Contents Introduction Description The Main Parts. ‘Specimens Versatile Data Acq Technical Details . Noise Levels Installation and Assembly Location and Assembly. Connection to VDAS Note in, Useful Equations and Theory. Notation, Useful Equations Stress (o) Strain (e) : . Young's Modulus (E) or Modulus of Elasticity .. Strain-Hardening Coefficient (n) Activation Energy (Q) . Theory . . 4 Elasticity and Plasticity (or Elastic and Plastic Deformation) Creep - An Increase in Strain Over Time. Material Failure (Fracture) Three Stages of Creep Calculation of Creep Rate (secondary creep)... Creep Recovery... Tests Safety... Useful Notes. an Calculation of the Stress on a Specimen ...... Test 1 - Creep Aims. Procedure TecQuipment Lid ‘M1006 Creep Machine 13 13 14 14 “4 “4 4 15 15 18 16 16 7 7 19 2 2 21 2 23 User GuideResults Analysis - All Specimens Results Analysis - Lead Specimens Test 2 - Elastic Extension and Creep Recovery Aims. . Procedure Results Analysis. Results. Test 1 - Creep eon Test 2 - Elastic Extension and Creep Recovery Useful Textbooks Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care... Maintenance General. Spare Parts Customer Care. 27 a7 29 29 29 29 3 31 34 7 39 39 39 39 39SM1006 a | Q Creep Machine TecQuipment User Guide Introduction Figure 1 The Creep Machine SM1006 All engineers need to ka the right type and thick part of a machine or structure will last TecQuipment’s Creep Machine shows students how different materials creep wh VDAS| tt product works with voas mnow how to predict creep in materials. They can use this information to decide ness of materials for their own designs. They will also know how long a fixing or before it must be changed or re-tightened. en subject to a load (stressed). ‘The Creep Machine also teaches students about: TecQuipment Lid The three stages of Creep. The effect of temperature on Creep. Material failure (fracture) due to Creep. Plastic and elastic limits. Creep recovery. User Guideae ae t i é d edd ad ee ee kas! = = es aa) = co = wt — = |SM1008 Creep Machine Description Thermometer —__pp.® Weight Hanger Transparent Cover Bose Plate & Specimens =z at Cool Pack ‘Set of Weights Figure 2 The Creep Machine SM1006 The Main Parts ‘The Creep Machine is a simple ever and weight machine. It has a long lever (Arm) with a pivot point. near to one end, The pivot point is a bearing, for very low friction. Students fit specimens of different ‘materials to the short end of the lever and known weights to the long end of the lever. The lever gives a large mechanical advantage, so that even small weights will apply a large load (tensile stress) to the specimen. This simple system gives a predictable, uniform and constant load to the specimen. For accuracy, the Base Plate of the equipment is labelled with the effective mass of the Arm at point ‘P, ‘where the Weight Hanger applies its load. During the tess, students add this to the mass of the Weight Hanger, the weights that they use and the mass of the support pin. Ths gives them an accurate value of the load at point ‘P”. The force at the specimen is then the product of the load, the mechanical advantage of the Arm and the acceleration due to gravity. {Adigital displacement indicator measures the change in length (extension) ofthe specimen during the ‘experiments. The indicator is exactly the same distance from the lever pivot asthe specimen, but onthe ‘opposite side. This ensures that it measures the specimen displacement in a1:1 ratio, and isnot affected by the slight angular moverent of the arm. ‘A thermometer measures the ambient temperature around the specimen. Supplied with the machine is ‘a set of precision loads and a Weight Hanger. A ‘cool pack’ is provided for the student to freeze in a suitable refrigerator (not supplied) and put it next to the specimen to test the effects of lower temperatures on Creep. The student may also heat the pack in heated water and put it next to the specimen to test the effects of higher temperatures on Creep. A clear enclosure fits around the specimen {area to help keep the temperature constant and provide some protection when specimens are tested to fracture. A rubber mat (supplied) helps to reduce the impact energy of the falling Weight Hanger when a specimen fractures. TecQuipment Ltd 3 User Guide‘SM1006 Creep Machine Specimens {for many months. For predictable and accurate results, keep your specimens in their original packing, in a cool, dry place. The Creep Machine tests only the thinnest part of the specimens. This part is called the Gauge Length Figure 3 Lead Specimens Supplied with the Creep Machine is a set of specimens. TecQuipment can supply more specimens if you need them. The specimens have very accurate dimensions, but can slowly deform ifstored in a hot place (Gee Figure 3). Refer to the Technical Details on page 7 for more details, User Guide “ TecQuipment Lid‘51006 Creep Machine Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS) Figure 4 The VDAS Hardware and Software ‘TecQuipment’s VDAS is an optional extra for the Creep Machine. Its a two-part product (Hardware and Software) that will + automatically log data from your experiments + automaticaly calculate data for you save you time = reduce errors ‘© create charts and tables of your data + export your data for processing in other software “The SM1006 includes parts to connect the Creep Machine to TecQuipment’s optional VDAS (Versatile Data Acquistion System. nore You wil ned suitable computer to use TecQuipment’s VOAS Contact TecQuipment sales for more details of VDAS. TecQuipment Lid 5 User Gude=) b b3 Technical Details Li 'Se11006 Creep Machine Item Detalls Lj — (with thermometer “430 mm high x 570 mm long x 220 mm front to back ty a ‘kg (plus weights and specimens) ‘Total Weight 5kg+2kg+0.5kg=75k9 Lt 1 Lever mechanical | 8:1 + advantage Weights 1x 100g ] 2x20 a 3.x5009 rota! 2g) L Specimens supplied | 10 x lead (CP1010) to BS1178 a 10x polypropylene (CP1020) 0.5 kg total for both packs Gauge Length: 20 mm [Nominal test section dimensions: (see Figure 5). Lead Specimens n=10 120 k/mot U1) ae Young's Modulus: 1250 Nimm? k=0.1 00.2 Refer to manufacturers instructions printed onthe pack 635mm 1.0 mmto 1.8 mm Lo 4.8mm (nominal) L1 Measure your specimens before uset I " 1 Figure 5 Key Dimension of the Specimens J Noise Levels “The noise levels recorded at this apparatus are less than 70 dB (A). TH rene“< ato06 iep Machi Installation and Assembly ‘The terms left, right, front and rear of the apparatus refer to the operators’ postion, facing the unit. * Awax coating may have been applied to parts of tis apparatus to NoTE prevent corrosion during transport. Remove the wax coating by using parafin or white spirit, applied with either a soft brush or a cloth. * Follow any regulations that affect the installation, operation and ‘maintenance of this apparatus in the country where it isto be used Location and Assembly Use the Creep Machine in a clean, well-t laboratory or classroom type area. Putiton the top of as level workbench. Use its adjustable feet to level its baseplate. Obey the manufacturers instructions (supplied) to fit the battery to the digital indicator. The Creep Machine uses a bench area of $70 mm x 220 mm. you are to use the optional VDAS, allow room next to the Creep Machine for a computer. Fit the small ‘orn to the thermometer (se Figure 6). Ths helps you to adjust the height ofthe thermometer in the transparent enclosure. Refer to the experiment procedures for set up details Figure 6 Fit the Smell 8 User Guide TecQuipment id'SK1006 Creep Machine Connection to VDAS inode to use the optional VOAS with the Creep Machine, ead the VDAS User Guide and use the pats included to connect the Creep Machine to the VDAS-B Interface and computer as shown in Figure B. ‘The parts include: + AThermocouple and cable + AThermocouple Transmitter and cable + An SPC Cable to connect the Digital Indicator * Asmall 0" ring to help set the height of the thermocouple in the transparent enclosure fi.the small ‘O” ring to the thermocouple (see Figure 7), Push the thermocouple into the small hole in {he top of the transparent enclosure. Use the small ‘Oring to adjust its height so that its tip is near to the place where the specimen fits. Figure 7 Fit the Small ‘O' ring to the Thermocouple Use the SPC cable to connect the digital indicator to the first (number 1) socket on the DTI Input board of the VDAS-B interface. ond You must remove a small plastic ‘bung’ atthe top of the digital indicator to find its socket. User Guide 10 TecQuipment Lia'8§1006 Creep Mactine hemos y o | Frm aes Wout Ser So ioe Od ‘Thermocouple ‘Transmiter SPC Cable a VOAS.BIntertace ‘Suitable Computer {Wet Suppid) Figure 8 Connection to VDAS “TecQuipment Lis " User GuideNotation, Useful Equations and Theory 'SM1006 Creep Machine This section only gives the basi information needed to do the experiments. For fll theory, refer to the textbooks listed in Useful Textbooks on page 37. Notation “Tecuipment Lid Symbol Definition Units @,A,B | Constants forthe material and C oO ‘Activation energy forcreep | kd/mol o Shess Nm é Strain ie (micro-srain) % Ital (ast) strain : Strain Rate yf E Young's Modulus Nm? k Time exponent for polymers m Stress exponent for polymers 7 Strain hardening coefficient | - R Universal Gas Constant 8.31 Jmol K lr Time 5 (or minutes for Convenience where shown). T ‘Absolute Temperature *K 1% User Guide'SM1006 Creep Machine Useful Equations Stress (0) This isthe force applied to a material over a known area. Itis found by the equation: qa) a aI Compressive stress is where the material is compressed. It has a negative value. Tensile stress is where the material is stretched. It has a positive value. Strain (<) This is the change in length (distortion caused by stress) of a material over its original length (0). It is found by the equation: 4 (2) Compressive strain is where the material has compressed. It has a negative value. Tensile strain is where the material has stretched, It has a positive value. Young’s Modulus (£) or Modulus of Elasticity This isa ratio ofthe stress divided by the stain on a material. An English physicist - Thomas Young discovered it. It is a measure of the stiffness of a material (a stiffer material has a higher value of Young's Modulus). It is found by the equation: E=€ @) Itis often called the modulus of elasticity, because it only applies where the material is stressed within its elastic limits. Strain-Hardening Coefficient (n) When many materials are stressed they actually become harder and resist the stress. This is also known as work hardening. It isthe gradient of a graph of the natural log values of stress and strain in a material in its plastic region. Itis found by the equation: = lng ”* fine a User Guide " TecQuipment Lig‘841006 Creep Machine Activation Energy (0) hiss the energy needed for the atoms of the material to move past each other, so that creep can occur. Itis found from the equation: Q Aline} Rat) eo Theory Elasticity and Plasticity (or Elastic and Plastic Deformation) ‘When a material is stressed so that it compresses or stretches (deforms), then returns to its original shape ‘when the stress is removed, the material is perfectly elastic. The atoms in the material have not moved, but the bonds between them have stretched, then returned to their original postion, ‘When a materials stressed so that it compresses or stretches (deforms), then does not return to its original shape when the stress is removed, the material is perfectly plastic. The atoms have actually moved and will not return. ‘plastic’ used to describe the specimen material type (for example - metal or Do not confuse the terms ‘plastic’, ‘plasticity’ or ‘plastic region’ with the word NOTE fs iy ‘plasticity’ or ‘plastic regi plastic specimens) Most materials have both elastic and plastic properties. When stressed by a small amount, they behave like an elastic material, up to their elastic limit. When stressed by a large amount (that takes them past their elastic limit), they behave like a plastic material. Rubber and sott plastic materials usually have more elasticity than more brittle materials ike metal or ceramics. ‘Common Materials Perfectly elastic material Stress Strain Figure 9 Stress/Strain Curves TecQuipment Lid 8 ser GudeUser Guide ‘SM1006 Creep Machine Creep - An Increase in Strain Over Time When the stress on a material takes the material above its elastic limit and into is plastic region, then mre material permanently deforms, due to the movement of atoms in the materia. the stessis maraianed, the deformation strain) continues. This slow, gradual deformation is called ‘creep’. tis “ease in stran over ime. Even hard materials ike concrete will creep under stres, given enough time (many years). Creep happens due to long term stress levels that are below yield stress. The materal Permanently deforms to relieve the stress. Creep is easily measured in pure metals when their temperature is one third (or 309) of their melting temperature. Four main things determine the speed and amount of creep: + Applied load - higher loads give higher stresses that increase the speed of creep 1 Type of material - softer materials creep more quickly for the same value of stress 1 Dimensions of the material - thinner materials take higher stresses for the same value of load * Temperature of the material - higher temperatures encourage faster creep The applied load and the dimensions of the material determine the stress, so you could say that three ‘main things determine creep: Stress, material and temperature. High temperature or stress Medium temperature or stress Strain Low temperature or stress Time Figure 10 Curves of Creep at Different Temperatures and Stress Material Failure (Fracture) When a materials subjectto creep after enough time, the material wl all racture), Different materials will fracture after different amounts of deformation. Rubber materials can deform much more than plastic materials before they fail Plastic materials can deform much mare than metals before they fal. Metals can deform much more than slicone taco ‘material before they fil, This is because the flue is determined by the molecular sractne of material. 2 “Tecduipment ia lamaeee ‘51006 Creep Machine Three Stages of Creep Faure Temperature and Load (Stress) = Constant “ransion Point wotay oe Tern Creo | Strain or Extension wey ee Time Figure 11 The Three Stages of Creep Even though the applied stress and temperature on a piece of material may be constant, creep is not completely linear. It has three main stages: ‘+ Primary Creep or ‘Transient’ Creep - This starts when the load is applied. Iti an intial high rate of creep followed by a decreasing rate of creep + Secondary Creep or ‘Quasi-viscous’ Creep - Along, linear rate of creep ‘+ Tertiary Creep -A increasing rate of creep until the material fils Primary creep does not start until the material has passed its elastic limit. ‘The secondary creep stage is almost linear because this is the stage where the material is actually becoming ‘work hardened’, which helps to resist the load. The gradient of the secondary creep determines the creep rate for the material. The point between the second and third stage i the Transition Point’. This indicates that the material is starting to fail and may already start to crackin places. Engineers must realize that they can allow materials to enter the fist and second stages of creep, but never the third, a the part (or structure) will fall Itis important for engineers to know the second stage creep rate, o that they when to change a part in a machine or structure. Calculation of Creep Rate (secondary creep) Secondary creep rate is linear, so to find it you only need a measurement of the change in dimension (train) of the material overtime, from a test at a constant temperature and stress. The equation for this de ar 7 User Guide TecQuipment Lid'SM11006 Creep Machine Creep in Metals and Alloys ‘To most common equation used to predict creep rate in metals and alloys is: c= ate oan ©) As expected, this equation shows that the creep rate increases with an increase in stressor temperature. ‘This equation also helps to find creep rate when temperature or stress varies. Taking natural logarithms gives: Ine = Ina + nino 2 ” ! Sefer tessat constr tamper andvaning ses apa t Ine asin In ghee ation Ao fr testa constant stress nd varying 4 can produce the 2, rss and varying temperature, aplat ne aginst can activation energy Q (see Equation 5). a Pure metals have a stress exponent of between 4 and 5, For alloys itis between 3 and 10. Lead has a stress exponent of between 4 and 5, but only when the stress is below about $ N/mm?. At higher stress levels the value of n increases to about 10, and eventually the simple power law of Equation 6 does not work. So instead, an exponential expression is better: = e027) (8) Aplot of Iné against o will give a straight line of slope a. If the stress is in units on N/mm2 (or MN/m?) the value of a is approximately 0.8 to 0.9 and also varies with stress level. ‘The fact that exponents n and a vary with stress shows that simple laws are not good enough to compare data over a wide range of stress level. In practice, more complicated equations are used. However, for the experiments on the Creep Machine, we can use Equations 6 and 8 because the resulting plots are very nearly linear for the stress levels used. In this manual, the power law of Equation. 6 is used in the analysis of results. Creep in Plastics Plastic materials creep at ambient temperatures but they will deform much more than metals before failure. The creep curves have a similar shape to those for metals, but the way that they deform is different because of the difference in structure of the material. The polymers ina plastic material are long chain-like molecules in a tangled and coiled arrangement; creep occurs by the chains untangling and slipping relative to one another. The creep rate still depends on stress and temperature but Equations 6 and 8 do not work for plastics. ‘The complex processes that take place during creep in plastics make it difficult to quote an equation that describes the creep behaviour ofall polymers. There are many different equations, but one of the most common for engineering plastics is: e+ Bo" (9) ‘The elastic component of the initial strain is found from dividing the creep stress by the te of the polymer, which for polypropylene is 1250 N/mm?. In many polymers this initial str and can be ignored, so that in these cases: User Guide 18 Tecuipment tia‘SM1006 Creep Machine (10) A plot of log ¢ against log ¢ will therefore be linear, and the slope will give the value of the exponent k. Values of krange from 0.025 to 0.33. For polypropylene, kisin the range 0.1 to 0.2 and tends toincrease with stress level | cases where the stress exponent m is close to unity we have the situation where o/c is a constant as k = 0, (the material behaves in an elastic manner). Alternatively, wth high values of f, say k—>1, then fe isa constant and the material behaves asa viscous fluid, The value of k obtained from creep datais therefore a measure of the relative contribution of elastic and viscous deformation to the creep process. Creep Recovery In polymer materials, when the load is removed, most ofthe primary creep stage (where the creep rate decreases) recovers. Ths isnot true for most metals. The effect is easly shown with the Creep Machine by removing the load after the polymer has been creeping for several minutes, and continuing to take strain readings. It will be found that the elastic strain recovers immediately, but that further recovery of strain takes several minutes. This time dependent effects due to recovery ofthe visco-elastic component of the creep strain. For the highest stress levels used in the Creep Machine (typically 19 MN.m’), approximately 40% of the creep strain recovers after 5 minutes. TecQuipment Lid 19 User Guide‘561006 Creep Machine Tests Safety Use gloves to hold the cool pack when you freeze it or heat it up. ‘WARNING fit Do not heat the cool pack to temperatures higher than its rated value. Useful Notes Stress (MNm2) 8 10 2 B 4 Experiment time at | >18 Hours | 46minutes [15 minutes | 9minutes | 4 minutes ‘ 20°C Table 1 Typical Experiment Times for Lead Specimens at 20°C ‘Some tests can take hours (see Table 1), so allow for this before you plan your class or laboratory time. Longer tests give better results. ! * Ask someone to help you set up the tests. One person can start the timer (or TecQuipment’s DAS) while the other can set the load. * For accurate results, ty to do the tests when the ambient temperature is table. Calculation of the Stress on a Specimen 1. Calculate the total mass at the end of the Arm (point ‘P). To do this, add together: The value of the weight you are to add to the Weight Hanger “The Effective mass of the Arm at 'P’ “Mass of the Weight Hanger *Mass of the Support Pin * The mass of these parts is written on the Base Plate of the Creep Machine 2. Multiply the total mass by 8 (the mechanical advantage of the Arm), and then by 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity). This will give the total force on the specimen in Newtons. 3. Calculate the cross sectional area of the specimen (width x thickness) in m2, 4. Divide ths total force (Newtons) by the cross sectional area (m2) to find the stress on the specimen. (in Nav Note & Ifyou have the optional VDAS, the software will do allthis for you. TecQuipment Ltd Fa User Gude'SA11006 Creep Machine User Guide Specimen Material: “Temperature around Speclm: Width; Weights: Thickness: Total Mass at ‘P’: e slo ime | Extension Time Extension ett Gra | teeta) | cee | coins) | Go) 0.5 (30 s) 20.5 40.5 4.0 (60 s) 21.0 (1260 8) 41.0 2460s) |__— 45 215 A15 2.0 (1208) 22.0(13208) | _ 42.0 (2520 8) 25 22.5 42.5, 3.0 (180 s) 23.0 (1380 s) 43.0 (2580 s) 35 23.5 435 4.0 (2408) 24,0 (1440 8) 44.0 (2640 s) 45 24.5 44.5 5.0 (300s) 25.0 (1500 s) 48.0 (2700 s) 55. 25.5 45.5 6.0 (360 s) 26.0 (1560 s) 46.0 (2760 s) 65 26.5 46.5 7.0 (420 s) 27.0 (1620s) 47.0 (2820 s) 75 27.5 ATS 8.0 (480s) 28.0 (1680 s) “48.0 (2880 s) 85 28.5 48.5 9.0 (540 s) 29.0 (1740 s) 49.0 (2940 s) 95 295 495 10.0 (600 s) 30.0 (1800 s) 50.0 (3000 s) 10.5 305 50.5 11.0 (660s) 31.0 (1860 s) 51.0 (3060 s) 11.5 31.5 51.5, 1 42.0 (720s) 32.0 (1920 s) '52.0 (3120s) 12.5 32.5 52.5 13.0 (780 s) 33.0 (1980 S) 53.0 (3180 s) 13.5, 33.5, 53.5 14.0 (640s) _| 34.0 (2040 s) 54.0 (3240 s) 145) 345 54.5 | 15.0 (900 s) 35.0 (2100 s) ‘55.0 (3300 s) 15.5 355, 555 16.0 (960 s) 36.0 (2160 8) 56.0 (8360 8) 16.5 36.5 565 17.0 (1020 s) 37.0 (2220 s) 57.0 (3420 s) 17.5 37.5. 57.5 48.0 (1080 s) 38.0 (2280 s) 58.0 (3480 s) 18.5 38.5 : 58.5 19.0 (1140 s) 39.0 (2340 s) 59.0 (3540 s) 19.5 39.5. 59.5 20.0 (1200s) 40.0 (2400 s) 160.0 (3600 5) Table 2 Blank Results Table 2 TecQuipment Lis‘Si1006 Creep Machine Test 1 - Creep Aims * To demonstrate and calculate creep indifferent materials at different stresses and temperatures. * To calculate the strain hardening coefticient(n). * To calculate the energy of activation (0). Procedure Create a blank table of results, similar to Table 2. 2. Ifyou are not to use TecQuipment’s optional VOAS you will need a timer, with an accuracy of one second. 3. Accurately measure and record the width and thickness of the specimen (see Figure 12). NoTe |t you are to use TecQuipment’s optional VDAS, enter into the sofware your ‘measurements and the type of specimen you are to test. Figure 12 Accurately Measure the Width and Thickness of the Specimen 4. Put the weight hanger in position and fitits support pin in its highest hole to hold the arm up and ready for the test specimen (see Figure 13). 5. Fit the stee! specimen support clips to the specimen (see Figure 14), 6. Fit the specimen into place between the black support block and the arm, and fit the pins (see Figure 15), “TecQuipment Lid 2 User Guide'SA11006 Creep Machine is easier to fit 1 specimen frst. NOTE & tis easier to fit the bottom of the sp do not use it -it has been deformed. If the specimen does not fit correctly, Pin in highest hole y xin** Remember that T'is in Kelvin, so you must add 273 to your centigrade readings, then invert them to give 1/7. User Gude os TecQuipment Lit‘51006 Creep Machine Test 2 - Elastic Extension and Creep Recovery Aims + To demonstrate and measure ‘creep recovery’ plastics. + Touse Young's Modulus equation to predict elastic extension and recovery Procedure 1, Repeat Test 1 with these conditions: * Use a polypropylene specimen + Test at room temperature + Use a load that will give stress values of around 10 N.mm'? to 13 N mm? 2, AMter approximately 0 minutes, remove the suppat pin from the Weight Hanger, so thatthe only load is the mass of the Arm. 3. Continue to record the extension until it stabilizes (may take up to another 20 minutes). el HHH Results Analysis 1. From your results, plot a chart of extension (vertical axis) against time (norizontal axis) ia 2. Calculate the stress on the specimen. Aa = NOTE & Ifyou have the optional VOAS, the software wil do this for you. | uation to calculate the elastic strain of the specimen (divide the stress Rearrange Young's Modulus eq his wil give a predicted extension (in mm) for every one by Young's Modulus for polypropylene). T millimetre of the specimen. men that extends is the long thin part that has a length of 20 mm, so you must ‘extension by 20 to give the overal elastic extension. Mark this value from ‘The part of the speci multiply your predicted the origin of your chart (see Figure 17). fe the maximum extension of the specimen. Subtract the value of the elastic On your chart, not erension to show the elastic recovery and draw a horizontal line at this value (see Figure 17) — clastic recovery and the most level part of the 5, The creep recovery is now the distance between the recovery curve (see Figure 17). 6, From your resis (before the load is removed), produce a chat of log ¢ (vertical axis) against log {horizontal ai), Find the gradient of your curve to give the value for your polypropylene st your strain readings into percentage before you take ther logs and use the time specimen. Conver iP tninutes for log . This gives a correct comparison of results. ‘TecQuipment Ltd User Guide el 8 |‘SA1006 Creep Machine | Elastic Recovery rT Creep recovery | Extension (mm) {Elastic Extension 0 Time (minutes) Figure 17 How to Mark Out the Elastic Extension, Recovery and Creep Curve eee TecQuipment LtdI I ) i i i i i i i l t Results ‘Ut006 Creep Machine Note: These results are sample results only, actual results may be slightly different. Test 1 - Creep Table 3 shows typical results for a lead specimen at room temperature with weights of 0.8 kg- The total mass at P was: 0.8 + 0.16 + 0.16 + 0.04 = 16 kg ‘The total force on the specimen was: 1.16 x 8 x 9.81 = 91.04 N The specimen dimensions were 4.79 mm x 1.62 mm, so the total stress was: 91.04 N/7.76 mm? = 11.73 N.mm’? or (11.73 MN.m?) Figure 18 shows three different results for different stress levels at the same temperature (2 creep rates in mm/minute for convienience. 10°C), and the ° T T Ambient Temperature 20°C 7 m=09kg9 m= 6 ana o= 11.73 Nmm* a er & 24 a 7 ji 2 1 ° 0 5 7 80615 0B Time (minutes) ime Curves for Lead Specimens Figure 18 Typical Extension Against Tir TecQuipment Lid 3tSAM1008 Creep Machine Specimen Material: Lead Temperature around Specimen: 21 Wath: 4.79 mm Weights: 0.8 Ko, Thlekness: 1.62 mm Total Mass at ‘P's 1.16 kg Time nslon lon Time Extension cenater) | taeas” | toutes, | "em |_cetoates)_|_tevm) 0.5(30s) | 1.060 20.5 40.5 ___}|__— 4.0(60s) | 1.195 21,0 (1260 s) 41.0 (2460 8) 1.5 1.285 24.5 415 2.0(120s)__| 1.320 r22.0(1a208) |__| 42.0(25208) | __—— 25 1.373 22.5 42.5 |__| 3.0(1808)_| 1.418 23.0 (1380 s) 43.0 (2580 8) 35 235 43.5 40@408) [15 24.0 (1440 8) 44,0 (2640 8) 45 24.5 445 5.03005) | 1.580 25.0 (1500 s) 45.0 (2700 8) 55 25.5 455, 6.0(3608) | 1.658 26.0 (1860 5) 46.0 (2760 8) 65 26.5 465) 7.0 (4208) _| 1.783 27.0 (16208) 47.0 (2820 8) 75 | 275 475 8,0(480s) | 1.825 28.0 (1680 s) | 48.0 (2880 s) 85 28.5 [48.5 9.0 (640s) | 7.898, 29.0 (17408) 49.0 (29408) 95 29.5 [49.5 40.0 (600s) _| 2.043 30.0 (1800 8) '50.0 (3000 s) 105 | 305 50.5 11.0 (6608) | 2.160 31.0 (1860 8) 51.0 (3060 5) 115) 315 515; 12.0(7208) | 4.67 32.0 (18208) 52.0 (3120 8) [12.5 325 525 13.0 (780s) _| 2.575 33.0 (1980 ) 53.0 (3160 ) 135) 335 535) 14.0 (840s) _| 3.085 34.0 (2040 8) 54.0 (8240 s) 145) 345; 545) 16.0(900s)_| 3.900 35.0 (21008) 55.0 (3300 s) 155) (35.5 555) 16.0 (960s) | 6.00 36.0 (2160 8) 56.0 (8360 5) 165 365 56.5 17.0 (10208) 37.0 (2220 8) 57.0 (8420 8) 175) 375, 57.5) 18.0 (1080 s) 38.0 (2260 s) 58.0 (3480 5) i 185) 385) 58.5 19.0 (11408) 39,0 (23408) 59.0 (9540 5) 195 395 59.5 20.0 (1200s) 40.0 (2400 8) 60.0 (3600 s) Table 3 Results For Lead Specimen eae ceael x TecQuipment Lit‘811006 Creep Machine mn 24 25 26 In () Figure 19 Chart of the Natural Logs (In) of Strain Rate Against Stress Figure 19 shows a chart of three different stress levels at two different temperatures. The gradients are similar at approximately 10, which isthe same as the nominal value of n at these stress levels ‘The two temperatures are: 24.2°C = 297.2K, 0 1/T = 3.401 x 103 21°C = 294.0 K, so 1/T = 3.365 x 103 The vertical distance between the two lines is 0.46, So, from Equation 5: Qo. 0.46, R (3.401 ~3.365) x 1 So, Q = 126% 10°x8.31 Therefore Q= 104.38 K/mol ‘This s close to the given value, but results can vary between 90 and 150 in tests with the Creep Machine, “TecCuipment Lid 2 User Guide‘841006 Creep Machine Test 2 - Elastic Extension and Creep Recovery User Guise _[Etestic Recovery 10 5 9 — f 3 Z| 1 Creep recovery : <6 Es 34 g3 2 1 etastc Extension 12.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Time (minutes) Figure 20 Resulls for Creep Recovery Test on a Polypropylene Specimen Figure 20 shows the results of a test on a Polypropylene Specimen, where the load was removed after 7 and a half minutes. The elastic extension was creep stress (N. mm’2)/Young’s Modulus for polypropylene (mm): 1995 - 9.016 1250 This is in mm/mm, s0 for the full 20 mm of the specimen, the overal elastic extension was: 0.016 x 20 = 0,32 mm When subtracted from the maximum extension on the curve, this gives an approximate creep recovery of 38 mm. ‘The total creep strain is the maximum extension (9.8 mm) - elastic extension (0.32 mm) =9.5 mm Therefore, the creep recovery was 3.8/9.5 x 100 = 40%. Figure 21 shows a chart of the og ofthe percentage strain against the log of time in minutes. The slope (is 0.167, whichis near to the expected value. This test was done with a high value of stress fora short time. A lower stress over a longer time wil give better results. Po ‘TecQuipment Lid'SM1006 Creep Machine 18 15 a Ltt. | J tone r 12) * te ae ow L.| 06 05 0% 03 -02 01 0 01 02 03 04 0S 06 7 log Figure 21 A Chart of log Strain (%) against log Time (minutes) for Polypropylene Specimens ‘TecQuipment Ltd 38 User Guide‘5611006 Creep Machine Useful Textbooks The following textbooks are good for more study of materials and creep measurement. Materials Technology 4 by W Bolton =. Published by Butterworths ISBN 0 408 00584 x Tecduipment Lid a User Guide| ‘541006 Creep Mactine Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care Maintenance General When not in use, store the Creep Machine in a dry dust free area, preferably covered with a plastic sheet. I the apparatus becomes dirty, wipe the surfaces with a damp, clean cloth. Do not use abrasive cleaners. Regularly check all fixings and fastenings for tightness, adjust where necessary. Spare Parts ‘Check the Packing Contents List to see what spare parts we send with the apparatus. you need technical help or spares, please contact your local TecQuipment Agent, or contact TecQuipment direct. When you ask for spares, please tell us: * Your Name ‘+ The full name and address of your college, company or institution + Your email address + The TecQuipment product name and product reference +The TecQuipment part number (if you know it) + The serial number +The year it was bought (if you know it) Please give us as much deta as possible about the parts you need and check the details carefully before you contact us. IF the product is out of warranty, TecQuipment will let you know the price of the spare parts. Customer Care We hope you like our products and manuals. f you have any questions, please contact our Customer Care department: Telephone: +44 115 954 0155 Fax: +44 115 973 1520 email: [email protected] For information about all TecQuipment Products and Services, visit: www.tecquipment.com TecQuipment Lid 39 User Guide