MICROBIOLOGY -PAPER 1

General
Introduction and Bacterial Taxonomy
SN
1. Robert Koch*** - four contributions**, Koch's Postulates - discuss
2. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - four differences
3. Louise Pasteur - contributions in Microbiology

Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria

SN
1. Types of Microscopes - enumerate, Dark Ground Microscope
2. Bacterial Growth Curve** - diagram
3. Bacterial Spore*
4. [Bacterial Capsule - describe, Capsulated Bacteria - name two, Detection of
Capsule - two methods]*
5. Cell Wall of Gram Positive Organisms - describe, Functions of Cell Wall
6. Bacterial Flagella - define, types with examples, demonstration - two methods

LAQ
1. Bacterial Cell Wall - structure and function

Sterilization and Disinfection

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1. Gaseous Disinfectants - describe with uses
2. Tyndallisation - define, principle, when is it used

LAQ
1. Sterilization and disinfection - define****, enumerate methods*, Dry Heat
sterilization - enumerate methods*, two methods with principles, Hot Air Oven -
role in sterilization; Autoclave** - principle**, types, applications*, working,
operational complications, diagram, four items sterilized in autoclave; Moist Heat
Sterilization - enumerate methods
2. Four Chemical Agents used for Disinfection, Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant

Culture Media
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Faizan Khan
 1. Culture Media - classify* with examples, Enriched Media - examples; Selective
Media
2. Enrichment Media* - describe with two examples; How it differs from Enriched
Media, Solid Culture Media without Agar - two examples

Bacterial Genetics
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1. Mutational and Plasmid-mediated (Transferable) drug resistance*** -four differences, six
differences
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
4. Mutation - define [sub-question]

LAQ
1. Gene Transfer in Bacteria - enumerate methods, any one in detail

General Virology
General Properties of Virus
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1. Egg Inoculation Method for Viral Culture
2. Methods of detecting viral growth in cell cultures/tissue cultures*** - different methods
of observing growth of cell lines
3. Stages of Viral Multiplication
4. Embryonated Hen's Egg* - cross section, routes of inoculation, one example of each
route; uses, Enumerate various methods of cultivation of viruses
Virus-Host Interactions
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1. Negri bodies - short note
2. Inclusion Bodies**** - short note, mention two intracytoplasmic and two intranuclear
inclusion bodies

General Mycology
General Aspects
SN
1. [sub-question] Classify medically important Fungi
2. Classify Fungi, one example each*; give morphological classification
LAQ
1. [sub-question] Morphological Classification of Fungi*, one example of each

Unspecified

Faizan Khan
 SN
1. Blood Culture
2. Swarming - explain, two bacteria producing it, two methods to inhibit Swarming
3. Universal Safety Precautions

Immunology
Infection
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1. Exotoxins and Endotoxins* - four differences
2. Modes of Transmission of Infectious Agents - describe with examples
3. Define:
a. Carrier
b. Contact carrier
c. Paradoxical carrier
d. Convalescent carrier
LAQ
1. Microbial Pathogenicity and Microbial Virulence - define, Determinants of
Bacterial Virulence - discuss with examples
Immunity
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1. Innate Immunity*; mechanisms
Antibody – Immunoglobulin
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1. Immunoglobulin G* - structure, function
2. Immunoglobulin - labelled diagram, IgM*** - enumerate properties**; functions;
structure*
3. Define/classify Antibodies [sub-question]
4. IgA – diagram
LAQ
1. Antibody - define, Immunoglobulins - name classes, sub-classes, IgG – structure,
function

Antigen-Antibody Reactions
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1. Agglutination and Precipitation - difference with two examples of each test
2. ELISA with applications
3. Agglutination* reactions - enumerate, define*, Widal Test - describe; principle,
application of Tube Agglutination
4. Passive Agglutination tests
LAQ
1. Antigen-Antibody reactions - name*, Prozone Phenomena, Agglutination Reactions -
principle, applications
2. Antigen-Antibody reactions - types, Precipitation reaction* - principle, applications;
describe with examples

Faizan Khan
 3. Antigen-Antibody reactions - define*, Agglutination reaction - types with examples
4. Antigen-Antibody reactions - enumerate general features, Tube-Agglutination reactions-
describe two
Complement System
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1. Classical Pathway of Complement*
2. Complement Cascade and its biological effects
Immune Response
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1. Cell Mediated Immunity - tests for detection*
Hypersensitivity
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1. Hypersensitivity reactions - classify, Type III* hypersensitivity - describe
2. Hypersensitivity - define*, Type IV hypersensitivity - describe
3. Anaphylaxis - briefly describe
LAQ
1. Hypersensitivity - define**, three types of Immediate Hypersensitivity reactions with
examples
2. Type I hypersensitivity - describe
3. Hypersensitivity - classify, pathogenesis, Type IV hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
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1. Autoimmune diseases - four features
LAQ
1. Autoimmunity - define, Various Mechanisms of Autoimmunity

Applied Micro
SAQ
1. Biomedical wastes* - define, categories*, method of disposal; colour code system of
bags for disposal
2. Hospital-Acquired Infections - define, mention two organisms
3. Segregation of Hospital Waste
4. PUO - list organisms that causes, Diagnosis of enteric fever in 1st week of infection
LAQ
1. Hospital Acquired Infections
2. Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO)* - define, enumerate etiological agents of infections
of PUO, approach to diagnosis of PUO due to infectious causes; Four Bacteria Causing
PUO

Bloodstream & CVS

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Faizan Khan
 1. Salmonella**: Salmonella Typhi - Enteric Fever - laboratory diagnosis; Widal Test;
Laboratory Tests to diagnose Enteric Fever in first week, Co-Agglutination Test - role in
diagnosis
2. Spirochetes***: Leptospira - laboratory diagnosis; Syphilis - serological diagnosis;
Leptosprosis - pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis; VDRL - principle, applications,
advantages, limitations
3. Influenza Virus and HIV – diagram
4. HIV** - pathogenesis, mention two opportunistic infections*; laboratory diagnosis; HIV
Testing in India – strategies
5. Rhabdoviruses** - immunoprophylaxis**, dosage schedule, non-neural vaccines and
schedule
6. Malaria - laboratory diagnosis
7. Plasmodium falciparum* infections - complications*; laboratory diagnosis
8. LD Bodies [Leishmania donovani]
9. Acute Giardiasis - laboratory diagnosis, findings
10. Wuchereria bancrofti - morphology, laboratory diagnosis
11. Histoplasma Capsulatum - morphology, growth characters, pathogenesis
12. Opportunistic mycoses* - short note
13. Candida albicans*
14. Describe Reynolds Braudes phenomenon
15. Fungi causing Opportunistic Infection in HIV infected individuals - enlist; Candida
albicans - laboratory diagnosis
LAQ
1. HIV** - define window period, laboratory diagnosis**, etiology, pathogenesis, diagram
of HIV; Enumerate organisms causing STDs*
2. Malignant Tertian Malaria - life cycle of parasite, complications, laboratory diagnosis
3. Plasmodium vivax - morphology, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis
4. Leishmania donovani - life cycle, Kala Azar* (visceral leishmaniasis) - pathogenicity,
laboratory diagnosis*; life cycle
5. Four fungi causing Opportunistic Fungal Infections, laboratory diagnosis of Candidisis

GIT
SN
1. Clostridium******: Clostridium botulinum infection - pathogenicity, prevention; Nagler
Reaction** - principle, procedure, use
2. E. Coli*: Enterotoxigenic E. Coli; E. Coli - types causing diarrhoea, one laboratory test to
diagnose each type ; staphylococcal food poisoning - describe
3. Enterobacteriacea - classify, Enteric Fever**** - laboratory diagnosis****;
pathogenesis**; Salmonella - enumerate rate diseases caused
4. Shigella*: Shigella dysentery - pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis; Shigella - classify,
how do these organisms produce dysentery

Faizan Khan
 5. Vibrio cholerae****: - Gardner and Venkataraman's classification; Classical vibrios and
El Tor vibrios - differences**; Laboratory Diagnosis*; Halophilic Vibrios* - describe, two
examples, Kanagawa Phenomenon*
6. Acute Giardiasis - laboratory diagnosis, findings
7. Taenia saginata and Taenia solium - four differences**, Taenia solium - tissue cyst; Why
is it necessary to differentiate between them
8. Ectopic Ascariasis
9. Strongyloides stercolaris hyperinfection
LAQ
1. Bacterial Food Poisoning - bacteria responsible, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
2. Vibrio cholerae* - pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis*
3. Enterobius vermicularis - life cycle, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis
4. Intestinal nematodes - name***, [Ascaris lumbricoides - life cycle** and laboratory
diagnosis*; pathogenicity, morphology, complications*]***
5. Hookworm* - life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
6. Ancyclostoma duodenale* - morphology, life cycle* (with diagrams), pathogenicity,
laboratory diagnosis; four parasites causing anemia
7. Nematodes - classify [sub-question]

Hepatobiliary
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1. Hepatitis B - laboratory diagnosis
2. Echinococcus granulosus - life cycle
3. Hydatid Cyst** - causative agent, sites affected, cross-section structure

LAQ
1. Hepatitis***** - classify, laboratory diagnosis****, pathogenesis of HBV*;
morphology*, enumerate serological markers; enumerate viruses, mode of
transmission; prophylaxis

Faizan Khan
 MICROBIOLOGY -PAPER 2
Musculoskeletal, skin and soft tissue
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1. Staphylococcus*: staphylococcal wound infection - laboratory diagnosis; Staphylococcus
aureus - four diseases,
2. Streptococcus***: Streptococcus pyogens infection - non-suppurative sequelae; non-
suppurative complications*; S. Pneumonia and S. Viridans - differentiate* (8 differences)
3. Gas gangrene**** - pathogenesis**, laboratory diagnosis
4. Anaerobes - define, classify [sub-question]
5. Clostridium*: Gas Gangrene* - pathogenesis*, laboratory diagnosis*; Post-Operative
Wound Infection - enumerate rate organisms causing
6. Mycobacterium leprae*: Morphology, Tuberculoid and Lepromatous Leprosy - four
differences; Lepromin Test - describe, four uses
7. Classify Herpesviridae, mention virus included in subfamilies and one infection caused
by each
8. Guinea worm - life cycle
9. Subcutaneous mycosis
10. Mycetoma - enumerate causative agents, Eumycetoma - laboratory diagnosis
11. Dermatophytes* - classify*, Dermatophytosis - laboratory diagnosis* based on
microscopic findings
LAQ
1. Clostridium*: Gas Gangrene* - pathogenesis*, laboratory diagnosis*; Post-Operative
Wound Infection - enumerate organisms causing
2. Herpes Virus* - classification, Varicella zoster - clinical features, laboratory diagnosis;
Herpes simplex - lesions, laboratory diagnosis
3. Dermatophytes** - classify, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis*; morphology, clinical
presentation, pathogenesis

CNS
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1. Neisseria Meningitidis*- Meningitis - laboratory diagnosis*
2. Pyogenic Meningitis - laboratory diagnosis*
3. Immunoprophylaxis of Tetanus
4. Merits and demerits of Salk's and Sabin's vaccines
5. Rhabdoviruses** - immunoprophylaxis**, dosage schedule, non-neural vaccines and
schedule

Faizan Khan
 LAQ
1. Meningitis*** - organisms causing**, Pyogenic Meningitis*** - enumerate bacteria
causing*, laboratory diagnosis**, Meningococcal meningitis - laboratory diagnosis;
Acute Bacterial Meningitis - causative agents
2. Polio Viruses - pathogenicity, immunoprophylaxis, laboratory diagnosis
3. Cestodes - classify, Cysticercosis - pathogenesis
4. Cestodes affecting man - ennumerate, Taenia solium - morphology, life cycle,
pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
5. Cryptococcal meningitis** - laboratory diagnosis**

RS
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1. Streptococcus***: Streptococcus pyogens infection - non-suppurative sequelae; non-
suppurative complications*; S. Pneumonia and S. Viridans - differentiate* (8 differences)
2. Corynebacterium diphtheria*: Diphtheria - pathogenicity; Metachromatic Granules;
Toxigenicity Tests
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Pneumococcal vaccine; morphology, cultural
characteristics
4. Haemophilus*: X and V factors, Satellitism - describe with diagram; H. Influezae - four
lesions
5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Four methods of detection with principles; Tuberculosis -
pathogenesis
6. Atypical Mycobacteria: Runyun's classification, two examples of each
7. Influenza Virus and HIV - diagram
8. Type-A Influenza Virus - antigenic variations and significance
9. Corona virus
10. Occult filariasis
11. Aspergillosis in humans*
LAQ
1. Corynebacterium diphtheria* - [organisms/four bacteria causing sore throat, Diphtheria
- laboratory diagnosis]*
2. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection*** - enumerate bacteria causing** [sub-question]
3. Pulmonary Tuberculosis*** - laboratory diagnosis***; pathogenesis; with special
reference to recent advances; M. Tuberculosis* - morphology*, cultural characteristics*;
laboratory diagnosis
4. Non Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) - classify with examples, Buruli's ulcer
5. Influenza Viruses** - morphology**, antigenic variations*, pathogenesis of Influenza;
classification; Antigenic Shift - mechanism, significance
6. Corona virus
7. Epstein-Barr Virus

Faizan Khan
Genitourinary and STIs
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1. Neisseria: Non-gonococcal Urethritis [NIGU]
2. Urinary Tract Infection - four organisms
3. Chlamydia trachomatis**: four diseases*, laboratory diagnosis of any one of them;
Differentiate Chlamydia from viruses, Serotypes* of Chlamydia - enumerate, mention
infections* caused by them
LAQ
1. Urinary Tract Infection**** - enumerate organisms causing****, laboratory
diagnosis****; Significant Bacteria - define
2. Neisseria Gonorrheae - morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, laboratory
diagnosis
3. Spirochetes*** - classification, Treponemal tests for diagnosis of Syphilis* - discuss;
enumerate Spirochetes and diseases caused, Primary Stage Syphilis - lab diagnosis*;
Diagnosis of Syphilis - specific and non-specific tests; Serological Diagnosis of Syphilis -
describe, advantages, disadvantages of each test
4. Chlamydiae: classify, Chlamydial infections - pathogenesis, complications, laboratory
diagnosis
5. STD* - enumerate organisms causing* [sub-question]

Zoonotic and misc

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1. Four Oncogenic Viruses
2. Zoonotic Diseases - mention four with causative agents
LAQ

Faizan Khan