+

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
+
SCIENCE
-systematized or organized body of
knowledge based on observation,
experimentation and study.
-comes from the Latin word Scientia
- knowledge or knowing
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BRANCHES OF
SCIENCE
-Biological Science
-Physical Science
- Social Science
+
BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE
- deals with the study
of living things
ex. Biology,Botany,
Zoology,
Ornithology
+
SOCIAL
SCIENCE
-Study of human
behaviour and
societies
Ex. History, Economics,
Political Science
+
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
- deals with the study of
non-living things, their
composition, nature,
characteristics, the
changes they have
undergone and the
factors affecting these
changes
 +
BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Chemistry- the
study of “matter”-
its composition,
properties,
structure and the
changes it
undergoes.
 +
BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Physics- the science of matter and
energy and their interaction with each
other.
 +
BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Astronomy
- of the
universe and the
heavenly bodies.
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BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Geology- deals with
the composition of
Earth materials, Earth
structures, and Earth
processes
 +
BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Meteorology- study of
the atmosphere and
how processes in the
atmosphere
determines Earth’s
weather and climate
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CHAPTER 2
MEASUREMENT
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MEASUREMENT
-Collection of quantitative
data
-Made by comparing an
unknown quantity with a
standard unit
Example: The length of a
piece of string can be
measured by comparing the
string against a meter stick.
[Link]
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Every measurement is
composed of a number and a
unit.

[Link]
 +SYSTEMS OF
MEASUREMENT
ENGLISH SYSTEM- most commonly used
in the US.
Disadvantage: units are not systematically
related to each other and require
memorization.
METRIC (SI)- used by the scientist around
the world. Adopted from the French name
Le Systeme Internationale d’ Unites
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ENGLISH SYSTEM UNITS

[Link]
[Link]
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SI PREFIXES
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[Link]
+ LENGTH
Measurement of anything from end to end

How long an objects is

The basis of length units for the metric system is

the meter.
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 25.4 millimeters
1 foot = 30.48 centimeters
1 yard = 0.91 meters
1 mile = 1.6 kilometers

1 millimeter = 0.04 inches

1 centimeter = .39 inches = 0.0325 feet
1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 kilometer = 0.62 miles
+ MASS AND WEIGHT
Mass and weight are not the same thing. Although we often
use the interchangeably, each one has a specific definition
and usage.

Mass- measure of the amount of matter in an object. The

mass of an object is independent of its location. The basic
unit form mass is kilogram (kg) .

Weight- force of attraction between the object and the

earth’s gravity. The weight of an object can vary from place
to place and changes with its location on the Earth.
+ UNITS CONVERSION

DEVICES USED IN
MEASURING
+
TIME
Interval between two [Link]
basic unit for time is second.

• 1 minute (60 seconds)

• 1 hour (60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds)
• 1 day (24 hours, or 86,400 seconds)
• 1 week (7 days, or 604,800 seconds)
• 1 month (28-31 days, or 2,419,200-
2,678.400 seconds)
• 1 year (about 365.25 days, or about
31,557,600 seconds)
+ TEMPERATURE
Measure of how hot or cold an object is. The basic unit for
temperature is Kelvin.
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To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
o F= 1.8 (oC) + 32

To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius

oC= oF – 32/ 1.8
To convert from Celsius to Kelvin

K= oC + 273

To convert from Kelvin to Celsius

oC= K - 273
+
Reading temperature in a
thermometer
Answers
:
+ CONVERTING UNITS: METRIC TO METRIC

An easy way to move within the metric system is

by moving the decimal point one place for each
“step” desired

Example: change meters to centimeters

1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters

or
1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters
Base Unit s

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
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Now let’s try this example from meters to
kilometers:
16093 meters = 1609.3 decameters = 160.93 hectometers = 16.093
kilometers

So for every “step” from the base unit to

kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the
left
(the same direction as in the diagram
below)
Base Unit s

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
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If you move to the left in the diagram,
move the decimal to the left

If you move to the right in the

diagram, move the decimal to the
right
Base Unit s

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
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Now let’s start from centimeters
and convert to kilometers

400000 centimeters = kilometers

Base Unit s

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
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Now let’s start from meters and convert to centimeters

5 meters = centimeters

Base Unit s

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter

• Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to meters

.3 kilometers = meters
Base Unit s

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
+ CONVERTING UNITS: USING THE
FACTOR-LABEL METHOD

A conversion factor is a term that

converts a quantity in one unit to a
quantity in another unit.
Factor-label method is the process of
using conversion factors to convert a
quantity in one unit to a quantity in
another unit.
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The conversion factor

must relate the two
quantities in questions.
The conversion factor
must cancel out the
unwanted unit.
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Let’s say we want to convert 130 lb to
kilograms.

130 lb X conversion factor= kg

Two possible conversion factors:

2.21 lb or 1 kg
1 kg 2.21 lb
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130 lb x 1 kg = 59 kg
2.21 lb

Pound (lb) must be the denominator to

cancel the unwanted unit (lb) in the
original quantity.
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TRY…

a. 32 inches to centimeter
b. 6250 ft to km
c. 25 L to dL
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DERIVED UNITS
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AREA
• amount of two-dimensional space taken up by an
object
• the size of a surface
• Area of rectangle(A) = length(l) x width(w)
• Area of circle (A)= π × r2
+ This table lists different area units, and values
that will help you change units of area
measurements:
+ VOLUME

1 L = 10 dL
1 L = 1000 mL
1 000 L = 1 m3
1 dL = 100 mL
1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc
1 cc = .001 L
1 L= 1 000 cc
+ DENSITY
Mass per unit volume

Units: g/cc , g/cm3 , g/mL

Formula:
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Sample Problem: Calculating Density

A piece of beeswax with a

volume of 8.50 cm3 is found to
have a mass of 8.06 g. What is the
density of the beeswax?
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Using Density to find Volume

Cobalt is a hard magnetic metal

that resembles iron in appearance.
It has a density of 8.90 g/cm3 .
What volume would 17.8 g of
cobalt have?
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Using Density to find Mass

Mass is the mass of 19.9 cm3 of

coal that has a density of
1.50g/cm3?
+ SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific notation is a way of expressing really
big numbers or really small numbers.
Scientific Notation always has two parts:
N is the coefficient ( A number between 1 and
9.9999…)
X is an exponent, which can be any positive or
negative whole number.

N x 10x
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Writing Scientific Notation
Place the decimal point so that there is one non-
zero digit to the left of the decimal point.
Count the number of decimal places the decimal
point has “moved” from the original number. This
will be the exponent on the 10.
If the original number was less than 1, then the
exponent is negative. If the original number was
greater than 1, then the exponent is positive.
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 +
TRY…
Express in Scientific Notation
1. 230
2. 14 100 000
3. 0.00026
4. 0.000000698
5. 0.089
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Change Scientific Notation back to
Standard Form
Simply move the decimal point to the right for positive
exponent 10.
Move the decimal point to the left for negative exponent 10. (Use

zeros to fill in places.)

Example:

Given: 5.093 x 106

Move: 6 places to the right (positive)

Answer: 5,093,000
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TRY…
Express in Standard Notation
1. 1.5 x 103
2. 3.4 x 108
3. 6.86 x 10-6
4. 5.822 x 10-5
5. 4.02 x 1010
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OPERATIONS WITH SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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TRY…
+
OPERATIONS WITH SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
+
OPERATIONS WITH SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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TRY…
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Number of significant digits that

implies the accuracy of measurement
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Determining the number of
significant figures

Rules:
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
25 L – 2 significant figures
65.2 kg – 3 significant figures
2. Zeros between two nonzero digits are
significant.

29.05 g – 4 significant figures

1.0087 mL – 5 significant figures
3. Leading zeros are not significant.

0.000000872 miles – 3 significant

figures
0.03 mg – 1 significant figure
4. Trailing zeros in a number containing a
decimal point are significant

25.70 lbs – 4 significant figures

708.00 km – 5 significant figures
 5. The trailing zeros in which decimal point is
not given/placed indicated that zero/s is/are not
significant.

1, 245, 500 m – 5 significant figures

2. 5280 ft – 3 significant figures
+
TRY…
How many significant figures do each
number contain?
1. 34.08 L
2. 0.0054 mm
3. 260.00 g
4. 550 miles
5. 0.008 mL
6. 3.7500 cm
7. 1,200,000 miles
8. 23.45 lbs
9. 1, 000, 0034 ft
10. 0.001003 mm
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RULES FOR USING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
IN CALCULATIONS

When adding or subtracting

significant figures, the answer
should have the same number of
decimal places as the original number
with the fewest decimal places.
+ Example:
Baby XYZ weighed 3.6 kg at birth and
10.11 kg on his first birthday. How much
weight did he gain in his first year of life.
10.11 kg
- 3.6 kg
6. 51 kg
•The answer can have only one digit after
the decimal point.
•Round 6.51 to 6.5
•Baby XYZ gained 6.5 kg during his first
year of life.
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RULES FOR USING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
IN CALCULATIONS

When multiplying or dividing

significant figures, the answer should
have the same number of significant
figures as the original number with the
fewest significant figures.
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TRY…
Solve the following and write you
answer in correct significant figure.
1. 8.937 + 8.930=
2. 0.00015 x 54.6=
3. 847.89 - 847.73=
4. 3.2 / 1.60 =
5. 7.1 x 10=