Sequence and Series CHAPTER 4 THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP) A sequence of numbers is said to be in A.P. if the difference » Arithmetic Progression (AP) of any term and its previous term in that order, is same for all the terms, (excluding the first term) AP For example: © Geometric Progression @) 5,8, 11,14 (i) aa+b, a+ 2b,a+ 3b > An Important Result > Properties and important results related to If a), ay, ay... @, are Sequence of numbers of anA.P. e Arithmetic mean (AM) and Geometric Mean Then common difference (d) = a, ~ a, = a, ~ a, = a, (G.M) Inequality Sn1 = > Relation between AM and GM For AP d, a+ 2d, a+ 3d, - OrAP saat da 2d a+ 3d, ‘Telescopic Method (Method of difference) The nh term of the AP is a, = a +(n- 1)d, where a= first term of AP d= Common difference n= number of terms The sum of first n terms is denoted by S, and is given by aytaytas+ gl2a+(o-nd] = Z{First term + last term] Properties and important results related to A.P (i) If-n term of the sequence is a linear expression in n, then the sequence is in AP. For example: 7 — 8n, 11 + 5n, a + bn, (il) If the sum of n terms of the sequence is a quadratic expression in n (without constant term) then the sequence is an AP. For example: 8n + 7r?, 2n?—7n, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Mathematics - NSEJS Sequence and Series 477 (il) Hay, ay, ay... @, are in AP and k # 0 then a, +k ay +k, ay +k, a, + kare also in AP, a,—ka,—k, a, —k,.... a, — kare also in AP. ka, are also in AP $2 are also in AP For example: If +,4and+ are in AP ape Then 222, 226, PC ary also in AP a’ bc It means be, ac and ab are also in AP. () Hay, 2p, ayy wae 8, ys, aFe in AP then a + 2, For example: If ay, &,... @ay af@ in AP such thal a, + ay yt 8,42 8,48, 9= 20 then value of a, + a + a5 + aq + ap +a, Is (1) 60 (2) 80 @) 40 (4) 50 Sol. Here, ay, a, ... agg are in AP ay + agg = ay + yy = 8s + App = Itmeans a, + a, + a, + agg + Ayy + Ay, = 3(ay An) = 3 x 20> 60 Ans. (1) () ni term of AP a, = S,-S,_, For example: If sum of n terms of A.P is given by S, = 51 +n? then Third term a, = S,—- S, a, = 24-14 a,=10 (uw) Let a, denotes the k-th term of an arithnietic progression. 1 tay = 1:4 <4 as(n-td= = ” 1 4 a+ (m-th =+ then a=—- n mn solving these equations we will get these results, | got mn Onn = 1 most Stan 2 (vi). If the sum of first p terms of an AP is equal to sum of its first q terms, then the sum of first (p + q) terms is zero. ie. IfS,=S, (where p+ q) then S,.,=0 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456478 Sequence and Series Mathematics - NSEJS (vii) Odd number of terms in an AP a-2d,a-d,a,atd.at2d Even number of terms in an AP a-3d,a-d,atd,at3d (n+ 1) (ix) Sum of first 'n! natural numbers = 9 PAPAS te? MMOD (Peo fmm 1 1 Example 1: In an AP, if 820 = 7540 = 3g, then find the first term, common difference, ayy and Szoy Solution: if 420 =7h and a0 = 7 olution 20 = Fg and 410 = a5 then a= = ren 2"70%20 200 = et 70x20 200 A209 = 1 201 Spon =F = 1005 Example 2: The sum of three numbers in AIP. is 27 and the sum of their squares is 293. Find the numbers. Solution: Let the three numbers in AP. be a - d,.a,a +d. Given, a-d+a+a+d=27 ar = % => asd Also, (a - dj? + a2 + (a + d? = 293 = a + d?—-2ad+ a? + a? + of + 2ad = 293 => 3a? + 2d? = 293 > 3(9)2 + 202 = 293 => 2d? = 293 - 243 50 2 = dees = 2d 25 5, the three numbers are 14, 9, 4 Ifd=5, the three numbers are 4, 9, 14 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Mathematics - NSEJS Sequence and Series 479 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION a A sequence of terms @,, a, as, .. a, are said to be in GP. if 3 where common ratio For example (5, 25, 125, 625, 4 If the first term of a GP is ‘a’ and the common ratio is 'r, then the sequence of GP, will be a, ar, ar’, an-1 The ni term of the GP is given by a, = arn-* ‘Sum of the first m terms of a GP. is given by If[r| <1, then sum to infinity of a GP. is,given by, S.., An Important Result Ifa, a,, ay, .. a, are in GP then 2, = 8p. = Example 3: Find the sum to n terms of the sequence 5 + 55.+ 555 + 5409 ~44n— S904 on Zo" -11n-10) @ Z(00""* ~9n-11) (9 20" -9n-11) (4 10" -9n-10) 9 a Solution: Let $= 5 + 55 + 555 + =a +11 +111 +...) =3(9+99+999+...) = {(10+ 190+1000 + ton term)— (14+1+....up to n term)] 3] 10— 4¢ 1) 0] S, Flo" -9n—10) (Shortcut) If these type of questions come then we can put value of n also to check the correct option. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456480 Sequence and Series Mathematics - NSEJS 144 Example 4: Show that x?-x4-x8-... up to Solution : 1 Here, S is the sum of an infinite G.P. with a= > and r= > i 2 zat Hence, required product = xS = x" = x. ARITHMETIC MEAN (AM) AND GEOMETRIC MEAN (G.M) INEQUALITY atb eb If and b are two positive numbers then their A.M: will be)" and their GM. will be Similarly, a, are n positive real numbers, then their geometric mean and arithmetic mean will be If ay, a ay hay + ng S482 Fn a al respectively. Relation between AM and GM If a and b are two positive numbers 2 then (Va~vB) 20 => a-2Jab+b20 arb, ip at? » Jab 2 ie AM>GM Equality holds if and only if a and b are equal If a/s are all numbers, where i= 1, 2, 3, ... m then apt apt 7 2 [email protected] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Mathematics - NSEJS Sequence and Series 481 Example 5 : Solution : Example 6 Solution : x !'x y and z are positive numbers then the minimum value of 5 () 10 @ 6 @ 12 4 8 [By AM> GM A) cc) (ii) ‘Adding (i), (i) and (ii) we get, XL Xp 2 Zig yxzxz +? " atb=1, anc a, b> then prove tat {a+ 2) +[o+7) Observe that (xy)? 20 => xPsy?-2xy20 +y? > 2xy > (x +y?) +(x? +y?)2 x? +? +2xy [Adding x? + y? to each side] = xP 4y?)2 (x+y? (x+y? That is, mean of squares is greater than or equal to square of mean Now applying this to the given sum ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456482 Sequence and Series Mathematics - NSEJS (ot) \ 2 i) a + b= 1 when plugged in tesnlted}o4 ones 2 From (i + fart fod) o(sf 7) TELESCOPIC METHOD (METHOD OF DIFFERENCE) ‘Sometimes we need to find the sum of a series in which each term can be split into two terms-one positive and the other negative. If after writing it that way only a few terms remain after cancellation, then the sum can be easily found. This method is known as telescopic method. Example 7: Find the sum of the series ti t,t tf) a TKD" DxS" Bx4 Fx "9900 Solution: We observe t, = 1 mor) nin+i a net So the given series 198 700 ~ 700 Example 8 : Find the value of S, where S = 1? — 2? + 3?— 4? +....., -98? + 992, (1) 3860 (2) 4950 (3) 4860 (4) 5280 Solution: $= (99? ~ 987) + (97? - 96%) + ...(5? — 42) + (3? = 22) + 1? S = (99 - 98) (99 + 98) + (97 ~ 96) (97 + 96) +..... (3-23 +2) +1 S= 994984974964. 41 99x 100 89 1950 agada ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Single Answer Type Questions: 1. The solution of the equation 144474... + x= 925 is (1) 73 2) 76 @) 70 (4) 74 2. How many numbers lie between 100 and 1200, when divided by 10 leaves remainder 5 and when divided by 12 leaves remainder 7? (1) 24 (2) 20 @) 8 (4) 19 3. the value of 2412 +1 tt teite tte 12° "20" '30 380 equals (1) 19.85 2) 19.95 (3) 20.05 (4) 20.25 4, The sum of 5 numbers in geometric progression is, 24. The sum of their reciprocals is 6. The product of the terms of the geometric progression is, (1) 36 (2) 32 3) 24 (4) 18 5. The value of 1 1 1 ate eet ee et Wi+J2 3V2+2V3 4/3 +34 a 100/89 + 99/100 7 9 96 @ 70 3 2 oa M§ 10. "1 The maximum value of the sum of the A.P. 50, 48, 46, 44, is (1) 325 (2) 648 (3) 650 (4) 652 Let T, be the r term of an AP. for r= 1, 2, 3, If for some positive integers m, n we have T,=— & 7, =~ then T,., equals mn 4 1.1 an 8 nin 3) 1 4) 0 The first term of an infinitely decreasing GP. is unity and its:sum is S. The sum of the squares of the terms of the progression is s 34 Ss 8) a3 Ifthe sum of the first n natural numbers is 1/5 times the sum of the their squares, then the value of n is (1) 8 2) 6 (3) 7 @) 8 The sum to nm terms of the series is 3n, bn et O et on ua) 20 ®) @ The sum of the first 100 terms common to the series 17, 21, 25, and 16, 21, 26, is (1) 101100 (2) 111000 (3) 110010 (4) 100101 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456484 Sequence and Series 12 13, 14, 15, 16. 17. 18, Mathematics - NSEJS ‘Sum of infinite number of terms in GP. is 20 and ‘sum of their square is 100. The common ratio of GP. is (5 2) 35 @) 85 (4) 5 Fifth term of a GP. is 2, then the product of its 9 terms is (1) 256 (2) 512 (3) 1024 (4) None of these Let a4, a), ag)... be terms of an AP. If aytaytiuta, — p2 a ae = Ze pig then © equals Atay tty gh a 2 44 OF Oa 4 7 OF w > In a geometric progression consisting of positive terms, each term equals the sum of the next. two terms. Then the common ratio of this progression equals 1 (1) 38 @ 6 @ Z5-1) @ Z4-V8) The sum to infinity of the series 14248 Fou Is 3 a4 @ 6 8) 2 (4) 3 If 100 times the 100% term of an A.P. with non-zero common difference equals the 50 times its 50" term, then the 150h term of this A.P. is (1) Zero (2) 50 (8) 150 times its 50” term (4) 180 For every natural 'n’, the expression n° + 2n’ when divided by 3 gives a remainder of ao (2) 4 (3) 2 (a) 4 19, 20 24 22, 23, 24, The sum of all the odd numbers between 1 and 1000 which are divisible by 13 is (1) 18,772 (2) 18,702 (3) 37,050 (4) 37,702 The sum of ‘n' terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio (2n + 3): (6n + 5). The corresponding ratio of their 13" terms is (1) 53: 155 (2) 9:29 @) 29:83 (4) 31:89 If the (p + q)" and (p — q)" terms of a GP. are a” and b respectively (a > 0, b > 0), then the p” term of this GP. is a + bt oS @) ab ye (3) Sab (3) ifthe 3 term of a GP. is 2, then the product of the first 5 terms of the GP is (1) 4v2 (2) 8 (@) 32 (4) 25 ‘Sum of the n terms of the series A, 2°4°8 (2° 2) (n-1)2" @) (n-1)2"+1 @) Zt +n-1 15 eres 1 1 +ohe 2x5 5x8 to 4 exit +... up to n terms is equal 4 a ) 3en+3) ) 3n+2) n ®) 2n +2) ® Sez ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Mathematics - NSEJS Sequence and Series 485 More than One Answer Type Questions: 1 1 1 —1 +t pt 21+ V2 2+ 2N3 43+ a, 25. The value of Given that S, denotes the sum of first k terms of 1 is an AP, Choose the correct options if the first term 00/399 + 399/400 of an AP is 48 and fourth term is 42 1 1 (1) Sy, = 510 ot @ (0 Sa 510 @ 5 2 = 20 @) Syp=0 26. The value of 1 x 27+ 2% 3°+3% 4? +... 19 x 207 4) S4=0 is (1) 42780 @ 4120 32, Ifa > 0, b> 0 and a+ b = 6 then the correct option(s) is/are (3) 43890 (4) 43540 (1) Maximum value of ab is 9 1 Mis (2) Maximum value of 22b is 30 (3) Maximum value of ab is 6 tg (4) Maximum value of a2b is 32 33. If the)4 term of an AP. is 11, then which of the @) « Ea + f> following option(s) is not always correct? 3x4 (1) Sp= 28 (2) a=3 28. Consider the sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 44, 4, 4, (3) S}=77 (4) a, = 12 then the 1000" term of this sequence is 5 1 (1) 44 (2) 45 34 11x55, then the expression —~ @) 46 @ 43 ' 29. Let ay, a, 85). gg be in AP. If ay + a + a, +... + ay = 3300 and ay + ag + a, +... + dgg = 13200, then 1 a, + a, + a, +. + dog equals 0 SG (1) 8250 (2) 6600 oe (3) 9900 (4) 7250 a2 : : Ta 30. The value of 5-553 *Dxaxd 3x4x5 35. Ifa, b, care in AP., b, ¢, dare in GP. and ‘ 1 is 111 are in AP, (where a, b, c, d, @ are all "24x 25 x26 ode +) 3 ») 288 positive), then © 6 © 52 (1) ate=26 2) a= 81 161 14.2 ® a6 ® oo @ 242. (4) a, cand e are in GP. gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456