-thaw-__________________
10. Mechanical-Change in size and shape Chemical-__________________

INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT 2 : IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Identify what is being described in each statement. Choose from the
terms listed on the table below. Write your answers on the space provided before every
number.

Note: No term can be used more than once.

Chemical
Hydrolysis Freeze-Thaw Oxidation
Weathering

Thermal Expansion Decomposition Solution Carbonation

Mechanical
Salt Crystal Growth Unloading Hydration
Weathering
_________________ 1. A type of weathering where rock decomposes and breaks due to
changes in their chemical composition.

_________________ 2. A type of weathering where rock disintegrates and breaks retaining

its original chemical composition.
_________________ 3. A type of mechanical weathering caused by the expansion of ex-
posed surface of a rock due to differential pressure.
_________________ 4. A mechanical weathering process that widens the gaps and crevic-
es in rocks by the expansion of water as it freezes due to tempera-
ture drop.
_________________ 5. A chemical weathering process that decomposes rock-forming
minerals with the aid of water and carbon dioxide. This is common
to limestone.
_________________ 6. A type of mechanical weathering process that disintegrates rocks
as it increase in volume due to high temperature.
_________________ 7. Another mechanical weathering process that break rocks through
expansion and shrinking when water molecules join and leave the
structure of rock-forming minerals.
_________________ 8. A chemical weathering process that decomposes rocks with the
aid of water alone, rather than oxygen and carbon dioxide in it, as
it reacts with minerals.

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_________________ 9. A chemical weathering process common to metal-containing
minerals where oxygen from water bonds with the metal to form a
more stable product.
_________________ 10. A type of mechanical weathering that occurs when water
containing salt penetrates the crevices in rocks and leaves salt
crystals as water evaporates.

INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 3 : ESSAY

Directions: In five to seven sentences, explain how you, as a student, can help
conserve rock and mineral resources at home, school and your community.
Note: Scoring rubric for the essay is attached below.

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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SCORING RUBRICS

CRITERIA PERFORMANCE INDICATORS POINTS

Content Provided pieces of evidence, supporting 6 points

details, and factual scenarios
Grammar Used correct grammar, punctuation, 2 points
spelling, and capitalization

Organization Expressed the points in clear and logical 2 points

of Ideas arrangement of ideas in the paragraph

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INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT 3 : RIGHT OR WRONG

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Put a check () if the statement is
a method that helps conserve mineral and rock resources. Put a cross (X) if it is not. Write
your answers on the space provided before every number.

________ 1. Conserving energy

________ 2. Using scrap metals

________ 3. Using air conditioning unit all day long

________ 4. Buying new mobile phones yearly

________ 5. Reusing and recycling

________ 6. Tapping alternative sources of energy

________ 7. Capturing carbon emissions

________ 8. Using multiple light bulbs in a single room

________ 9. Promoting mining on every possible area

________ 10. Training for miners

What I Have Learned

Directions: Having gone through all the activities, let us see how well you
understood the lesson. On a separate sheet of paper, briefly explain the following:
 Description of the process of weathering
 Difference between mechanical and chemical weathering
 Give at least 1 type of mechanical weathering and 1 chemical weathering
process. Briefly explain each.
 Explain at least 2 factors affecting the process of weathering
 Enumerate ways on how to conserve rock and mineral resources at home.
SCORING RUBRICS

CRITERIA PERFORMANCE INDICATORS POINTS

Content Provided pieces of evidence, supporting 6 points

details, and factual scenarios
Grammar Used correct grammar, punctuation, 2 points
spelling, and capitalization
Organization Expressed the points in clear and logical 2 points
of Ideas arrangement of ideas in the paragraph
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 What I Can Do

Directions: Look around and observe. Cite some events from your local community
showing the effects of weathering. Briefly explain what kind of weathering was shown in
each event. Explain how you can help conserve rock resources and prevent it from
exhaustion.

Note: See attached scoring rubric below.

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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

SCORING RUBRIC

CRITERIA PERFORMANCE INDICATORS POINTS

Content Provided pieces of evidence, supporting 6 points

details, and factual scenarios
Grammar Used correct grammar, punctuation, 2 points
spelling, and capitalization
Organization Expressed the points in clear and logical 2 points
of Ideas arrangement of ideas in the paragraph

18
 Assessment

PART I

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct then leave the second line vacant.
If the statement is incorrect, write FALSE on the first line and the word/s that must replace
the italicized word to make the statement correct on the second line. Write your answers on
the space provided before every number.

____________________ 1. Weathering is an example of a natural phenomenon.

____________________

____________________ 2. When rocks break-down into pieces without changing its chemical
composition, it shows the process of decomposition.
____________________

____________________ 3. The unloading process of mechanical weathering is common for

granitic rocks.
____________________

____________________ 4. When a rock is exposed to extremely high temperature, it

expands.
____________________

____________________ 5. Rocks that are near or is submerged in seawater tends to undergo

freeze-thaw weathering.
____________________

____________________ 6. The weathering of rocks as it expand and shrink when water

molecule leave and join the crystalline structure of minerals is called
____________________
hydrolysis.
____________________ 7. Solution is the chemical weathering process of dissolving rock-
forming minerals in water.
____________________

____________________ 8. Carbonation is a chemical weathering process common for

carbonate-containing minerals such as limestone.
____________________

____________________ 9. In Bowen’s reaction series, minerals that crystallize first are more
resistant to weathering.
____________________

____________________ 10. Chemical weathering occurs more quickly to highly elevated

areas with steep slope.
____________________

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Part II.

Directions: Read and analyze statements carefully. Write

A. If both statements are correct;

B. If the first statement is correct and the second is incorrect;

C. If the first statement is incorrect and the second is correct; and

D. If both statements are incorrect.

Write only the letter of your answer on the space provided before every number.

__________1. A - When rocks undergo weathering, it may or may not change its chemical

composition.

B - The process of transport of the products of weathering is called erosion.

__________2. A - Mechanical weathering involves decomposition

B - Chemical weathering involves disintegration

__________3. A - When a rock is subjected to extremely low temperature, it shrinks.

B - When water molecules leave the crystalline structure of rock-forming

minerals, the rock expands.

__________4. A - Maximizing new technological methods of mining will only cause more
environmental threats.

B - Training the miners will help conserve mineral resources because this
will avoid too much wastage during mining.

__________5. A - Rocks and mineral resources are all renewable resources.

B - Exhausting mineral and rock resources will impost no threat to the

environment.

20
Directions: Identify the factors affecting the rate, extent and type of weathering being
described in each statement. Choose from the choices given below. Write your answers on
the space provided before every number.

ROCK STRUCTURE
CLIMATE
ROCK TYPE
TOPOGRAPHY
TIME

________________ 1. A portion of a rock was exposed at the surface and undergone

weathering more often than the portion at the bottom.

________________ 2. Rocks and the soil at places that experience extremely cold winter
tend to have large cracks and crevices (due to wedging) which was
filled with freshwater during summer.

________________ 3. Rocks at mountains and cliffs tend to weather mechanically and

breaks off into smaller pieces as it is pulled-off by agents such as
wind and gravity.

________________ 4. Olivine is a mineral that is vulnerable to weathering as it crystallize

first in the Bowen’s reactions series. Biotite, on the other hand, is
highly resistant to weathering as it crystallize last in the said
sequence.
________________ 5. Igneous rocks are more resistant to weathering compared to
sedimentary rocks. This is because igneous rocks, especially
intrusive igneous rocks, have higher densities and more compact
structure making it hard for water or other agents to penetrate it.
Unlike sedimentary rocks that dissolve on weak acids, making
them more susceptible to weathering.

21
 22
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WHAT I KNOW
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A 4. D 7. A 10. A
2. A 5. C 8. C
3. A 6. B 9. D
TRUE/FALSE
1. TRUE 3. TRUE 5. FALSE
2. FALSE 4. FALSE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WHAT’S IN
1. CC 4. CC 7. CC 10. PC
2. CC 5. PC 8. PC
3. CC 6. PC 9. CC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT 1
2. MW 4. MW 7. CW 10. MW
3. CW 5. MW 8. CW
4. CW 6. MW 9. CW
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 2
1. HYDROLYSIS 4. DEHYDRATION 7. DISINTEGRATION 10. CHANGE IN
2. LIMESTONE 5. CARBONATION 8. EVAPORATION PROPERTY
3. CONTRACTION 6. HYDROXYL 9. POLAR REGIONS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT 2
1. CHEMICAL WEATHERING 6. THERMAL EXPANSION
2. MECHANICAL WEATHERING 7. HYDRATION
3. UNLOADING 8. HYDROLYSIS
4. FREEZE-THAW 9. OXIDATION
5. CARBONATION 10. SALT-CRYSTAL GROWTH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT 3
1.  3. X 5.  7. X 9. X
2.  4. X 6.  8. X 10. 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASSESSMENT
PART 1
1. TRUE 6. FALSE—HYDRATION
2. FALSE—DISINTEGRATION 7. TRUE
3. TRUE 8. TRUE
4. TRUE 9. FALSE—LAST
5. FALSE—SALT CRYSTAL GROWTH 10. FALSE—PHYSICAL
Answer Key
 23
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASSESSMENT
PART II
1. A 4. C
2. D 5. D
3. B
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WADDITIONAL ACTIVITY
1. TIME
2. CLIMATE
3. TOPOGRAPHY
4. ROCK TYPE
5. ROCK STRUCTURE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Answer Key
References

Chang, Raymond. General Chemistry: the Essential Concepts. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill
Higher Education, 2006. Print. Chemistry for Dummies. For Dummies, 2008. Print.
Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007
Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with Philippine Normal University, Earth
Science (Manila: Commission on Higher Education, 2016), 346-347.
DIWA Senior High School Series, Earth and Life Science. (DIWA Learning System Inc.,
2016), 58-60
Dohrman, Paul. 2020. “Types of Mechanical Weathering”. Sciencing, July 26, 2020
Petersen, James F., Robert E. Gabler, Dorothy Sack, Mike Seeds, Dana Backman, Donald
Hyndman, David Hyndman, Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr.
Earth and Life Sciences (REX Bookstore, n.d.)
Salandanan, Gloria G., Ruben E. Faltado III. Merle B. Lopez. Earth and Life Sciences For
Senior High School. LORIMAR Publishing Inc, n.d.

24
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