1/5/22, 11:34 AM Metal Casting Processes Notes for GATE, SSC JE, ESE, ISRO & Mechanical Engg.

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Metal Casting Processes: Detailed Study Notes for GATE & Mechanical
Engineering Exams
By Akhil Gupta | Updated : October 8th, 2021

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Casting

Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes, and even today is the first step in
manufacturing most products.

“In a casting process, the liquid molten metal is poured into the mould cavity having the
similar shape of the casting to be produced, & left free it to solidify and after solidification,
the casting can be taken out by breaking the mould".

A Pattern is the replica of the part to be cast (to be produced) and is used to prepare the
mould cavity. Patterns are made of either wood or metal.

An assembly of two or more metal blocks or bonded refractory particles (sand) consisting of
a primary cavity is called Mould.

Advantages of Casting

1. Molten metal can flow into any small section in the mould cavity, hence any intricate
shape can be produced.
2. Practically any material can be cast.
3. The tools required are very simple and inexpensive.
4. Due to the same cooling rate from all directions, uniform mechanical properties can be
obtained.

Limitations
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1. With a normal sand-casting process, the dimensional accuracies and surface finish is
poor. Concept of Shape Factor Join Now

2. Defects are inevitable.

3. Sand casting is labour intensive.
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Steps Involved in Casting

The sequence of steps involved in casting are:

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1. Preparation of pattern
2. Preparation of mould
3. The Gating system (Design)
4. Design of Riser
5. Melt the metal whose casting is to be formed
6. Pouring of molten metal
7. Solidification
8. Fettling
9. Finishing
10. Testing

Pattern Allowance - A pattern is always slightly different from the final job to be Produced.
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This difference in dimensions is referred as the pattern allowance.
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Pattern size = casting size ± allowances

Shrinkage Allowance
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1. Liquid Shrinkage

2. Solidification Shrinkage

3. Solid Shrinkage

Fig.1: Cooling curve for a pure metal during casting.

Solid shrinkage,

Shrinkage allowance to be provided on pattern

Where, δL=Change in dimension

L = Initial dimension of component

α = Coefficient of thermal expansion

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Machining Allowance:

The Typical machining allowances for sand castings range = 1.5 mm and 3 mm

Draft or Taper Allowance:

 A draft facilitates easy withdrawal of the pattern. The value of the draft is between 0.5° and
2°.

Shake Allowance:

Allowance provided on the pattern to compensate this increase in size of the casting is
known as shaking Allowance.

Distortion Allowances:

To avoid the distortion, the shape of pattern itself should be given a distortion of equal
amount in the opposite direction of the likely distortion direction so that final product will
come in true shape known as distortion allowance.

Types of Patterns

(i). Solid or single piece pattern:

It is the simplest pattern in which pattern is made up of single piece and it does not contain
any attached part.

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(ii). Split Pattern or Two-Piece Pattern

This pattern is used mainly for intricate castings.

(iii). Match plate pattern

Production efficiency and dimensional accuracy is improved by this method.

(iv). Cope and drag pawn:

The cope and drag halves of a split pattern are separately mounted on two match plates.
Thus, the cope and the drag flasks are made separately and brought together (with accurate
relative location) to produce the complete mould.

(v). Gated Pattern:

This is simply one or more than one loose pattern with attached gates and runners and
provides a channel through which the molten metal can flow from the pouring sprue to the
mould cavity.

(vi). LooseLive Class

Piece Pattern:
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In this pattern, the parts of the pattern will overhang such that It is not possible to remove
the pattern from the sand, in any direction, even if parted.

(vii). Sweep pattern: X

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Sweep patten is used to generate surfaces of revolution in large castings, and to prepare
moulds & it is done by sweeping the complete casting by means of a plane.

(viii). Follow board pattern:

It is used for castings where having structurally weak portions and  are likely to break under
the force of ramming if not supported.

(ix). Skeleton Pattern:

This type of pattern is useful generally for very large castings required in small quantities
where large expense on complete wooden pattern is not justified.

Effect of moisture content on properties of moulding sand:

Properties of Moulding Sand

(i). Permeability:  

It is the ability of moulding sand to allow the air to escape”. It is important to remove the
gases because the gases trapped inside the casting cause defects.

The permeability number is given by:

Where,
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V= volume Concept
of air in cm3 Factor
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H = height of the sand specimen in cm

P = air pressure, gm/cm2 

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A = Cross section area of sand specimen in cm2

T = time in minutes,

Where, T is in minute

(ii). Strength:

Measurement of strength of moulding sands can be carried out on the universal sand
strength testing machine.

(iii). Green Strength:

The strength of the moist moulding sand is termed as green sand.

(iv). Dry Strength:

When the moisture in the moulding sand is completely removed, it is called dry sand.

(v). Hot Strength:

The strength of the sand that is required to hold the shape of the mould cavity is called hot
strength.

(vi). Refractoriness:

The ability of with standing higher temperature of the molten metal so that it does not cause
fusion i.e. without losing its strength and hardness is called refractoriness.

(vii). Mould Hardness:

Hardness is opposite to permeability. Higher the permeability number lower will be the
hardness and vice versa.

 (viii) Cohesiveness:

The ability to form bond between same material particles is called as cohesiveness.

(ix) Adhesiveness:

The ability of bond formation of sand particles with other materials is called adhesiveness.
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(x) Collapsibility:
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Collapsibility is the property of material due to which, it does not provide any resistance
during the contraction of the solidified casting.

(xi). Flowability: X
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The ability of flowing of moulding sand into each and every corner of the mould is called
flowability. Cavities and hollow projections, which are difficult to produce using the pattern
alone, are produced with the help of core.

Core print:

Recess provided in the mould for locating, positioning and supporting of cores is called

core print.

Fig.: buoyancy force on Core

Net buoyancy force acting on the core = Weight of liquid displaced due to projected
portion —total weight of Core.

Chaplets:

Metallic supports, which are kept inside the mould cavity to support the cores, are
called chaplets.
Chaplets have the same composition as that of the pouring metal thus enough heat is
present from the molten metal to completely melt them and thus fuse with it during
solidification.

Chills:

Chills are metallic objects which is placed in the mould to increase the cooling rate of
castings to provide uniform or desired cooling rate.

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PADS OR PADDING

At the corner, due to improper ramming, there is always chances of erosion of sand When
the molten metal is filled in mould cavity. X
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To avoid this, some objects are provided at the corner to support the mould which is known
as pad & this process is known as padding.

GATING SYSTEM

In the casting process, to avoid the oxidation, the molten metal is always poured in to casting
cavity using a system called as gating system. It consists of four basic elements

1. Pouring basin
2. Sprue
3. Runner
4. Ingate

Gating Ratio:

The gating ratio refer to the proportion of the cross-sectional areas between the sprue,
runner and in-gates, and is generally denoted as sprue area, runner area, and ingate area.

Gating ratio = Ratio of (sprue area: runner area: ingate area)

Gating ratio = AS: AR: AG

Casting Yield:

The casting yield is the proportion of the actual casting mass, m, to the mass of metal poured
into the mould M.

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Choke Area:

It is also the minimum area in whole gating system (sprue area, runner area, ingate area).

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where H = effective metal head (sprue height), mm

Non-pressurized Gating System:

A non-pressurized gating system has choke area (minimum area) at the bottom of the sprue
base and have total runner area and in-gate areas higher than the sprue area.

Pressurized Gating System:

In this system, the smallest area is the in-gate area and thus it maintains a back pressure
throughout the gating system.

Top Gating System

In top gating, the liquid metal is poured directly from the sprue to mould cavity with
atmospheric pressure at the base.

Pouring or filling time for Top Gating:

Bottom gating system:

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where,

ht =total height

hm=height of the mould

Special case:

If height of the mould(hm) is equal to total height (ht).

Solidification time:

“It is the time required for the casting to solidify after pouring” and this time is dependent
on the size and shape of the casting. 

Solidification time is given by Chvorinov's rule:

Where,

ts = total solidification time

k = mould constant (or) solidification factor

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V = volume of the casting,
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SA = surface area of the casting,

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MODULUS:

 It is the ratio of volume to surface area of any casting. This formula is applicable for risers
also.

Methods of Riser Design

Caine’s Method:

This method can be used to calculate the dimensions of the Riser for the simple shape of the
castings.

Shape factor method:

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Ranam Madhavi Oct 14, 2019

Not sufficient for gate

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Chintu Nov 6, 2019

Sir please provide SSC JE(ME)-2019 Study plan

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Anoop K R Dec 24, 2019

Sir, while casting a cube with central hole, whether the diameter corresponding to the hole in pattern should be greater
...Read
than More
or

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Subhadeepta Sahoo Jan 5, 2020

GATE Mechanical - Last Minute Preparation - Casting(Production) - 1 mark theory

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Make You Mayu Jan 29, 2020

1 UPVOTE 1 REPLY

Yeduri Harsha Vardhan Feb 16, 2020

Thank you

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Vijay Chollangi Sep 22, 2020

Thank you soo much sir 🙂🍫🍫🍫🍫🍫🍫 @Akhil Gupta  sir

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Bolf Swift Oct 10, 2020

It's enough up to some extent.।।।

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Dhaval Dalwadi Oct 12, 2020

What is "n" in the formula of solidifying time

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Banoth Vinod Sep 1, 2021

Sir i want this notes in pdf so please provide me sir

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