rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNOLOGY IN SANGAM

LITERATURE

GJitg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F Kidtu; (gpvr;.b) gl;lj;ij epiwT nra;Ak;

Kfkhf mspf;fg;ngWk; Ma;NtL

Ma;thsu;

M. uh[Fkhup

newpahshu;

Kidth; Nt. fUzhepjp

jkpo;j;Jiw
fhQ;rpkhKdpth; gl;l Nkw;gbg;G ikak; (jd;dhl;rp)
GJr;Nrhp muR
GJr;Nrhp-605 008.
gpg;utup> 2017.
Kidtu; jpU. Nt. fUzhepjp>
,izg;Nguhrpupau;>
jkpo;j;Jiw>
jh$u; fiyf; fy;Y}up>
GJr;Nrup – 605 008.

newpahsu; rhd;wpjo;

‘rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;’ vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpy; GJitg; gy;fiyf;fof Kidtu; gl;l(gpvr;.b.>)
fy;tpj;jFjpf;fhfg; GJr;Nrup fhQ;rpkhKdpth; gl;l Nkw;gbg;G ikaj;
jkpo;j;Jiwapd; KONeu Muha;r;rp khztp nry;tp. M. uh[Fkhup brk;gu;
2012 Kjy; gpg;utup 2017 tiu Ma;T epfo;j;jp cs;shu;. ,tu; ,e;j
Ma;Ntl;il vdJ newpfhl;Ljypd; fPo; cUthf;fpAs;shu;. ,jw;F Kd;
,t;Ma;NtL NtW Muha;r;rpg; gl;lj;jpw;Nfh Ma;T muq;fpw;Nfh mDg;gg;
ngwtpy;iy vdTk;> ,/J ,tupd; nrhe;j Kaw;rpapdhy; cUthdJ
vdTk; rhd;wspf;fpNwd;.

Jiwj;jiytu; ifnahg;gk; newpahsu; ifnahg;gk;

(Kidtu;jpU. Nt. fUzhepjp)

,af;Feu; ifnahg;gk;

,lk; : GJr;Nrup

ehs; :
M. uh[Fkhup>

Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu;>

jkpo;j;Jiw>
fhQ;rpkhKdpth; gl;l Nkw;gbg;G ikak; (jd;dhl;rp)>
GJr;Nrhp - 605 008.
Ma;thsu; cWjpnkhop

‘rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy;

Kidtu; gl;l (gpvr;.b.>) fy;tpj;jFjpf;fhfr; nra;ag;ngw;w ,t;Ma;T
vdJ Kaw;rpapy; cUthdjhFk;. ,jw;FKd; ,t;Ma;NtL ve;j Ma;T
gl;lj;jpw;Fk;> Ma;T muq;fj;jpw;Fk; mspf;fg;ngwtpy;iy vd cWjp
$WfpNwd;.

newpahsu; ifnahg;gk; Ma;thsu; ifnahg;gk;

(Kidtu; jpU. Nt. fUzhepjp) (M. uh[Fkhup)

Jiwj;jiytu; ifnahg;gk;

,lk; : GJr;Nrup

ehs; :
 ed;wpAiu
Kidtu;gl;l Ma;tpw;F vd;idg; gupe;Jiu> nra;j GJitg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fk;> fhQ;rpkhKdptu; gl;l Nkw;gbg;G ikaj;jpy;
Kidtu;;gl;l Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp toq;fpa ,af;Feu;
Kidtu; jpUkjp. jkpourp jkpo;kzp mtu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpiaj;
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

Ma;Tf; fhyq;fspy; Ma;Ntl;il tpiue;J Kbf;f vd;id

Cf;fg;gLj;jpa Kd;dhs; jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytu; Kidtu; jpUkjp. rpe;jh
epyh Njtp mtu;fSf;Fk;> NkYk;> ,t;Ma;T rpwg;gjw;F vd;idg; ngupJk;
Cf;fg;gLj;jpa vq;fs; Jiwj;jiytu; Kidtu; ,uh. epu;;kyh
mtu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

‘rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;’ vd;w Ma;Tj;

jiyg;gpidj; njupTnra;J> ,t;Ma;Tj; njhlu;ghd Iaq;fisf;
fise;J> gw;gy fUj;Jf;fisAk; toq;fp> ,t;Ma;NtL nrk;ikAw
ngupJk; cWJizg; Ghpe;j vd; newpahsu;; Kidtu; Nt. fUzhepjp
mtu;fSf;F vd;nwd;Wk; vdJ neQ;rhu;e;j md;igAk; ed;wpiaAk;
cupj;jhf;f flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

NkYk;> ehd; KJfiyg; gapd;w fhyj;jpypUe;J ,Jehs; tiuapy;

vd; tho;f;ifapd; gy jUzj;jpYk; vd;id Cf;fg;gLj;jp Ma;Tyfpw;F
topelj;jpr; nrd;w vdJ Kd;dhs; ,sKidtu; gl;l newpahsUk;
Ma;twpQu; FO cWg;gpdUkhd GJitg; gy;fiyf;fof jkpo;j;Jiwapd;
jw;Nghija GyKjd;ikau; Nguhrpupau; M. jpUehfypq;fk; mtu;fSf;F
vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

NkYk;> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpa

fhyj;jpypUe;J Ma;Ntl;il rku;g;gpf;Fk; jUzk; tiu Ma;Tj;
njhlu;ghd gw;gy fUj;Jf;fisAk; mwpTiufisAk; toq;fp
,t;Ma;Ntl;bid nrk;ikAwr; nra;tjw;F ngupJk; cWJizg; Gupe;j
kw;nwhU Ma;Tf;FO cWg;gpduhd Kidtu; M.kzp mtu;fSf;Fk;
vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

vdJ Ma;tpw;F cjtpGupe;j vq;fs; jkpo;j;Jiwg; Nguhrpupau;fshd

Kidtu; rpt.khjtd; mtu;fSf;Fk;> Kidtu; g.nfhoe;jrhkp
mtu;fSf;Fk;> Kidtu; kh.R[hjh mtu;fSf;Fk;> Kidtu;
K.,sq;Nfhtd; mtu;fSf;Fk; vdJ neQ;rhu;e;j ed;wpapidj;
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

Ma;tpw;fhd E}y;fisg; ngWtjw;Fk;> gy;NtW E}yfq;fSf;Fr;

nrd;W gadiltjw;Fk;> cjtpj;njhif toq;fpa nrk;nkhop jkpoha;T
kj;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;.

Ma;tpw;Fj; Njitahdj; juTfisj; jpul;l gw;gy E}y;fisAk;

nfhLj;Jjtpa gpnuQ;r; ,e;jpa Ma;T epWtd E}yfj;jpw;Fk;>
GJitg;gy;fiyf;fof Mde;juq;fg; gps;is E}yfj;jpw;Fk;> rpjk;guk;
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpw;Fk;> GJit Nuhkd; Nuhyd;
E}yfj;jpw;Fk;> GJit nkhopapay; gz;ghl;L Muha;r;rp epWtd
E}yfj;jpw;Fk;> fhQ;rpkhKdptu; gl;l Nkw;gbg;G ika E}yfj;jpw;Fk;
vdJ neQ;rhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

fy;tp rhu;e;Jk;> tho;;f;if rhu;e;Jk; vdJ Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F

Cf;fkhfTk; cWJizahfTk; jpfof;$ba vd;Dila ngw;Nwhu;fshd
ng.MWKfk;> M.mk;khnghz;Z> mtu;fSf;Fk;> vdJ rNfhju;fs;
M.cjaf;Fkhu;> M.uh[Fkhu;> mtu;fSf;Fk;> mz;zpfshd
c.mofk;khs;> uh.kyu;tpop kw;Wk; vd; mz;zd; gps;isfSf;Fk; vdJ
ed;wpia ciuf;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

Ma;tpw;Fg; ngupJk; cjtpa jp.Qh. mUs;xsp mtu;fSf;Fk;> vq;fs;

fy;Y}up mYtyfj;jpy; gzpGupAk;; fyh mk;ikahu; mtu;fSf;Fk;> vd;
capu; Njhopahd Nt.nghd;dk;khs;> kw;Wk;; Njhoikfshd rp.td[h>
`uptp[ajPgh> k.rpj;uh> fp.rf;jpg;upah> ,y.rTupuh[h> ,uh.FKjty;yp>
kh.ruz;ah> gh.fdpnkhop> ,uh.Njtp f.Nufh> rPDthrd;> M.Nfhkjp>
Nt.NtyhapNyhu;> V.iry[h> fh.f];J}upgha; fhe;jp> ,u.gpugh>
,uh.Njtpgpugh nrs.kq;ifah;f;furp kw;Wk; vd;Dld; gapYk; midj;J
Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk;; vd; md;gpid cupj;jhf;FfpNwd;.

vdJ Ma;Ntl;bidj; jl;lr;R nra;a kbf;fzpdp toq;fp ngupJk;

cjtp Gupe;j jk;gp e.jpNd~;> e.uhN[~;> K.uFuhkd; mtu;fSf;F
vd;nwd;Wk; ed;wp $w flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

vd;Wk; ed;wpAld;>

M. uh[Fkhup
 RUf;ff;FwpaPl;L tpsf;fk;

mfj;. - mfj;jpizapy;
mfk;. - mfehD}W
,sk;. - ,sk;G+uzu;
Iq;. - Iq;FWE}W
fsT. - fstpay;
fyp. - fypj;njhif
FwpQ;. - FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
FWe;. - FWe;njhif
Fws;. - jpUf;Fws;
fhLfhd;. - fhLfhd; fhij
rpyk;G - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
rpWghz;. - rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
jpUKUF. - jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
nrhy;. - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
njh.M - njhFg;ghrpupau;
njhy;. - njhy;fhg;gpak;
ew;. - ew;wpiz
neLey;. - neLey;thil
g.M. - gjpg;ghrpupau;
g. - gf;fk;
gf;. - gf;fq;fs;
gjpw;W. - gjpw;Wg;gj;J
gup. - gupghly;
gl;. - gl;bdg;ghiy
gh.vz;. - ghly; vz;
gp.vz; - gpd;dpizg;G vz;
Gwj;. - Gwj;jpizapay;
Gwk;. - GwehD}W
ngUk;ghz;. - ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
nghUeu; - nghUeu; Mw;Wg;gil
nghUs;. - nghUsjpfhuk;
kiygL. - kiygLflhk;
kJ.fh. - kJiuf;fhQ;rp
K.g - Kjd;ikg; gjpg;ghrpupau;;
Ky;.gh. - Ky;iyg;ghl;L
%y.M - %yE}y; Mrpupau;
NkyJ - Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l E}y;
nkh.M - nkhopngau;gG
; Mrpupau;
 nghUslf;fk;

,ay; nghUslf;fk; gf;fk;

Kd;Diu 1-8

,ay;-1 rq;ffhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk; 9-48

,ay;-2 Ntl;il> Mepiu tsu;j;jy; 49-112

njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;

,ay;-3 113-161
El;gq;fSk;
fiyapay; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;
,ay;-4 El;gq;fSk; 162-214

njhopy;fSk; njhopy; El;g

,ay;-5 215-262
tsu;r;rpfSk; khw;wq;fSk;

KbTiu 263-267

JizE}w;gl;bay; 268-286

gpd;dpizg;G - 1 287-295

gpd;dpizg;G - 2 296-309
 Ma;T Kd;Diu

Kd;Diu

rq;f ,yf;fpak; jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; fsQ;rpak; vdyhk;.

mt;,yf;fpak; rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwia fhjy;> tPuk;>
vd;W ,uz;lhfg; gFf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; mr;rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;itAk;
tsu;r;rpiaAk; mtu;fspd; rKjhag; gpd;Gyq;fisf; nfhz;Nl
mwpaKbfpwJ. mk;kf;fs; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd
Ie;jpizfisAk; mikj;J; me;je;j jpizfspd; mbg;gilapy;
xOf;fq;fis tFj;J; xt;nthU xOf;f KiwfSf;Fk; jFe;jhw;
Nghd;W Kjy;> fU> cup vd Kg;nghUs;fisAk; gFj;J;
mk;Kg;nghUs;fspd; Jizahy; jj;jkf;Nfw;wthW njhopy;fis
Nkw;nfhz;L tho;e;J te;Js;sdu;. mj;jifa tho;f;if Kiwapy;
mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l njhopy;fs; gw;wpAk; njhopy;El;gq;fs; gw;wpAk;
rq;f,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; top mwpaKbfpd;wd. vdNt mg;ghly;fspd;
thapyhf mk;kf;fSila Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mtu;fs; ifahz;l
njhopy;fisAk; njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; Ma;T nra;tnjd;W KbT
nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf ,e;j Ma;T mikfpd;wJ.

jiyg;Gj;Njh;T

rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; NeubahfTk; ctikahfTk; mf;fhy

kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> njhopy;rhu; gz;ghl;Lf; fUtpfs; Nghd;w
gy nra;jpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; njhopy;fs;> kdpjdpd;
tho;f;ifapy; vt;ntt; epiyfspy; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd vd;gijAk;>
njhopy;El;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd nray;Kiwfs;> rpe;jidg; Nghf;Ffs;
Nghd;wit rq;fg; ghly;fspy; gjpthfpAs;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wd.
NkYk;> gz;ilf;fhy ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw vOjpa b.b.Nfhrk;gp
„cw;gj;jp rhjd KiwfspYk; cw;gj;jp cwTfspYk; Njhd;wp te;j
khWjy;fisf; fhytupirf; fpukkhf vLj;Jiug;gNj tuyhW‟ vd;W
$Wfpd;whu;.

cw;gj;jpf; fUtpfspd; khw;wj;ijg; nghUj;Nj tuyhw;W khw;wk;

epfo;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> kf;fs; tho;thjhuq;fspy; njhopy;fSk; mjd;
El;gq;fSk;> njhopYf;Ff; fhuzkhd fUtpfSk;> kpf ,d;wpaikahj
,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; Kjd;ikngWk; njhopy; El;gq;fs;

1
Fwpj;J Muha;tjhy; ,t; Ma;tpw;F „rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk;
njhopy;El;gq;fSk;‟ vd;w jiyg;Gj; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Ma;T Nehf;fk;

rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;tpaiyf; Fwpj;J vOjg;gl;l E}y;fSk;

mf;fhyj; jkpofj;ijg; gw;wpa gpwehl;L mwpQu;fspd; Fwpg;GfSk;>
jkpoupd; njhopy; jpwq;Fwpj;J mwpaj; Jizepw;fpd;wd. NkYk;> ,jid
Nehf;fpd; mwpQu;fspd; Fwpg;Gf;fs; top> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; top
njhopy;fisAk; mtw;iwr; nrk;ikahfr; nra;a Nkw;nfhz;l
njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; fz;lwptNj ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fUJNfhs;

goe;jkpofj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj; njhopy;fisAk;

mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij epWTtNj ,t;tha;tpd; fUJNfhshFk;.

Ma;T vy;iy

gjpndz;Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fshd vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L

Mfpait ,t; Ma;tpd; vy;iyahf mikfpd;wd. NkYk; Ie;jpiz
rhu;e;j ngUe;njhopy;fs; gw;wpAk; mjw;Fj; Jizaha; mike;j
Jizrhu; njhopy;fspd; El;gq;fisf; Fwpj;Jk; Muha;tjhf
,t;Ma;NtL mikfpd;wJ.

Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;

1. rrpty;yp. tp.rp.> gz;ilaj; jkpou; njhopy;fs;> cyfj;

jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> Kjw;gjpg;G 1989.
2. nu[pj;Fkhu;. j.> kuGtopj; njhopy;fs;> fht;ah ntspaPL>
Kjw;gjpg;G 2009.
3. kztofd;. M.> goe;jkpou; njhopy;El;gk;> ma;adhu; gjpg;gfk;>
Kjw;gjpg;G 2010.
4. rhkpehjd;. j.> rq;ffhyj; njhopy;El;gk;> md;dk; ntspaPL
jQ;rhT+h;> Kjw;gjpg;G> brk;gh;> 2013.

Kjypa E}y;fSk;>

2
Kidth; gl;l Ma;NtLfs;

1. Mde;jd;. ng.> jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy; ,d mbg;gilapy;

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;> Kidth; gl;l Ma;NtL>fhQ;rp khKdptu;
gl;lNkw;gbg;G ikak;> GJr;Nrup> 1999.
2. Rarhujh. R.> GJr;Nrup tl;lhu kPdtj; njhopy;rhu; mwpTfs;>
Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtL> GJitg;gy;fiyf;fofk;. 2005.
3. fUg;Grhkp. fh.> Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ik Kidtu; gl;l
Ma;NtL mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> 2005.

,sKidth;gl;l Ma;NtLfs;

4. ts;sp. K.> thD}u; tl;lhukuGtop Ntshz;ik Kiwfs;>

,sKidth;gl;l Ma;NtL> GJitg;gy;fiyf;fofk;> GJr;Nrhp> 2002.
5. uh[Fkhup. M.> GJr;Nrup tl;lhu kf;fs; tof;fhw;wpYs;s
njhopw;fUtpfs;> ,sKidth;gl;l Ma;NtL> GJitg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;> GJr;Nrhp> 2008.

Kjypa Ma;NtLfSk; ,t;Ma;tpd; Kd;Ndhbfshf mikfpd;wd. „rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;‟ vd;Dk; ,t; Ma;T
njhopy; vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;w Kiwapy; Ke;ija Ma;TfNshL
xd;WgLfpd;wJ. njhopy;El;gf; fUj;Jf;fSk; xg;Gik ngWfpd;wJ
vd;whYk;> ,e;j Ma;T>

 Ntl;ilj; njhopy;El;gq;fisj; juTfspd; mbg;gilapy;

tpsf;Fjy;
 fhy;eiltsu;gG
; j; njhopy;El;gq;fs;> Ntshz;ikj;
njhopy;El;gq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw etPdj; njhopy;El;gj;Jld;
xg;gpl;Lr; rq;ffhyj; njhopy;El;gj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
 Mepiu tsu;g;Gj; njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> Ntshz;
njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s tsu;r;rpepiyahdJ khw;wk; ngw;W
kPz;Lk; ghuk;gupa Ntshz;ikf;Fj; jpUk;Gk; epiyf;F fhuzk;
vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.
 etPd njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpfshy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
epiw> Fiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b rq;ffhyj; njhopy;El;gq;fis
milahsg;gLj;jpAs;sik.

3
Nghd;w Kiwfspy; Ke;ija Ma;TfspypUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgLfpd;wJ.

Ma;T %yq;;fs;

vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L Mfpatw;wpd; %yE}y;fs;> ciu

E}y;fs; ,t; Ma;tpw;F Kjd;ik %yq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fis tpsf;Fk; jkpo;> Mq;fpy E}y;fSk;> ,yf;fpak;
njhlu;ghd Ma;TE}y;fSk;> Ma;Tf; fl;LiufSk;> Ma;NtLfSk;>
mfuhjpfSk; Ma;T ,jo;fSk; Jizik %yq;fshf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ma;T mZFKiw

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s njhopy;El;gq;fisf; fz;lwpar;

nra;ag;gLk; Ma;T vd;gjhy; tpsf;fKiw mZFKiwAk;> rq;f
,yf;fpa njhopy;fs;> njhopy;El;gq;fNshL etPdfhy njhopy;El;gq;fis
xg;gpl;L Muha;tjhy;> xg;gPl;L mZFKiwAk; ,t; Ma;tpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ma;Ntl;bd; mikg;G

„rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;‟ vd;w

jiyg;ig ikakhff; nfhz;l ,e;j Ma;NtL Kd;Diu KbTiu
ePq;fyhf Ie;J ,ay;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit tUkhW

Kd;Diu

,ay;:1 - rq;ffhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk;

,ay;:2 - Ntl;il> Mepiu tsu;j;jy; njhopy;fSk;

njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

,ay;:3 - Ntshz;ik njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

,ay;:4 - fiyapay; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

,ay;:5 - njhopy;fSk; njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpfSk; khw;wq;fSk;

KbTiu

4
Kd;Diu

Ma;T Kd;Diuahf ,g;gFjpapy; Kd;Diu> jiyg;Gj;Nju;T>

Ma;T Nehf;fk;> Ma;Tf; fUJNfhs;> Ma;T vy;iy> Ma;T
Kd;Ndhbfs;> Ma;T %yq;fs;> Ma;T mZFKiw Ma;Ntl;bd;
mikg;G> Kd;Diu> ,ay; tpsf;fq;fs;> KbTiu Kjypa Ma;T Kfg;G
tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay;-1 : rq;ffhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk;

rq;f fhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk; vd;w Kjy; ,aypy;>

njhopy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;fhd tiuaiwfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhopy;
vd;gjw;F Mf;fy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy;> coT> thzpgk; Nghd;w gy
nghUs;fis mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

NkYk; fsQ;rpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nghUs;fs;> njhy;fhg;gpak; Rl;Lk;

njhopy; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;s njhopy;fisg;
1. ngUe;njhopy;fs; (Ie;jpizrhu; njhopy;fs;> nerTj;njhopy;>
fl;blj;njhopy;) 2. Jizrhu; njhopy;fs; (jr;Rj; njhopy;> nfhy;yd;
njhopy;> kz;ghz;lj; njhopy;) 3. rpWnjhopy;fs; (Njd; vLj;jy;>
Nkhu;tpw;wy;> G+ tpw;wy; Nghd;w gy;NtW njhopy;fs;;) vdg; gFj;Jj;
njhopy;fis mwpKfk; nra;jYk; njhopy;El;gk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;fhd
tiuaiwfSk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;whf:

 njhopy;El;gk; - Mf;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba njhopy;

gw;wpa mwpTk; topKiwfSk; Technology vd
nrhw;gpwg;gpay; jkpo; mfuKjyp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

NkYk; jkpo; nrhy;yfuhjp> tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; Nghd;wd Fwpg;gpLk;

tpsf;fq;fs;; mwpQu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;j tiuaiwfs;
Fwpj;Jk; ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ay; - 2 : Ntl;il> Mepiu tsu;j;jy; njhopy;fSk;

njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

kdpjdpd; Kjy; njhopyhd Ntl;ilahLjy; kiyepyj;jpy;

njhlq;fpaJ. ghiy epykf;fs;> nea;jy; epykf;fs; mtutu; epyk;

5
rhu;e;J ,j;njhopiy nra;Js;sdu;. Ntl;il kpUfq;fs; epiwa
fpilg;gjw;fhfTk;> czTg; gapu;fs; epiwa tpistjw;fhfTk;>
mjw;fhd kionga;jiy Ntz;b ,aw;ifia topgl;Lk; ,j;njhopiy
Nkw;nfhz;L te;Js;sdu;. rq;f fhy kf;fs; Ntl;ilj;njhopy; nra;a
mk;G> tpy;> tiy Nghd;w fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tpyq;fpdq;fis
Ntl;ilahLk; njhopy;El;gKiwfisf; ifahz;Ls;sdu;. rhd;whf> Fwp
jg;ghJ fiz njhLf;Fk; Mw;wy; cilatu;fs; Fwtu;fs;. typikahd
ahidiag; gpbf;fg; ngupa Fopiaj; Njhz;b mtw;wpy; kur;rUFfs;
(,iyfs;) Nghd;wtw;iw epug;gp ngha;f;Fop mikj;J ahidiag;
gpbj;Js;sdu;.

jpid ftUk; gd;wpia NtLtu;fs; Ntl;ilahbaijf; fgpyu;

ghbAs;shu;. ,it Nghy; Gyp> khd;> cLk;G> fhil Kjypa
tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLtjw;fhf fUtp kw;Wk; jd; rpe;jidiag;
gad;gLj;jpAs;s Ntl;ilj; njhopy; rhu;e;j ghly;fs; KOikAk;
Nrfupj;J mtw;wpy; ntspg;gLk; njhopy;El;gq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; gy;NtW
Nfhzq;fspy; ,t;tpay; Muha;fpwJ. kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; ,lk;ngWk;
kPd;Ntl;il Fwpj;Jk;> Mepiu tsu;g;G rhu;e;j njhopy;El;gj; jpwid
etPd fhy;eilg; guhkupg;G njhopy;El;gj;Jld; xg;gpl;Lk; ,t;tpay;
tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay;-3 : Ntshz;ik njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

kdpjd; ehfupfk; ngWtjw;Fg; NgUjtpahf ,Ue;jit mtd;

rpwpJ rpwpjhff; fw;Wf;nfhz;l gytifahdj; njhopy;fNsahFk;.
mtw;wpy; Fwpg;ghf ehfupf tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngupJk; cjtpaJ
Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa Ntshz;ik
njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;J Muha;tJld;;> njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ik
vd;gjw;fhd nghUs; tpsf;fk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ik vd;gjd;
nghUs;> FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUj Nghd;w epyk; rhu;e;j Ntshz;ik
Kiwfs;> Fwpj;Jk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;Ntshz;ikf;Fr; rq;f
fhyj;jpy; fyg;igiag; gad;gLj;jp coTj; njhopiyr; nra;Js;sdu;
vd;w fUj;ijAk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;> ,t;Ntshz; juTfs;
midj;ijAk; Nrfupj;J> ,j;njhopypy; cs;s cOjy;> ePu;gg
; hrdk;
nra;jy;> tpijtpLjy;> ehw;WeLjy;> gapupLjy;> fisnaLj;jy;>
gapu;ghJfhj;jy;> cukpLjy; (vU,Ljy;)> mWtilr;nra;jy; Nghd;w
gythwhdg; gzpfspYk; njhopy;El;gq;fisf; ifahz;Ls;sdu;.

6
 NkYk;> coTj; njhopy; Nkd;ik mila tpQ;Qhdj;
njhopy;El;gj;ijg; GFj;jp kz;izg; gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghu;f;f
gupNrhjidf; $lq;fs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. gapu;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l
jdpkq;fis kpfr;rupahd tpfpjj;jpy; ,l Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; gupe;Jiur;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

,aw;if topapy; coTj; njhopy; nra;J mjpy; cau;

tpisr;riy vLf;f KbAk; vd;gJ jw;NghJ epUgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jdhy; Ntshz;ikahdJ> 1.,aw;if Ntshz;ik 2. nraw;if (m)
mwptpay; Ntshz;ik vd;W ,Utifahd Kiwfspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa Kiwfisg; gw;wp tpupthf
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ,t;tpaypy; rq;ffhy kf;fs; gpd;gw;wpaJ
,aw;if KiwahdhYk; mwptpay; KiwapYk; Ntshz;ikiaf;
ifahz;Ls;sdu; vd;w fUj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,t;tpay;
Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ay;-4 : fiyapay; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

kdpjd; jd;Dila mwptpdhYk; kNdhghtj;jpdhYk;

fw;gidapdhYk; ftpd;fiyfisg; gilj;jhd;. mf;fiyfs; Fwpj;jg;
gjpTfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kpypu;fpd;wd. ,f;fiyfs; gw;wpa
tpsf;fq;fs;> fiy vd;gjw;F njhy;fhg;gpak; ifahSk;
fiyr;nrhw;fs;> mfuhjpfs; jUk; tpsf;fq;fs;> mwpQu; ngUkf;fs;
$Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; vdg; gyTk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa
fiyeak; kpf;f ifj;njhopyhy; cUthd nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk;>
mg;nghUl;fspy; mtu;fs; ifahz;Ls;s fiyeakpf;f El;gq;fs;
Fwpj;Jk; tpsf;fg;gLtJld; mit rq;f fhyj;jpy;; ngw;wpUe;j rpwg;gplk;
Fwpj;Jk;; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

mt;thNw mf;fiyj;njhopypy; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWk;

nerTj;njhopy; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; njhopy;El;gk; rhu;e;j gy;tifj; jupfs;
Milfs; Fwpj;Jk; tpsf;fg;gl;ls;sd. NkYk; fiyj;njhopypy;
EZf;fkhfr; nra;af$ba fl;llk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> jr;Rj;njhopy;>
Milmzpfyd; Fwpj;j njhopy;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; njhopy;El;gq;fs;
Fwpj;Jk; ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

7
,ay;-5 : njhopy;fSk; njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpfSk; khw;wq;fSk;

fle;j ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;ilAk;> elf;F

; k; ,Ugj;njhd;whk;
E}w;whz;ilAk; „mwptpay; Afk;‟ vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,e;E}w;whz;Lfspy;
gytpjkhd mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk;> gw;gy mwptay; rhjidfSk;
vz;zpylq;fhjitfshf tsu;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd. ,j;jifa tsu;r;rp
epiyapy; rq;ffhy Ntl;ilj;njhopy;> kPd;gpbj;njhopy;> Mepiu tsu;gG
; >
coTj;njhopy;> nerTj;njhopy;> fl;llj;njhopy;> ,Uk;G Ntiyr;
nra;Ak; nfhy;yd; njhopy; Nghd;w midj;Jj; njhopy;fSk; ,d;wstpy;
ngw;Ws;s etPd tsu;r;rpfs; Fwpj;Jk; etPd ,ae;jpuj; njhopy;El;gf;
fUtpfspd; Jizf;nfhz;L mile;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;
tsu;r;rpg;Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; khw;wq;fs;> mtw;wpd; epiwfs;>
Fiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ntspf;nfhzUk; tpjkhf ,t;tpay;
Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

KbTiu

Ma;Ntl;bd; xt;nthU ,ay;fspYk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s Ma;Tf;

fUj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; njhFf;fg;gl;L Ma;tpd; njhFg;Giuahff;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> ,ay;fspy; gad;gl;Ls;s juTfs;
midj;Jk; rhd;nwz; tpsf;fkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Wld; Ma;tpd;
,Wjpapy;> ,ay;fspy; fz;l KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T KbTfs;
jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Wld; Ma;tpd; ePl;rpahf ,t; Ma;tpd; nghUz;ikf;
Fwpj;J Nkyha;thf vd;d nra;ayhk;? vd;w fUj;Jk;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;;sd. NkYk; Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gl;l E}y;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp
Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpid xl;b tpupthd mstpy; mwpe;J nfhs;Stjw;Fj;
Jizepd;w E}y;fs;> ,jo;fs; Nghd;witfSk; JizE}w;gl;bayhf
mfu tupirapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Ma;Ntl;bd; ,Wjpapy; juTfs;
mbg;gilapy; gpd;dpizg;G xd;wpy; E}ypd; ghly; vz; rhd;WfSk;>
gpw;gFjpapy; gpd;dpizg;G ,uzby; epow;glq;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

8
 ,ay; - 1

rq;ffhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk;

1.1 njhopy; - nrhy;tiuaiwfs;

1.2 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; njhopy;fs;

1.2.1 vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; njhopy;

1.2.2 nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; njhopy;

1.2.3 nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; njhopy;

1.3 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy; vd;Dk; nrhy;
1.4 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fs;
1.4.1 ngUe;njhopy;fs;

1.4.1.1 Ntl;ilj;njhopy;

1.4.1.2 Mepiufis Nka;j;jy;

1.4.1.3 coTj;njhopy;

1.4.1.3.1 ed;nra; coT

1.4.1.3.2 Gd;nra; coT

1.4.1.4 kPd;gpbj; njhopy;

1.4.1.5 Mwiyj;jy; (m) fsTj; njhopy;

1.4.1.6 nerTj; njhopy;

1.4.1.7 fl;llj; njhopy;

1.4.2 Jizj; njhopy;fs;

1.4.2.1 jr;Rj; njhopy;

1.4.2.2 nfhy;yu; njhopy;

1.4.2.3 kz;ghz;lk; nra;jy;

9
 1.4.3 rpWnjhopy;fs;

1.4.3.1 Njd; vLj;jy;

1.4.3.2 G+tpw;wy;

1.4.3.3 Nkhu; tpw;wy;

1.4.3.4 cg;G tpw;wy;

1.4.3.5 Nfhop tsu;j;jy;

1.4.3.6 $ilg; gpd;Djy;

1.4.3.7 fl;by; gpd;Djy;

1.4.3.8 eif nra;jy;

1.4.3.9 Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy;

1.4.3.10 tisay; nra;jy;

1.4.3.11 rq;F mWj;jy;

1.4.3.12 fs; rikj;jy; kw;Wk; tpw;wy;

1.4.3.13 tpwF ntl;Ljy;

1.4.3.14 fpzW Njhz;Ljy;

1.4.3.15 Milj; J}a;ik (m) ryitj; njhopy;

1.4.3.16 Nghu;j;njhopy;

1.4.3.17 kUj;Jtj; njhopy;

1.4.3.18 $j;Jf;fiy

1.4.3.18.1 Mly; njhopy;

1.4.3.19 kpjpabj; njhopy;

1.5 gpwtifj; njhopy;fs;
1.6 njhopy;El;gk; tpsf;fKk; - tiuaiuAk;
1.7 njhFg;Giu

10
 ,ay; -1

rq;ffhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,aw;ifapd; gpd;dzpapy; kdpj
tho;f;ifiag; Gyg;gLj;jp epd;wit MFk;. mf;fhy kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifapid ,aw;if rhu;e;J FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>
ghiy vd;Dk; Ie;J tifahfg; ghFg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,t;thW
,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J thOk; kf;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fs;> kd;du;fspd;
Ml;rpKiwfs;> ehl;by; epytpa njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; mj;njhopy;fspd; top
kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;if Kiw> tsu;r;rpepiyfs; Fwpj;Jr;
rq;fg;Gytu;fs; Ie;jpizfspd; cl;gpupthfpa Kjy;> fU> cup ,tw;wpd;
top ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

kdpj tho;tpd; ngUk; mq;fkhfTk;> tho;thjhukhfTk;

tpsq;FtJ njhopNyahFk;. mj;njhopy; mr;rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg;
ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. rq;ffhy kf;fs; njhopy; nra;tjw;F fLikahf
ciog;gjpy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; tpsq;fpAs;sdu;. mt;tifapy; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspd; top kf;fs; nra;af; $ba njhopy;fisg;
ngUe;njhopy;fs;> Jizepiyj; njhopy;fs; rpWnjhopy;fs; vd;W
Kg;ngUk; gpupTfshf tiuaWj;J mwpKfk; nra;tNjhL> njhopy; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpw;fhd tiuaiwfs;> njhopy; Fwpj;Jk; njhopy;El;gk;
Fwpj;Jk; mwpQu;fspd; $w;Wf;fs;> njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s
njhopy;gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp tpupthf ,t;tpay; Muha
Kw;gLfpwJ.

1.1 njhopy; - nrhy;tiuaiwfs;

njhopy; vd;gjw;F fhye;NjhWk; gytifahd tpsf;fq;fs;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. „Proffession, Action, Work, Deed‟ vd;w nrhw;fs;
Mq;fpyj;jpy; njhopiyf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;>
njhopy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fupa Fwpg;gplj;jf;ff; fUj;ij Ma;Nthk;.

1. „njhopy; - Mf;fy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy; vd;Wk; coT> njhopy;>

tiuT> thzpgk;> tpr;ir> rpw;gk;‟1vd mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

11
 2. njhopy; - 1.fpupahrf;jp 2.nray; 3.je;jpuk; 4.nghUspdJ
Gilg;ngau;r;rp 5.Ntiy2 vdj; jkpo; nrhy;yfuhjpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
3. njhopy; - njhopy; gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjw;fhfr; nra;Ak;
Ntiy>Proffession, Occupation vd;Wk; NkYk;> kdpj ciog;igAk;
,ae;jpuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp tu;j;jf uPjpapy; xU nghUis
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nray;3 vd;W f;upahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ
4. njhopy;
1. nray;>Act, Action, Deed, Work 2.gzp Office, Calling, Proffession
3. Vty; Order, Command 4.jpwik Workmanship 5. coT>
njhopy;> tiuT> tzpfk;> tpr;ir> rpw;gk; vd;w mWtifgl;l
njhopy;4 nrhw;gpwg;gpay; jkpo; mfuKjyp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
5. njhopy; - tpid „gupfhukpy;yhj $w;wj;jpdJ‟5 vd rq;f ,yf;fpa
nghUl;fsQ;rpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
6. nghUspay; NguwpQuhfpa khu;ry; (Mushall) ciog;gpw;Fg;
gpd;tUk; ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;whu;. „ciog;G vd;gJ %isiaNah
cliyNah KOtJkhfNth tUj;jp VNjh xd;iwg;
gilg;gjw;fhfr; nra;fpd;w nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk;‟6 vd;fpwhu;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;Ls;s „njhopy;‟ Fwpj;J gy;NtW mfuhjpfs;> fsQ;rpaq;fs;>

mwpQu;fspd; tpsf;fq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ vy;yh fbdkhd nraYk;
czTj; Njitia mbg;gilahff; nfhs;Sk; NghJ mr;nray;
„njhopy;‟ Mfpd;wJ. fbdkhd nray; „ciog;G‟ vd;W ngau;
ngWfpd;wJ. ciog;G vd;gJ cly;rhu;e;j ciog;G (Physical Labour),
kdQ;rhu;e;j ciog;G (Mental Labour) vd;W ,Utif cs;sd. NkYk;
cly; my;yJ nray; rhu;e;j ciog;ig>

1. Mf;fts ciog;G
2. Mf;fkw;w ciog;G

vd;Wk; ,d;Dk; gy;NtW epiyfspy; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mf> ciog;G –

njhopy; - njhopw;fUtpfs; Nru;e;J „njhopy;‟ cUthfpd;wJ.
,j;njhopy;fs; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;gg; gy epiyfspy; tsu;r;rp ngw;W

12
tUfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s njhopy;
Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; Kjypy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

1.2 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; njhopy;fs;

jkpo;nkhopapy; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; E}y;fSs; goikahdJ

njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}yhFk;. njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;J
kf;fspd; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk; mtUila E}yhy; ed;F tpsq;Fk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; me;jzu;> muru;> tzpfu;> Ntshsu;> mbNahu;>
tpidtyu; Nghd;w kf;fspd; gpupTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy;
,d;dhu; njhopy; ,d;dJ vd;W $Wkstpw;Fg; gz;ilj; jkpou;
xt;nthUtUk; jj;jk; njhopiyr; rpwg;Gwr; nra;J te;Js;sdu;. njhopy;
vd;Dk; „nrhy;‟ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; vt;ntt;tplq;fspy; vj;jid
tifahd nghUs;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ vd Kjypy; tiuaWj;Jf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1.2.1 vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; njhopy;

vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; njhopy; gw;wpa nrhy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gijf;

fhzKbfpwJ. mit>

“Gs;Sk; ts;Sk; njhopw;ngaupay” 7

Gs;> ts; vd;w nrhw;fs; njhopw;ngau;Nghy cfuk; ngw;Wk;

ty;nyOj;J kpFe;J KbAk;. Gs;;Sf;fbJ ts;S ePz;lJ. ,e;E}w;gh
Gs;spkaq;fpaypy; cs;s njhopw;ngau; gw;wpa vOj;jpyf;fzk; MFk;.

1.2.2 nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; njhopy;

njhy;fhg;gpa nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay;>
tpspkugpay;>ngaupay; Nghd;w ,ay;fspy; njhopy; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
ekf;Fg; Gyg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;whf>
“jLkhW njhopw;ngau;f;F ,uz;Lk; %d;Wk;
fbepiy apyNt nghUs;tapdu;” 8
,jidj; jLkhW njhopw;ngau; vd;gu;. „Gypnfhy;ahid vd;why;
Gypiaf; nfhd;w ahidah? Gypahw; nfhy;yg;gl;l ahidah? vdj;
jLkhWfpwjy;yth‟. ,jidj; jLkhW njhopw;ngau; vd;fpwhu;
jkpoz;zy;‟9. ,q;qdk; nghUs; jLkhwp tUk; tpidr; nrhw;fSf;F

13
,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikAUGk; %d;whk; Ntw;WikAUGk; mt;tg;
nghSf;Nfw;g tpupf;fg;gLjy; ePf;Fk; epiyik Fwpf;fr; ,r;nrhy;
te;Js;sJ. NkYk;>
“njhopypw; $Wk; Md; vd; ,Wjp
Ma; MFk;Nk tpsptapdhd” 10
tpidr; nrhy;yhw; $Wk; „Md;‟ <w;W tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs;
tpspNaw;Fk; NghJ ,Wjp Md; „Ma;‟ MFk;. Mz;lhd; - Mz;lha;
nfhz;lhd; - nfhz;lha; vd;W rhd;Wld; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
“njhopw;ngauhapd; Vfhuk; tUjYk;
tOf;fpd;W vd;kdhu; taq;fpNahNu” 11
Mu;> mu; vd;w ,uz;L <WfSk; tpidahyizAk; ngau;fSf;F <wha;
tUkhapd;> Nkw;$wpa „<u;‟ cld; Vfhuk; ngWjYk; jtwpd;W vd;W
$Wtu;. tho;thu; vd;gJ tho;tPu;> tho;tPNu vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;.
“epyg;ngau; Fbg;ngau; FOtpd;ngaNu
tpidg;ngau; cilg;ngau; gz;Gnfhs; ngaNu” 12
,q;F ghy;tpsq;f te;j cau;jpizg; ngau;fisg;
gl;baypl;Lf;fhl;Lfpwhu;. epyg;ngau; Nrhzhl;lhd Fbg;ngau; - Nrud;>
Nrhod;> ghz;bad;. FOtpd;ngau; rq;fj;jhd;> kd;wj;jhd;. tpidg;ngau;
nra;Ak; njhopy; gw;wpaJ. jr;rd;> nfhy;yd; cilg;ngau; nry;td;
nghd;dd;> tpy;yd;> Ntyd;. gz;Gnfhs;ngau; fupad;> nra;ahd;> ey;yd;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l E}w;ghf;fs; %yk; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy;
njhopw;ngau;fs; gw;wpa ,yf;fzk; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. mNj rkak;
„njhopy;‟ vd;w „nrhy;‟ nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; tpidiar; Rl;b epw;gij
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

1.2.3 nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; njhopy;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpau; vOj;J> nrhy; ,tw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ Nghd;Nw
nghUsjpfhuj;jpYk; njhopy; gw;wpa nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
,jid>
“nja;tk; czhNt khkuk; Gl;giw
nra;jp ahopd; gFjpnahL njhif,
mt;tif gpwTk; fUntd nkhopg” 13
vd;w ghlypd; topahf> „nja;tk;> czh> kh> kuk;> Gs;> giw> nra;jp>
aho; vd ,itahTk;; fUg;nghUs; vd;Wk; mt;thNw> ,q;F xt;nthU
14
epyj;jpw;Fk; fUg;nghUs; tpsf;fj;jpy; „nra;jp‟ vd;gJ njhopy; vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sijAk; ngwKbfpd;wJ
Ky;iy – nra;jp – epiuNka;j;jy;
FwpQ;rp – nra;jp – Njdopj;jy;
ghiy – nra;jp – Mwiyj;jy;
kUjk; - nra;jp – coT
nea;jy; - nra;jp – kPd;gpbj;jYk; cg;G tpisj;jYk;
vd;w ciuapd; top njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; „nra;jp‟ vd;gJ
njhopiyf; Fwpj;J epw;gij ,sk;G+uzhu;‟14 ciuapd; %yk;
mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk;> njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhu ciuahrpupau;fs;
midtuhYk; „nra;jp‟ vd;gJ njhopy; vd;W ciuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
“ngaUk; tpidAk; vd;W M,Utifa
jpizNjhWk; kuP,a jpiz epiyg;ngaNu” 15
xUtu; thOk; jpizia itj;Nj mtUf;F ,Utifahd ngau;fs;
Rl;lg;gLk;. mit Fyg;ngaUk;> njhopw;ngaUk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
ngau; - jpiztho; kf;fl;F cupangau;. tpid – jpizf;Fupatu;
Mw;Wk; njhopy; ,e;E}w;ghtpd; %yk; „tpid‟ vd;gJ njhopiyf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
“Mau;Ntl;Ltu; M^cj; jpizg;ngau;
Mtapd; tUck; fpotUk; csNu” 16
,q;F „Mau;‟ vDk; khLtsu;f;Fk; njhopy; nra;Nthu; gw;wpAk;> Ntl;Ltu;
vDk; Ntl;ilj;njhopy; nra;Nthu; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>
,e;E}w;gh njhy;fhg;gpaupd; tupirj; Nju;T Kiwia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf
mike;Js;sJ. Mau; Ntl;Ltu; M^cj; jpizg;ngau; vd;gJ
njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G tof;fpypUe;j jpizepiyg;
ngau;fshFk;. „Mtapd; cUck; fpotUk; csNu‟ vd;gJ
njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;j ngauhFk;.17 ,e;E}w;gh %yk;
,uz;L nra;jpfs; Gydhfpd;wd. xd;W Mau; Ntl;Ltu; Mfpa jpiz
epiyg;ngau;fs; KiwNa Ky;iy FwpQ;rpr; r%f mikg;igAk; fpotu;
kUjr; r%f mikg;igAk; FwpaPLfshf ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,uz;L
Ky;iy FwpQ;rpj; jpizf; Nfhl;ghLfs; njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;Ng tof;fpy; ,Ue;j rpe;jid kuGfshFk;.18 NkYk;>
“VNdhu; kUq;fpDk; vz;Zq;fhiy

15
 Mdh tifa jpizepiyg; ngaNu” 19
vd;W ,q;F kw;w jpizj; njhopy;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
cotu;> coj;jpau; vd;W coTj;njhopy; kUjepyj;jpd; fz;Zk;;>
Ntl;il kw;Wk; fhl;Lg; nghUs;fshfpa kuq;fs;> kUj;JtFzk; nfhz;l
nrbfs;> Njd;Nrfupj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; FwpQ;rp epyj;jpd; fz;Zk;
kw;Wk; kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;G jahupj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; nea;jy;
epyj;jpd; fz;Zk; epfof;$badthf njhopy;fs; Fwpj;J ,q;F
ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfshFk;.
“mbNahu; ghq;fpDk; tpidtyu; ghq;fpDq;
fbtiu ,y Gwj; njd;kdhu; Gytu;” 20
vd;w tupapy; mbj;njhopy; nra;Nthu; gw;wpAk; Fw;Nwty; nra;Nthu;
gw;wpAk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. Vty; kugpd; vd;w mfj;jpizapay; (26)
E}w;ghtpy; VTfpd;w kuGila Ntspu; ,Ue;Js;shu;fs; vd;w nra;jpiag;
ngwKbfpd;wJ.
“Xjy; gifNa J}J ,it gpupNt” 21
,q;F fw;wy; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wnghOJ fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau; njhopYk;>
gifNa vDk;nghOJ J}J nry;Yk; ,d;iwa jfty; gupkhw;wk; Nghd;w
njhopy;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;Wk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. „jhNd NrwYk; jd;ndhL
rptzpa‟ vd;w mfj;jpizapy; 29-Mk;E}w;ghtpy; jhidj;jiytu; Nghd;w
,uz;lhk; epiy muRj; jiyikg; gw;wpa njhopy;fSk;
nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd.
kd;du; ghq;fpd; vd;Dk; mfj;jpizapay; (32) E}w;ghtpy;
kd;dupd; gupthuq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yf;$ba mstpy; gytpjkhd
njhopy;fs; gw;wp mwpaKbfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpa mfj;jpizapay; 33> 34
E}w;ghf;fspd; top tzpfu;> Ntshsu; gw;wpAk;> Gwj;jpizapay; 72
E}w;gh %yk; fhyhl;gil> ahidg;gil> Fjpiug;gil> ghJfhtyu; vd;w
Nghu; gw;wpa njhopy;fisg; gl;baypLfpwJ.
“mWtifg;gl;l ghu;g;gdu; gf;fKk;
Itif kugpd; muru; gf;fKk;” 22
vd;Dk; ,e;E}w;ghtpy; mWtifahd njhopy;fisAila ghu;g;gdg;
gFjp> Ie;J tifahd njhopy;fisAila muru; gw;wpAk;> MW tifj;
njhopy;fis cila tzpfu;> Ntshsu; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> Ntl;ly;> Ntl;gpj;jy;><jy;> Vw;wy; vd;git
me;jzu;f;Fupa mWtifj;njhopy; Xjy;> Ntl;ly;><jy;> fhj;jy;> jz;lk;

16
vd;git muru;f;Fupa Itifj; njhopy; Xjy;> Ntl;ly;><jy; cOjy;>
epiufhj;jy;> tzpfk; ,t;thWk; tzpfu; njhopy; Xjy;><jy;> coT>
epiufhj;jy;> thzpfk;> VidNahu;f;F cjTjy; ,it Ntshsupd;
MWnjhopy; MFk;. ehy;tifg; gpupTg; gw;wpAk; mtu;fs; nra;j
njhopy;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. Gwj;jpizapay; 88:3vd;Dk;
,e;E}w;gh $j;ju;> ghzu;> nghUeu;> tpwyp Nghd;w ghLNthu; gw;wpAk;
tpsk;Gfpd;wJ.„itrpad; ngWNk thzpf tho;f;if‟ vd;Dk; kugpay;
(622)mbapd; top itrpadpd; njhopy; thzpfk; nra;tJ vd;w
nra;jpia mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
“CUk; ngaU Kilj;njhopw; fUtpAk;
23
ahUQ; rhu;j;jp aitait ngWNk”
vd;W CiuAk; ngaiuAk; mtutu; rhu; njhopy;fisAk; ,e;E}w;gh
Fwpg;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jid> „ehd;F rhjpahUk; gpwe;j CUk;>
mtu;jk; ngaUk;> mtu;rhjpf;F cupj;njd;ww;Nfw;w fUtpAk;>
ahUQ;rhu;j;jg;gl;L mit mit ngWg vd;gJ Nguhrpupau;‟24 fUj;J.
„efUk; jkJ ,aw;ngaUk; rpwg;Gg;ngaUk; jj;je; njhopw;Nfw;w
fUtpAk; vy;yhiuAQ; rhu;j;jp mitaiu tUjy; ngWk; vd;gJ
,sk;G+uzu;‟25 ciuahFk;. NkYk;> ,uhkRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fs;
ciutUkhW> „CUk; vd;gjdhy; kJiuahu; vd;gJ NghyTk;> ngaUk;
vd;gjdhy; rhj;jd;> G+jd; Nghd;wJk; nfhs;sg;gLk;. njhopw;fUtpiar;
rhu;e;J tUjy; vd;gJ Nghu;tPuu; Nghd;W nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; ‟26 vd;gjhFk;.
Nkw;fz;l ciufspd; top CUk;> ngaUk; vd;gjw;F
ciuNtWghl;Lj; jd;ik ,Ug;gpDk;> „cilj;njhopw;fUtp‟ vd;gJ
„njhopw;fUtp‟ xd;iwNa Rl;b epw;fpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; njhy;fhg;gpau;
njhopYf;F cjTk; fUtpg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> njhy;fhg;gpa kugpay; E}w;gh.617 top me;jzu;> muru;>

tzpfu;> Ntshsu; vd;Dk; ehy;tifj;njhopy; ,Ue;Js;sijAk;>
xt;nthUtupd; njhopy;Kiwfs; gw;wp kugpay; njspthf
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. eldg;ngz;fs;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w njhopy;fs;
Neubahfr; nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> gy E}w;ghf;fspy; fpilf;fpd;w
nra;jpfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,t;thW njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy;
xt;nthUtUk; jj;jk; njhopiyr; rpwg;Gwr; nra;J te;Js;sdu; vd;gij
mwpaKbfpwJ.

17
1.3 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy; vd;Dk; nrhy;
rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; „njhopy;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; nkhj;jk; 58
,lq;fspy; tUfpd;wd. ew;wpizapy; gj;Jg; ghly;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;whf>
“twj;njhL nghUe;jpa cyFnjhopw; nfhsP,a” 27

vd;Dk; ,g;ghlypy; ePupd;ikahNy Nfhilapy; gyehshf twl;rpAw;w

cyfj;J capu;fs;> kfpo;r;rpNahL jj;je;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;L
epfo;j;JkhW kio nga;jd vd;w ciu top kionga;jTld; midj;J
capUk; jk; njhopiyr; nra;Ak; vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,t;thNw
“Cry; cWnjhopw; G+ry; $l;lh” 28

“Mba njhopYk; my;fpa nghopYk;” ;29

“jd;njhopy; tha;j;j ,d;Fuy; vopyp” 30

,tw;wpy; Cry; Mly;> kio nga;jyhy; midj;J capu;fSf;Fk;

njhopy; tUjy;> Nghu;j;njhopy;> nea;jy;epyj; jiytDf;F ahk;
kdnkhj;J ,JfhWk; mtdpl;l njhopiyf; Nfl;L mjd;gb
ele;Njhkpy;iy vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly;fspypUe;J (157:1> 161:1> 239)>
xUtu; ,l;l Ntiyiar; nra;atpy;iy vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.
cotu; Gy;iyAila Njhl;lj;jpy; njhopy; nra;ahjgb ,Ue;jdu;
vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW ew;wpiz (330:4>315:5>333-1)> FWe;njhif
(242:5)> Iq;FWE}W (426:1> 442:1> 443:5> 445:2> 447:1> 448:2> 450:1> 451:4>
498:3)> gjpw;Wg;gj;J (26:14> 28:6> 40:3> 72:13> 84:16> 21> 90:8)> gupghly;
3:71> 10:113> 15:13> 18:29> 20:62> 22:44)> fypj;njhif 82:35> 85:24> 138:2>
148:1)> mfehD}W (60:2> 141:5> 160:11> 254:10> 260:4> 298:2> 317:1> 340:19>
363:10> 384:1)> GwehD}W (3:12> 14:14-15> 66:2> 166:18> 212:5> 224:9> 285:7>
319:13 387:11)> KUfhw;Wg;gil (89)> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil (102)>
gl;bdg;ghiy (121> 275) neLey;thil (188)> kJiuf;fhQ;rp (10> 72> 124)
ghly;fs; %yk; njhopy; vd;Dk; nrhy; njhopy;> Ntiy vd;Dk;
nghUspy; gapd;W te;Js;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

1.4 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy njhopy;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy;
cly; ciog;G rhu;e;j njhopy;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mtw;iwg;
ngUe;njhopy;fs;> Jizrhu;njhopy;fs;> rpWnjhopy;fs; vdg; gpupj;J
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUe;njhopy;> Jizj;njhopy; ,itfSf;fhd

18
njhopy; rhu;e;j ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;iffs; rq;fg; ghly;fspd; top
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.31

1.4.1 ngUe;njhopy;fs;
Ie;jpiz rhu; njhopy;fs;> nerTj;njhopy;> fl;llj;njhopy;
Nghd;w njhopy;fs; kf;fshy; gutyhfr; nra;ag;gl;ld.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; nra;J te;j ,j;njhopy;fisg; ngUe;njhopy;
vd;W mioj;jdu;. ,j;jifa ngUe;njhopy;fis mwpNthk;.
1.4.1.1 Ntl;ilj;njhopy;
FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; cs;s Kjd;ikahd njhopNy Ntl;ilj;
njhopy;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd E}y;fspy; Ntl;ilj;
njhopy;fSf;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.gd;wpia Ntl;ilahLjy;>Ks;sk;
gd;wpiag; gpbf;f Ntl;il ehAld; nrd;W Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;.
,t;tifapy; gy tpyq;fpdq;fis Ntl;ilahb tho;e;Js;sdu;.
1.4.1.2 Mepiufis Nka;j;jy;
Ky;iy epyj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; Mepiufis tsu;j;jiy
njhopyhfr; nra;J te;Js;sdu;. ,jid>

“kio tpisahLk; Fd;W Nru; rpWFbf;

fwit fd;Wtapw; glug; Gwtpy;” 32

vd;w FWe;njhifg; ghly; Mepiufis Nka;j;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

Nkfq;fs; jto;;e;J jpupjw;F ,ldhfpa kiyr; rhu;e;j rpw;W}upd;fz;
jd;Dila fd;Wfis epidj;J Mepiufs; tUe;Jkhk;.
,f;fUj;jpidNa>
“Gyk;gap uUe;j tz;z Nyw;nwhL
epye;J}q; fzy tPqF
; Kiyr; nrUj;jy;
ghy;thu;G Fotp As;sp epiuapwe;” 33

vd FWe;njhifapy; gRf;fs; jk; fd;wpid vz;zp> khiyf;fhyk;

te;jTld; jpUk;gp te;JtpLk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
 nkd;Gykhfpa kUjpyj;J cotu;> td;Gykhfpa Ky;iy epyj;Nj
jk; vUJfis Nka;g;gu;.
 ML tsu;j;jy;nrk;kwpahL> nts;shL Mfpait $bapUf;fpd;w
fhl;rpia kiygLflhk; vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.
19
Nka;j;jy; njhopYf;F kio ,ilA+whf ,Ug;gjhy; kio ePuhy;
Njhd;Wk; ngUnts;sj;ij ntWj;jdu; vd;W
neLey;thilFwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Mau;fs; nts;sj;jpypUe;J jq;fs;
tpyq;Ffisf; fhf;f> Nkl;L epyg;gFjpahfpa Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ML>
khLfis Nkatpl;L ghJfhj;Jj; jd; tho;it cau;j;jpf;nfhz;ldu;.

1.4.1.3 coTj; njhopy;

kdpj tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj coTj; njhopiyf;
Fwpj;J rq;fg;Gytu;fs; Kjy; ,d;iwa Gytu;fs; tiu vLj;jpak;gp
te;Js;sdu;. coTj;njhopiyr; nra;gtu;fs; cotu;fs;. ,tu;fs; kUj
epyj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; vd;gjid>
“goQ;nre; ney;ypd; Kfit nfhs;shs;” 34
vd;w mfehD}W ney;kpf;f Ciu cilatu;fs; vd;W giwrhw;WfpwJ.

“fz;gil ngwhJ jz;Gyu; tpbay;

fUq;fz; tuhmy; ngUe;jb kpspu;itnahL
Gfu;it muprpg; nghk;kw; ngUQ;NrhW
.................................................................................
mLe NuhLeP Nrwp ahapd;” 35
cotu;fs; jq;fs; epyq;fisg; gz;gl;l epykhf khw;wpdu;. ngUkstpy;
tpisr;riyj; juf;$ba epyk; vd;gjw;F mq;Fs;s new;fjpu;fs; Kw;wpa
epiyapy; tise;J epw;Fk; fhl;rpia ew;wpizg; ghly; rpwg;ghf
vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.
NkYk;> neLy;thil mfd;w tay; ntspfspy; caukhf tsu;e;j
tskhd ,iyfisAila new;gapu;fspd; fjpu;fs; Kw;wp tise;j
epiyapid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. ,t; coTj;njhopiy ,uz;L tifahf
gpupf;fyhk; mit. 1.ed;nra; coT2.Gd;nra; coT MFk;.

1.4.1.3.1 ed;nra; coT

gue;Jg;gl;l epyj;ij cOJ ePiug;gha;r;rp gapu; tpisr;riy
cz;lhf;ff; $bajhf mike;jpUg;gJ ed;nra; cothFk;.
ed;nra; coitg; gw;wp GwehD}Wk;> gl;bdg;ghiyAk;> rpwe;j
tay;fisf; nfhz;l ehL vd;W tskhd tsj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

20
1.4.1.3.2 Gd;nra; coT
coTj; njhopypd; ,uz;lhtJ tif Gd;nra; coT MFk;.
td;Gykhfpa Ky;iy epyj;jpy; tuF tpise;J epd;wJ vd;W GwehD}W
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa Gd;nra; cotpy; Kf;fpakhdit>
1. jpid tpistpj;jy;
2. jpidg;Gdk; fhj;jy; MFk;
vUJG+l;b cOJ> nts;is tuFk;> nfhs;Sk;> gapuhf;fp> coT
nra;jdu; vd;W GwehD}W (384) thapyhf mwpayhk;. tpise;j tuFfs;
mupthshy; mWf;fg;gl;ld. kfspu; jpidg;Gdk; fhj;Js;sdu;. gy
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,t;coit Neu;j;jpahfr; nra;Js;sdu;.

1.4.1.4 kPd;gpbj; njhopy;

rq;ffhy kf;fs; ePz;l glfpy; nrd;W kPd;gpbj;j nra;jpia>
“ngUq;flw; gug;gpy; Nrapwhy; eLq;ff;
nfhLe;njhopy; Kfe;j nrq;Nfhy; mt;tiy
neLe;jpkpy; njhopNyhLitfpa je;ijf;F” 36

vd;w mfehD}W ghlypd; %yk; tiyapidf; ifapy; nfhz;L nrd;W

kPd;gpbj;j nra;jp Gyg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kPd;fis tpw;gtu;fis tiyQu;
vd;W miof;fpd;wdu;.
gujtd; xUtd; RwhkPidg; gpbf;f tiyia tPrpdhd;>
Rwhtiyia mWj;J tpLfpwJ. mjdhy; mtd; $u;ikahd cspia
vwpe;J me;j kPidg; gpbj;J tpLfpwhd;. Rwhthy; fpopf;fg;gl;l tiyia
mtd; fpuhkj;Jj; njUtpy; fhag;NghLfpwhd; vd;W mfehD}W ghly;
vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.
“ ..............................................jpz;bkpy;
vy;Yj;njhopd; kLj;j ty;tpidg; gujtu;
$u;cspf; fLtpir kz;lypw; gha;e;Jld;
Nfhl;Rwhf; fpopj;j nfhLKb neLtiy” 37

csp nfhz;L kPd; gpbj;j nra;jpiaf; fzf;fhad; jj;jd;>

cNyhr;rdhu; Mfpa ,UtUk; Fwpg;ghff; $Wfpd;wdu;. gujtu;fs;
glFfisr; nrg;gdpLk; gzpiaAk; nra;Js;sdu;. fly;rhu; kf;fs; kPd;
tiyfisAk; flw;fiuapNy cyu;j;jp njhopy; nra;jdu;.

21
1.4.1.5 Mwiyj;jy; (m) fsTj;njhopy;
mwk; jpupe;j rpe;jidf; nfhz;L MW miyf;fj; J}z;bepd;wJ.
ghiyapd; ,aw;if mikg;Ng MFk;. ,j;jifa Mwiyf; fs;tu;fis
“tk;g khf;fs; tUjpwk; Nehf;fpr;
nrq;fiz njhLj;j nrapu;Nehf;F Mltu;” 38
vd;W ew;wpizf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk;> fs;tiuf; Fwpf;f td;fz;
Mltu;> md;gpy; Mltu;>Mfpa nrhw;fs; GwehD}w;wpy; (3>16) gapd;W
tUfpd;wd. ghiyepyj;jpw;Nf cupa Mwiyj;jy; vd;w njhopiyr;
nra;Ak; kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,k;kf;fs; jkpofk; kl;Lkpd;wp ,;e;jpa
Njrk; KOtJNk mf;fhyj;jpy; topg;gwpf; nfhs;is nra;Js;sdu;.
,jid thzpfr; rhj;ju; may;ehLfSf;F thzpfk;
nra;ag;NghFk; NghJ $l;lkhfr; Nru;e;J NghdJ kl;Lk; my;yhky;
jq;fNshL giltPuu;fisAk; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghdhu;fs; vd;Wk;
thzpfu; rhj;ij Ntlu;fs; nfhs;isabj;jhu;fs; vd;W rq;fg;ghf;fs;
$WtjpypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ. kUjd; kUjdps ehfdhu;> ghiy
epyj;jpd; topNa nrd;w thzpfr; rhj;ijf; nfhs;isapl;l Ntliuf;
$Wfpwhu;.
“kiongay; kwe;j fiojpuq;F ,atpy;
nry;rhj;J vwpAk; gd;gpy; tho;f;if
ty;tpy; ,isau; jiytu; vy;Yw” 39
vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypd;top midtUk; mr;rk; ngWk; tz;zk;
,j;njhopy; eilg;ngw;W te;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
,NjNghy; fbaY}u; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhUk; topg;gwpf; nfhs;isapl;l
nfhLtpy; Mltu; vd;W tpy; Ntliuf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
NkYk;>
“Rupif Eioe;j Rw;WtPq;F nrwpTilf;
fUtp Nyhr;rpa fz;zfd; vWo;j;Njhs;
..................................................................................
tpy;Yil itg;gpd; tpaq;fhl; batpd;” 40
vd;Dk; ,g;ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapd; top thzpfr; rhj;Jld;
ghiyepyj;J kwtu; nra;j Nghiu mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
“fsup gue;j fy;neL kUq;fpd;
tpsUd; jpd;w tPq;Frpiy kwtu;
ikgL jpz;Nlhs; kypu thl;bg;

22
 nghiwkyp fOij neLepiu joP,a” 41
NtWehLfSld; thzpfk; nra;j thzpfr; rhj;Jf;F mf;fhyj;jpy;
ngUe;Jd;gq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sJ. Ruq;fs; topahf nfhz;L tuf;$ba
nghUisg; ngWtjw;F fs;tu;fs; topkwpj;Jf; nfhz;Lr; nrd;Ws;sdu;.
fly; topahfr; nry;yf; $batu;fisAk;> nghUs;fisAk; mgfupj;J
te;jdu; vd;gij>
“mzq;Fnka;e; epd;w miktU fhl;rp
MW miy fs;tu; giltpl mUspd;” 42
vd;w nghUeu; Mw;Wg;gil ghlyhdJ> Mw;wpd; fz; nry;Nthiu
topg;gwp nra;Ak; ,uf;fkpy;yhjtu;fs; mtu;fs; vLj;J tUk;
nghUl;fisAk; gwpj;J tpLtu;. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; thof; $batu;fspy;
xUrpy Ntl;Ltu;fs;> topg;gwpj; njhopiyAk; nra;Js;sdu; vd;gij>
“njhLNjhy; mbau;Jb glf; FoP,
nfhLtpy; vapdu; nfhs;is cz;l
czT ,y;tWq; $l;L cs;sfj;J ,Ue;J” 43
vd;w gl;bdg;ghiy ghlypd; topahf mwpaKbfpwJ. mjhtJ> nrUg;G
mzpe;jtUk;> nfhba tpy;iyAilatUkhd NtLtu;fs;
nfhs;isabj;Jr; nry;tjhy; czTf;F cupa ney;kzpfisr; Nru;j;J
itf;Fk; $LfshdJ ney;NyJk; ,y;yhJ twpaepiyapy; cs;sd vd;w
,j;jutpd; %yk; md;wstpy; nfhs;isj; njhopy; ,Ue;jikia mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. ,f;fUj;jpid mfehD}w;Wg; (245) ghlYk; njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
Mwiyf; fs;tu;> topg;gwp nra;tjw;F kuq;fspd; Nky; ehz;G+l;b mk;G
nrwpj;j tpy;Yld; mku;e;jpUg;gu; vd;gij
“tpLfiz tpy;nyhL gw;wpf; Nfhbtu;G
44
tUeu;g; ghu;fF
; k; td;f zhltu”;
vd;Dk; FWe;njhifg; ghly; njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. coTj; njhopy; Nghy;
fsTj; njhopiyr; nra;J tUfpd;wdu; vd;W ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil (39)
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

1.4.1.6 nerTj; njhopy;

kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSs; cilAk; xd;W
rq;ffhyj;Jr; rKjha kf;fs; Ez;zwptpd; jpwj;jhy; gUj;jp gQ;rpid
E}yhf cUthf;fp Milahf nea;J cLj;jpf;nfhz;ldu;. tPlb ; y; cs;s
kfspu; Ez;zpa E}yhf E}w;Fk; njhopypy; ifj;jpwd; kpf;ftu;fshf

23
tpsq;fpdhu;fs;. fztid ,oe;j epiyapy; MjuT mw;w kfspu;;
gpwUila cjtpapid vjpu;ghuhJ gUj;jp gQ;rpid E}yhf khw;wp
njhopy; nra;J tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,e;nerTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Nlhiu rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; gUj;jpg; ngz;Bu; vd;W mioj;jdu;. ,jid
“fy;Nru;G ,Ue;j fJtha;f; Fuk;igj;
jhop Kjy; fypj;j Nfhopiyg; gUj;jp”45
vd;w mfehD}w;Wg;ghly; %yk; rq;ffhy kf;fs; gUj;jp nertpw;F
Kjd;ikaspj;Js;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. gUj;jpiaf; nfhz;L gy
tifahd Milfs; nea;Js;sdu;. Jzpfs;Ez; Ntiyg;ghl;L jpwDld;
nea;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

1.4.1.7 fl;llj; njhopy;

rq;f fhyj; jkpo; kf;fs; itf;Nfhy; Kjypa Gy;ypidf; nfhz;L
Ntag;gl;l rpWFby; Kjyhf Nky; Nehf;fp fhZk; mstpw;F cau;e;J
Njhd;Wk; vOepiy khlq;fs; tiuapyhd gy jpwg;gl fl;llq;fisAk;
jq;fs; ciwtplq;fshf mikj;Jf; nfhz;L tho;e;Js;sdu;. fl;ll
E}y;fisf; fw;Wzu;e;j rpw;gpfs;> epyj;jpid kidia mse;J
fl;llj;jpw;F kidtFf;Fk; njhopy; jpwk; cilatu;fshf
tpsq;fpdhu;fs;.
“E}y; mwpGytu; Ez;zpjpd; fapW ,l;L
Nj vk;nfhz;L nja;tk; Nehf;fp
ngUk; ngau; kd;du;f;F xg;gkid tFj;J
xUq;Fld; tis, Xq;F epiy tiug;gpd;” 46
vd;w neLey;thil ghlypd; thapyhf E}ywp Gytu; El;gkha; E}ypl;L
Muha;e;J epyj;ij Nju;T nra;Js;sdu;. fl;llj; njhopYf;Fj;
nfhy;yUk;. jr;rUk;> ,d;wpaikahj njhopyhsu; Mthu;fs;.
,tu;fSila Jizapd;wp fl;ll Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbf;f ,ayhJ.
Rtu;> kuk;> Jzpr;rPiy Kjypatw;wpy; cs;sj;ijf; nfhs;isf;
nfhs;Sk; Xtpaq;fisj; jkpo; kf;fs; vOjp kfpo;;e;jdu;. muz;kid>
Nfhtpy; kz;lgk; ,tw;wpd; Rtu;fspy; ey;y ey;y Xtpaq;fisnay;yhk;
tiue;J moFgLj;jpdu;. NkYk;> khlj;ij>
“nts;sp ad;d tpsq;FQ; RijAuP,
kzpfz; ld;d khj;jpus; jpz;fho;r;
nrk;gpad; wd;d nra;TW neLQ;Rtu;
cUtg; gy;T+ xUnfhbtis ,f;

24
 fUnthU ngaupa fhz;gpdy;ypy;”47
vd neLey;thil Fwpf;fpwJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; Nfhtpy;fs; nrq;fy;> kuk;
,tw;why; fl;lg;gl;ld. Rtu;Nky; fz;izf; ftUk; tifapy; Rz;zk;
G+rg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,t;thW fl;llf;fiy fhyj;jpw;Fk; R+o;epiyf;Fk;
Vw;wthW tsu;e;J nfhz;Nl te;Js;sik njspthfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
ngUe;njhopy;fis Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L ,t; Ma;NtL
mikfpd;wd.

1.4.2 Jizj;njhopy;fs;
coTj; njhopYf;Fj; Jizahf epd;w Vu;> nfhO Mfpatw;iwr;
nra;J jUk; jr;ru;> nfhy;yu; vd;w njhopw; gpuptpdu; Njhd;wpdu;. ,tu;fs;
Ntshz;ikj; njhopYf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; Njitahd fUtpfisr; nra;J
je;jdu;.

1.4.2.1 jr;Rj; njhopy;

jr;rd; rpWtu;fSf;fhf FjpiuAld; $ba ,Oj;Jr; nry;Yk;
Njiur; nra;J jUthd;. nfhy;yd; $upa thiaAila vwpAspiag;;
gujtu;f;Fr; nra;J jUthd;.
NkYk; Rwh kPid tPo;j;Jjw;Fg; gujtu; mt;tif vwpAspiaNa
gad;gLj;Jtu;. fl;llj; njhopypd; xU gpupthd jr;Rj; njhopy; kf;fspd;
,d;wpaikahj njhopy;fSs; xd;whf tpsq;fpaJ. mg;gbg;gl;l xU
njhopyhf tpsq;fpaik>

“gUtpUk;G gpzpj;Jr; nrt;tuf; FuP,j;

Jizkhz; fjtk; nghUj;jp ,izkhz;L
ehnshL ngaupa Nfhsik tpOkuj;Jg;
.....................................................................................
ifty; fk;kpad; KLf;fypd; GiujPu;e;J
Iatp ag;gpa nea;azp neLepiy” 48
vd;W neLey;thil Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ifj;njhopy; ty;y jr;rd; ,ul;ilf;
fjTfisr; rpwpJk; ,ilntsp Njhd;wh tz;zk; ,izj;J
cUthf;fpa nra;jpia neLey;thilapd; thapyhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Xtpa Ntiyg;ghLfSld; ,tu;fsJ njhopy; rpWtu;fSf;Fk;>
gujtu;fSf;Fk; gad;gl;l epiyiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

25
1.4.2.2 nfhy;yd; njhopy;
Nty;> ths; Nghd;w fUtpfs; nra;a ,Uk;G gad;gl;lJ. ,Uk;gpd;
gaid mwpe;J gad;gLj;jpNahu; nfhy;yu; vdg; ngau; ngw;wdu;.
,tu;fs; typikNahL ,j;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
“fUq;iff; nfhy;yd; ,Uk;Gtpirj; njwpe;j” 49
vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil %yk; ,Uk;igf;fha;r;rpf; FwL vd;Dk;
fUtpiar; nra;Js;sJ njspthfpwJ. NkYk;> ,Uk;ig mbj;J ths;>
Nty; Nghd;w gy;NtW fUtpfisr; nra;jhd; nfhy;yd; vd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ.

1.4.2.3 kz;ghz;lk; nra;jy;

ey;y mwpTila Faf;Fyj;J ,isNahu; rf;fuj;ijf; nfhz;L
kz;ghz;lj;ijr; nra;jdu; vd;w nra;jpiaj; jUfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,J
Nghd;w kz;iz itj;J jhopfs; nra;jy; vdg; gy;NtW nghUl;fisr;
nra;Js;sdu;.
“Ntl;Nfhr; rpwhmu; Nju;f;fhy; itj;j
gRkz; FU cj;jpus; Nghy” 50
vd;w GwehD}W tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.rq;f fhy kf;fs; Neubahfj; jq;fSf;F
cupa nghUs;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. fUtpfs; gy nra;J
tho;thjhuk; cau;tjw;F toptif nra;Js;sdu;. jq;fs; Njitiag;
G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;sTk;> njhopiy Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;
ngUe;njhopYf;F cWJizahf ,j;njhopy;fs; rpwg;Gw;W cs;sikia
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

1.4.3 rpWnjhopy;fs;
rq;ffhy kf;fs; jk; nghUshjhu epiyia cau;j;jpf; nfhs;s
ngUe;njhopy;fis kl;Lky;yhJ rpW njhopy;fisAk;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ngUe;njhopy;fSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; ,it
tpsq;fpAs;sd.
rpW njhopy;fshy; tpise;j nghUspd; msT kpff; FiwT
vdpDk; kpfg;ngUk; KjyPLfNsh> nghUl;nryNth> ePz;lfhy msNth
,y;yhky; mjpf cly; ciog;NghL fpilj;j nghUs;fisf; nfhz;Lr;
rpW njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
rq;ffhy kf;fs; jq;fs; NjitfSf;F Vw;g rpWrpW
njhopy;fisr; nra;J te;Js;sdu; vd;gjw;F jf;fr; rhd;whf>

26
 “nrk;Gepiw nfhz;lkUk; tk;Gepiw KbeUk;
G+Tk; GifAk; MAk; khf;fSk;>
vt;tifr; nra;jpAk; ctkf;fhl;b
Ez;zpjpd; czu;e;j Eioe;j Nehf;fpw;
fz;Zs; tpidQUk; gpwUk; $bj;
njz;biu atpuwy; fLg;g nthz;gy;
FwpaT nebaT kbjUc tpupj;J
rpwpaUk; ngupaUk; fk;kpau; FoP,
ehy;NtW njUtpDq; fhy;Yw epw;wuf;” 51

vd;w tupfspd; top rq;Ffis mWj;J tisay; Kjypadthff;

filjy;> mofpa etkzpfisj; JisapLjy;> jPapypl;L nghd;id
cUf;fpAk; mbj;Jk; ePlb
; Ak; xsptpLk; gygy mzpfshfr; nra;jy;>
nghd;id ciuf;fy;ypy; ciuj;J juj;ij mWjpapLjy;> Milfis
tpw;wy;> fpopQ;rs;fisj; jk; njhopy; jpwj;jhy; nra;jy;> mfpy;
tpw;ghUk;> Xtpaj; njhopyhsUk; KjypNahu; rpWnjhopy;fis
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. NkYk;>
“NghJ gpzptpl;l fko;eWk; ngha;ifj;
jhJz; Jk;gp NghJ Kud;whq;F
Xj ye;jzu; Ntjk;; ghlr;
rPupdJ nfhz;L euk;gpdp jpaf;fp ,dpJ
..........................................................
fs;Nshu; fspnehil Ety” 52
vdtUk; mbapd; %yk; Xjy; njhopiyAila me;jzu; Ntjq;fis
Xjhepw;gu;> ahNohu; jhs mWjpia ,dpjhf cs;sj;jpy; nfhz;L
euk;gpid ,dpjhfj; njupe;J kUjy; gz;zpid ,irj;jdu;. gz;lk;
tpw;Nghu; gytha; NtWgl;l gz;lq;fisAk; filfspy; tpw;gid
nra;jdu;. fs;tpw;Nghu; fspg;gpid cila fs;spw;F tpiy $wptpw;wdu;.
,J Nghd;w gy;NtW njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

1.4.3.1 Njd; vLj;jy;

FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; jq;fSila xU njhopyhf Njd; vLf;Fk;
njhopiyr; nra;jdu;. kiyfspYs;s caukhd kuq;fspYk;> cr;rpg;
ghiwfspYk; fl;ba NjdilfspypUe;J Njd; ngwg;gl;lij>

27
 “miwAW jPe;Njd; Fwtu; mWg;g” 53
vd;w ghliy vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Njd; Nrfupf;f ntd;W
%q;fpyhyhd ePz;l Vzpiag; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,t;Ntzpiag;
gad;gLj;jp Fuq;fpdKk; Vw Kbahj ,lj;jpypUe;j NjdilfisAk;
mopj;Jj; NjndLj;jdu;. mt;Ntisapy; kfpo;r;rp Muhthuk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sij kiygLflhk; (315-318) vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.,j;njhopy;
%yk; gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jid>
“nfhLe;njhopy; ty;tpw; nfhiy,a fhdtu;
ePlik tpise;j Njf;fs; Njwy;
Fd;wfr; rpWFbf; fpisAld; kfpo;e;J
njhz;lfr; rpWgiwf; Fuit mau” 54

vd jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Fwtu;fs; %q;fpy; Fohapdpy;

Njid Cw;wp nra;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fs;spid kiyg;gf;fj;jpy; cs;s
Cu;fspy; thOk; Rw;wj;jhUld; cz;L kfpo;e;J njhz;lfg; giwia
Kof;fp mjw;F Vw;gf; Fuit $j;jhbdu; vd;w Fwpg;G ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

NkYk; NjdPf;fshy; ,iof;fg; gl;l Fspu;r;rp nghUe;jpa Njd;

$L rpijAk;gb nra;J> mjpypUe;J Njid vLj;J kw;w epyj;NjhL
cs;s kf;fsplk; gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; tpw;gid nra;jdu; vd;gijAk;>
NkYk;

“Nta;g;ngay; tpisAs; Njf;fs; Njwy;

55
Fiwtpd;W gUfp ewTkfpo;e;J itfiwg;”
vd;w kiygLflhk; ghlypd; top FwpQ;rp epykf;fs; Njd; vLj;jiy
xU njhopyhff; nfhz;L thzpg Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sik
njspthfpd;wJ.
„jPe;Njd; nfhs;gtu;‟ (ew;.292:3) vd;W> ,dpa Njd; vLf;Fk;
Ntlu;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpidg; ngwKbfpd;wJ. NkYk; mj;Njid
%q;fpw; Foha;fspy; Cw;wpg; gpd;G mtw;iwg; gjg;gLj;jp xUtif
kJitAk; cz;lhf;fpAs;sdu;.
,k;kJ Fwpj;J „Njk;gpop ewtpd;‟ (78:7) vd;w mfehD}w;W ghly;
vLj;Jiug;gjd; topahf mit Njdpy; gpope;njLj;j kJtpidr;
Rl;LfpwJ vd;gij njspaKbfpwJ.
28
1.4.3.2 G+ tpw;wy;
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; G+ tpahghuk; nra;jw;fhd rhd;W cs;sJ. G+
thq;fypNah G+T> vd;W ngz;fs; $tp tpw;gij ew;wpizg; gjpT
nra;Js;sJ. mit
“GJkyu; njUTnjhW EtYk;” 56
vd;w ghlypy; ghjpupg; G+f;fis tl;bypy; Nghl;Lf; $tp tpw;Fk; xU
ngz; gw;wpg; ngUq;fLq;Nfh ghbAs;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ngz;fs;
kyiuj; njhLj;J tpw;W mjw;F gjpyhf ney;iyg; ngw;W
tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. G+tpw;wYk; xU rpWnjhopyhf tPl;by; cs;s
ngz;fs; nra;J te;Js;sdu;. mtu;fs; G+tpw;fhfg; ngw;w ney;iy
jd;Dila Rw;wj;jhNuhL jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy; rikj;J gyUk; cz;L
kfpo;e;jdu;. ,jid>
“Ja;j;jiy ,jo igq;FUf; fj;jpnahL
gpj;jpif tpuTkyu; nfhs;sP Nuhntd
tz;L R+o; tl;bas; jpupjUk;
jz;liy cotu; jdpkl kfNs” 57
vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. NkYk;>
“G+Tk; GifAk; MA khf;fSk;” 58
vd kyu;fisAk; kzg;Gifg; nghUs;fis tpw;Nghu; gw;wp
kJiuf;fhQ;rp mfehD}W (331:1) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. kyuha;e;J njhLj;jy;
vd;W rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhUk;>“fbkyu;r; rpg;gk;” vd;W nfhq;F NtspUk;
mj;njhopiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wdu;. ,z;il> fz;zp> jhu; Kjypa
gytiffs; khiyfspy; cz;L. Mf mf;fhyj;jpNyNa ngz;fs;
jq;fSf;nfd Ra njhopiyr; nra;Js;sdu; vd;gjw;F ,g;ghly;fNs
rhd;W vdyhk;.

1.4.3.3 Nkhu; tpw;wy;

rq;ffhy kf;fs; Nkhu;tpw;wjpy; cz;lhd gzj;ij itj;J
jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis thq;fp tho;f;if elj;jp te;jdu;
vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ngz;fs; jq;fs; tUkhdj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s>
“es;spUs; tpbaw; Gs;nsog; Nghfpg;>
Gypf;Fuy; kj;jk; xypg;g thq;fp
Mk;gp thd;Kif md;d $k;GKfpo;

29
 ciwaik jPe;japu; fyf;fp Eiwnjupe;J” 59
vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ghly;fs; %yk; Mau;fs; Nkhiuf; nfhz;Lr;
nrd;W tpiyf;F tpw;W mjw;F <lhf vUikAk;> gRf;fisAk; mtw;wpd;
fd;WfisAk; thq;fp nrd;W> jq;fSila FLk;gj;ij Kd;Ndw;wr;
nra;Js;sdu; vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ghiyepy kf;fs; japu;
file;jijg; gw;wp ew;wpiz (12) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

1.4.3.4 cg;G tpw;wy;

gujtu;fsplkpUe;J cg;igg; ngw;W tpw;gid nra;j Fb ckzu;
FbahFk;. gujtu;fs; cUthf;fpa cg;ig ckzu;fs; tpiyf;nfhLj;J
thq;fp mtw;iw ney;Yf;F <lhff; nfhLj;J tpw;gid nra;Js;sdu;.
ckzu;tho;tpay; gw;wpa gjpTfs; kpFjpAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ckzu;fs; tz;bfs; xl;bf;nfhz;Lr; nrd;W Cu;
Cuhfr; nrd;W cg;G tpw;wdu;. ckzuhd cg;G tzpfupd; tz;bapd;
mikg;ig>
“Miu Nta;e;j miwtha;r; rflk;
…………………………………….
gynyUj; Jkzu; gjpNghF neLnewp”60
vd;w ghlypy; vUJfs; rupahff; fl;lg;gl;l tz;b nry;Yk; topAk;>
cg;ig tpiy $wp tpw;wijAk; fhzKbfpwJ.gpwpnjhU FWe;njhifg;
(124) ghlypy; FOthf nrd;W cg;G tpw;wiy mwpaKbfpd;wJ.NkYk;
ckzu; cg;G tpw;wij>
“ntz;fy; cg;gpd; nfhs;is rhw;wpf;
fzepiu fpsu;f;Fk; neLnewpr; rflk;” 61
vd;w ew;wpiz vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,Nj Nghy; xuplj;jpy; jq;fp thohj
ckzu;fs; tho;f;if Kiwapid cilatu;fs; cg;ig tpw;W
nghUsPlb
; tuf;$batu;fs; vd;gij ew;wpiz (138:1-4> 183)> mfehD}W
(17:11-13>140:1-8) ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. cg;G tz;bapy; Mz;fs;
nrd;whYk; mjid ckzg; ngz;fs; tpw;gidr; nra;Js;sdu;.

1.4.3.5 Nfhop tsu;j;jy;

kf;fs; Nfhop tsu;j;jiyAk; xU rpWnjhopyhf Nkw;nfhz;L
te;Js;sdu;. ,jid>
“kidAiw Nfhopf; FWq;fhw; Ngil

30
 Ntyp ntUfpd khiy Aw;nwd” 62
vd;w ghlyhy; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,g;ghlyhdJ fhl;Lg;G+idapd;
tUifiaf; fz;L tPlb
; y; tsu;f;fg;gLk; fpsp> Nfhop Mfpad
FQ;Rfisg; ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpw;Fr; nry;YkhW $Tk; Nfhopf; $L
gw;wp ngUk;.52 ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilAk;> kidf;Nfhop> ePu;f;Nfhop> fhl;Lf;
Nfhop Mfpa %d;W Nfhopfs; Fwpj;J Gwk;.395 Fwpg;gpLtijAk;>
mt;thNw ,tw;wpid xUq;Nf Nru;e;J Nka;fpd;wdu; vd;w nra;jpiaAk;
,g;GwehD}W vLj;jpak;Gtjd; top mwpfpNwhk;.
NkYk; ePyr; Nrtw; Nfhopiag; gw;wp Iq;FWE}Wk;.17> Kw;wj;jpy;
fhAk; Ky;iy cz;ztUk; Nfhopiag; nghd; Fioiaf; nfhz;L
tpul;babj;jdu; vd;W gl;bdg;ghiy 21> Rl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;> cotu;fs;
jk; ciog;ghy; nfhz;L te;j ts;spa new;Nrhw;Wld;> kidapd;fz;
thOk; Nfhopg;ngilapdhy; rikj;j nghupaNyhL cz;ldu; vd;W
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil (253)> ciug;gjd; %yk;> rq;ffhy kf;fs; Nfhop
tsu;j;jy; kw;Wk; mjidg; gad;gLj;jpa Kiwfs; njspthfpd;wd.

1.4.3.6 $ilg; gpd;Djy;

,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; %yg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L gy;NtW
tifahd nghUl;fisr; nra;J gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;. mt;thNw
rq;ffhy kf;fs; rpWnjhopyhf $il nra;jy; gzpiar; nra;Js;sdu;.
gs;sKz;lhfr; nra;ag;gl;l gRikahd Xiyf; $ilia
tisj;Jf;nfhz;L mjpy; Gjupy; cs;s Ky;iyg; G+f;fisg; gwpj;jdu;.
“mty; tFj;j gRq;Filahw;
63
Gjd; Ky;iyg; G+g; gwpf;FJ”
vd GwehD}Wk;> vspjpy; fpilf;Fk; thioehu; nghJtpy;
nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;>„Mu;‟ vd;Dk; mj;jpapd; gl;ilia cupj;J kyu;
njhLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W mfehD}Wk; (269)> ehiuf;nfhbia mg;gbNa
nfhbahfTk;> ehuhfTk; gad;gLj;jpdu; vd kiyg;gLflhKk; (430)>
Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; $ilg; gpd;Djy; kw;Wk; ehu; jahupf;Fk; njhopy;
nra;jJ Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. „eiu ehu;Ntq;if fz;zp‟ (282) vd;w
mfehD}Wg; ghlypd; top ehu;fisf; nfhz;L khiy jahupg;Nghu;
khiyf;fhuu; vdg;gl;ldu;.

31
1.4.3.7 fl;by; gpd;Djy;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; fl;by; gpd;Djy;> gha; gpd;Djy;> ehw;fhyp
nra;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fisf; fiyj;njhopy;fshfNt
kf;fs; nra;J te;jdu; vd;gJ kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jpy; fl;by;
gpd;Djyhfpa ifj;njhopy; epfo;e;Js;sij>
“fl;by; epzf;Fk; ,oprpdd; ifaJ” 64
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; fl;by; gpd;DjiyAk;> gid Xiy nfhz;L gha;
gpd;Djy;> fiyj;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; kfspu; gha;gpd;Djy;> ed;F
gpzpj;J fl;by; gpd;Dk; njhopy; nra;Nthu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fis fhz
Kbfpd;wJ. mf;fhy kf;fs; ,j;njhopiyr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;Js;sdu;.

1.4.3.8 eif nra;jy;

rq;ffhyj; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fs; Rl;bif> Fio>
Kj;Jtlk;> tis> Nkfiy> rpyk;G Kjypa gy;NtW mzpfyd;fis
mzpe;J tskhd tho;f;if tho;e;jhu;fs; vd;gjhfg; ghly;fs; thapyhf
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
gRk; nghd;dpy; tapuq;fs; gjpj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;l G+z; epwj;jhy;
khWgl;L xsp tPrp tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
“kpd;Dwo; ,ikg;gpw; nrd;dpg; nghw;g
eifjho;G Jay;t&ck; tifaik nghyq;Fio
Nrz;tpsq; fpaw;if thz;kjp fit,
mfyh kPdpd; mtpu;td ,ikg;gj;” 65
vd;w jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ghlypd; %yk;> eiffs; Ntiyg;ghl;Lj;
jd;ikAld; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ. eiffisg; ngupatu;
Kjy; rpwpatu; tiug; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,t;tif mzpfyd;fspy;
tisaYk; xd;whFk;.

1.4.3.9 Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy;
nea;jy; epykf;fs; Kj;Jf; Fspf;Fk; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.
nfhw;if vd;Dk; JiwKfk; Kj;Jf;Fg; ngau;Nghd JiwKfkha;
tpsq;fpaJ vdyhk;.ngUq;flypd;Wk; cUz;L jpfOk; Kj;Jf;fis
vLj;J te;J gujtu; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;tu; vd;gij>
“-------------------- tpupjpiuf;
fz;jpus; Kj;jq; nfhz;L
Njd;,kpu; mfd;fiug; gFf;Fq;
32
 fhdyk; ngUe;Jiwg; gujtd; ekf;Nf” 66
vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; (350:10-14) topAk; Iq;FWE}w;Wg; (185:1-
2>105:1-2) ghly;fs; topAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.kf;fs; kpFjpahd Kj;Jf;fs;
,Uf;Fk; ,lkwpe;J ,j;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

1.4.3.10 tisay; nra;jy;

ifaplj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Neu;j;jpahd Kiwapy; nra;ag;gl;l
xspg; nghUe;jpa tisay; nra;jdu; vd;W ew;wpiz vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
“CwyQ; Nrupr; rPW}u; ty;Nyhd;
thsuk; nghUj Nfhz;Vu; vy;tis” 67
“tyk;Gup tisnahL fbif E}y; ahj;J ” 68
vDk; neLey;thilg; ghly; top nghd;dhy; nra;j njhb fple;J
mOj;jpa jOk;G Ez;zpa kapu; mike;J Mfpa mts; Kd;ifapy;
tyk;Gup rq;fpid mWj;J nra;ag;gl;l tisaiy mzpe;jpUe;jhs;
vd;Wk;> tisay;fspy; nfhbfs; G+f;fs; tupf;NfhLfs; Kjypait
mikj;J mofhfr; nra;ag;gl;ld vdTk;> tisay; mWf;Fk; njhopy;
Mq;fhq;Nf eilg;ngw;wd vd;gijAk; Iq;FWE}W ghly; %yk;
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
“flw;Nfh lWj;j tuk;Ngh ot;tis” 69
“NfhB upyq;Ftis nefpo;j;j” 70
NkYk;> FWe;njhifapd; topAk;> mf;fhyj;jpy; rq;F mWf;Fk;
njhopYk;> rq;F tisfis tpw;Fk; njhopYk; rpwg;ghf
eilg;ngw;Ws;sd.

1.4.3.11 rq;F mWj;jy; njhopy;

rq;ffhy kf;fs; rq;if mWf;Fk; njhopiyr; nra;J te;jdu;
vd;gij>
“Ntshg; ghu;g;gd; thsue; Jkpj;j
tis fise; njhope;j nfhOe;jp dd;d
jisgpzp mtpohr; RupKfg; gfd;iw” 71
vd;Dk; mfehD}W thapyhf kiwfisg; gapyhikahy; jdf;Fupa
ahfk; gz;zhj Cu;g;ghu;gg
; hd;. $u;ikahd muj;jhy; mWj;njLj;j
tisfs; Nghf vQ;rpa rq;fpdJ Edpg; gFjp Nghd;wJ vd;W
$WtjpypUe;J rq;F mWf;Fk; njhopiyr; nra;Js;sdu; vd;gJ

33
njspthf njupatUfpd;wJ. flypy; %o;fpr; rq;Fk; Kj;Jk; jpul;baJ
NghyNt gtsKk; gujtuhy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

1.4.3.12 fs; rikj;jy; kw;Wk; fs;tpw;wy;

mf;fhy kf;fs; xU rpyu; jq;fs; tPl;bNyNa fs;spidf; fha;r;rp
mjidj; jhq;fs; cz;zTk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,jid>
“nte;ePu; mupay; tpuy;iy eWk;gpop” 72
vd;fpwJ ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil typa thapidAila rl;bapNy ,l;L
nre;ePupy; Ntfitj;J nea;aupahNy tbfl;b mjidj; jk; tpuy;fshNy
mopj;Jg; gpoptu;. mq;qdk; gpopag;gl;l ey;y fs;spidg; gr;ir kPidr;
Rl;l R+l;NlhL grpahy; ePtpu; jsu;r;rpAs;s NghJ ngWtPu; vd;W
mfehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
fs;Sz;ghu; gyUk; GFtJk;> rpte;j kyu;fs; rpjwg;gl;lJk;
Mfpa ,lj;jpy; kz; ntl;bahy; nrJf;fpj; J}a;ik nra;ag;gl;l Kw;wk;
cs;sJ. mq;Ff; fs;isr; rikf;fpd;w kfspu; tl;by;fisf;
fOtpajdhy; tbe;jePu; kz;Zld; fye;J NrUfpwJ vd;W>
“.............................................Kl;Ly;
igq;nfhb Elq;Fk; gyu;GF thapw;
nrk;G+e; J}a nrJf;Fil Kd;wpw;
fs;sL kfspu; ts;sk; Elf;fpa” 73
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil $Wtjpy; ,Ue;J ngz;fs; fs; rikj;Js;sdu;
vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. %q;fpy; Foha;fspy; ehs;gl itj;J
gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l fs;spid Mltu; mUe;jpAs;sdu;. %q;fpw; Fohapy;
Kw;wpa Njdhfpa fs;spd; njspit tz;L nkha;f;Fk; vd;Dk; fUj;J
mfehD}w;wpy; (182:3-4) ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. kJf;filfs; ,Ue;jijAk;
mtw;wpy; kJ tpiyf;fhd nfhbfs; ,Ue;jd vd;W gl;bdg;ghiy (180)
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ngz;fs; fs; tpw;wdu; vd;W mfehD}W (157:1)
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.jkf;Fk; gpwUf;Fk; NfL tpistpf;fhj tifapyhd
fs;spid Mltu; gyu;$b cz;L kfpo;e;jik Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kd;du;> ghzu;> Gytu;> $j;ju;> nghUeu;> tpwypau; midtUNk
fs;Sz;L fspj;jdu;. ,aw;ifahfg; ngw;w gdq;fs;>
njd;dq;fs;><r;rq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; muprp> Gspj;j Nrhw;Wf;fhb
Kjypatw;iwf; fha;r;rp ,wf;fpa kJitAk; atdu; fg;gypy; nfhz;L
te;j NjwiyAk; mtu;fs; kpfTk; tpUk;gp gUfpdu;. ,jpypUe;J rq;f

34
,yf;fpaj;jpy; fs;Sz;Zk; tof;fk; kpFjpahf ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ.

1.4.3.13 tpwF ntl;Ljy;

Vio vspa kf;fs; jq;fs; epyg;gFjpapy; cs;s kuq;fis
ntl;br; nrd;W tpw;W tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisg; ngw;W
tho;;e;jdu;.
“tpwFxa; khf;fs; nghd; ngw;wd;d..”74
vd;Dk; GwehD}W ghly; top> ,j;njhopy; nra;Nthu;> tpwF ntl;bfs;>
tpwF nfha;khf;fs;> vd ,uz;L tiffspy; Fwpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sdu;.

1.4.3.14 fpzW Njhz;Ljy;

rq;f fhyj;J kf;fs; ePu; epiyfisg; ngUkstpy; guhkupj;J
te;Js;sdu;. Mw;W ePu; epiyfs; kl;Lkd;wp ghrdj;jpw;Fk; gpw
nray;ghLfSf;Fk; ePu; tsk; kpFe;j ,lq;fspy; fpzWfis ntl;b
ePiur; Nrkpj;Js;sdu;. ,j;jifa fpzWfis ntl;Ltijj; jq;fs;
njhopyhff; nfhz;L tho;e;j kf;fSk; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. ,jid>
“Njhl;gjd; mikj;j fUq;if Mltu;
fidnghwp gpwg;g E}wp tpidg;glu;e;J
fy;YWj; jpaw;wpa ty;Ytu;g; gltpy;
ghUil kUq;fpd; Cwy;” 75
vd mfehD}W typikAila Mltu;fs; jPg;nghwp cz;lhf;FkhW
ghiwfis ntl;ba gpwF epyj;jpy; ePu; cz;lhf;fr; nra;J $yp
ngw;wdu;. fpzW ntl;lr; nrd;w njhopyhsu;fs; Nrhw;Wf; fyaj;ijj;
jq;fs; Njhspy; Rke;J nrd;Ws;sdu;. “fUq;if Mltu;” vd;w
milnkhop mtu;fSila kpFe;j typia tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ghiwfis
ntl;Lk; NghJ jPg;nghwp cz;lhf;Fk; mstpw;F typik Njit
vd;gjhy; mj;njhopy; El;gk; mwpe;Njhu; kl;LNk fpzW ntl;Lk;
njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.
1.4.3.15 Milj; J}a;ik (m) ryitj; njhopy;
Milia nea;tJ kl;Lkpd;wp mjid Kiwahfr; Rj;jg;gLj;jp
mzptij rq;f fhy kf;fs; tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;w
nra;jpiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. NkYk;
“eye;jifg; Giyj;jp girNjha;j; njLj;J” 76

35
vd;W GwehD}Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,t;mbfs; %yk; Miliaj; J}a;ik
nra;Ak; njhopiyr; nra;J kf;fs; tho;f;if tho;e;Js;sdu; vd;gij
,g;ghly;fs; thapyhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Milapd; ehfuPf
tsu;r;rpAk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. ryitj; njhopy; vd;gJ Nkiy
ehfuPfk; Njhd;wpa gpd;dNuh jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wpapUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W
rpyu; fUJthu;fs;. MapDk; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpd; njhd;ikkpf;f
njhopy;fSs; ryitj; njhopYk; xd;W> ,r;ryitj; njhopy;
vy;NyhuhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xd;W vd;whYk; rpWnjhopy; tiffSs;
,jid tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ,r;ryitj;njhopy; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j
epiyia>
“Mbay; tpotpd; mOq;fd; %J}u;
cilNahu; gz;ikapd; ngUq;if J}th
twdpy; Gyj;jp my;ypj; Njha;j;j
Gfhg;Gfu; nfhz;l Gd;G+q; fypq;f nkhL” 77
vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. rq;ffhy kf;fs; ,JNghd;w
ryitj; njhopiyr; nra;J jq;fs; epiyia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.

1.4.3.16 Nghu;j;njhopy;
giftu; Nky; Nghu; njhLj;Jr; nry;Yk; muru;fs; giftu; ehl;by;
cs;s njUf;fs;> tPLfs;> tpisepyq;fs; kw;Wk; nry;tq;fis mopg;gJ
kuG. GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; xd;wpy;> giftu; ehl;by; ,Ue;j gwitfs;
Muthupf;Fk;. Gfo; epiwe;j tpistaiy ntz;ikahd
jiyahl;lj;ijAila nrUf;Fila Fjpiufspd; Ftpe;j Fsk;Gfs;
jhTkhW Njiur; nrYj;jp mopj;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW
giftuJ tpisepyq;fisf; Fjpiufs; nfhz;L mopg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;
Fjpiuapd; typikANk fhuzk; MFk;. ,r;nra;jpia>

“Gs;spdk; ,kpOk; Gfo;rhy; tpistay;>

nts; cisf;fyp khd; ftp Fsk;G cfsj;
Nju; toq;fpid> epd; njt;tu; Njvj;J” 78
vd;w Gwg;ghlybfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. Nrukd;dd; xUtd; giftu;
ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr;nrd;whd;. mtDila Fjpiufs; giftu;
ehl;bYs;s tay;fspy; Rod;W Nghupl;ld. mt;thW Fjpiufs; Rod;W
Nghupl;ljdhy; tay;fs; cOjJ Nghy; fhl;rpaspj;jjhff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. taiy cOtjw;F vUJ G+l;ba Viug; gad;gLj;JtJ

36
kuG. ,q;F vJTkpd;wp epyk; Fjpiuapd; Row;rpapdhy; cOjJ vd;W
$WtJ mjd; Nguhw;wiy tpsf;Ftjw;NfahFk;. ,r;nra;jpia>
“khth baGy ehQ;rp yhlh” 79
vd;W gjpw;Wg;gj;Jg; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. kd;dd; xUtdpd; gil
Mw;wiyf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ Fjpiuapd; jpwk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fjpiufs;>
,we;J Nghd giftu;Nky; mtu;fs; khu;G rpijj;J tbtk; ,of;FkhW
Xbd. mt;thW fsj;jpy; Xb mitfs; Nghupl;likahy; mtw;wpd;
fhy;fs; tUe;jp FUjpf;fiw gbe;J fhzg;gl;ld. ,jid>
“khNt gue;J xUq;F kiye;j kwtu;
nghyk; ige;jhu; nflg; gwpjypd;
fsd; coe;J mir,a kWf;Fsk;gpdNt” 80
vd;W GwehD}w;Wg; ghlybfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fjpiufs; gpzq;fs;
mope;JgLkhW Nghu;f;fsj;ij cof;fpr; nry;tjhy; tUe;jpadTk;
FUjpf;fiwgbe;j Fsk;gpid ciladthfTk; Nguhw;wy; nfhz;l
Fjpiuiag; ghzd; Xl;br; nrd;whd; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ. ,jid>
GwehD}w;W mbfs; gutyhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. ,t;tifapy;
Nghu;j;njhopy; nra;tjpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdu; vd;gijg; ghly;fs; top
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

1.4.3.17 kUj;Jtj;njhopy;
kUj;Jtu;fSk;> kUj;Jtk; ty;y ey;ypirg; Gytu;fs; gyUk;
,Ue;jikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ. kUj;Jtd;> kUj;Jtu; vd;Dk; nrhy;
GwehD}W (173:11)> fypj;njhif (17:19>137:25) Mfpa E}y;fspy;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. kf;fspd; gpzp jPu;f;Fk; kUj;Jtu;fs; guk;giu
guk;giuahf ,Ue;Js;sdu;. MfNt jhd; mtu;fis kf;fs;
jhNkhjudhu;> nts;nsUf;fpiyahu;> kUj;Jtd; vd;w ngau;fspy;
mioj;Js;sdu;.
kdpjid neha;ikg;gLj;Jtjhy; Neha; vd;Wk; mtidg; gpzpj;J
mbikg;gLj;Jtjhy; gpzp vd;Wk; gz;ila kf;fs; ngau;fspl;L
mioj;Js;sdu;. rq;ffhyj;jpy; kUj;Jtkid vd;W xd;W jdpahf
,Ue;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy.kUj;JtuJ tPNl Nehahspfspd; gpzp
jPu;f;Fk; ,lkhf (kUj;Jtkid) ,Ue;Js;sJ. kUj;Jtu;fs; kdpjdpd;
ehbg; ghu;j;J Nehia mwpe;Js;sdu;. NkYk; fypj;njhifapy;. jiytp
jiytdJ gpuptpdhy; thLfpwhs;. mjdhy; mts; clypy; khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. me;Neha;fF
; kUe;jhf $batd; jiytd; vd;gjid>

37
 “jPapDq; fbjtu; rhaypw; fdYNeha;
md;du; fhjy uhf mtu;ekf;
fpd;Dapu; Nghj;jU kUj;jt uhapd;….”81
,g;ghlybfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ew;wpizg; ghlypYk; jiytdJ gpupthy;
jiytpapdJ cly; nkypfpd;wJ. iftisay; (ew;.136:1-6)
foy;fpd;wd.,g;ghly;fs; %yk; Neha; vjd; top te;Js;sJ vd;W
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Neha;f;F kUe;J jUk; ey;y kUj;Jtidg; Nghy
jiytpapdJ je;ij njhbtisaiyr; rpwpajhfj; je;J mtsJ
Nehapidg; gpwu; mwpahjthW fhj;jjhfj; njupfpd;wJ. Ntk;G rpwe;j
%ypif. Ntk;G grpapd;ik> mk;ik Nghd;w gy Neha;fSf;F kUe;J
MFk;. mk;ik Neha; tPlb
; y; cs;stu;fSf;F tuhky; ,Uf;f tPlb
; y;
Ntk;gpid epiyg;gbfspy; nrhUfp itg;gu;. ,t; Ntk;G gw;wp
GwehD}w;wpy;>
“jPq;fdp aputnkhL Ntk;Gkidr; nruP,..” 82
vd;Dk; ghlypy; Gz;gl;l tPud; tPlb
; y; Ntk;gpidr; nrhUfp itj;Js;s
nra;jp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf jq;fsJ tPl;by; Neha;
jPz;lhJ vd;W kf;fs; ek;gpdu;. mWit kUj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl;lij
gjpw;Wg;gj;J (42)> GwehD}W (353) ghly;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,jpypUe;J ey;y kUj;Jtu;fs; gyu; ,Ue;J ,j;njhopiy Nkd;ikg;
gLj;jpaJ njspthfpd;wJ. kUj;Jtu; vd;gtu; Nehahspfsplk; vt;thW
ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd ts;Stu; (Fws;.948) Fwpg;gpl;lijg;
Nghd;W kUj;Jtu;fs; Nrit kdg;ghd;ikAld; nray;gl;Ls;sdu;.

1.4.3.18 $j;Jf;fiyAk; ,irAk;

ftpd; fiyfs; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;l ,irf;fiyAk; $j;Jf;fiyAk;
kf;fsJ tskhd tho;tpd; milahskhfj; jpfo;e;jd.
,e;epfo;j;Jf;fiy kf;fshYk; ngupJk; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ. $j;J vd;gJ
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;gpy;yhj jdpj;jdp tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis ebj;Jf;
fhl;LtjhFk;. ,iwtidg; gw;wpAk; ehl;by; eilngw;w Ml;rp gw;wpAk;
vLj;Jiuf;fTk;> kf;fspd; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhfTk;> ,t;tifapyhd
$j;Jf; fiyapy; ty;Yeu;fNs rpwg;Gg; ngw;W ,j;njhopiyr;
nra;Js;sdu;. ,J Nghd;w $j;Jf;fiyiar; nra;jtu;fs; $j;ju;>
tpwypau;> nghUeu; vd;w ngaupy; tho;e;J te;jdu; vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpak;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

38
 fiyQu;fs; r%fj;jpy; cau;thfNt kjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
fiyQu;fs; kd;ddpd; muz;kidapy; mDkjpNa ngwhky; cs;Ns
nrd;W te;Js;sdu;. mtu;fis kd;du;fs;> nry;te;ju;fs; jk;
mutizg;gpy; itj;jpUe;jdu; vd;W GwehD}W (29:5) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
fiyQu;fs; kf;fsplk; kpf neUq;fpa cwT nfhz;ltu;fshf
,Ue;Js;sdu;. $j;Jf; fiyQu;fspd; tUifia vz;zp kf;fs;
kfpo;r;rpapy; Muthuk; nra;j epiyiaf; FWe;njhifapd; (328:6-8> 78:2)
top mwpa KbfpwJ. rq;ffhyj; jkpo; kf;fs; jj;jkf;Fupa
fiyj;jpwid Nkd;NkYk; eak; ngw tsu;j;Js;sdu;. gy;NtW kj;jsk;>
ntz;fyj;jhy; ,ad;w jhsk; kapw;gPyp fl;lg;gl;l nfhk;G ahidf; if
Nghd;w neLtq;fpak;> FWe;J}k;G> Foy;> fubif> ry;yp> xUfz;
khf;fpiz Kjypa ,irf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;Lr; nrd;W FWepy
kd;ddhfpa ed;didr; rpy fiyQu;fs; fhzr; nrd;Ws;sdu;.
“jpz;thu; tprpj;j Konth lhFsp
....................................................
Neu;rPu; RUf;fpf; fha fyg;igapu;” 83
vd;Dk; kiygLflhk; ghly; $j;ju;fs; Ve;jpr; nry;Yk; gy;NtW ,irf;
fUtpfspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vy;yh ,irf; fUtpfSf;Fk;
kj;jsk; mbg;gilf; fUtpahf tpsq;Fjyhy; Kjypy; $wg;gl;lJ.
kj;jsj;jpd; xyp> Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. thupdhy; ,Wff; fl;lg;gl;l
topNa kj;jsj;jpd; fz;fspypUe;J ,dpa Xir gpwf;Fk;. jhsj;njhLk;
mjw;Fupa fpupiafNshLk; xj;J ,iaAkhW ,aw;wg;gLjyhy; gz;,ir
vdg;gl;lJ. Njhy;fUtp> Jisf; fUtp> euk;Gf; fUtp> fQ;rf; fUtp
vd;Dk; ehy;tiff; fUtpfSk; <z;Lr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,irf;
fUtpfs; jdpj;jdpNa rpWrpW Kbr;Rf;fsha;f; fl;lg;ngw;W mit
igapy; ,l;Lj; njhFjpahf vLj;Jr; nry;yg; ngWk;. ,U Kbr;Rf;fspd;
njhFjp gyhf;fha;fs; fhu;fhyj;jpy; gyh kuj;jpy; nfhj;Jf; nfhj;jhfj;
njhq;Ftd Nghy; cs;sJ. NkYk;>
“ey;aho; MFsp> gjiynahL RUf;fp
nry;yhNkh jpy; rpy; tis tpwyp” 84
vd;fpw GwehD}Wg; ghly; ey;y ahopidAk; rpWgiwiaAk; xU Gwj;Nj
mbf;fg;gLk; gjiy vDk; giwiaAk; kf;fspd; nghOJNghf;F ,irf;
fUtp vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
“xUjiy gjiy J}q;f xU jiyj;
J}k;gfj; rpW Kohj; J}q;fj; J}f;fpj;” 85

39
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; murDila Gfiog; ghLk; tpwypAk;>
$j;jUk;> ghzUk; Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg; ngw;w ngUtsk;
ngwhu;f;F vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; gz;iz ,irf;ff; $ba
fUtpahf xUjiy gjiy Kfj; Njhw; fUtpiaf; Fwpj;J>
“gz;zik KoTk; gjiyAk; gpwTk;
fzWj;J jpaw;wpa Jk;nghL RUf;fpf;”86
vd;w gjpw;Wg;gj;Jg; ghly; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;>
“fhtpndq; fyNd fUf;fpndkq; fyg;ig”87
fyg;igapidf; nfhz;L $j;ju;fs; ,irapid ,irf;fpd;wdu; vd;gij
,g;ghly; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jpy; $j;ju; gy;NtW fUtpiaf; nfhz;L
kd;du;fspd; ngUikia kf;fspd; ngUikiaAk;> ,irj;Js;sdu;.
,jdhy; $j;Jk;> ,irAk; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ vd;gJ kpfTk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ MFk;.

1.4.3.18.1 Mly; njhopy;

tpwypau; kf;fspd; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhf Mlw; njhopiyr;
nra;fpd;wdu;. mg;gbg;gl;l njhopiyr; nra;Ak; kfspu; mjpy; fpilf;Fk;
tUkhdj;ij itj;Jj; jq;fSila Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
“Mly; kfspu; ghly; nfhsg;Gzu;khu;
jz;ikapw; wpupe;j ,d;Fuy; jPe;njhil
nfhk;ik tUKiy ntikapw; wil,f;” 88
vd;Dk; neLey;thilg; ghlypd; %yk; Mly; njhopy; nra;Ak; tpwypau;
jk; ghl;bid ahopy; ,irg;gjw;F euk;gpidj; njwpj;Jg; ghu;f;f mit
jd;ikahy; Xir ntspg;gLj;jhJ epiyj;jpupe;J ,Ue;jJ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. kd;ddpd; muz;kidapy; tpwypau; Mbdu;. mtu;fs;
fupfhydpd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; cgrupg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;W
nghUeu; Mw;Wg;gil (108-109) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

1.4.3.19 kpjpabj; njhopy;

Njhiyg; gad;gLj;jp nrUg;G ijf;Fk; njhopy; eilg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
nrUg;gpidj; njhLNjhy;> mbmuzk; vd;W $wpdu;.
“mbGij auz nka;jpg; glk;Gf;Fg;” 89
“njhLNjhy; kuP,a tLtho; Nehdb” 90

40
Nkw;$wg;gl;lg; ghly;fs; top nrUg;gpid mzpe;Js;sdu; vd;w
Fwpg;ghy; nrUg;G ijf;Fk; njhopy; eilg;ngw;wijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s rpWnjhopy;fs; thapyhf kf;fs; gy;NtW
epykf;fNshL njhlu;G nfhz;L njhopy;fis tsu;ff
; Tk;>
jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy; el;GwT fhuzkhf ,ize;Jk; tho;e;Js;sdu;
vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpwJ.

1.5 gpw njhopy;fs;

Nkw;$wg;gl;l cly; ciog;G rhu;e;j njhopy;fs; gw;wp kl;Lk;
,t;Ma;NtL tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. cly; ciog;G rhuhj gy;NtW
njhopy;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gjpthfpAs;sd. mtw;wpy; xU rpy
njhopy;nra;jtu;fs; tUkhW> muru;> me;jzu;> mikr;ru;> xw;wu;> J}Jtu;>
Mrpupau;> fzpad;> ehopiff;fzf;fu; Nghd;Nwhuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
njhopy;fshFk;.

1.6 njhopy;El;gk; tpsf;fKk; - tiuaiwAk;

njhopy; El;gj;jpw;fhd tpsf;fKk; tiuaiwAk; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLifapy; njhopy;El;gk; vd;w nrhy;yhdJ „Technology‟ - vd;w
Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;F ,izahfj; jkpopy; njhopy;El;gk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mfuhjpfs; fsQ;rpaq;fs; thapyhf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
E}y;fspd; %yk; njhopy;El;gk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F nghUs; tiuaiwr;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mit tUkhW.
1. Technology–„njhopy;El;gtpay;> njhopy; EZf;ftpay;> gaDW
mwptpay;> tho;f;ifg; gaid MuhAe;Jiw> El;gk; mwptpay;>
tho;f;ifg; gaid MuhAe;Jiw> El;gk; nghUe;jpa vj;JiwAk;
tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLkhdhy;> mJNt njhopy; El;gtpay;.‟91
mwptpay; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2. El;gk; - „vspJ> Xuyq;fhuk;> Fwpg;ghw;fUj;jwptpj;jy; R+l;Rkk;>
nrhw;gk;> jpl;gk;> Ez;ik> EZf;fk;.‟92 kJiug; Ngufuhjp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
3. „cw;gj;jpapy; Neubahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; njhopy; gw;wpa mwpTk;
topKiwfSk; Technology vd;gu;. mit kpfr;rpwpa mk;rj;ijAk;
93
ftdpf;Fk; jd;ik> $u;ik (Sharpness) El;gkhd Muha;r;rp.‟ vd
f;upahtpd; jw;fhy mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

41
 4. El;gk; - „El;gk; - Ez;ik Minuteness, Fineness vd;W „jkpo;
nyf;rpfd;‟ 94
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
5. njhopy;El;gtpay; - „Technology kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd
nghUs;fisf; Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; ngUkstpy; kypthfj;
jahupg;gjw;F ,d;W gytif ve;jpuq;fSk; rhjdq;fSk; cs;sd.
,tw;iw vt;thW gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gNj
njhopy;El;gtpayhFk;.‟95 vd;W Foe;ijfs; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
6. njhopy;El;gk; vd;gJ „fUtpfs;> iftpidfs; Kjypatw;wpd;
gad;ghl;LlDk;> mit vt;thW mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;JNthu; jkJ
R+oiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> mjNdhL ,iae;J thoTk; $ba
jFjpapy;> jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJlDk; njhlu;Gs;s
xU gue;j fUj;JU.‟96 vd;W tpf;fpgPbah fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
7. njhopy;El;gk; - „Mf;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba njhopy; gw;wpa
mwpTk; topKiwfSk; Technology.‟ 97 vd;W nrhw;gpwg;gpay; jkpo;
mfuKjyp $Wk; fUj;jhFk;.
8. njhopy;El;gk; - „1.njhopw;rhiyfspYk; thzpgj;jpYk; Vw;glf;$ba
eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fis mwptpay;> mwpit mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;LjPu;f;f Kay;tJ. 2. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; rpf;fy;fis
jPu;gg
; jw;fhd fUtpfs; mZFKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw mwptpay;
G+u;tkhf mZFtJ‟ vd;W mnkupf;f mfuhjpg; nghUs;‟98
$Wfpd;wJ.
kdpjdpd; NjitfSf;fhf cw;gj;jpapy; Mf;fk; Vw;gLk; tifapYk;>
mit rupahf kf;fSf;F gad;gLj;Jk;> tifapYk; miktJ
njhopy;El;gk; vd;W tiuaiwr; nra;ayhk;. NkYk;> mwpQu;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fs; tUkhW>njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xd;W njhopy;
El;gj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpd; ciog;G Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
„,f;R‟ vd;Dk; nghUspay; epGzu; njhopy; El;gj;ij %d;W tifahfg;
gpupf;fpd;whu;. mit>
1. „eLepiyikj; njhopy; El;gk; NeutralTechnology
2. ciog;igr; Nrkpf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; Labour savingTechnology

42
 3. Kjiyr; Nrkpf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; Capital savingTechnology‟99
MfpaitahFk;.
,ae;jpuk; Nghd;w Kjy; nghUs;fSk;> ciog;ghsUk; Nru;e;J gzpGupAk;
njhopypy; GFj;jg;gLk; njhopy; El;gj;jpdhy; %yjdj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; ciog;ghsupd; ,Wjpepiy cw;gj;jpj;jpwidtpl
mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ me;jj; njhopy; El;gj;ij ciog;igr; Nrkpf;Fk;
njhopy;El;gk; vd;W $Wtu;.
,g;NghJ cs;s ve;jpu tsu;r;rpahy; ciog;igr; Nrkpf;f ,tupd;
El;g tiffs; toptifr; nra;Ak;. NkYk;>kuGtopj; njhopy;fis
Muha;e;Js;s nu[pj;Fkhu;> „njhopy;El;gk; vd;gJ ngUk;ghd;ikapy;
ifahsg;gLk; fUtpfs;> mZFKiwfs;> Ntiyr; nra;Ak; Kiwfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. fbdkhd xd;iw vspjhfr;
nra;J Kbg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;w mwpNt El;gk; vd;fpwhu;.‟100 ,j;jifa
njhopy;El;gk;> rq;fg;ghf;fspy; epiwe;Js;sd.
rhd;whf „mwptpay; cz;ikfs; rpytw;Wf;F cyfpNyNa
njhd;iktha;e;j nrk;nkhopahd jkpopd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mbg;gilahf
mike;Js;sd vd;gijAk; ,tw;iw cyfk; KOikf;Fk; Kiwahf
jkpopyf;fpaq;fspd; mwptpay; ghu;itAk; mtw;wpD}Nl nghjpe;J
fplf;Fk; rKjha Nehf;ifAk; ,d;iwa cyfk; mwpAk; vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy‟.101 vd;w fUj;J Vw;f jf;fjhFk;.
mf;fhy njhopy; cw;gj;jp cau;Tf;Fk; Mf;fj;jpw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jpa epiyNa „njhopy;El;gk;‟ vd;W tiuaWj;Jf; nfhz;L>
NkYk; Ntshz;ik> fl;llk;> nerT Nghd;w xt;nthU jdp>
jdpj;JiwfSf;Fk; jdpahd njhopy;El;gq;fs; cs;sd. ,jdhy;
,g;nghOJ xU njhopiyr; nra;tjw;F etPdf;fUtpfs; JizAld;>
njhopy;El;gr; rpe;jidNahL njhopy;fs; eilg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd.
mwptpaYk;> njhopy;EZf;ftpaYk; rKjhag; gzpapy;
,izahdit vd;W epWtg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; NkNy
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s njhopy;El;gq;fs; nfhz;Lk; xt;nthU
njhopy;fSf;fhd njhopy;El;gj;NjhL ngUe;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk;
Jizr;rhu; njhopy;fs; tiuaWj;Js;s Kiwg;gb njhopy;El;g
rpe;jidfs; Fwpj;J tutpUf;Fk; ,ay;fs; Muha ,Uf;fpd;wd.

43
1.7 njhFg;Giu
,JfhWk; $wpatw;wpypUe;J fPo;f;fhZk; fUj;Jf;fs; njupa tUfpd;wd.

1. rq;ffhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk; vd;Dk; Kjy; ,aypy;

njhopy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjd; nrhy; tpsf;fKk; mJ ,yf;fz
fhyk; Kjyhf vt;tifapy; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
vd;gijAk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ.
2. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; njhopy; vd;Dk; nrhy; gad;gl;l tpjKk;
mj;njhopy;fspd; tiffSk; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. njhopy;fs; - ngUe;njhopy;fs; VO tifahfTk;>
Jizj;njhopy;fs; %d;W tifahfTk;> rpWnjhopy;fs; gjpndl;L
tifahfTk;> NkYk; ,jugpwj; njhopy;fSk; milahsg;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfSk; mtw;wpd; tpsf;fq;fSk;
rhd;WfSld; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

44
 rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp jkpo;f;fsQ;rpak;> g.902

2. jkpo;nrhy;yfuhjp> g.1331.
3. f;upahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp> g.780.
4. nrhw;gpwg;gpay; jkpo; mfuKjyp> g..177.
5. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nghUl;fsQ;rpak;> gf;.436.
6. tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; njhFjp Ie;J> g.342.
7. njhy;.> vOj;J. Gs;spkaq;fpay;> E}w;gh – 403.
8. jkpoz;zy; (c.M)> njhy;.> nrhy;. Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay;
E}w;gh.579.
9. NkyJ.> g.68.
10. jkpoz;zy; (c.M)>njhy;.>nrhy;. tpspkuG> E}w;gh.618.
11. NkyJ.>tpspkuG. E}w;gh. 624.
12. NkyJ.> ngaupay;. E}w;gh. 650
13. njhy;.> nghUs;.mfj;.E}w;gh.20
14. njhy;.> nghUs;> ,sk;G+uzu; ciu> g.16.
15. NkyJ. g.18
16. NkyJ.> g.19
17. nry;tuhR. rpyk;G.>rq;f ,yf;fpaKk; r%ftpaYk;> g.54.
18. NkyJ.> g.55.
19. njhy;.>nghUs;.mfj;. E}w;gh.24
20. NkyJ.> E}w;gh.25
21. NkyJ.>E}w;gh.26
22. njhy;.>nghUs;.Gwj;.E}w;gh.74> ,sk;G+uzu; ciu gf;.108.
23. njhy;.> nghUs;.kugpay; E}w;gh. 619.
24. njhy;fhg;gpak; Nguhrpupau; ciu> g.467.
25. njhy;. nghUs;. ,sk;G+uzu; ciu> g.528
26. ,uhkRg;gpukzpak;.t.j.> njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhuk;> g.485.
27. ew;.>gh.vz;.42:2
28. ew;.>gh.vz;.90:10
29. ew;.> gh.vz;. 131:1
30. ew;.> gh.vz;. 153:4

45
31. gpd;dpizg;G vz; 1- y; fhz;f
32. FWe;.> gh.vz; 108
33. FWe;.> gh.vz; 344:3-5
34. mfk;.> gh.vz; 126:11
35. ew;.> gh.vz; 60:5-8
36. mfk;.> gh.vz; 60:1-3
37. mfk;.> gh.vz; 340:18-20
38. ew;.> gh.vz; 298:1-2>
39. mfk;.> gh.vz; 245:5-7
40. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 73-82
41. mfk;.> gh.vz; 89:9-14>
42. nghUeu;.> mb vz; 20
43. gl;.> mb vz; 265
44. FWe;.> gh.vz; 274:3-4
45. mfk;.> gh.vz; 129:6-7>
46. neLey;.> mb vz; 76-79
47. neLey;.> mb vz; 110 – 111
48. neLey;.> mb vz; 80-85>
49. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 437>
50. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 32:8-9
51. kJ.fh. gh. vz; 513-522
52. kJ.fh.> mb vz; 654-662
53. mfk;.> gh.vz; gh. vz; 322:12
54. jpUKUF.> mb vz; 194 – 197
55. kiygL.> mb vz; 171-172
56. ew;.> gh.vz; 118:10
57. ew;.> gh.vz; 97:6-9
58. kJ.fh.> mb vz; 515
59. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 155-158
60. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 50-65
61. ew;.> gh.vz; 4:8-9
62. FWe;.> gh.vz; 139:1-2
63. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 352:3-4

46
64. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 82:3
65. jpUKUF.> mb vz; 85-88
66. mfk;.> gh.vz; 280:11-14
67. ew;.> gh.vz; 77:8-9
68. neLney;.> gh.vz; 141
69. Iq;.> gh.vz; 194:1
70. FWe;.> gh.vz; 31
71. mfk;.> gh.vz; 24:1-3
72. ngUghz;.> mb vz; 281
73. ngUghz;.> mb vz; 336-339
74. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 70:17
75. mfk;.> gh.vz; 79:1-4
76. FWe;.> gh.vz; 330:1
77. ew;.> gh.vz; 90:1-4
78. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 15:1-5
79. gjpw;W.> gh.vz; 25:1
80. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 97:11-13
81. fyp.> gh.vz; 137:22-28
82. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 281:1-7
83. kiygL.> mb vz; 3-13
84. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 64:1-2
85. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 103:1-2
86. gjpw;W.> gh.vz; 41:2-3
87. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 206:10
88. neLey;.> mb vz; 67-69
89. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 69
90. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 169
91. mwptpay; mfuhjp.> g.695
92. kJiug; Ngufuhjp.> g.74
93. f;upahtpd; jw;fhy mfuhjp.> g.780.
94. http://www.tamilvu.org/
95. Foe;ijfs; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;.> g.73.
96. http://ta.wikipedia.org/s/92/

47
 97. www.tamilvu.org/library/libindi.com - nrhw;gpwg;gpay; jkpo;
mfuKjyp g.178.
98. 1.The use of Scientific Knowledge to solve practical problems,
especially in industry and Commerce. 2. The Specific methods,
meterials and device used to solve practical problems. - The
American Heritage and Science Dictionary copy right 2002.
99. tho;tpay; fsQ;rpak.;> njhFjp – 11> g.16
100. nu[pj;Fkhu;. j.>kuGtopj; njhopy;fs;> g.4
101. KUNfrd;.r.> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rKjhar; rpe;jidfs;> g.32

48
 ,ay; - 2
Ntl;il> Mepiu tsu;j;jy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

2.1 Ntl;ilj;njhopy;;

2.2 Ntl;ilj; njhopy; nra;gtu; Njhw;wk;

2.2.1 Ntl;ilj; njhopy; nra;Ak; Kiwfs;

2.2.2 NtlDf;F cjTk; Ntl;il ehapd; ,ay;G

2.3 Ntl;ilahlg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

2.3.1 khd;

2.3.1.1 nghwpapy; rpf;fpa khd;fs;

2.3.2 gd;wp

2.3.2.1 gd;wpapd; typik

2.3.2.1.1 gd;wpia Ntl;ilahly;

2.3.2.2 Ks;sk; gd;wp ,iwr;rp

2.3.3 Kaiy Ntl;ilahly;

2.3.4 ahidiag; gpbj;Jg;gof;Fjy;

2.3.4.1 ahidiaf; nfhz;L ahidg; gpbj;jy;

2.3.4.2 ahidia Ntl;ilahly;

2.3.5 Ntl;ilahLk; Gypapd; nray;

2.3.5.1 gJq;fpg; gha;e;J Ntl;ilahLk; Gypfs;

2.3.5.2 ahidiaf; nfhy;Yk; Gyp

2.3.5.3 kdpju;fis Ntl;ilahLk; Gyp

2.3.5.4 NtLtupd; nghwpapy; rpf;fpa Gyp

2.3.6 cLk;G gpbj;jy;

49
 2.3.7 vypia Ntl;ilahly;

2.4 Ntl;ilahbag; gwitfs;

2.4.1 kapy;

2.4.2 nfhf;F

2.4.3 ehiu

2.4.3.1 ehiu - kPd;gpbf;Fk; El;gk;

2.4.4 fhil

2.4.4.1 Ntld; FuYf;F mQ;Rk; fhil

2.4.5 Gwh

2.5 Ntl;ilf; fUtpfspd; gad;ghl;L El;gq;fs;

2.5.1 mk;G - tpy; gad;ghLfs;

2.5.2 tiyfs;> ftz;fw;fs;;

2.6 mwpTrhu; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

2.6.1 tpyq;Ffspd; capu;epiy mwpjy;

2.6.2 tpyq;Ffspd; mbj;jsk; mwpjy;

2.6.3 ngha;f;Fop mikj;J Ntl;ilahly;

2.6.4 Ntl;ilg; nghUs; gz;lkhw;wk;

2.7 kPd;gpbj; njhopy;

2.7.1 gytif kPd; tiyfs;

2.8.1.1 tiy cyu;j;jy;

2.7.2 kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;Yk; NeuKk; #oYk;

2.7.2.1 gfw;nghOJ kPd;Ntl;il

2.7.2.2 ,uTg;nghOJ kPd;Ntl;il

50
 2.7.2.3 kjpepiw> kjpkiw ehspy; kPd; gpbf;fr;
nry;yhik

2.7.3 FOthfr; nrd;W kPd;gpbj;jy;

2.7.3.1 neLq;fapw;wpy; mike;j tiyfs;

2.7.3.2 kzw;gug;gpy; kPidf;; Ftpj;jy;

2.7.3.3 kPid cyu;j;Jjy;

2.7.4 Rwh kPid Ntl;ilahly;

2.7.5 kPd; gpbf;Fk; fUtpfs;

2.7.5.1 J}z;by; Ks;

2.7.6 kPd;tpw;wy;

2.8 Mepiu tsu;gG

;

2.8.1 Mepiufspd; gad;ghl;Lr; rpwg;Gfs;

2.8.2 Mepiu tsu;gG

; j; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

2.8.3 Mepiu Nka;j;jy; gad;ghl;Lf; fUtpfs;

2.8.4 Nka;r;ry; gFjpfs;

2.8.5 ghy; cw;gj;jpf;F Vw;w jPtdq;fs;

2.8.6 etPd fhy;eilg; guhkupg;Gj; njhopy;El;gk;

2.8.7 rq;ffhy fhy;eil tsu;gG

; KiwfSk;> etPd
guhkupg;Gj; njhopy;El;gKk;

2.9 njhFg;Giu

51
 ,ay; - 2

Ntl;il> Mepiu tsu;j;jy; njhopy;fSk;

njhopy;El;gq;fs;
kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifj; njhlf;ff;fhyk; Kjy; ,d;Wtiu czTj;
NjLjiy ikakhff; nfhz;Nl mike;Js;sJ. FwpQ;rp epykf;fs;
,aw;ifahff; fhLfspy; fpilf;Fk; fha;> fdp> fpoq;F> Njd; Nghd;w
czTg; nghUs;fis te;jdu;. gpwF KOikahf khkprj;ij
czthff; nfhz;ljhy; mtw;iwg; ngw Ntl;ilj;njhopiy
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mt;tifapy; rq;ffhy kf;fs; Ntl;ilj;njhopiyr;
nra;Js;sdu;. gd;wp khd;> Gyp> cLk;G> ahid vdg; gytifahd
tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahbajw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

mk;G> tpy;> tiy> ftz;fw;fs;> ths; vd jhd; mwpe;j

fUtpfisf; nfhz;L rq;ffhy kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l ,j;njhopy;
Kiwg;gw;wpAk; ,j;njhopYf;fhf cUthf;fpa Ntl;ilf;fUtpfs; gw;wpAk;
mjid EZf;fj;NjhL gad;gLj;jpa Kiw> njhopy; El;gk; vd;fpw
mstpy; kpf vspikahdit. Mdhy; cztpid Kjd;ikahff;
nfhz;l Muk;gf;fhyj;jpy; Ntl;ilj;njhopy; jpwDld; nra;Js;sij
tpsf;Fk; tifapYk;> Ky;iyepy kf;fspd; Kjd;ikj; njhopyhd
Mepiu tsu;j;jy; njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;Jk; tpupthf ,t;tpay; Muha
Kw;gLfpd;wJ.

2.1 Ntl;ilj;njhopy;

kiyrhh;e;j gFjp FwpQ;rp vdg;gLk;. kiy> kiy rhu;e;j ,lq;fs;

kiytsj;ijAk; Gd;nra; Ntshz;ikAk; Ntl;ilj; njhopiyAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;Js;sd.,f;FwpQ;rp epykf;fs; „fhdtu;>
Fwtu;> vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. Ntl;Ltu;Fy tho;f;if kdpj
tsu;r;rpapd; kpf Kw;gl;l epiyfspy; xd;W1.

mt;thNw> „Ntl;ilapy; fpilj;j ey;y Cd;fis cz;L

kfpo;tNj Ntlu;fs; tho;f;if.‟2 ,tu;fs; kiyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;jikahy;
jpz;zpa cly; typikapidg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. kiyfspy; miye;J
jpupe;J tpyq;fpdq;fis Ntl;ilahb tho;e;jtu;fs;. kwk; G+z;
tho;f;ifau;> thl;Fbfs; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;ngw;wdu;. ,th;fspd; Kf;fpaj;
52
njhopy;fshfj; Njd; vLj;jy;> Ntl;ilahly;> jpid tpistpj;jy;
,k;%d;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

ghiy epyj;jpw;Fupatu; vapdu;> Ntl;Ltu;> kwtu;> Mwiyf; fs;tu;

vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. „vapdu; Ntl;ilahLjiyAk;> kwtu; Mepiuf;
ftu;gtu;fshfTk;> Mwiyf;fs;tu; topg;gwpr; nra;jiyAk; njhopyhff;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.ghiyepykf;fs; Ntl;ilj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ljdhy;
mtu;fs; trpf;fpd;w gFjpf;F „Ntl;lr; rPW}u;vd;W toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.‟3
nea;jy; epykf;fs; kPd;gpbj;njhopypy; Rwh> jpkpq;fyk; Nghd;wtw;iw
Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;. Mf „jkpofj;jpy; tho;e;j kpfg;gioa Fbapdu;
tpy;ytu;> kPdtu; vd;gtu;fNs‟4 vd;w fUj;jpw;F Vw;g FwpQ;rp> nea;jy;>
ghiy kf;fs; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb cs;sdu; vd
tiuaWf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fs; njhopypy; Nkw;nfhz;l njhopy;El;gq;fs;>
tpyq;Ffs; xd;Wld; xd;W Ntl;ilahba cj;jpKiwfs;>
Ntl;ilahLgtupd; njhopy;EZf;fq;fNshL xd;Wg;gl;Ls;s epiyfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp tpupthff; fhzyhk;.

Fwtu;> fhdtu;> NtLtu;> kwtu;> vapdu;> gujtu; Nghd;N whu;

,j;njhopiyg; ngUk;ghd;ikahf nra;Js;sdu;. njhy;fhg;gpak; Ntl;Ltu;
vd;w xU gpuptpdiuAk; Rl;Lfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhLfs;>
kiyfs;> fly;fs;> Rutopfspy; ,j;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. cyfpy;
gytifahd goq;Fb kf;fs; Ntl;ilj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;L czT
Nrfupj;jdu;. may;ehLfs; cl;gl njd;dpe;jpag; gFjpapy; thOk;
Nrhsehaf;fu;> fhlu;> Vdhjp nrQ;Rf;fs; tiu ,d;Wk; Ntl;ilahb
czT Nrfupf;fpd;wdu;.5 rq;ffhyj;jpy; Ntlu;fs;> fy;tp mwpT
mw;wtu;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;W GwehD}W (17:2-3)
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW Ntl;ilahb czT ngw;w kdpjiu
tpy;NyUotu;> td;iff; fhdtd;> nfhLe;njhopy; ty;tpy; nfhiy ,a
fhdtu; vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

rq;ffhy kf;fs; fha;> fdpfs;> fpoq;Ffis mfo;e;J vLf;f

gytiff; fUtpfis cUthf;fpdu;. Ntl;ilahl tpy;Yk; mk;Gk;
cUthapd. gpd;du; ftz;fw;fs;> ths;> tiy Nghd;w fUtpfisf;
fz;Lgpbj;jdu;. Ntl;ilahLtjw;F Kjd;Kjyhff; fy;ypyhd
MAjq;fisf; ifahz;L> kdpju; ,aw;ifia ntd;W tsu;e;j
me;jf;fhyj;ijf; fw;fhyk; vd mioj;j khdpltpayhsu; mjid>

53
 „gypNahypjpf; fhyk; (gioa fw;fhyk;)

nkNrhypjpf; fhyk; (ngUq;fw;fhyk;)

epNahypjpf; fhyk; (Gjpafw;fhyk;)

vd %d;whf tFj;jdu;. goq;fw;fhyj;jpy; kdpju; ifapw; fpilj;j

fw;fis kpUfq;fisj; jhf;f> jk; fhupaq;fis Mw;wg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
,ilf;fw;fhyj;jpy; mf;fw;fisf; $uhf;fp my;yJ Jisapl;L
cgNahfpf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; mtw;iw NkYk;
$uhf;fp fk;gpd; EdpapYk; mk;gpd; EdpapYk; nghUj;jp ePz;l J}uk;
Vtf;fw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.‟6 gpd;du; cNyhfq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jdu;.
Kf;fpakhff; nfhba tpyq;Ffisj; jhf;fg; ngupa $l;lkhfr; nrd;wdu;.
Ntl;il czitg; ghJfhj;J itf;f Kbahjjhy; cgupiag; gfpu;e;J
nfhz;ldu;.7 ,jd; %yk; kf;fs; FONthL tho;e;Js;sdu; vd;gij
mwpaKbfpwJ. gpd; ,Uk;igf; nfhz;L cOfUtpfs; fz;Lgpbj;J
jpid Kjypatw;iw tpistpf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. gupzhkthj
khdpltpayhsu;fshd khf;]{k;> Vq;fy;]{k; khu;fidg; gpd;gw;wpj;
njhopDl;gg; gupkhzq;fisf; fl;likj;jdu;. fPo;tUk; Kiwapy; kdpj
r%fk; njhopDl;gj;jpy; Kd;NdwpaJ vd;gu; mtu;fs;>

1. „czTr; Nrfupg;G
2. kPd;gpbg;G
3. Ntl;ilahLjy;
4. kl;ghz;lk; tidjy;
5. tpyq;Ffisg; gof;fy;
6. tptrhak;
7. cNyhf Ntiy
8. ,Uk;G ghtpg;G‟8

Nghd;w ,g;gupkhz tsu;r;rpapy; Ntl;ilahLjy; tptrhaj;jpw;F Kd;

tsu;e;J te;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,j;njhopiyr;
nra;tjw;F ,aw;ifapy; tpise;j %q;fpiyf; nfhz;L mk;G> tpy;
Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
cUthf;fpa Ntl;ilj; njhopw;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd; Fwpj;J
xt;nthU tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLk; nra;jpapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

54
2.2 Ntl;ilj; njhopy; nra;gtu; Njhw;wk;

„gypNahypjpf; fhyj;jpYk;> epNahypjpf; fhyj;jpYk; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspw; $wg;gLk; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> ghiy> nea;jy;
epykf;fs; tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fNs jkpo; ehl;bd; kpfg; goik
%jhijau; Mtu;. ,tu;fs; ehNlhb ,dj;jtuhfTk; ,lk;ngau;e;J
tho;gtu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;.‟9 vd;W tuyhw;whrpupau; rp.nksdFU
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,j;jifa Ntl;ilj; njhopy; nra;Ak; NtLtu;fs;
Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;w fhl;rpiaf; fgpyu;>

“nrk;nghwpf; Nfw;w tPq;fpiwj; jlf;ifapd;

tz;z tuptpy; Nye;jp mk;Gnjupe;J

Ez;tpidf; fr;irj; jaf;fwf; fl;b

,ayzpg; nghype;j <if thd;foy;

Jay;tUe; NjhWk; jpUe;jbf; fyht” 10

vdf; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;by; rpj;jupj;Js;shu;. nrt;tpa ,yf;fzj;NjhL

$ba G+z;,Wfpa ngupa Kd;ifapy; tz;zj;ijAila fl;lg;ngw;w
tpy;iy Ve;jpapUe;jhd;. ifapy; Muha;e;J njupe;njLj;j mk;gpidf;
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. njhopy; jpwkike;j fr;irNahL $ba Nriyia
mirahjgb ,Wf;fkhff; fl;bapUe;jhd;. ,aw;if mofhy; nghypT
ngw;w fhy;fspy; cau;e;j nghd;dhyhfpa tPuf;foiy
mzpe;jpUe;jhd;. mf;foy; mtd; mb vLj;J itf;Fe;NjhWk; NkYk;
fPOk; mire;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

,t;thW Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Nthu; mjw;Fj; Njitahd

fUtpfSld; nry;YjYk; ,ay;G vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
NtLtupd; xypf; Nfl;L fhl;Lg; gRtpd; fd;W jd; ,dj;jpdpd;Wk;
gpupe;J fhl;blj;J cs;s rpwpa CupNy mfg;gl;ljhf FWe;njhifg;
ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

2.2.1 Ntl;ilj; njhopy; nra;Ak; Kiwfs;

kiyfs; kw;Wk; fhLfs; #o;e;j gFjpfspy; Fwtu; Ntl;ilf;F

tpyq;Ffisj; Njbj; jpuptu;. ,tu;fs; Ntl;ilf;Fj; jdpj;Jr;

55
 nry;yhJ gyUk; Nru;e;J Ntl;il ehAld; nry;tNj tof;fkhFk;.
mt;thW nrd;W Ntl;ilahLk; nghOJ mtu;fs; gpupe;J nry;yTk;
Neu;jYz;L> mtu;fs; gpupe;J nrd;W Ntl;ilahba gpd;du;> kPz;Lk;
midtUk; xd;W NruTk;> Ntl;il ehia miog;gjw;Fk;> CJ
nfhk;gpid CJjy; tof;fkhFk;> ,jid>

“Cjy; Ntz;Lkhy;; rpwpNj Ntl;nlhL

Nta;gap yOtj;Jg; gpupe;jepd;

eha;gapu; Fwpepiy nfhz;l NfhNl” 11

vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; mbfshy; mwpayhk;. Ntq;ifapdJ

nghd;dpwKila G+q;nfhj;Jf;fisj; jiyapy; mzpe;Jnfhz;L
tise;j %q;fpyhy; ,ad;w typatpy;ypidj; Njhspy;
khl;bf;nfhz;L ,dpa goj;ijAila gyhtpdJ ,dpa Risapdpd;W
tpise;j kJtpid> rPo;fi
; f xypAld; ghAk; mk;gpidAila
,sikAila kwtu;fNshNl gUfp> jdf;F ,ay;ghd xLk;
jd;ikapy;> jtWjy; ,y;yhj> m+w;wy; tha;e;j> Ntl;il eha;fs;
gpd;njhlu;e;J tUk;gb Ntl;ilahlr; nrd;w Fwtdhdtd;>
fhl;bYs;s Gju; FUjpNahL mire;jhl> Ks;sk; gd;wpiaf; nfhd;W
tPo;jj
; pa nra;jpia rq;fg; ghly;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.

,t;thW fhl;by; ehd;F jpirfspYk; miye;J> tpyq;Ffs;

cs;s ,lj;ij mwpjYk; rupahd ,lkwpe;J tiy tpupj;jYk;>
gJq;fpa ,lj;jpypUe;J tpyq;if ntspg;glr; nra;jYk; tiyapy;
rpf;fpaTld; mQ;rhJ gha;e;J jhf;FjYk; Ntl;ilj;
njhopw;$WfshFk;;.

2.2.2 NtlDf;F cjTk; Ntl;il ehapd; ,ay;G

rq;ffhyj;jpy; tPlL
; f;fhtYf;F kl;Lkd;wp Ntl;ilf;Fk; eha;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gJq;fpAs;s tpyq;Ffis tpul;b ntspf;
nfhz;LtuTk; rpW tpyq;Ffisg; gpbf;fTk; eha;fs;
gof;fg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Ntldpd; neUq;fpa Njhod; eha;jhd;. Ntlidg;
gw;wpf;$Wifapy;“fhl;by; jq;fp thOk; tho;itAila> rpdk; nghUe;jpa
ehiaAila> Ntld; vd;W GwehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“fhd;ciw tho;f;if fjeha; Ntl;Ltd;” 12

56
vd;w ,g;ghly; %yk; NtLtu; ehiaj; jd;DlNd itj;Js;sij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ Ntl;il eha;fspd; ,ay;G gw;wpf; FwpQ;rpg; ghl;by;
fgpyu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. giftiu mopf;ff;$ba> giftiug; Gwq;fhl;b
xlr;nra;j> gy NtypidAila kwtu; Nghd;W

“Kidgho; gLf;Fk; Jd;dUe;Jg;gpw;

gifAwq; fz;l gy;Nty; ,isQupd;

cuTr;rpdQ; nrUf;fpj;Jd;DnjhWk; ntFSk;

Kisths; vapw;w ts;Sfpu; Qkyp

jpisahf; fz;z tisFG neupju” 13

kpFe;j rpdj;jhy; nrUf;Fw;W neUq;Fe;NjhWk; rpdf;Fk; %q;fpy; Kis

Nghd;w gw;fisAk;> $upa ngupa efq;fisAk; cila eha;fs;>
,ikf;fhj fz;izAilatha; vq;fis tisj;Jf; nfhz;L neUq;fpd
vdj; jiytd; $Wtjhf ,g;ghly; mike;J cs;sJ. ,t;thW
Ntl;il ehapd; jd;ikiag; Gytu; njspthff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
NkYk; Ntl;ilahLk;NghJ tpyq;Ffisj; jg;gtplhky; gpbf;fTk;>
tpyq;Ffspd; topj; jlj;ij mwpaTk; tpyq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
Mepiufs; ftu;tjpy; eha; gad;gl;lijg; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil mbfs;
czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

“fhtyu; fLfpDk; fjeha; Fiug;gpDk;” 14

vdf; fhtYf;F eha; gad;gl;Ls;sijf; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L

njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. eha; Ntl;ilahb te;j khkprk; Fwpj;Jk;
kiygLflhk; njuptpf;fpwJ. „Qkyp je;j kdTr;#y; cLk;G‟gw;wpg;
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil Rl;Lfpd;wJ. Kay; Ntl;ilapYk; eha; gythW
cjtpAs;sJ. Ntl;il eha;fs; jpwk;glr; nray;gl;L jpfo;e;jijr; rq;f
,yf;fpak; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ

2.3 Ntl;ilahlg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

xt;nthU tpyq;FfSk; vt;thW Ntl;ilahlg;gl;Ls;sJ

vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.

57
2.3.1 khd;

kJiu kUjd; ,sefdhu; Ntl;Ltd; nrUg;ig mzpe;j tz;zk;

fitf; Nfhiyj; jiuapy; Rkg;gJ Nghd;W ngupa KWf;F
nfhk;igAila Mz;khd;fs;> ngz;khd;fs; cwq;Fk; ,lj;ij fhty;
nra;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;fpwhu;. ,k;khd;fs; Gypf;Fk;> tpy;ypd;
xypf;Fk; mQ;rp Xba nra;jpia kiygLflhk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

“Gypcw ntWj;j jd;tPo; gpiz As;sp

fiyepd;W tpspf;Fq; fhdk;..” 15

GypAk; kdpjDk; jhd; khDf;F epue;ju vjphpfs; vd;gij ,g;ghly;

mbfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. GyptUtijf; fz;L mjid ntWj;Jj;
jd;idg; gphpe;J NtW jpirapy; Xbtpl;ljd; tpUg;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhd
ngz;khid NtnwhU jpirapy; Xba fiykhd; epidj;J epd;W
$g;gpLk; vd;W Gypf;Fk;> tpy;ypdJ xypf;F mQ;rpr; rpte;j
fz;fisAila Mz; khd; jdf;F Kd;gf;fk; cs;s fhl;by; XLk;
vd;W ngUq;nfsrpfdhu; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

,j;jifa khd;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Ntl;ilfspy; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpidahy; Md fs;spid cz;l kwtu;fs; khid njwpf;f tpl;L
mk;gpid va;J Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;. ,jid>

“jpidf;fs; Sz;l njwpNfhy; kwtu;

tpirj;j tpy;yu; Ntl;lk; Nghfp” 16

vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; top mwpaKbfpwJ. rpy rkak;

NtldplkpUe;J jg;gp XLk; khd; gw;wpf; fgpyu; $Wfpwhu;.
ntl;rpr;nrbfisAila fhl;bd; eLtpy; Ntlu;Juj;Jtjhy;> jdf;Fg;
Ngha; milAk; Gfyplk; fhzhj> fhl;Lkhdpd; ey;y Mz;VW>
kiyr;rhuypy; kzp NkNy fpsk;gTk;> rpjwp tpsq;fTk;> tpiuthf Xba
neba kiyg;gf;fk; vd;W tptupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

“ntl;rpf; fhdj;J Ntl;Lt uhl;lf;

fl;rp fhzhf; flkh ey;NyW

flWkzp fpsur; rpjWnghd; kpspuf;

58
 fba fjOk; neLtiug; glg;ig” 17

Ntl;il eha;fSld; Ntld; khid Ntl;ilahbAs;shd;. Ntl;Ltid

tpspf;Fk; Kfkha; rpwpa ngupa Giofisg; Nghd;w tpyf;fpa khd;
$l;lj;ij mopj;j>rpdk; kpf;f Xl;lj;ijAila> ehiaAk;> typa
tpy;iyAk;> cila Ntl;LtNd vd;fpwJ.

“rpwpaTk; ngupaTk; Gionfl tpyq;fpa

khd;fze; njhiyr;rpa fLtpirf; fjeha;

Nehd;rpiy Ntl;Lt Nehapiy ahFf” 18

Gypahy; Ntl;ilahbf; nfhy;yg;gl;l khidg; gw;wp kh%ydhu;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. jpidf; nfhz;L rikj;j fs;spid cz;l kwtu;fs;
Ky;iy epyQ;#o;e;j Fd;wpd; mbthuj;jpy; epd;W njwpj;J va;Ak;
mk;gpidAk;> ,Oj;Jf; fl;ba ehizAila tpy;iyAk; nfhz;L
Kaiy Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;.

Gyp Ntl;ilahb jhd; jpd;W tpl;Lg;Nghd kPjKs;s ,iwr;rpia

NtW tpyq;Ffs; my;yhJ topg;Nghf;fu;fNs jpd;W grpahwpdhh;fshk;.
GypahdJ mfd;w kiyaplj;Nj fiykhidf; nfhd;W jd;tapW
epiwaj; jpd;W vQ;rpatw;iw tpl;Ltpl;Lg; NghdJ mf;fiykhdpd;
cyh;e;j jiratw;iw ghh;j;J topapy; nry;gth; nghpJk;
kfpo;e;jtuhapdhh; vd;W mfehD}Wg; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

2.3.1.1 nghwpapy; rpf;fpa khd;fs;

Gyp kl;Lk; khid Ntl;ilahltpy;iy. fhl;by; nre;eha;fSk; $l

khid Ntl;ilahbAs;sJ. nre;eha;f;Fg; gae;J nghwpapy; rpf;fpa
khidg; gw;wp fakdhu; $Wfpwhu;. nghd; fk;gp ,Oj;jhw; Nghd;w
$u;ikahd ntz;gw;fisAila nre;eha;f;F mQ;rpa fiykhd;
nghwpfs; nghUe;jp> miuiaAila> tpshkuf; fdpapd; xl;Lj;Jisapy;>
ntk;ikahd Nkw;fhw;W Eioe;J ,irj;jpl mjid Mau; CJk;
FoNyhir vd;W vz;zpg; ghJfhg;G ehb mq;F nry;Yk; vd;fpwhh;.

“nghd;thh;e; jd;d itthy; vapw;Wr;

nre;eha; ntuP,a GfUio nahUj;jy;

59
 nghwpaiu tpstpd; Gd;Gw tpisGfo;

monywp Nfhil J}f;fypw; Nfhtyu;

Fonyd epidAk;…” 19

khd;fs; XU Mgj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Mgj;ijf; fz;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

gyTs. mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplg;gLtdthf> khid Ntl;ilahba nre;eha;
gw;wpa Fwpg;gpid mfehD}W (285) ghlYk;> ew;wpiz (43) ghlYk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Gs;spfisAk;> tupfisAKila fiykhd; Kjpu;e;J
cjpu;e;j nfhk;Gk; Kjpu;r;rpAk; cilaJ. ,k;khd; fha;e;j Gy;iy
Nka;fpd;w nghOJ Nrw;wpy; Xl;b tUe;jr; nra;J xypAila mk;ghy;
va;tu; Ntl;Ltu;. ,t;thW Ntl;ilahlg;gl;l khidg; gw;wp>

“,WFGy; Nka;e;j mWNfhl;L Kw;wy;

ms;sy; Mba Gs;sp tupf;fiy

tPis mk;gpd; tpy;Nyhu; tupf;fiy” 20

vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. khd; nghJthf Ntfkhf

Xlf;$ba xU tpyq;F. mjidg; gpbf;fr; rpwg;ghf tpy; va;Jk; tPuu;fs;>
Nrw;wpy; Xl;btpl;L Xltplhky; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;.
Nrw;wpy; Xltpl;L Ntl;ilahLk; mwpT El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
NkYk; Ntld; va;j mk;gpw;F ,iuahfp tPo;e;Jgl;l xU ngz;khdpd;>
epiy mwpahJ mjd; Fl;bfs; tpisahbd. Jizia ,oe;j
Mz;khd;> czTk; nfhs;shky; ePUk; mUe;jhky; jd; Jizapd;
epidg;gpNyNa %o;fp ntJk;GfpwJ. ,jid

“nrt;tha;g; gfopr; nrapu;Nehf;F Mltu;

fizaplf fope;jjd; tPo;Jiz cs;spf;

FWneLe; Jiza kwpGilMa;..” 21

vDk; mfehD}Wg; ghlypd; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

2.3.2 gd;wp

gd;wp xU typik gilj;j tpyq;F. ngupa tpyq;Ffshdg; Gyp>

rpWj;ij Nghd;wtw;iwNa tPuj;Jld; vjpu;j;Jg; NghupLk; Fzk;

60
nfhz;lJ. gd;wp epyj;ijj; Njhz;b fpoq;F tiffisf; ftu;e;Jz;Zk;
,ay;GilaJ. fhl;Lg; gd;wpia Ntl;ilahb gd;wpf; fwpr;NrhW
,utyu;f;F mspg;gJ ngUQ;nrayhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ky;ypfpohd;
fhupahjp gw;wpa ghlypy; MT+u;f; fpohu; ,ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. Mjpapd;
nrbnfhbfs; gpd;dpf; fplf;fpd;w ehl;il cila> Flehl;by; kwtu;
va;J nfhz;Lte;j va;g;gd;wpapd; jir fye;j nrt;tpa Nrhw;Wf;
fl;bia ngUgtu;f;F vy;yhk; FiwglhJ nfhz;Lte;J mtd;
nfhLg;ghd; vd;fpwhu;. gd;wpf;fwp czT gw;wpg; GwehD}W $WfpwJ.

gd;wpia ,iwr;rpf; nfd;Nw tPlb

; y; tsu;gg
; J goq;fhyk; njhl;Nl
,Ue;J te;Js;s xU tof;fk;. gd;wpapd; ,dg;;ngUf;fj; jpwd; mjpfk;
vd;gJld; mjpy; fpilf;Fk; ,iwr;rpapd; msTk; mjpfk;.
,f;fhuzq;fshy; ,iwr;rpf;F vd;W tPl;by; gd;wpfis tsu;j;Js;sdu;
vd fbaY}u; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. gd;wpfs; epyj;ijj;
Njhz;Lk; Fzk; cilait vd;gij GwehD}W (168)
njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. epyk; cOj gd;wpiag; gw;wpg; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;
$Wfpd;wJ. taypy; tpise;j jpidapid gd;wpfs; ftu;;e;J cz;gjhy;
Fwtu;fSf;F mJ ,ilA+W nra;Ak; tpyq;fhf ,Ue;jd.

2.3.2.1 gd;wpapd; typik

gd;wp tPuj;jpYk;> typikapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ vd fgpyu;

ghbAs;shu;. Xu; mQ;rhikAila typa Ntl;ilahLk; ehiaf; fbe;J
tpyf;fp> Ntl;ilahLk; Ntlu; neUq;fp tUtijAk; jLj;J>
td;ikAila Fl;bfis mizj;Jf; nfhz;L ngz; gd;wp jd;
Rw;wj;Jld; NtWjpir Nghfr; nra;jJ. fhl;bdpd;W ntspte;J>
mf;fhl;bd; thapyhfpa mupa topapy; Ntl;ilahLgtiu vjpu; Nehf;fp
epd;wJ. mjid Ntld; xUtd; mUfpy; Ngha; epd;W ghu;j;jhd;.
mjidf; nfhy;Yjw;Fj; njhLj;j mk;igj; njhLf;fhky; epd;whd;.
giftiu tpul;Lk; tPuidg; Nghy; ,g;gd;wp cs;sJ vd vz;zp tpae;J
mjd;kPJ mk;G va;ahky; jpUk;gpg; Nghdhd; vd;W gd;wpapd; tPuj;ijg;
Gfo;e;J ghLfpwhu; fgpyu;. mit>

“taeha; vwpe;J td;gwo; joP,

,isau; va;Jjd; klf;fpf; fpisnahL

ehd;Kiyg; gpzty; nrhypaf; fhndhope;J

61
 mUk;Gio KLf;fu; Ml;Fwpj;J epd;w

jWfl; gd;wp Nehf;fpr; fhdtd;

FWfpdd; njhLj;j $u;fha;g; gfop

-------------------------------------------

va;ahJ ngaUq; Fd;wehld;” 22

vd;Dk; mbfspy;> kdpjUf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Gwq;fhl;lhj tPuj;ij xU

fhl;Lg; gd;wp fhl;b epd;W Ntld; kdijNa khw;wp tpl;lJ vd;W fgpyu;
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. GypNahL NghupLk; Mz;gd;wp gw;wp Iq;FWE}W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa tPuk; nghUe;jpa gd;wpfis Ntl;ilahba
epiyiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

2.3.2.1.1 gd;wpia Ntl;ilahly;

jpid ftUk; gd;wpia NtLtu;fs; Ntl;ilahbaij fgpyu;

ghbAs;shu;. rpypu;j;j kapu;kpf;f gplupidAila Mz;gd;wp> Njhyha;
tw;wpa nfhq;ifiaAila ngz;gd;wpAlNd nrd;W jpuz;l
mbj;jz;Lila jpidf;fjpiu mstpd;wpj; jpd;wopj;jjdhNy fhdtd;
kiytopapYs;s nry;Yfw;fupa rpwpa GioaUfpNy gJq;fp ,Ue;J
tpy;ypdhy; va;J nfhd;W je;j typa Nfhl;bidAila mt; Mz;
gd;wpia> myq;fupj;j fupa$e;jiyAila fhdtd; kidtp mWj;J
jd; Rw;wkhfpa cwtpdu;f;F Kiwahfg; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhs; vd;fpwhu;.
,jid

“fy;yju; mUk;Gio my;fpf; fhdtd;

tpy;ypy; je;j ntz;Nfhl;L Vw;iwg;

GidapUq; fJg;gpd; kidNahs; nfz;bf;

FbKiw gFf;Fk; neLkiy ehl” 23

vd;w ,g;ghly; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kiyr;rhuypy; jpidiaf; ftu

te;j fhl;Lg;gd;wpia Ntl;ilahba Fwtu;fs; jd; ,y;yj;jpw;Ff;
nfhz;L nrd;W rikj;J cz;Ls;sdu;. ,jid>

“nfhLtpw; fhdtd; Nfhl;Lkh njhiyr;rpg;

62
 gr;R+d; nga;j gfop Nghy” 24

vd;Wk;> FwpQ;rp epyf;fhdtu;fs; Ntl;ilf;F nry;ifapy; cld;

Ntl;il ehiaAk; mioj;Jr; nrd;Ws;sdu;. jpidg;Gdj;J te;J NkAk;
gd;wp gl;nlhopAkhW mg;Gdj;jpDila jiytd;> rpwpa ,ae;jpukhf
mikj;J itj;j ngupa fw;gyifapd; fPo; xsp nghUe;jpa epwKk;
typikAk; cila Gyp GFe;jJ vd;gij>

“jpidAz; Nfoy; ,upag; Gdtd;” 25

vd;w ew;wpizapd; %yk; gd;wpia Ntl;ilahl fUtpfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ.NkYk; jpidg;Gdj;ijf; fhty;
fhf;Fk; kotu; jpid ftu te;j tpyq;Ffis va;J tPo;j;jpg;gpd;
mtw;wpd; clypypUe;J gwpj;njLj;j mk;G jiytpapd; nrt;tup glu;e;j
fz;fSf;F ctikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
,t;typikahd gd;wpiag; gJq;fp gpbf;Fk; mwpT rhu;e;j njhopy;
El;gj;ij Ntlu;fs; Gypiag; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;W ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

2.3.2.2 Ks;sk; gd;wp ,iwr;rp

tpUe;jpdUf;F mspg;gjw;fhd cau;e;j nghUs;fSs; Ks;sk;

gd;wp ,iwr;rpAk; xd;W vd GwehD}W $WfpwJ. mfd;w ePu;j;Jiwf;
fz;zpUe;j Ks;sk; gd;wpia Ntl;il nra;jy; Ntl;Ltu; kuG.
KsTkhd; Ks;isAila khthfpa gd;wpapd; CDk;> gpsTf;
FiffisAila kiyg;gf;fj;jpy; fpis jioj;j re;jdf; fl;ilAk;>
Gs;sp nghUe;jpa Kfj;ijAila ahidf; nfhk;Gk;> vd;w ,k;%d;iwAk;
rpwe;j epwKila typa Gypj;Njhy; kPJ Ftpj;J tpUe;jpdu;f;Ff;
nfhLf;Fk; ehl;bdd; vk; jiytd; vd;W ,g;ghly; $WfpwJ.

“---------------------------------- fhd;Nwh ufd; Wiwr;

rpiyg;ghw; gl;l KsTkhd; nfhOq;Fiw

tplu; Kif aLf;fj;Jr; rpid Kjpu; rhe;jk;

Gfu;Kf Ntoj;J kUg;nghL %d;Wk;

,Uq;Nfo; tag;Gyp tupajl; Fit,

63
 tpUe;jpiw ey;F ehl ndq;Nfhd;” 26

NkYk; Ntl;Ltu;fs; Ntl;ilahba Ks;sk; gd;wpapd; nfhOg;G epiwe;j

Cid nfhbr;rpahdts; kiyf;fpoq;nfhL Nru;j;J rikj;J gfpu;e;J
nfhLj;jij>

“fhdtd; va;j KsTkhd; nfhOq;Fiw

Njq;fko; fJg;gpd; nfhbr;rp kfpo;e;JnfhL

fhe;jQ; rpWFbg; gFf;Fk” 27

;

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.,jd; %yk; Ks;sk; gd;wp

,iwr;rp cau;e;j tif ,iwr;rpahff; fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij
njspthfpd;wJ. Ks;sk; gd;wpiaf; nfhd;W gpbj;j nra;jpia
mfehD}Wk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sJ.

2.3.3 Kaiy Ntl;ilahly;

jiutho; tpyq;Ffspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,iwr;rpf;nfd

Ntl;ilahlf;$ba kpfr;rpwpa tpyq;F Kay; vdyhk;. gRe;jhtuq;fis
cz;L thOk; Kay; kpf mjpf mstpy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;af;
$baJ. Ntl;ilahlg;gl;lhYk; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLk; tpyq;F
Kay;fs;. mit tise;Js;s tufpdJ gUj;j FUj;ijj; jpd;Dk;
vd;Wk; mjdpd; nray;fs; gw;wp ,ilf;fhldhu; mfehD}w;wpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,k;Kay;fs; kpfTk; mr;rk; nfhz;l xU tpyq;F ngupa
rj;jk; Nfl;lhy; Xb xspAk; FzKilaJ. rq;ffhy kf;fs; Kay;
,iwr;rpia tpUk;gp cz;ldu; vd;gijg; GwehD}W $WfpwJ. tPL Njb
te;j tpUe;jpdUf;F Kay;fwpr; rikj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ghiyepyf;
fhdtu; ,utpy; gd;wpiaAk; gfypy; KaiyAk; Ntl;ilahLtu;.

gpse;j thiaAila eha;fNshL gRikahd Gju;fis mirj;J

Ntyp Xuj;jpy; jg;gp XLk; Kay;fs;. mit nry;y Kbahjgb njhlu;e;J
tiyfis khl;b Ks;Sila jhkiuapd; kyu;fspd; gpd;gFjp Nghd;w
epwKila ePz;l nrtpfisAila rpd;d Kay;fis mit Nghtjw;F
,lkpd;wp kwpj;Jg; gpbg;gu;. ,jid>

“gFtha; Qkypnahyp igk;Gjy; vUf;fpj;

njhFtha; Ntypj; njhlu;tiy khl;b

64
 Ks; miuj; jhkiug; Gy;yp ,jo; GiuAk;

neLQ;nrtpf; FWKay; Nghf;Fmw tis,

28
fLq;fz; fhdtu; flW$l; Lz;Zk”;

vd;Dk; ,g;ghlypd; %yk; kpfTk; Ntfkhf xlf;$ba Kay;fis gpbf;f

tiyiag; gad;gLj;jpAs;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ. tPlb
; NyAk; Kay;fs;
jg;gpr; nry;yh tz;zk; njhlu;e;J tiyfisf; fl;b ghJfhj;J
$l;lhfr; Nru;e;J cz;ldu; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

2.3.4 ahidiag; gpbj;Jg;gof;Fjy;

fhLfspy; $l;lkhf thOk; xU tpyq;F ahid. ,t; ahid

„GwehD}w;wpy; Rkhu; 100 ,lq;fspy; ahid vd;w nrhy; toq;fpAs;sJ.
fspW vd;w nrhy; Rkhu; 10 ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.29 ahidfisg;
gpbf;f rq;ffhyj;jpy; gyKiwfisf; ifahz;Ls;sdu;. fhLfspy;
ahidfs; tof;fkhfr; nry;Yk; jlq;fspy; Mokhd ngupa Fopfisj;
Njhz;b %q;fpy; glypl;Lf; Fopia kiwj;J NkNy ,iy jioNshL
kz;zpidg; gug;gp itj;J mj;jlj;jpy; tUk; ahidapidf; Fopapy;
tpor;nra;J gpbj;jy;> ahidia tPo;j;j ntl;b itf;fg;gLk; Fopapidg;
gak;G vd toq;fpAs;sdu;.

,t;thW ntl;lg;gLk; Fopapy; tpOe;j ahid ePz;l nfhk;GfSk;

cly; typikAk; tha;ff ; g;ngw;w ngupa fspwhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ me;jf;
Fopapidf; nfhk;ghy; Fj;jp Nklhf;fp ntspNawpaJ vd;W GwehD}W
(17:14-23)> mfehD}W (165)> Mfpa ghly;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.

ahidfisg; gak;gpy; tPo;j;jpg; gpbg;gJ nryT FiwthdJk;

Kaw;rp mjpfk; Njitg;glhjJkhd vspa topahFk;. Fopapy; tpOe;j
ahidiag; gofpa ahidapd; cjtpAld; ntspNaw;wpAs;sdu;. gak;gpy;
tPo;j;jp xw;iw ahidiag; gpbf;Fk; KiwapYk; NtWgl;lJ
thupKiwahFk;;. ,k;Kiwapidf; ifahz;L gy ahidfis xUNru
mfg;gLj;jyhk;. ,jw;Fg; gy ghfu;fspd; JizAk; gof;fg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gy ahidfspd; xj;Jiog;Gk; Njit. ngupa caukhd Njf;Ff;
fk;gq;fis tisthff; Nfhl;ilr; Rtu;Nghy; epWj;jp kiog;gUtj;jpd;
,Wjpapy; $l;lkhfj; jpuSk; ahidfis XirnaOg;gp ,e;j tisa
milg;Gf;Fs; Juj;jpg; gpd; gofpa ahidfs; kPjpUe;J mtw;wpd;
fhy;fspy; RUf;fpl;Lg; gapw;rp epiyaj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;Lr; nry;tu;.
65
 „kpFe;j nghUl;nryTk; Kaw;rpAk; Njitg;gLk; ,jidf;
fu;dhlfj;jpy; i`ju; mypAk;> jpg;GRy;jhDk; Nkw;nfhz;L jq;fs;
gilf;Fj; Njitahd ahidfisg; gpbj;jjhf tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;
njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,jid nfl;gp Kiw vd;W toq;Ftu;.‟30 ,t;thupKiw
kiygLflhk; ghlypy; cs;sJ.

“thupf; nfhs;sh tiukUs; Ntok;”31

vd;w tupapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. thupf;nfhs;sh Ntok; vd;w

,j;njhlUf;F ciuahf er;rpdhu;ff
; pdpau; ahidfis mfg;gLj;Jk;
,lj;jpy; gpbf;fg;glhj ahid vdf; $wpAs;sJ. thupKiwapy;
ahidfs; mfg;gLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jijj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

2.3.4.1 ahidf; nfhz;L ahidiag; gpbj;jy;

ahidahy; ahid ahj;jw;W vd;W ahid gpbf;Fk; kugpid

ts;Stu; Fwpg;gpLthu;. fhl;by; ahidfisg; gpbg;gjw;F xU Fop
Njhz;b Mz;ahid xd;iw Fopf;Fs; NghLtu;. mjd; mywy; Nfl;L
gpw ahidfSk; te;J Fopf;Fs; tpOk;. ahidia itj;J ahidiag;
gpbf;Fk; ,k;kugpid fupfhyd; muRupik ngw;w jd;ikapy; Vw;wp
ctik %yk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; Gytu;. mit>

“mLq;fiu ftpaf; Fj;jpf; Fopnfhd;W

ngUq;if ahid gpbGf; fhq;F” 32

vd;Dk; ghlypd; top ahidg;gpbf;Fk; kugpidf; fhzKbfpwJ.

2.3.4.2 ahidia Ntl;ilahly;

ahidiag; gof;fpa mNj fhyj;jpy;> fhl;by; tho;e;j Fwtu;>

NtLtu; MfpNahu; ahidia Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;. mit>

“ahid Ntl;Ltd; ahidAk; ngWNk” 33

vd;Dk; ghlypd; %yk; ahid Ntl;ilapy; <LgLNthiuf;

fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,Nj Nghy; jpUf;Fwspy; (772) ahid
Ntl;ilahsu;fisg; gw;wp jpUts;Stu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ahid
Ntl;ilapy; <LgLk; fhdtu; ahidfs; nry;Yk; fhl;L topapy; epw;Fk;
ngupakuq;fspd; kiwtpy; tpy;NyhL Nfhu;j;j $upa mk;Gld; fhj;J

66
epd;W ahidapd; jiyapy; my;yJ khu;gpy; nrd;W ijf;Fk;gb
mk;nga;J ahidia tPo;j;Jtu; vd;gjid>

“,Uk;Gtbj; jd;d fUq;iff; fhdtd;

tpupkyu; kuhmk; nghUe;jpf; Nfhy;njupe;J

tupEjy; ahid mUepwj; jOj;jp” 34

mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW ahidapd; je;jj;fpw;fhf

Ntl;ilia Nkw;nfhz;l fhdtu; Ntl;ilapy; tPo;j;jg;gl;l ahidapd;
,iwr;rpiag; gyhg;goj;jpd; RisfNshL re;jdkuj;jpd; tpwF nfhz;L
%l;ba jPapy; thl;bf; FbapUg;gpidr; rhu;e;jtu;fNshL xU Nru cz;L
kfpo;e;jdu; vd;gjid

“cUnkdr; rpiyf;Fk; Cf;fnkhL igq;fhy;

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mz;zy; ahid ntz;NfhL nfhz;L” 35

,g;ghly; tupfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ahid Ntl;iliaj; jdpj;J

nra;ahky; $l;lkhff; gyu; ,ize;J nra;Js;sdu;. ,t;thW
Ntl;ilahba ahidapd; je;jj;ijg; gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; fs;Sf;fhd
tpiyahfj; je;J fs;spidg; ngw;W cz;L kfpo;e;Js;sdu;. $l;lkhd
ahidfistpl xw;iw ahid Mgj;jhdit. mj;jifa xw;iw
ahidiaf; Fd;wf;Fwtu;fs; gyuhff; $bg; gy fUtpfspd; cjtpNahL
tpul;l Kw;gLjiy ew;wpiz (108) ghly; njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

2.3.5 Ntl;ilahLk; Gypapd; nray;

fhl;by; thof;$ba tpyq;Ffspy; nfhbajhff; fUjg;gLtJ Gyp.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; kpFe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; Gypfs; ,Ue;Js;sd. mtw;wpd;
Kf;fpa nraNy ,iuf;fhf Ntl;ilahLjy;. Gyp vjpupy; tUk;
tpyq;Ffis mbj;Jf; nfhy;tJ gw;wpa ghly; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gypia nty;YtJ tPunkdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.
ahidiaf; nfhy;Yk; typik gilj;jJ Gypfs; vd;W gy ghly;fs;
njhptpf;fpd;wd.Gypapd; Ntl;il gw;wpg; gy ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

67
FifapypUe;J ntspNa Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yk; Gyp Nghd;wtd;
khwd;tOjp vd;W kUjd; ,sehfdhu; $Wfpwhu;. FifapypUe;J
ntspg;gLk; Gyp gw;wpf; fhtw;ngz;bd; ghlYk; $WfpwJ.

“--------------- XUk;

Gyp Nrh;e;J Nghfpa fy; mis Nghy

<d;w tapNwh ,JNt”36

vd;w ghlypy; jd; kfd; vq;Nf? vdf; Nfl;ltUf;Fg; gjpyha;

Gypjq;fpapUe;J ePqf
; pa fw;FifNghy; mtidg; ngw;w tapW ,J vd;W
tPuj;jha; $Wfpwhs;. Fifia tpl;L ePq;fpa Gyp Ntl;ilf;Fj;jhd;
nry;Yk; vd;gJ Nghy; jhd; ngw;w kfd; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; jhd; ,Ug;ghd;
vd;fpwhs;. Gyp ahidia mbj;J tPo;j;jpaJ vd Nrhod; ey;YUj;jpud;
ghbAs;shu;. Gypapd; ,e;j jdpg;gl;l Fzk; gw;wp nts;shbadhUk;
mfehD}w;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

2.3.5.1 gJq;fpg; gha;e;J Ntl;ilahLk; Gypfs;

jd; Fl;bfSf;fhfTk; jdJ ,izahd ngz; Gypf;fhfTk;

Ntl;ilahLk; Mz; Gyp gw;wpg; ghly;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
Ntl;ilf;fhfg; gJq;fp khdpdJ Fuypid cw;Wf; Nfl;l Gyp gw;wp
mfehD}W $WfpwJ. gpse;j thiaAila Mz; Gyp mwy;;gl;l
nfhk;igAila Mz; khdpd; Fuiyj; jd; nrtpahy; Nfl;Fk; vd;fpwJ
,g;ghly;.

“Xq;Fkiyr; rpyk;gpy; gplTld; kyu;e;j

--------------------------------------------------------------------

nghwpfpsu; cOitg; Ngho;tha; Vw;iw

; k;”37
mWNfhl;L ciokhd; Mz;Fuy; xu;fF

NkYk;> fhl;Lg;gR myw khid Ntl;ilahbr; nrd;w Gyp gw;wp fgpyu;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.,iu NjLtjw;fhf> cau;e;J tsu;e;j %q;fpy; ,ilNa>
ntl;b neUf;fp itj;jhw; Nghd;w gpd;dpa Gjupy; gJq;fp cs;s Gyp
gw;wp ew;wpizg; (322) ghlnyhd;Wf; $WfpwJ. gd;wpia ,iuahff;
nfhs;Sk; Gyp> gyhkuq;fs; nrwpe;j gf;f kiyfspy; Gyhy; ehw;wk;

68
cila mg;gd;wpia Mz; Gyp ,Oj;Jr; nry;Yk; vd;gij mfehD}W
vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. ,jid

“Nfoy; ml;l Ngo;th Naw;iw

; k;”38
gyhtky; mLf;fk; Gyt <u;fF

ngz;Gypf;fhfg; gd;wpia Ntl;ilahba Gyp gw;wp mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. gd;wpapd; tuit vjpu;ghu;j;J ,Uf;Fk; Gyp gw;wpf;
fUT+u; ed;khu;gdhu; $wpAs;shu;> jd; ngz; Gyp grpahy; tUe;Jtijg;
nghWf;f Kbahky; fUikahd gidapd; rpyhk;G Nghd;w kapiyAk;
rpwpa fz;izAk; nghUe;jpa gd;wpfs; tUk; topiag; ghu;j;jpUf;Fk;
vd;fpwhu;. ,jid

“filayq; Fuy ths;tup cOit

---------------------------------------------------

; k;;”39
rpWfl; gd;wp tUjpwk; ghu;fF

,g;ghly;fspd; top Gypfs; gJq;fp ,Ue;J Ntl;ilahb cs;sijf;

fhzKbfpwJ.

2.3.5.2 ahidiaf; nfhy;Yk; Gyp

GypahdJ ,iuahf cau;e;j tpyq;FfisNa tPo;j;Jk;. Gypapd;

Ntl;ilapy; ,iu jtwpdhYk;; rpW tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahlhJ vd
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhu; GwehD}w;wpy; (237) njspTg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,it
ahidiaf; tPo;j;Jk; Mw;wy; cilaJ. Fl;b <d;w ngz; Gypf;F ,iu
Njbr; nry;Yk; Mz; Gyp fspw;iwj; Njbr; nrd;W nfhy;Ykhk;. ,jid
mfehD}w;wpy; MT+u;fpohu; ghbAs;shu;.

NkYk; ahidiaf; nfhy;Yk; Gyp gw;wpa nra;jpfs; mfehD}W

(389)> ew;wpiz (36) Nghd;w ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gypf;Fl;b $l
ahidiaf; jhf;Fkhk;. ,jid>

“-------------------------------------------- gha; nfhs;G

cW ntupe; xbf;FQ; rpWtupf; FUis”40

69
vd;Dk; ghly;fspd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ahidAld; Gyp Nghupl;l
fsk; gw;wp mfehD}W (268) vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

2.3.5.3 kdpju;fis Ntl;ilahLk; Gyp

ngz; Gyp grp jPu;f;f ahidia kl;Lky;y topg; Nghf;fidAk;

Gyp vjpu;ghu;j;jpUf;Fkhk;. kdpju;fis Ntl;ilahLk; Gyp gw;wp ew;wpiz
$WfpwJ. Fl;bfis <d;W mtw;NwhL fple;j ngz; Gyp kpfTk;
grpj;jnjd;W kaq;fpd. ,t;Ntisapy; topg;Nghthiuf; nfhy;Yk;
nghUl;L Mz; Gyp topiag; ghu;j;J jq;fpapUf;Fk; vd;W ,g;ghly;
$WfpwJ.

“epd;w Ntdp Yye;j fhe;js;

moytpu; ePspil epoyplk; ngwhmJ

<d;wfhd; kbe;j gpzTg;grp $u;e;njd

khd;w khiy toq;Feu;r; nrfP,a

Gypghu;j; JiwAk; Gy;yju;r; rpWnewp” 41

,jd; %yk; kdpjid Ntl;ilahlf; fhj;jpUe;jijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

rpyNeuq;fspy; ahidAld; Nghupl;L mijf;nfhy;y Kbahky; Gyp NtW
tpyq;Ffspd; tuit vjpu;ghu;j;J epw;Fk; vd FWe;njhifg; (141) ghly;
$WfpwJ. ,it nre;eha;f;F fhj;jpUf;Fk; vd;w Fwpg;igAk;
ngwKbfpwJ.

2.3.5.4 NtLtupd; nghwpapy; rpf;fpa Gyp

Ngr;R epiyf;F tuhJ irif epiyapy; epd;w fhyj;jpnyy;;yhk;

jkpo; kf;fs; Gyp Kjypatw;iwf; nfhd;W Ntl;ilj;njhopy; nra;J
te;jdu;. Gyp kw;w tpyq;Ffis kpf Neu;j;jpahf Ntl;ilahlf; $baJ.
,t;thW Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yk; Gyp rpyrkak; NtLtupd; nghwpapy;
rpf;fpf;nfhs;tJk; cz;L. gd;wpf;F itj;j nghwpapy; rpf;fpa Gyp gw;wp
ew;wpizg; ghly; $WfpwJ. jpidia cz;Zk; gd;wp mQ;rp XLk;gb
Gdj;jpw;Fupatd; rpwpa nghwpahf ,izj;jpUe;j „ngUq;fy; mlhu;‟

70
vd;Dk; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; xs;spa epwKs;s tupg;Gyp mfg;gLk; vd;fpwJ
,g;ghly;>

“jpidAz; Nfoy; ,upag; Gdtd;

rpWnghwp khl;ba ngUq;fy; mlhmu;

xz;Nfo; tag;Gyp g^ck; ehld;” 42

NkYk; Gypiag; gpbf;Fk; fUtpia Ntlu;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sij>

“,Uk; Gyp Ntl;Ltd; nghwp mwpe;J khl;ba

ngUq; fy; mlhUk; Nghd;k” 43

vd;gjd; top typikkpf;f Gypiar; rpf;f itf;f ngupa fy;mlhu;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. „mlhu; Gypafg; gLj;Jk; ve;jpuk; ,J
fw;gyiffisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg; gLtJ‟44 MFk;. ,g;nghwpiag;
gad;gLj;jp midtiuAk; mr;RWj;Jk; Gypia rpwg;ghf
Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;.typik tha;e;j Gypiag; gpbf;f itj;j tiyapy;
xd;Wf;Fk; cjthj Fs;seup te;J tpOe;jijg; Nghy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij

“,Uk;Gyp nfhz;khu; epWj;j tiyANshu;

Vjpy; FWeup gl;lw;whw; fhjyd;” 45

vd;w fypj;njhif ghlypd; ctikapd; tiyapd; gad;ghl;ilf;

fhzKbfpd;wJ.Gyp gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ngUk;ghYk; mit Ntl;ilahLk;
Fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sd.

2.3.6 cLk;G gpbj;jy;

fhl;by; tho;gtu;fs; tpUk;gp cz;l ,iwr;rp> cLk;gpd;

,iwr;rpahFk;. cLk;Gf; fwptpUe;J gw;wp GwehD}W $WfpwJ.
cLk;gpidg; gw;wpf; nfhzu;e;j Ntl;Ltu; mjidj; jk;Kd;wpypy; itj;J
mWj;Jj; jk;ktupilNa $Wnra;J rikj;J cz;Ls;sij Gwg;ghly;
njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ.

kiy epyj;Jf; Fwtu;fs; jhk; Ntl;ilahba cLk;gpiwr;rpAld;>

flkhdpiwr;rp> gd;wpapiwr;rp Kjypatw;iw cz;ldu; vd;gij>

71
 “tUtpir jtpu;j;j flkhd; nfhOq;Fiw

KsTkhj; njhiyr;rpa ige;epzg; gpsit

gpzTeha; KLf;fpa jbnahL tpiu,” 46

,g;ghlypd; top cLk;G> khd;> gd;wp Nghd;wtw;iw Ntl;ilahLtjpy;

NtLtu;fs; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

2.3.7 vypia Ntl;ilahly;

ney;iyf; nfhz;LNgha; tisapy; itf;Fk; vypapd; nray; gw;wp

Gytu;fs; ghbAs;sdu;. czitj; Njb vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tiy
Njhz;Lk; vd GwehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. cotu;fSf;Fj; jPq;F nra;Ak;
vypfis tpy;NyUotUila rpWtu;fs; tuFf;nfhy;iyfspy; tufpdJ
mupfhypy; te;J Nka;fpd;w vypnahd;iwf; fz;lJk; mtu;fs; tpy;iy
tisj;J Muthupg;gu;. ,t;nthypiaf; Nfl;L mUNf NkAk; FWKay;fs;
gae;J XLk; vd MT+u;fpohu; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

“GJtu fupfhw; fUg;ig ghu;fF

; k;

Gd;wiyr; rpwhmu; tpy;nyLj; jhu;g;gpw;

ngUq;fl; FWKay; fUq;fy Dila” 47

,jd; %yk; rpWtu;fSk; tpy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.

NkYk; vyp Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;W Ml;L ,iwr;rpAld;> vypiar; Rl;L
mjDld; nea; NrhWNru;j;J cz;Ls;sdu;. ,jid>

“ikA+d; njupe;j nea;ntz; GOf;fy;

vypthy; #l;nlhL kypag; NgZJk;” 48

vd;Dk; ew;wpizg; ghly; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

2.4 Ntl;ilahbag; gwitfs;

rq;fg; ghly;fspy; FUF> md;wpy;> md;dk;> fhf;if> fpsp> Fapy;>

ehiu> fOF> tt;thy;> Nghd;w mWgJ gwitfspd; ngau;fs;
Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahbaijg; Nghy; gy
gwitapdq;fisAk; Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;. kapy;> nfhf;F> fhil> Gwh>

72
Nrty; Kjyhd gwitfspy; xUrpy kl;LNk Ntl;ilahlg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fwpg;ghf kapy;> Fapy;> ehiu Nghd;w gwitfspd; mofpay; jd;ik
Rl;lg;gLfpd;wjd;wp> mitfs; Ntl;ilahlg;gl;ljw;fhdg; ghly;fs;
nghJthf ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

2.4.1 kapy;

rq;fg; Gytu;fs; kapiyg; gw;wp gy tpjq;fspy; ghbAs;sdu;.

mofhd ngz;fSf;F kapypd; rhaiy ctikahff; $WtNjhL
my;yhky; kapiyg; gw;wpa gy nra;jpfisAk; ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs;
vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. kapYf;Fg; Nghu;it <e;j ts;sy; Ngfdpd;
nfhilg; gw;wp guzu; (Gwk;.145) ghbAs;shu;. kapYf;F kq;ifaiu
ctikahff; fgpyu; (Iq;.294) ghbAs;shu;. nkd;ikahd jd;ikAila
kapy;fis NtLtu;fs; Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;. fhdtu; nfhs;sw;F mQ;rpj;
jd; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; kapy; gw;wp Iq;FWE}W ghly;
njuptpf;fpd;wJ. mit>

“Gdtu; nfhs;spapw; Gfy;tU kQ;iQ

,Utp ,Ue;j FUtp tUe;Jwg;

ge;jhL kfspupw; glu;jUq;” 49

NkYk; ney;iy czthff; nfhz;l kapiyg; gw;wp mz;lu;

eLq;fy;ypdhu; GwehD}w;wpy; $wpAs;shu;. ney;NyhL nja;tj;jpw;Fg;
gilf;fg;gl;l gypapidAk; kapy;fs; cz;ld vd;W ef;fPuu;
FWe;njhifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. kapy;fs; elkhl;lj;jhy;
tay;fspy; kapw;gPypfs; cjpu;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;w nra;jpia KlNkhrpahu;
GwehD}w;wpy; vLj;jpak;gp cs;shu;. $Wfpwhu;. taypy; kapy; cjpu;j;j
gPypia mq;Fs;s cotu; ney;yuprpAlNd jpul;Ltu; vd;gij>

“god kQ;iQ cFj;j gPyp

fodp cotu; #l;nlhL njhFf;Fk;” 50

,t;tbfs; thapyhf kapypd; moF mjd; Ml;lk; Nghd;w nra;jpfs;

gw;wpr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. Ntl;ilahLk;
epiyg;gw;wpa ghly;fs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vdyhk;.

73
2.4.2 nfhf;F

ePu;epiyfis ek;gp thOk; gwit ,dq;fspy; xd;W nfhf;F.

tupirahfg; gwe;J nry;Yk; capupdk;. kPid cz;Zk; grpa
fhiyAila nfhf;fpdk; tupiraha;g; gwe;J caUk; (mfk;.120) vd
ef;fPuu; ghbAs;shu;. ,Nj fUj;ij ew;wpiz (291) kw;Wk; gjpw;Wg;gj;Jg;
(83) ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. kPd;ftu;e;J cz;fpd;w nfhf;fpd; rpwifg;
Nghd;w> ntz;ikahd eiuj;j $e;jiyAila Kjpatd; vd;W
$Wtjdhy;> nfhf;fpd; ntz;ik ctikahf cs;sjw;F GwehD}W
(277>342) ghly;fs; rhd;whf cs;sd. ntz;ikahd jiyAila
nfhf;Ffspd; ghu;g;Gfs; ePz;l tay;fspy; mile;J xypf;Fk; vd;W
FQ;Rfspd; nray;ghL gw;wpf; Xuk;Nghfpahu; $wpAs;shu;.

“ntz;liyf; FUfpd; nkd;giw tpsf;Fu

dPs;ta dz;zpapkpO %u” 51

vd;Dk; ,g;ghlyhy; mwpaKbfpwJ. Mz;nfhf;F tiyapy; mfg;gl;Lf;

nfhz;ljhy; ngz; nfhf;F mile;j Jauj;ij ef;fPuu; rpj;jpupf;fpd;whu;.
fupa Fok;ghd Nrw;iwAila taypy; fhiyapNy Ntl;ilf;Fg; Nghd>
nfhOkPdhfpa czitAila rpWtu; ,l;l El;gkhd fapw;why; Md
tiyapNy> Nrty; mfg;gl;Lf; nfhz;lJ. ,it

“FLkpf; nfhf;fpd; igq;fhy; Ngil

,UQ;Nrw;W ms;sy; ehl;Gyk; Nghfpa

nfhOkPd; ty;rpg; Gd;jiy rpwhmu;

Ez; Qhz; mt;tiyr; Nrty; gl;nld” 52

vd;Dk; ,t;ef;fPuu; ghly; %yk; njspthfpwJ.

2.4.3 ehiu

ePu;gg
; Fjp rhu;e;j gwitfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ ehiu.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehiufSf;Fr; rpwg;ghd ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehiu J}jhf tplg;gl;Ls;sijAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; %yk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,e;ehiufs; kPidg; gpbj;J cz;L kuq;fspy;
mku;e;J Xa;ntLg;gJ jhd; mtw;wpd; tho;f;if. ,e;j ,ay;G gw;wp

74
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; ghiyf; nfsjkdhu; (29) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. tay;fspy;
gutp ,Ue;J Nka;fpd;w ngupa fhy;fisAila ehiufs;> kq;ifau;f;F
mQ;rp mfd;W NghFk; nkd;Wk;> rpWkfspu; me;j ntz;ehiufis
tpul;b tpisahLtu; vd;W rpj;jupf;fg;;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; jd; ,iuahd
kPidg; gpbf;f Qhoy; vd;w kuj;jpdJ fpisapy; Ngha; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
vd er;nrs;isahUk; (gjpw;Wg;.31)> fay; kPid cz;l ehiu itf;Nfhw;
Nghupy; jq;Fk; (Iq;.9) vd Xuk;NghfpahUk;> ney;iy mWtil
nra;fpd;w cotu; nraiyf; Fwpg;gpLifapy; ehiuapd; ,ay;gpidg;
ngUe;jiyr; rhj;jdhUk; (Gwk;.209) vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sdu;.

2.4.3.1 ehiu kPd;gpbf;Fk; El;gk;

guzu;> kPd; gpbg;gjpy; ehiufs; rpy El;gq;fisf; ifahs;fpd;wd

vd;fpwhu;;. ePz;l ngupa ePu;epiyapy; ,iu NjLjiy tpUk;gpg; Gwg;gl;l>
thiyahd Mz;kPidg; gpbj;Jj; jpd;gjw;F> ehiuahdJ jd; fhypd;
xypia me;j kPd; mwpe;J nfhs;siy mQ;rp> nky;y nky;y> fhty;
kpf;f tPl;by; GFk; fs;tidg; Nghd;W jsu;e;J elf;Fk; vd;fpwhu;.
,jid>

“ePspUk; ngha;if apiuNtl; nlOe;j

this ntz;Nghj;J czP,a ehiujd;

mbawpT cWjy; mQ;rpg; igg;gaf;

fbapyk; G$cq; fs;td; Nghyr;” 53

vd;Dk; ghlypy; %yk; ehiuapd; je;jpuj;ij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,why;

kPd;fisj; jpd;W ,isg;ghwpa ehiufs; Fwpj;J ew;wpiz(67)
ghlnyhd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk; kPd; cz;Zk; ehiufs; gw;wp
Iq;FWE}W (70)> gjpw;Wg;gj;J (30)> neLey;thil (15-18)> ghly;fs;
njuptpf;fpd;wd. ehiufs; flypy; kPidg;gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L te;jJ vd;W
ew;wpizg; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mit>

“---------------------------------------- ,iuNtl;Lf;

fLQ;#y; tanthL fhdnya; jhJ

fodp xope;j nfhLtha;g; Ngilf;F

75
 KlKjpu; ehiu fly;kPd; xa;Ak” 54
;

,jd;%yk; KlKjpu; ehiuj; jd; Ngilf;F czT+l;baij

gprpuhe;ijahu; (ew;.91>178)> ghly;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,t;thW kPd;
jpd;W jpfl;bg; Nghd ehiu NtW khw;W czTfis tpUk;Gk;
FWe;njhifapy; (296) vd;w Fwpg;Gk; cs;sJ. ehiufs; gw;wpNa mjpf
mstpy;; ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. $l;lkhf thOk; ,g;gwitfs;
kUjepy nea;jy; epyq;fspd; Xuj;jpYk; kuq;fspy; ,isg;ghwp ,dpa
tho;T tho;e;jd. ,e;epyq;fspy; tho;tjhy; ,it kdpju;fshy;
Ntl;ilahbjw;fhd ghly;fs; ,y;iy. tajhd ehiufs; $l
,Ue;jw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. ehiuapd; je;jpur; nray;fis
NtLtu;fs; kw;w tpyq;fpdq;fisg; gpbf;fg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu; vdyhk;.

2.4.4 fhil

tay;ntspfspYk; rpWGju;fspYk; thOk; rpWgwit FWk;G+o;

vdg;gLk; fhilahFk;. rq;ffhyj;jpy; fhilfis Ntl;ilahLtJ
fbdkhd nrayhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,Jgw;wp Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;
vd;Dk; Gytu; GwehD}w;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ahidia Ntl;ilahlr;
nry;gtd; ahidia Ntl;ilahbLthd;. FWk;G+io Ntl;ilahlr;
nry;gtd; mij ngwhky; ntWk; ifAld; jpUk;GtJk; cz;L. mjdhy;
mtutu; Kaw;rpapd; typikiaf; nfhz;Nl ntw;wp> Njhy;tpiag;
ngWtu;; vd;gij>

“ahid Ntl;Ltd; ahidAk; ngWNk

FWk;G+o; Ntl;Ltd; tWq;ifAk; tUNk” 55

vd;Dk; ,g;ghly;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk;

“nea;fdp FWk;G+o; fha khf

Mu;gjk; ngWf Njhop aj;ij” 56

vd;gjpypUe;J nea;apw; nghwpj;j FWk;G+o; fwp gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,f;fhilfs; mjpfk; Ntl;ilahltpy;iy. mitfSf;F kdpjh;fshy;
mjpf ghjpg;G ,y;iy vd;whYk; FWk;G+o; gwitf;F kw;w gwitfs;
vjpupfshf ,Ue;jd. ty;YhW vd;w ngupa gwit FWG+o;fis
Ntl;ilahbar; nra;jpia mfehD}W (103) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

76
2.4.4.1 Ntld; FuYf;F mQ;Rk; fhil

Ntl;Lthpd;; Fuy; Nfl;Lf; fhilfs; Xb xspAkhk; jd;

Jiziag; gphpe;j ngz; fhil mr;rj;Jld; jd; Jizia miof;Fk;
fhl;rpia kJiu kUjd; ,sehfdhh; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhu;. nfhba
njhopiyAilatUk; fhLfspy; jq;fpapUg;gtUkhd NtLthpd;
$g;ghl;ilf; Nfl;L mQ;rp Gwj;Nj thpfisAila ngz;fhil
Gs;spfisAila fOj;ijAk; $h;ikahd Ks;Nghd;w thpiaf; nfhz;l
rpte;j fhiyAk; cila jd; Nrtiy miof;Fk; vd;fpwhu;.

“mt;tup rpija Nehf;fp ntt;tpidg;

gapyupw; fple;j Ntl;Ltpsp nthP,

tupg;Gw ,jypd; kzpf;fl; Ngil

Ez;nghwp mzpe;j vupj;jpw; $h;Kl;

nrq;fhw; Nrtw; gapUk;” 57

,g;gwitfs; jhdpaj;ij tapwhu cz;L > tay; vypfis tpul;Lk; vd

ciwA+u; kUj;Jtd; jhNkhjudhu; GwehD}w;wpy; (321) Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
kpfr;rpwpa gwitapdkhf ,f;fhilfs; ,Ug;gjhy; NtLtu;fs; gpbf;f
Kbahky; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;jf; fhil ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j nrk;G+o; gwit
gw;wp Iq;FWE}W (469) $WfpwJ. mjpf mstpy; gof;fg;glhj gwit
vd;gjhy; fhilfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; mjpf mstpy; ,y;iy.
jw;fhyj;jpy; ntspehLfspypUe;J ,iwr;rpf;F vd;W tsu;f;fg;gLk;
gwitahf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhilfs; ek;ehl;by; Vw;nfdNt
,Ue;j gwit ,dkhFk;.

2.4.5 Gwh

Gwhf;fs; vg;NghJNk mikjpia tpUk;Gk; gwitfshfNt ,Ue;J

te;Js;sd. mit kw;w gwitfSld; rz;ilapLtJk; ,y;iy. kw;w
Cd; jpd;Dk; gwitfshYk; kdpju;fshYk; Ntl;ilahlg;gl;L tUk;
xU gwitapdk; Gwh. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Gwhf;fspd; ,ay;G gw;wpg;
gythwhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Gwhitf; fhg;ghw;wj; jd;idNa jpahfk;
nra;j rpgpr; rf;futu;j;jp gw;wpg; gy Gytu;fs; ghbAs;sdu;.

77
 Nrhod; FsKw;wj;Jj; JQ;rpa fps;sp tstidg; gw;wpg; ghLk;
ghlypy; khNwhf;fj;J eg;griyahu; (Gwk;.37)> xU Gwh mile;j
Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fpa rpgpr; NrhodJ kugpy; te;j fps;sptstd; vd;W
mtidg; ghuhl;Lfpwhu;. Gwhf;fspd; nray;fis mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;
(27) vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Gwhf;fs; md;NghL tho;git vd;W mfehD}W
(47)> ew;wpiz (384)> FWe;njhif (154)> neLey;thil (45-48) Mfpa
ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,d;gk; nfhz;l Gwhf;fspd; $r;ry; ,irNghy;
xypf;Fk; vd Iq;FWE}W $WfpwJ.

“Gd;Gwg; Ngil Nrt ypd;Gw

kd;d upatup dpuq;Fq; fhdk;” 58

NkYk; Gwhf;fs; rpyrkak; jkJ ,iu vLg;gjpy; Vkhe;J> jtwhd

fhia cz;l Gwh gw;wp ,dpr;re;jehfdhu; (ew;.66) Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
Gwhf;fs; mr;rk; nfhz;lit. rpye;jp tiyiag; ghu;j;J mQ;rp
XLk;Gwhf;fs; gw;wpg; gjpw;Wg;gj;J (39) $WfpwJ. Gwhf;fs; gofpa ,lk;
ePq;fhj Gwh gw;wp mfehD}W (307)> fypj;njhif (11) ghly;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Gwhf;fs; Ntl;ilahlg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;sd. Mdhy; mit Ntl;ilahlg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;s ghly;fs;
,y;iy. Mdhy; vapdu;fs; fhl;LGwhr; NrtiyAk; Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;.
,jid> “Ntl;lr; rPW}u; mfd;fz; Nfzpg;” (92:5) vd;w ew;wpizg;
ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

2.5 Ntl;ilf; fUtpfspd; gad;ghl;L El;gq;fs;

Gyp> ahid> khd;> Kay; vd midj;J tpyq;FfisAk;

Ntl;ilahbdu; vd;gij mwpe;Njhk;. mt;tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahl tpy;>
mk;G><l;b> ftz;fw;fs; Kjypatw;iwf; fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
,j;njhopw;fUtpfs; ,tu;fshNy jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ntl;ilahlg;gLk; capupdq;fSf;Nfw;g fUtpfs; khWgLfpd;wd. vspa
Kiwapy; nra;ag;gl;l fUtpfis El;gkha; nray;gLj;jpaijf;
fhzyhk;.

78
2.5.1 mk;G - tpy; gad;ghLfs;

Fr;rpg; Gy;iy itj;jhw; Nghd;w Kftha;j; jhbiaAk;

nrtpapwe;J Kd;Nd jho;e;j fJg;gidAKiladha; Ntld; tpy;Nye;jp
epw;fpwhd;.

“Fr;rp dpiuj;j F&ckapu; Nkhtha;r;

nrtpapwe;J jho;jUq; fTsd; tpy;nyh” 59

NkYk; gr;ir Cidj; jpd;whd;. mjdhy; mtDila if grpa

nfhOg;G epiwe;j vr;rpyhf ,Ue;jJ. mt;ntr;rpiyf; nfhz;L jdJ
tpy;ypdJ fk;gpy; Njha;j;jhd; vd;W GwehD}W (258:4-5) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,aw;ifNahLk; tpyq;FfNshLk; Nghuhbj; jkf;fhd czitg; ngw;wdu;.
Ntl;ilahLk; nghUl;L gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; nrd;wpUe;j Ntl;Ltu;
gw;wpAk; GwehD}W (150:12-13) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“mutpiu NjUk; MupUs; eLehs;

,utpd; tUjy; md;wpAk; - cuTf;fiz

td;iff; fhdtd; ntQ;rpiy tzf;fp

cskpirj; jtpu;j;j KsTkhd; Vw;iwnahL..” 60

vd;Dk; ,g;ghlypy; typa ifia cila fhdtd; nfhLikkpf;f

mk;ig va;jp neQ;rplj;Nj gha;r;rpf; nfhd;w Ks;sk;gd;wpiaf; nfhz;L
te;J kidaplj;Nj nfhLj;jhd;. mq;Fs;s eha;fs; vy;yhk; xUNrug;
gf;fj;jpNy Fiuj;J tpisahb tu Ntl;ilapNy ntw;wpaile;j
kfpo;r;rpf;Fupatdhf ,Ug;ghd; vd;W ew;wpiz top mwpaKbfpwJ.
,jd; %yk; mk;G va;Jtjpy; ty;ytuhf jpfo;e;Js;sijf;
fhzKbfpwJ. mk;G va;Jk; NghJ> mjd; capu; tpiutpy; Nghf>
neQ;rplj;Nj mk;ig EZf;fkha; va;Js;sdu;. NkYk; FwpQ;rp epyf;
FLk;gj; jiytd; ifapy; tpy;YlDk; typik tha;e;j mk;GlDk;
Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;W Ks;sk; gd;wpapd; neQ;rpy; mk;igg; gha;r;rp
tPo;j;Jthd; vd;gij>

“fhdtd; va;j KsTkhd; nfhOq;Fiw” 61

79
vd;Dk; ew;wpiz thapyhf Mz;gd;wp jpidia mopg;gjhy; mjid
Ntl;ilahba nra;jpia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,Nj nra;jpapid>

“gpzu;r;Rty; gd;wp Njhy;Kiyg; gpzNthU

fizf;fhy; Vdy; ifk;kpff; ftu;jypd;

fy;yju; mUk;Gio my;fpf; fhdtd;

tpy;ypy; je;j ntz;Nfhl;L Vw;iwg;” 62

vd;w mbfspd; top> Mz; gd;wpAk; ngz;gd;wpAk; Nru;e;J jpidia

mopg;;gjhy; fhdtd; Mz;gd;wpia tpy;ypdhy; nfhd;W nfhbr;rpaplk;
nfhLj;jhd; vd;gijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. Ntl;ilahLtjw;F „mk;G‟>„tpy;‟
Nghd;w MAjq;fNs Ntl;ilj; njhopypd; %yjdf; fUtpahFk;.
Ntl;ilj; njhopw;fUtpahd tpy;gw;wp mjpfkhd ghly;fs; cs;sd.
mit>

“tpy;Nyu; tho;f;if tpOj;njhil kwtu;” 63

“thdk; Ntz;lh tpy;Nyu; cotu;” 64

vd;Dk; rq;fg;ghf;fs; Rl;Lk; tpy; Nghd;w fUtpfshy; Ntl;ilahba

tpyq;Ffspd; Cd; czit cz;L gpd;G gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy;
nghUs;fis tpw;Ws;sdu;. ngUk;ghYk; mk;G> tpy; Nghd;wf;
fUtpfisr; nfhz;Lr; nry;Yk; NtLtu;fs;> Fwpjtwr; nra;jw;F
fhuzk; mq;Fs;s kuj;jb flTs; vd;W vz;zpdu;. mjdhy;>
tpy;iyAk; mk;igAk; nfhz;L nry;tijj; jtpu;j;J thspid vLj;Jr;
nrd;wdu; vd;W mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jid>

“taths; vwpe;J tpy;ypd; ePf;fp

gaepiu joP,a fLq;fz; kotu;

mk;GNrl; gLj;J td;Gyj; Ja;j;njdj;

nja;tQ; Nru;e;j guhiu Ntk;gpw;

nfhOg;gh vwpe;J FUjp J}ca;g;

GyTg; GOf;Fz;l thd;fz;” 65

80
vd;w mbfspd; %yk; tpy;> mk;G jtpu;j;J ths; vd;w fUtpiaAk;
gad;gLj;jp Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;. ek;gpf;if mbg;gilapy; fUtpia
khw;wpdhYk; njhopy; tsikf;fhf Gjpa cj;jpiaf; ifahz;Ls;sdu;
vdyhk;.mNjNghy; fhdtu;>fhl;Lg; gRtpd; kPJ mk;G va;J
Fwpjtwpajw;F fhuzk; kiyj; nja;tj;jpd; Nfhgk; vd ek;gpdu;. kio
nga;jhy; kiyj; nja;tj;jpd; rpdk; jzpAk; vd;W epidj;J jq;fs;
Rw;wj;Jld; kiyNky; Vwpr; nrd;W flTisg; Ngzp kfpo;e;jdu;.
,jid>

“mku;f;fz; Mkhd; mUepwk; Ks;fhJ

gizj;j gfopg; Nghf;Fepidj;J fhdtd;

mzq;nfhL epd;wJ kiythd; nfhs;nfdf;

flTs; Xq;Ftiu Ngz;khu; Ntl;nlOe;J

fpisNahL kfpOq; Fd;w ehld;”66

vd;w mbfspd; %yk; fhdtu; mk;G Fwpjtwpa epiyia Nehf;Fk;

NghJ mtu;fSf;F rpy Neuq;fspy; Fwpjg;gpAs;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
Mdhy; FwpjtWtjw;F ,iwtd; jhd; fhuznkdf; Rl;Lk; NghJ
mjw;F Kd; tiu Fwpjtwtpy;iy vd;gJk; ,ij jtpu> NtW
fhuzq;fs; nfhz;l ghly;fSk; ,y;iy vdpDk; fhdtd; ,iwtd;
topghl;lhy; Ntz;baJ fpilf;Fk; vd;w kdtypikahy;
ntw;wpg;ngw;Ws;shd;. Mf Ntl;ilj;njhopy; ed;whf nra;aTk;> mjpy;
jtW epfOk; NghJ mjidj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wYk; ngw;Wj;
jpfo;e;Js;sij ,g;ghly; njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. ghiy epy vapdu;fs;
vg;nghOJk; nfhLtpy;iyj; jhq;fpj; jpupgtuhtu;. ,tu;fs; ghiwfspy;
jk; mk;Gfisj; jPlL
; tu;.

“ciyf;fy; md;d ghiwNawpf;

nfhLtpy; vapdu; gfop kha;f;Fk” 67

;

mk;Gfs; tpyq;fpdq;fs; kPJ ed;whf Fw;wpg; ghAk; tifapy; mk;ig

nrk;ikg;gLj;jp cs;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

“rpiytpw; gfopr; nre;Jt uhilf;

81
 nfhiyty; nyapdu;” 68

Ks;sk; gd;wpapid nfhd;W mjd; ,iwr;rpia cz;gjpypUe;J> mk;gpd;

gad;ghl;Lj; jpwid mwpaKbfpwJ. ,tu;fs; topr; nry;Nthiu> capu;
nfhy;Yk; ,ay;gpid cilatu;fs; vd;gij>

“neLq;fio jpuq;fpa ePup yhupil

MWnry; tk;gyu; njhiya khWepd;W

nfhLQ;rpiy kwtu;” 69
;

FWe;njhif 283> mfehD}W 161> 175> Iq;FWE}W 352:1 ghly;fs;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. NkYk; ,g;ghiy epyj;jiytd; jd; tpy;Yld;
Rw;wj;jhUld; gif epyk; nrd;W tpbaw;fhiyapy; gRf;fis Xl;bf;
nfhz;L te;jhd; vd;Wk;> mg;gRf;fisf; fs;Sf;F tpiyahf;fpdhd;.
tPlb
; y; rikj;j ney;yhy; Mfpa Njhg;gpf; fs;isf; Fbj;jhd;.
tsKila kd;wpy; fhisia mWj;Jj; jpd;whd;. ,jid>

“#d;kfs; khwh kwk;G+z; tho;fi

; f

typf;$l; Lztpd; thl;Fbg; gpwe;j

Gypg;Nghj; jd;d Gy;yzw; fhis

nry;eh ad;d fUtpw; Rw;wnkhL

Nfsh kd;du; fbGyk; Gf;F

ehsh je;J ewTnehil njhiyr;rp

-----------------------------------------------------------

Kuz;liy fope;j gpd;iw kwpa” 70

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; Ntl;ilahb> gpd; kJ mUe;jp midtUk; Mbdu;

vd;gJ njupa tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,tu;fs; tise;j tpy;iyf; nfhz;L
Ntl;ilj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

“nfhLtp nyapdu; nfhs;is Az;l” 71

“ciyf;fy; md;d ghiwNawpf;

82
 nfhLtpy; vapdu; gfop kha;f;Fk;” 72

,g;ghly;fs; tise;j tpy;yhy; njhopy; nra;jijAk; ntk;ikahd

ghiwapd; Nky; Vwp ,t;ntapdu; jk; mk;Gfisj; jPl;Ltu; vd;gJ
mwpag;gLfpwJ. mk;Gfs; $u;ikaw;W cs;s epiyapy; ghiwfspy;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; fj;jp> Nfhlhsp Nghd;w fUtpfs;
jPl;lg;gl;LtUtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

2.5.2 tiyfs;> ftz;fw;fs;;

tiyg;Nghl;L khd; gpbf;Fk; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ldu; vd;gJ

fakdhupd; ghly; mfg;ghly; (7) top ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,NjNghy;>

“gFtha; Qkypnahyp igk;Gjy; vUf;fpj;

njhFtha; Ntypj; njhlu;tiy khl;b

Ks; miuj; jhkiug; Gy;yp ,jo; GiuAk;” 73

vDk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ghly;fspd; top Ntl;il eha;fSld;

gRikahd Gju;Ntypahy; #og; ngw;w mq;F gpd;dpa tiyiag;
nghUj;jp itg;gu; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. Ntl;ilahLk; njhopy;
fLikahdJ. tiyg;gpd;dpa epiyapy; Ks;sk;gd;wpia gpbf;f
Kaw;rpAk; nra;Js;sdu;.

nfhk;Gfis cila ahidia tpul;l ftiz tPRtu;.

ftzpypUe;J ntspte;j ftz;fy; G+f;fis cila nfhk;gpw;gl;Lg;
G+f;fis cjpu;f;Fk; vd;gij>

“Gyq;fb ftizapw; G+Q;rpid..” 74

,g;ghlypd; %yKk; ,it Nghd;W gy ghly;fs; (fyp.40) top kf;fs;

Ntl;ilahlf; ftz;fw;fis Neu;j;jpahf tPrpAs;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
Nghupl;l kf;fs; ahUk; Njhw;fhjjhy; jk; typikia epiy ehl;l
gidkuj;J cr;rpapid Fwpg;ghu;j;J ftz;fy; vwpe;jjhy; mq;Fs;s
gwitfs; gwe;J Nghd epfo;r;rpapid>

“ngUQ;rpdj;jhw; Gwf;nfhlhmJ

,UQ;nrUtpd; ,fy;nkha;k;gpNdhu;

83
 fy;nywpAk; ftz;ntuP,g;

Gs;spupAk; Gfu;g;Nghe;ijg;” 75

vd tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. jw;nghOJ fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; rpWtu;fs; tpisahl;L

Nehf;fj;jpy; ftz;fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;. ,f;ftz;fis
Ntl;ilj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Fwtu;fs; nra;J tpw;gid
nra;fpd;wdu;.

2.6 mwpTrhu; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

fUtpia EZf;fkha; gad;gLj;jpaJ NghyNt

,t;Ntl;ilj;njhopypy; mwpTj; jpwidAk; nray;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
Ntl;ilj; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu #o;r;rpNa kpFjpahf
cs;sJ. „#l;Rkk;‟; njhopy;El;gk; vd mfuhjpfSk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. me;j
tifapy; fPo;f;fz;lit tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2.6.1 tpyq;Ffspd; capu;epiy mwpjy;

rq;fg; gDty;fs; %yk; capu;epiy mwpe;J tpyq;Fspd; kPJ

fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu; vdyhk;. nghJthf mk;G> tpy;
Nghd;wtw;iw va;jp nfhy;Yjy; Ntl;ilj; njhopypd; ,ay;G. ,tw;wpy;
tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; vt;tplj;jpy; vg;ghfj;jpy; va;Jjy; vd;gJ
Nehf;fj;jf;f xd;whFk;. rhd;whf>

“,Uk;Gtbj; jd;d fUq;iff; fhdtd;

tpupkyu; kuhmk; nghUe;jpf; Nfhy;njupe;J

tupEjy; ahid mUepwj; jOj;jp” 76

vd;Dk; ,g;ghlypy; ,Uk;gpid cUf;fp thu;j;jhw;Nghd;w td;ik tha;e;j

ifia cila Fwtd; kyu;e;j kyu;kpf;f ntz;flg;g kuj;jpidr;
rhu;e;J epd;W> jFjpahd mk;gpid Muha;e;njLj;J tupfisf;nfhz;l
new;wpiaAila ahidapdJ CLUtjw;fupa mjd; khu;gpNy CLUtpg;
NghFk;gb va;J nfhd;W tPo;j;jpdhd; vd;gjpypUe;J capu;epiy mwpe;J
mk;G va;jp ,Ug;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.

84
2.6.2 tpyq;Ffspd; mbj;jsk; mwpjy;

; tpyq;Ffspd; mbfs; gjpe;j epyg;gFjp gw;wp ghly;fs; cs;sd.

FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; fhybj;jlk; mOe;jpf; fplf;Fk;. kioapy;yhf;
fhyj;jpy; mfog;gl;l Fopfspy; ePu; mUe;j tUk; gd;wpia Ntl;ilahb
tplyhk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;j;J ,Ue;jdu; ,Ue;jij>

“khdb nghwpj;j kaq;fju; kUq;fpd;

thd;kb nghOjp dPu;eil,f; Fopj;j” 77

vDk; ghlybfs; thapyhf tpyq;Ffspd; fhy;jlj;ij mwpe;J

Ntl;ilf;Ff; fhj;jpUe;jdu; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.

2.6.3 ngha;f;Fop mikj;J Ntl;ilahly;

fhdtu;fs; ahid> Ks;sk;gd;wp Nghd;w tpyq;Ffis ngha;f;Fop

mikj;J Ntl;ilahbAs;sdu;. rhd;whf>

“NrNzhd; mfo;e;j kbtha;g; gak;gpd;

tPo;Kff; Nfoy; ml;l G+ry;” 78

;

vd;w ,g;ghlypd; %yk; ngha;f;Fop nra;J fhdtu; Mz; gd;wpiaf;

nfhd;wdu; vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nghy; ahidiag; ngha;Fop
mikj;J gpbj;Js;sijg; GwehD}w;wpd; (17:14-15) top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
fUtpfshy; nra;a Kbahj epiyapy; jd;jpwidr; nray;gLj;jp
tpyq;Ffisg; gpbj;Js;sdu; vd;gJ njspthfpd;wd. tpyq;FfSf;F
Vw;g Neuj;ij Nju;e;J vLj;J Ntl;ilahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.6.4 Ntl;ilg; nghUs; gz;lkhw;wk;

Ntlu;fs; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb> mtw;wpd; Cdpidg;

ngl;bfspy; ,l;L> thzpfj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nrd;W ney; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fg;
gz;lkhw;Wk; nra;Js;sdu;.

“fhd; ciw tho;f;if fjeha; Ntl;Ltd;

khd; jir nrhupe;j tl;bAk; Ma;kfs;

japu; nfhL te;j jRk;Gk;” 79

85
Ntl;il ehiaAila Ntl;Ltd;> Ma;kfsplk; Cdpidf; nfhLj;J
ntz;nzy;iy ngw;W ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

“tupkhz; Nehd;Qhz; td;rpiyf; nfhsP,

mUepwj; jOj;jpa mk;gpdu; gyUld;

mz;zy; ahid ntz;NfhL nfhz;L” 80

Ntlu;fs; xd;W$bf; fhl;by; Ntl;ilahbf; nfhd;w ahidapd;

je;jq;fis kJghdf;filapy; nfhLj;J khw;whf kJtpidg; ngw;W
mUe;jpdu; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.

2.7 kPd;gpbj; njhopy;

goe;jkpofk; epy mbg;gilr; r%fq;fshff; fl;likf;fg;

gl;bUe;jd. fhuzk; epyj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tho;thjhuq;fisg; ngw;W
me;epyj;jpNyNa jq;fSf;fhd jdpj;j tho;tpay; milahsq;fSld;
tho;e;jdu;. xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd gz;ghL cz;L
vd;gijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ekf;Fj; jUfpd;wd mt;tifapy; nea;jy;
epy kf;fspd; kPd;gpbj;jy; Fwpj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;.

flYk; fly; rhu;e;j epyKk; nea;jyhFk;;. nea;jy; epy kf;fs;

nfhq;fd; Nru;g;gd;> Jiwtd;> Gyk;gd; vd;Dk; ngau;fshy;
toq;fg;gl;ldu;. nea;jy; epykf;fSf;F kf;fl;ngau;> Eisau;> jpkpyu;>
gujtu;> Jisj;jpau;> guj;jpau; vdg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; flw;fiuapy;
cs;s kzw;gFjpapy; Fbyikj;J tho;e;jdu.; ,tu;fs; fly;ePiu
tpistayhff; nfhs;fpd;w tho;tpaiyf; nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;gjid>

“GyT ehWJk;; nryepd; wPNkh

ngUePu; tpisAnsQ; rpWey; tho;f;if”81

vd;w mbfs; czu;j;Jfpd;wd. fliy tho;tpaw;Ff; fskhff; nfhz;l

,tu;fs; kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;Yk; NghJ cg;gq;fopapy; G+j;j kyu;fis
khiyahf mzpe;J nry;tu;. ,jid

“,Uq;fop kyu;e;j ts;spjo; ePyk;

Gyhmd; kWfpw; rpWFbg; ghf;fj;J

86
 ,dkPd; Ntl;Ltu; QhonyhL kpiyAk;”82

vd;Dk; tupfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. gujtu;fs; „jpkpy; Nkw;nfhz;L jpiur;Ruk;

ePe;jp (111:6-7) kPd; gpbj;jdu; vd;gij ew;wpizg; ghly;
njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,tu;fs; jpkpyu; vdg;gl;lij tz;ifj;
jpkpyu; vd kJiuf;fhQ;rp (319) Rl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk; „,d kPd;
Ntl;Ltu;‟ vd;;W miof;fg;gl;lijAk; rq;fg; ghf;fs; czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
fhdfj;Nj tpyq;Ffisf; iff;nfhs;tij Ntl;il vd;Wk;> Ntl;ilj;
njhopy; Gupgtu; NtLtu; vdg;gl;lJ Nghd;W kPd;gpbj;jYk; Ntl;il
nad;Wk; (gd; kPd; Ntl;lj;J vd; Iau; - FWe;.123:5)> mjidr; nra;gtu;
Ntl;Ltu; vd;Wk; (jpkpy; Ntl;Ltu; - kJ.fh.115) miof;fg;gLjYk;
fhzKbfpwJ.‟83 ,e;epy kf;fs; kPd; Ntl;ilj; njhopy; nra;jjw;f;fhd
gy ghly;fs; cs;sd.

2.7.1 gytif kPd; tiyfs;

kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;fhfg; gy tifahd tiyfisg; gad;

gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,jdhy; gujtu;fs; tiytu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
,tu;fs; tiytPrp flypy; kPd;gpbj;Jf; nfhzu;e;jij>

“tiytu; je;j nfhOkPd; ty;rpg;

giw jG KJFU fpUf;Fe;‟ 84

vd;w tupfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. xNu tiyiaf; nfhz;L vy;yh tif

kPd;fisAk; Ntl;ilahl KbahJ. kPd;fspd; msT mtw;wpd; typik
Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J tiyfs; NtWgLk;. ew;wpiz 111 MtJ ghly;
,whYld; gpw kPd;fisAk; gpbf;FkhW tiy nra;ag; ngw;wpUe;jjhff;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

nghJthf ,why; kPid gpbg;gjw;Fj; jdpahf tiyiag;

gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; jw;fhyj;jpYk; cs;sJ. ,why; gpbf;Fk; tiyapy;
NtW kPd;fisg; gpbg;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,why; kPd; gpbf;Fk; tiyapy;
gpw kPd;fis gpbg;gjw;F trjpahf tiy gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij>

“mj;j ,Ug;igg; G+tpd; md;d

Ja;j;jiy ,wnthL njhifkPd; ngwP,au;

87
 tuptiyg; gujtu; fUtpidr; rpwhmu;”85

,g;ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,why; kPd; fpilf;fhj NghJ gpw

kPd;fis Ntl;ilahl mt;tiy gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vdf; fUjyhk;. kPd;
gpbj;jYf;F Ez;tiyfisg; gad;gLj;jpa nra;jpiaf; FWe;njhif
(184:6) gjpT nra;Js;sJ. Ez;tiyfs; ngUk;ghYk; rpwpa tif
kPd;fisg; gpbg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. vdNt ,k;kf;fs; ntt;NtW
tifahd tiyfis itj;jpUe;jdu; vd;gij mwpayhk;. ngupa kPd;fs;
tiyapid fpopj;jikahy; gOjile;j tiyfis KWf;fpa E}iyf;
nfhz;L rup nra;jikia>

“tbf;fjpu; jpupj;j ty;Qhd; ngUtiy” 86

vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly; tupapd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

2.7.1.1 tiy cyu;j;jy;

ngupa fly; fyq;Fk;gb tiytPrp kPd;fisg; gpbf;Fk; gujtu;>

mtw;wpd; jirfis mWj;J ntapypy; fhaitg;gu;. mNjhL ,utpNy
kPd; Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;W fhiy fiute;j kPdtu;fs; mLj;j ,uT
Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;y <ukhd tiyfis kzy;Nkl;by; cyu itj;jdu;.
,r;nra;jpia>

“jz;ngUk; gug;gpd; xz;gjk; Nehf;fp

aq;fz; mupy;tiy czf;Fe; Jiwtndh” 87

“tiyAzq;F kzy; Kd;wpy;”88

vDk; tupfs; %yk; mwpayhk;. tiyfis cyu;j;Jk; nray; kPd;

gpbj;jyhy; rpf;Fz;l tiyfisr; rupnra;tjd; %yk; mLj;j
Ntl;ilapd; NghJ tiyia vspikahf tPr VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
kiotsk; ngha;ahJ. vdNt flYk; jg;ghj tUtha; ey;Fk; mjdhy;
tiytsKk; rpwf;Fk; vd;W njhopy; kPJ nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifapid>

“Ntl;lk; ngha;ahJ tiytsQ; rpwg;gg;

ghl;lk; ngha;ahJ gujtu; gfu”89

“eLehs; Ntl;lk; Nghfp itfiw” 90

88
vd;w thpfshy; fhzyhk;. ,t;tiy rpWkPd;fisg; gpbg;gjw;F Vw;w
tifapy; Ez;zpajhAk; ,Ue;jd. ,t;tiyfs; rpWrpW fz;fis
ciladthf ,Ue;jd.

“Ez; tiyg; gujth;” 91

“FWq;fz; mt;tiyg; gak;gh uhl;bf;” 92

;

NkYk; ,why;kPd;fSld; gpw kPd;fisAk; ngWkhW gpd;dp tphpj;j

tiyapidAk; kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jp rpWtu;fs; kPd;
Ntl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lij ew;wpizg; (111:2-3) ghly; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

2.7.2 kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;Yk; NeuKk; #oYk;

kPdth; fhw;W khwp mbf;fhj fhyk; ghh;j;Jf; fiuapy; cs;s

Gd;idku epoypy; fhj;jpUg;gh;. „fhyj;Nj gaph; nra;‟ vd;gJ Nghy; kPd;
gpbf;fTk; Vw;w fhyj;ij Nehf;fpapUe;jdh; vd;gij>

“fhdy; mk;rpWFbr; fly;Nkk; gujth;

ePdpwg; Gd;idf; nfhOepo yir,j;

jz;ngUk; gug;gpd; Xz;gjk; Nehf;fp” 93

vd;Dk; tupfs; %yk; mwpayhk;. kPd; Ntl;ilf;Fj; jpkpy;> Njhzp> mk;gp

Nghd;w fyd;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. gujtu;fs; kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;Yk;
nghOjpid Nehf;fp>

1. gfw;nghOJ kPd;Ntl;il
2. ,uTg;nghOJ kPd;Ntl;il

vd ,Utifg; nghOJfspy; kPd;fs; Ntl;ilahlg;gLfpwJ.

2.7.2.1 gfw;nghOJ kPd;Ntl;il

gfypy; flYf;Fs; nrd;W kPd;gpbj;J khiyg; nghOjpy; fiuf;Fj;

jpUk;Gtijg; gfw;nghOJ kPd;Ntl;il vd;gu;. ,jid>

“jpiuAoe; jir,a epiutis MankhL

cg;gpd; Fg;ig Vwp vw;gl

89
 tUjpkpy; vz;Zk; JiwtndhL” 94

vd;w ghlybfs; czu;j;Jk;. ,jdhy; fly; miyapy; tpisahbf;

fspg;Gw;Wj; jsu;r;rpaile;J epuy;gl tisazpe;j kfspu; $l;lj;Jld;
cg;G Nkl;by; Vwpepd;W ,Uz;l khiyg;nghOjpy; fiuf;Fj; jpUk;gp
tUk; glFfis vz;Ztjw;F ,ldhd Jiw vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;> NkYk;>

“kz;byk; kOf kiyepwq; fpsu

tz;bdk; kyu;gha;e;J Cj kPkpirf;

fz;lw; fhdw; FUfpdk; xypg;gf;

fiugh ltpaj; jpkpy;njhopy; kwg;gr;

jpiugh ltpaj; jpkpy;njhopy; kwg;g” 95

vd;w ghlybfs; %yk; nrt;thdk; Njhd;wpa khiyg;nghOjpy;

kPd;gpbf;ff; flYf;Fs; nry;ytpy;iy vd;gJ GydhFk;. gfypy;
kPd;gpbj;jij mfk; (340) Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

2.7.2.2 ,uTg;nghOJ kPd;Ntl;il

,uTg;nghOjpy; miyfspy; Muthuk; ,y;yh fupa flypy; kPd;

gpbf;fr; nrd;Ws;sdu;. mt;thW kPd; gpbf;fr; nry;Yk;NghJ tpsf;ifg;
gad;gLj;jpa nra;jpfs; gy ,lq;fspy; gjpthfpAs;sd. kPd;
vz;nziar; rq;fpy; Cw;wpr; rpWtpsf;F nra;J kPd; gpbf;fr; nrd;wij
ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kPd; Ntl;ilf;Fupa fhyk;
,uT vd;gij ,jd; top mwpayhk;. nghJthfNt ,uT
Ntl;ilapy;jhd; kPd;fs; kpFjpahff; fpilf;Fk;. #upadpd; fjpu;fs;
gfypy; flypd; Nkw;gug;igf; fLikahfj; jhf;Ftjhy; kPd;fs;
Nkw;gug;gpw;F tUtJjpy;iy. epyT ntspr;rj;jpy; kPd;fs; Nkw;gug; gpw;F
tUk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

nea;jy; epy kf;fs; ,t;Tz;ikfis czu;e;jjd; fhuzkhfNt

kPd; Ntl;ilf;F ,uTg; nghOjpy; ntspr;rj;jpw;fhf tpsf;F> kPd;
vz;nza; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;Fk; njhopy;El;gj;ijj; njupe;jpUe;jdu;.
,uTg; nghOjpy; flYf;Fs; nry;tjhy; jhq;fs; Gwg;gl;l ,lk;> jpir
Mfpaw;iw mwpaf; flw;fiuapy; mike;j kzw;jpl;Lfspy; tpsf;F Vw;wp
fyq;fiu tpsf;fk; Nghd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fp itj;jpUe;jdu;

90
(ew;.219). ,r;nra;jpAk; kPd; Ntl;ilf;Fupa Neuk; ngUk;ghYk; ,uT
vd;gJk; cWjpahfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,t;mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; %yk;

“ngUe;jpiu Kof;fnkh baf;ftpe; jpUe;j

nfhz;ly; ,utpd; ,Uq;fly; kLj;j

nfhOkPd; nfhs;gtu; ,Us;ePq; nfhz;Rlu;” 96

eLahkj;jpy; kPd; Ntl;ilahlg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,utpNy

tiy tPrp> td;ik kpf;f fapw;wpd; KidapNy tpiue;J nry;Yk;
gujtu;fs; ifapNy <l;bAld; jpz;zpa glfpNy xsp nghUe;jpa
tpsf;Ffis Vw;wpf; nfhz;L eL ,utpy; kPd;Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;wdu;.
flypy; ngw;w kPd;fis tpbaw;fhiyapNy nfhz;L te;J flw;fiur;
Nrhiyapy; Ftpj;Jk; itj;jdu; vd;gij ew;wpizapd; top
mwpaKbfpwJ.

“----------------------------------------------- Nehd;Gupf;

fapWfil ahj;j fLeil Vwpcspj;

jpz;jpkpy; gujtu; xz; mlu;f; nfhzp,

eLehs; Ntl;lk; Nghfp> ifiwf;

fly;kPd; je;J fhdy; Fit,” 97

,j;njhopy; Kiw ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghly;fspy; gjpthfpAs;sgb

,utpNy eilg;ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ,utpy; kPd;gpbf;fr;
nrd;w gujtid vz;zp mtd; kidtp jk; NjhopaUld; nja;tj;ijj;
njhOJ topgLths; vd;gjid mfehD}W (240:4-7) ghly;
njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. ngz;fs; njhOJ topglf; fhuzk; ,uT Neuj;jpy;
kPd;gpbj;jy; vd;gJ kpfTk; Mgj;jpw;Fupa nray; vd;gNj MFk;.

2.7.2.3 kjpepiw> kjpkiw ehspy; kPd; gpbf;fr; nry;yhik

kjpkiw ehspYk;> kjpepiw ehspYk; fly; rPw;wj;Jld;

nfhe;jspf;Fk; vd;gjdhy; kPd; gpbj;jiyj; jtpu;j;jdu; gujtu; vd;gij>

“ghapUk; gdpf;fly; Ntl;lQ; nry;yhJ

91
 ctTkbe; Jz;lhbAk;” 98

vd;w tupfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. KOkjp (ngszu;dkp) ehsd;W fly;

nghq;fpf; nfhe;jspf;Fk; Nguiy tPrp nts;sg; ngUf;nfLj;J miyfs;
fiuapYk; neLe;njhiyT nrd;W Nkhjpabj;J miyf;Fk; vd;gjdhy;
kjpepiw ehspy; kPd;gpbf;f nry;tjpy;iy. mNjNghy; ,Us;nrwpe;j
eLahkj;J kPdtu; kPd;gpbf;f nry;ytpy;iy vd;w nra;jpia>

“flw;rpW fhf;ij fhku; ngilnahL

Nfhl;LkPd; toq;Fk; Ntl;lkb gug;gpd;

nts;,whf; fdTk; es;nsd; ahkj;J”99

vd;w ghlybfspy; ,Us;nrwpe;j es;ahkk; vd;gJ kjpkiw ehisf;

Fwpf;Fk;. mg;nghOJ kPdtu;fs; kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;tjpy;iy> Vnddpy;
md;W flypy; miyfspd; vOr;rp mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhYk;
,ul;il kbg;G miyfs; cUthFk; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; kPd; gpbf;f
nry;Ytjpy;iy.

NkYk; kio nga;Ak; NghJ kPd;fs; flypd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F

tUtJk; flypy; fyf;Fk; ePNuhilfspy; vjpu; ePr;rypl;L tUtJk;
,ay;G. ,r;#oiy kPd;gpbj;njhopy; nra;gtu;fs; tha;g;ghfg;
gad;gLj;JtJ cz;L. kPdpd; ,ay;ig mwpe;jijAk; Ntl;ilj; njhopy;
nra;Ak; El;gj;ijAk;ew;wpizg; (38) ghly; njspthff; Rl;Ltijf;
fhzKbfpwJ. flypd; miyfs; kPd;fis ,lk; ngau;j;Jr; nry;Yk;
vd;gJk; FWe;njhifapy; (166) gjpthfpAs;sd. miyfshy; ,why; kPd;
mbj;J tug;gLk; vd;gJk; kPd;fspd; ,lk;ngau;Tk; mtw;wpd;
mirTfSk; El;gkhff; ftdpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,jd; top kPd;
Ntl;ilf;Fupa #oy;fs; fly; nfhe;jspg;G> fhw;W jpir khwpabj;jy;
Kjyhapd ,y;yhj rkaj;ij vjpu;Nehf;fp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ.

2.7.3 FOthf nrd;W kPd;gpbj;jy;

kPd;gpbf;Fk; njhopy; jdpnahU eguhy; epfo;j;jg;gLtJ md;W. xU

FOthf ,ize;J nray;gLtJ. ,t;thW kPd; Ntl;il $l;lkhfr;
nrd;W nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,isatUk; KjpatUk; Mfpa Mz;fs;

92
xd;W $b ,j;njhopypy; <Lgl;ldu;. ,df;FO tho;tpay; Kiwapy;
,j;jF njhopy;fs; eilngw;Ws;sd.

“---------------------------------- gujkhf;fs;

,isaUk; KjpaUk; fpisAld; Jtd;wp

cg;Ngha; ckzu; mUe;Jiw Nghf;Fk;

xOif Nehd;gf nlhg;gf; FoP,

maph;jpzp milfiu xypg;g thq;fp” 100

vd;w ghlybfs; FOthf ,ize;J nray;gl;lij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

2.7.3.1 neLq;fapw;wpy; mike;j tiyfs;:

“neLq;fapW tye;j FWq;fz; mt;tiyf;

fly;gh lopa ,dkPd; Kfe;J

JizGzh; ctifah; gujkhf;fs;” 101

vd;w ghlybfspy; „neLq;fapW tye;j FWq;fz; mt;tiy‟ vd;w mb

ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,jpypUe;J ngUq;fapw;why; Md FWfpa
fz;fisAila FWq;fz; tiyia kPd;gpbj;jy; njhopYf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpdu; vd;gjid mwpayhk;. kpfTk; rpwpa fz;fisAila
,t;tiyia fiutiy kbiy vd;gu;. ngUtiyiaj; jpkpy; %yk;
XupU gy iky; njhiytpw;F vLj;Jr; nrd;W kPd; fpilf;Fk;
flw;gFjpapy; tpupj;J tpl;L> kPdtu;fs; fiuf;Fj; jpUk;gp tiyapd;
,uz;L KidfspYk; fl;lg;gl;l fapWfisg; gpbj;Jf; $l;lkhff;
fiuapypUe;jthNw ,Og;ghu;fs; rpwpa fz;fisAila ,t;tiyapy;
rpwpa> ngupa vdg; gytif kPd;fs; mfg;gLk;. Mifahy; ,dkPd;Kfj;J
vd;wdu;. ,t;thW gpbj;J vLj;j kPd;fisg; gFj;Jf; nfhLj;jij>

“ngUq;fse; njhFj;j cotu; Nghy

,ue;Njhu; tWq;fyk; ky;f tPrpg;

ghLgy mikj;Jf; nfhs;is rhw;wpf;” 102

93
vd;w ghlybfs; tpsf;Fk;. NkYk; ,g;gujtu;fs; mapiy kPd;fisf;
flypypUe;J gpbj;J te;J gFj;Jf; nfhLj;j nra;jpia mfehD}w;Wg;
ghly;fspYk; (70:1-4) fhzKbfpd;wd.

2.7.3.2 kzw;gug;gpy; kPidf;; Ftpj;jy;

flYf;F kPd;gpbf;fr; rpWtid tpl;Lr; nrd;wjdhy; tPl;by;

rpWtd; mOfpwhd;. ,jid ew;wpizg; ghly; (392) Rl;Lfpd;wJ.kPd;
gpbj;jypy; cWjpAk; jpz;ikapidAk; nfhz;ltu;fshfg; gujth;
,Ue;jdu; vd;gij

“Ntl;lhk; thahJ vku;th uyNu” 103

vDk; ghly; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ. neb flypy; jpkpypy; nrd;W gpbj;j

kPd;fis kzy; gug;gpy; Ftpj;J itj;jij ,g;ghly;fs; %yk;
mwpayhk;;.

“neLq;fly; miyj;j nfhLe;jpkpy; gujtu;

nfhOkPd; nfhs;if mopkzy; Fit,”104

“Nkhl;Lkzy; milfiuf; Nfhl;LkPd; nfhz;b” 105

vd;Dk; mbfs; cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

2.7.3.3 kPi; cyu;j;Jjy;

kPd; Ntl;ilapy; ty;y gujtu;fs; tpbaw; fhiyapy; flypw;

nrd;W kPd;fisg; gpbj;jdu;. mtw;iwg; gwp nfhz;L thup vLj;j kzw;
gug;gpy; fha itj;jdu; vd;gij>

“ehs;tiy Kfe;j Nfhs;ty; gujtu;

Ezq;Fkzy; m+q;fz; czq;fg; ngha;k;khu;

gwpnfhs; nfhs;isau; kWf cf;f” 106

vd;w tupfs; czu;j;Jfpd;wd. kPidf; fUthlhff; kzw;gug;gpy;

cyu;j;jpaijg; gy ghly;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mt;thW cyu;j;Jk; NghJ
tUk; gwitfis tpul;Ltjpy; ngz;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.

“fzq;nfhs; Fg;ig czq;Fjpwd; Nehf;fpg;

94
 Gd;idaq; nfhOepoy; Kd;Da;j;Jg; gug;Ge;” 107

ew;wpiz - 63> 45> 49> 331 vd;w tupfs; kPd; cyu;j;jpaijAk;> mjpy;
gbAk; gwitfisg; ngz;fs; tpul;baijAk; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

2.7.4 Rwh kPid Ntl;ilahly;

„fly;tho; capupdq;fspd; czTr; rq;fpypapy; Rwh xU jtpu;f;f

Kbahj Kf;fpaf; fz;zpahFk;. flypd; kpfg;ngUk; Ntl;ilahb
MfpAk;> czTr;rq;fpypapd; cr;rj;jpy; cs;sit Rwh.108,k;kPid
nea;jy; epyj;jpy; thOk; gujtu;fs; ,uT Neuq;fspy; kuf;fyq;fspy;
ngupa tpsf;F nfhz;L ngupa Rwh kPd; Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry; Yk;
tof;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

“Jizr; Rwh toq;fYk; tof;Fk; Mapil

vy;ypkpo; gdpf;fly; ky;FRlu;f; nfhsP,

vkUk; Ntl;lk; Gf;fdu;”109

“nte;jpwy; ,isatu; Ntl;nlOe; jhq;Fj;

jpkpy;Nkw; nfhz;L jpiur;Ruk; ePe;jp

ths;tha;r; RwnthL takPd; nfz;b” 110

,y;yq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; gujtg; ngz;fs;> jj;jk; fztd; Ntl;Ltj;

njhopYf;Fr; nrd;why; Rwh kPdpd;wpj; jpUk;ghu; vd;W ek;gpf;ifj;
njuptpg;gu;. me;jstpw;Fg; gujtu;fs; Ntl;Ltj; njhopypy;
ifj;Nju;e;jtu;fsha; ,Ue;Js;sdu;.

“Nfhl;Rwhf; Fwpj;j Kd;nghL” 111

vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifj; njuptpf;Fk; ,g;ghlyb %yk; Ntl;ilj;njhopypd;

cz;ik Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. RwhkPd; jhf;fpajhy; Vw;gl;l Gz;zpid
euk;gpdhy; ijj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,Nj Nghd;W flYs; nrd;w gujtupd;
fyk; rpije;J Nghfj; njg;gj;jpd; cjtpAld; capu; gpioj;J te;jdu;
vd;gjid>

“Nfhl;Rwh vwpe;njdr; RUq;fpa euk;gpd;” 112

95
 “fiufhzhg; ngstj;Jf; fyQ;rpije; jho;gtd;

jpiujug; Gizngw;Wj; jPjpd;wp Aa;e;jhq;F” 113

vd;Dk; ghly;fs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

2.7.5 kPd; gpbf;Fk; fUtpfs;

ngupa kPd;fis gpbf;Fk; gujtu; mjid Ntl;ilahl tiyfs;

my;yhJ gy fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ngupa kPd;fis
tiykl;Lk; nfhz;L gpbj;jy; mupJ Mifahy;>

“Fwpapiwf; Fuk;igf; nfhiyntk; gujtu;

vwpAsp nghUj VKW ngUkPd;

………………………………

epiujpkpy; kUq;fpy; glUe; Jiwtd;” 114

vd;w mbfspd; top vwpcspf; nfhz;L kPidj;j hf;fpf; nfhd;W

gpbj;jij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk; ngupa Rwh kPd;fis Ntl;ilahLk;
NghJ vwpAsp vd;w fUtpapidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,jd;
Kidg;gFjp $u;ikahfTk; mjd; ifg;gFjpapy; KWf;fpa fapWk;
fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jid RwhkPd; kPJ vwpAk; NghJ csp Rwhtpd; Nky;
Fj;jp epw;Fk;. gpd;du; fapw;iwg; gpbj;J nrd;W ,Oj;J RwhkPid
vLg;gu;.

2.7.5.1 J}z;by; Ks;

cg;gq;fopapy; J}z;biy itj;J kPd;gpbj;jijf; fPo;tUk; ghly;

tup czu;j;JfpwJ.

“#o;fop kUq;fp dhzpiu nfhsP,r;

rpidf;fsd; kha;f;Fe; Jiwtd; Nfz;ik” 115

,k;kPd;fisg; gpbf;f ePz;l %q;fpy; fpisapy; J}z;biyg;

gad;gLj;jpaij>

“neLq;fioj; J}z;b dLq;f ehz;nfhsP,f;” 116

96
vd;w ,g;ghlyhy; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jpy; gr;ir ,iwr;rpia
khl;bapUg;gJ Fwpj;Jk; J}z;by; Ks;spd; gad;ghL Fwpj;Jk; rq;fg;
ghly;fspy; gjpthfpAs;sikahy; mwpaKbfpwJ. mt;thNw
jw;fhyj;jpYk; ,f;fUtp Gof;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtijf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ.

2.7.6 kPd; tpw;wy;

khiy Neuj;jpy; kPd; tpw;Ws;sdu;. ,jid>

“khd;w khiy kfpo;e;j gujtu;

,dpJngW ngUkPd; vspjpdpd;khwp” 117

vd;w ghlyhy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,k;kPidf; filg;Nghl;L tpw;wij>

“mfyq; fhb mirepow; Ftpj;j

gr;rpwhf; ftu;e;j gRq;fz; fhf;if” 118

vd;Dk; ghlyhy; mwpayhk;. kPd; gpbf;Fk; glfpidf; nfhz;l

jikad;khu;fs; tiy tpupj;J gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L te;j kPidj;
jq;ifkhu; jpUtpoh eilg;ngWk; njUf;fspy; tpw;W tUjiy>

“jpkpNyhd; je;j fLq;fz; takPd;

jioazp my;Fw; nry;tj; jq;ifau;

tpotau; kWfpd; tpiynadg; gfUq;” 119

,NjNghy; ntz;nzy;ypidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L mjw;F khw;whf

kPd;fis) tpw;Ws;sdu;. ,k;kf;fs; fly; ePupd; jd;ik gw;wpAk;
miyfspd; jd;ik> flypd; mbg;gug;G> fhw;W tiffs; Mfpad
gw;wpAk; flypy; tho;fpd;w kPd;fspd; tiffs; mtw;wpd; tbtk;> epwk;>
,dg;ngUf;fKiw Mfpad gw;wpAk; mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fisf; fl;likj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gJ
rq;fg;ghf;fspd; top njspthfpd;wJ.

97
2.8 Mepiu tsu;g;G

gz;ilj; jkpofj;J epyg;gpuptpy; Ky;iy epyKk; xd;W. fhLk;

fhL rhu;e;j gFjpAkhf tiuaWf;fg; gl;l ,e;epy kf;fs; fhy;eil
tsu;;gg
; py; jq;fis <LgLj;jp te;jdu;. ,tu;fs; „ML> khLfSf;F
Ntz;ba czitAk; gapu; nra;J ngw Kad;wdu;.‟120 ML> khL
Nka;j;jiyj; njhopyhff; nfhz;;l ,k;kf;fs; Mau; vdTk;> ,ilau;
vdTk; Nfhtyu; vdTk; gLtu;.‟121 ,t;Mau;fSf;F fhy;eil tsu;gG
;
,ay;ghd njhopy; vd;gij>

“MLil ,ilkfd;” 122

“MLjiyj; JUtpd; NjhLjiyg; ngau;fF

; k;

td;if ,ilad;” 123

vd;w ew;wpiz tupfspd; top Mau;fspd; fhy;eil tsu;gi

; g
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. „czTf;Fupa tpijfisg; Gd;Gyq;fspy; tpijj;J>
MLkhLfis tsu;j;J> mtw;whw; fpilf;Fk; ghy; Kjypa gad;fisg;
ngw;W thOk; tho;T Ky;iyepy tho;thFk;.‟ 124
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Ky;iy
epykf;fs; thdk; ghu;j;j tptrhak; nra;Js;sdu;.

,tu;fs; tho;thjhuj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s Mepiufis

tsu;j;Js;sdu; vdyhk;. cyfpy; cs;s xt;nthU capupdKk; gy
fhuzq;fSf;fhf kw;w capupdq;fisr; rhu;e;J tho;fpd;wd. mNj Nghy;
kf;fs; ngupJk; rhu;e;J thOk; capupdk; eha;> Nfhop> vUJ> ML> khL>
Kay; vd;gdthFk;. kf;fs; njhopiy Nkk;gLj;jp tho;thjhuj;ijg;
ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s Fwpg;ghf Mepiufis tsu;j;jdu;. Mepiufis
„Nfh‟ „M‟ (gR)> „khL‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Mepiufs; vd;why; nry;tk; vd;w nghUSKz;L. jkpou; tho;tpy;

Mepiu ngUQ;nry;tkhf nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW epiyfspy;
Mepiufs; kdpjDf;F cjtpnra;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Mepiufisr;
rq;ffhy Ky;iy epykf;fs; ed;F ghJfhj;J tsu;f;Fk; Kiwia
mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdu;.,j;njhopy; El;gj;ij MuhAk; Kd; Mepiuapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fk; rpy rq;fg;ghf;fisf; fhzyhk;.

98
2.8.1 Mepiufspd; gad;ghl;L rpwg;Gfs;

Mepiufis kd;du;fs; Ngzpf;fhj;jdu;. gRtpd;ghy; kl;Lkd;wpg;

ghy;nghUl;fSk; $lg;gytopfspy; kd;du;fSf;Fg; gad;gl;ld.
nea;Nts;tpfs; nra;a Kf;fpakhfg; gad;gl;lJ vd;w nra;jpiag;
GwehD}W vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

“fhL vd;wh ehL vd;W Mq;F

<u;Vopd; ,lk; Kl;lhJ
ePu; ehz nea; toq;fpAk;
vz; ehzg; gy Ntl;Lk;” 125
fhL vd;Wk; ehL vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gl;l mt;tplj;jpy; fhl;Ls; VO
tifg;gl;l gRthDk;> ehl;Ls; vOtifg;gl;l gRthDk; jl;Lg;ghbd;wp>
ePu; ehZk;gb nea;ia toq;fpdha;> vz;zpwg;g gy Nts;tpfisr;
nra;jha; vd;W Gytu; Gfo;fpwhu;. ,g;ghly; %yk; Nts;tpf;F nea;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;> gRf;fspy; gy ,dq;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;Wk;
njupatUfpd;wJ.
kd;du;fshy; ngupJk; kjpf;fg;gl;l gRf;$l;lj;jpw;F cupa
ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. gifkd;du; vjpupehl;bd; gRf;$l;lj;ijf;
ftu;e;J nry;tijNa Nghupd; Kjy; fl;lkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

,t;thW gRf;$l;lj;ijf; ftu;e;J nry;tJ ntl;rp vdg;gl;lJ.

ftu;e;J nry;yg;gl;l Mepiuapid kPl;Ltur; nra;gtu;fs; vspjhf
mtw;iw kPlL
; te;Jtpl KbahJ. ftu;e;Jr; nrd;w ntl;rp tPuu;fs;
mtu;fisj; jLj;J epWj;Jtu;. kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Ftu;. mjdhy; Mepiu
kPl;fr; nry;gtu; kpFe;j vr;rupf;ifAld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
,ilA+Wfs; gw;wpf; Nfhil ghba ngUk;G+jdhu; (Gwk;.259) xU tPuid
vr;rupf;fpwhu;. NkYk;> fd;Wld; gRitAk; kPl;Lf;nfhz;L te;J Nghupl;l
tPuiug; gw;wp GwehD}W (ghly; - 264) tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w Mepiu tsu;g;G kw;Wk; guhkupg;G
njhopy;El;gj;ijf; fhz;Nghk;.

2.8.2 Mepiu tsu;gG

; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

Mepiu tsu;gG
; j; njhopy;El;gq;fs; Fwpj;J Ntshz;ik ,jo;fs;
kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik mwpQu;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fs;. fhy;eil tsu;gg
; py;
rupahd czit gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;f KbAk;.

99
„MepiufSf;F Kf;fpakhf gRk;Gw;fs; kw;Wk; kuj;jiofs; toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. kuj;jiofis ed;F [Puzpj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;> gR>
vUik> fhis ML ,dq;fSf;F cs;sJ.‟126

fhy;eilfSf;Fj; njhw;W Neha;ff

; pUkpfs; tsu;e;J> tsu;r;rpg;
ngWjiyj;jLf;f capu;g;ghJfhg;Gj;jLg;G Kiwfspy; fpUkp ehrpdpfspd;
gad;ghL Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.,aw;if KiwfspYk; etPd KiwfspYk;
fhy;eilfSf;Fj; jPtdk; mspj;jy; gRk;Gw;fis mspj;jy;> ghy;tsk;
$Ljyhf ngUfr; nra;jy;> capu;g;ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
njhopy;El;gk; MFk;. ,t;tifapy; rq;ffhyj; njhopy; El;gq;fis
Muhayhk;.

2.8.3 Mepiu Nka;j;jy; gad;ghl;Lf; fUtpfs;

Mepiufis Nka;f;f> tise;j Nfhypidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

Mepiufis Xl;Ltjw;Fupa jbiaf; ifapdhy; Cd;wpf; nfhz;bUg;gu;.
jiofis ,Oj;Jg; gwpg;gjw;F Vw;w $uhd NfhYk; nfhz;bUg;gu;. jtpu
kuq;fis ntl;bnawpe;J nfhLg;gjw;F Vw;w fUtpahd Nfhlhupiaj;
jhq;fpajdhy; mtu;jk; if> jOk;Gld; typadthapUe;jJ.

ePu; Cw;Wf;fisj; Njhz;Ltjw;F Vw;w Fe;jhypAk; ,tu;fs;

itj;jpUg;gJz;L. ,jid ty;tha;f; fzpr;rp vdf; mfehD}W (21:22)
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Mau;fs; Nfhy;> Nfhlhupfisj; jk;njhopy; fUtpfshff;
nfhz;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

2.8.4 Nka;r;ry; gFjpfs;

fwitg;gRf;fs; ey;y gyd;juNtz;Lkhdhy; mtw;iwr; ruptug;

guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;iwf;F ML> khL Kjyhdtw;wpd; Nka;r;riyg;
nghWj;jtiu xU ehisf;F vl;L kzp Neuk; mtw;iw Nka;r;rypy;
<LgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mg;NghJ jhd; mtw;Wf;fhd KO czTk;
clw;gapw;rpAk; cly; MNuhf;fpaKk; mwpTj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fUj;jpid
rq;ffhy Nka;r;ry; ghq;NfhL xg;gpLifapy; fhy;eilfspd; Nka;r;rYf;F
mtu;fs; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jdu; vd;gJ njupa tUfpd;wJ.
,ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fhiyapy; Nka;r;rYf;Fr; nrd;W
khiyapy; tPL jpUk;Gk; jha;gg
; Rf;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jp Ky;iyg;ghl;by;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

100
 “rpWjhk;G njhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd;

cWJau; mykuy; Nehf;fp> Ma;kfs;

eLq;FRty; mirj;j ifas; ifa

nfhLq; Nfhw; Nfhtyu; gpd;dpd;W ca;j;ju

,d;Nd tUFtu; jhau; vd;Nghs;” 127

,t;thW khLfs; ed;whf Nka;tjw;F Kjy; Njit ey;y Nka;r;ry;

epyk;> Gy;Nka;e;J ghy;Ruf;Fk; gRf;fisg; gw;wpr; rq;fg;ghf;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ey;y gRk;Gy; Nka;e;j gRf;fs; gw;wpf; fgpyu; $Wfpwhu;.
fd;W <d;w gRf;fs; tapwhu Gy;ypid Nka;e;jd vd;fpwhu;.

“kidj;jiy kfit <d;w mku;f;fz;

Mkh neLepiu ed;Gy; Mu” 128
“NkAk; epiuKd;du;f; NfhY}d;wp epd;whNahu;
Maid ay;iy..” 129
gRf;$l;lk; tapwhug; Gy; Nka;e;J kuepoypy; Xa;ntLf;Fk; vd;Wk;>
Gy;tsu;e;jngupa epyj;jpy; Nka;;e;j gy gRf;fNshL $ba vUJfs;
kyu;fs; kyu;e;j kuq;fspd; mbapy; jq;fp mirapLk; vd;Wk; (Gwk;.339)
GwehD}W $Wfpd;wJ. Gy;ntspfs; kl;Lk;jhd; Nka;r;ry; epykhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;bajpy;iy. ePu; tw;wpa VupfSk; Fl;ilfSk; $l Nka;r;rYf;Fg;
gad;gl;ld. mfopapy; ePupy;yhikahy; mq;Fk; fd;Wfs; Nka;e;jd
vd;gij GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

“kjpY Qhap ypd;Nw fplq;Fk;

eP, upd;ikapw; fd;W Nka;e; JfSk;” 130
,jd;%yk; mfop $l Nka;r;ry; epykhf cs;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
,t;thW „MLkhLfis Xl;Lq;fhyj;Jr; rPo;fi
; fnahyp nra;thuhjypd;
,tu;jk; tha;kbe;J fhzg;gLk;. ,tiu „kbtha;f; Nfhtyu;
(ngUk;ghz;.164) kbtha; ,ilad; (Gwk;.54:11) vd;W Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;.‟131
,NjNghy; ML Nka;gg
; tu;fs; jq;fs; MLfs; vy;iy flf;Fk; NghJ
ehit kbj;jgb „tPisnahypia‟ (ew;.142) vOg;Gfpd;whu;fs;. ,t;nthyp
Nfl;l Ml;Lf;$l;lk; Ntw;wplq;fspy; jpupahJ kaq;fp mq;NfNa epw;Fk;.
khLfs; ,t;thW ey;y Nka;r;ry; ,lkwpe;J> ghy;tsk; ngUfg;

101
gRf;fSk;> vUikfSk;> MLfSk; tpUk;gp tsu;f;fg;gl;ld.
Xuk;Nghfpahu; mtpdpia tho;j;Jk;NghJ Mjd;mtpdp tho;f vd;W
$Wfpwhu;. gRf;$l;lk; ghy;tsk; Ruf;f vUikfs; gykpFf vd;W
,q;qdk; jiytp ,y;ywj;ijNa epidj;J xOfpdhs; vd;W jiytpapd;
nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

“thop ahjd; thop atpdp

ghy;gy T+Wf gfLgy rpwf;f
ntdNtl; NlhNshahNa ahNk” 132
gRf;fSk; vUikfSk; epiwe;j ehL tskhd ehlhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
Ky;iyepyk; mikag;ngw;w ehl;ilAila murd; typikAilatdhff;
fUjg;gl;lhd;. ,jid „vUikiag; Nghd;w epwk; nghUe;jpa fupa
fw;fs; mike;j ,le;NjhWk; gRf;fs; $l;lk; gue;J epw;gJ Nghd;w
$l;lj;ij cilatNd! vd;W eupnt&cj;jiyahu; ghbAs;shu;.

“vUik md;d fUq; fy; ,ilNjhW

Mdpd; guf;Fk; ahida Kd;gpd;
fhdf ehlid ePNah ngUk” 133
,g;ghlypy; gRf;fs; Nghy; gutpa ahidfs; nfhz;ltdhf mtd;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; ctikapy; cs;s cz;ik gRf;$l;lk; epiwe;j fhL
tsikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;top gRf;$l;lk;
epiwe;J tskhf ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.

2.8.5 ghy;cw;gj;jpf;F Vw;w jPtdq;fs;

gRf;$l;lq;fis Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Nkatpl;L Mau;fs; rpwpa

Fd;Wfspy; kzKila G+f;fis khiyahff; fl;b kfpo;e;jpLtu;. mq;F
Ky;iy epyj;jpy; mUfk;Gy;iy tapW epuk;g cz;l typa eilia
cila gRf;fs; ghy; kpFjpahy; gUj;j jk;kb ,dpa ghiyr;
nrhupaj;jk; fd;Wfis miof;Fk; Fuiy cilatdha; tpsq;Fk;
vd;fpwhu; Gytu;. ghy; cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gRk;Gy; Njit vd;Wk; mjpYk;
mUfk;Gy; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;Wk; ,g;ghly; njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

“Ky;iy tpad;Gyk; gug;gpf; Nfhtyu;

FWk;nghiw kUq;fpd; eWk;G+ taug;
gjTNkay; mUe;jp kjTeil ey;yhd;
tPq;Fkhz; nrUj;jy; jPk;ghy; gpypw;wf;

102
 fd;Wgapu; Fuy kd;Wepiw GFjU” 134
NkYk;> fhl;Lg;gR jhdhfNt ,iyfisj; Njb cz;Zk;> Mdhy;
tsu;f;fg;gLk; gRf;fSf;F Kf;fpakhf Ntdpw;fhyj;jpy;> Gw;fs; ,y;yhj
R+o;epiyapy; ,iyfs; jPtdkhf mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fhl;rpiag;
GwehD}w;wpd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

“ngUtsq; $u;e;j Ntdpw; fhiyg;

grpj;j thaj;Jg; gadpiu jUkhu;
G+thl; Nfhtyu; G+Tl Djpuf;
nfha;Jfl; lopj;j Ntq;ifapd;
nky;ypad; kfspU kpiofise; jdNu” 135
Mepiuiag; ghJfhj;jpLtjw;fhf Mau; $u;ikahd thshy; G+f;fSlNd
cjpUk;gb nfhk;Gfis ntl;bf; fopj;J mjd; jior; nrwpit mopj;j
Ntq;if kuj;ijg; Nghy; kfspu; mupa mzpfisf; fupfhyd; ,wg;ghy;
fise;jdu; vd;W fupfhy; ngUtsj;jhd; ,we;jNghJ Vw;gl;l epfo;itf;
$Wfpwhu;. ,jpy; Ntdpw;fhyj;jpy; Mepiuf;F Ntq;if kuj;jiofs;
jPtdkhf mspf;fg;gl;ld vd;w nra;jpia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jw;fhyj;jpy;
$l fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ML> khL Nka;g;gtu; nrhul;Lf; Fr;r pnfhz;L>
nfhLf;fha;gG
; spj; jiofs; Gspae;jiofs;> Ntykuf; fha;fs; vd gy
jiofisf; nfhLg;gu;. ,JNghd;w epfo;T rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;J
ghuk;gupakhf tUfpd;wJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

2.8.6 etPd fhy;eilg;guhkupg;G njhopy;El;gk;

„fwit khLfspd;> ghy; cw;gj;jpr; nrytpy; 50-ypUe;J 70-rjtPjk;

tiu jPtdj;jpw;Fr; nrytpl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;jPtdr; nryitf;
Fiwj;Jg; ghy; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;ff; fwit khLfSf;Fg;
gRe;jPtdk; mspg;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;. Gujr;rj;J kpFe;j
gRe;jPtdk; fwit khl;bw;F ehs; xd;wpw;F 15-25 fpNyh gRe;jPtdk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. 15 fpNyh gRe;jPtdk; mspf;Fk;NghJ 10 fpNyh
jhdpatif my;yJ Gy;tifg; gRe;jPtdkhfTk; (fpdpahGy;) 5 fpNyh
gapW tif kw;Wk; ku ,iyfshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; .‟136 vd
njhopy;El;g ty;Yeu; gz;iz Nkyhsu;> moFJiu Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
tpiuthf Kisf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l Nfh - [p.[p.3 fpzpahg;Gy;
fhy;eilfSf;Nfw;w Gjpa jPtdk; gapu; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

103
 fhLfs; twl;rp mjpfkhd fhyj;jpy; tsk; ,of;Fk; NghJ fhl;L
tpyq;FfSf;Fj; jPtdkhf vJTk; fpilf;fhj R+o;epiy Vw;gLk;.
mg;NghJ mit fw;whio tifr; nrbfisf; $l cz;Zk; vd;gij
fypj;njhifg; ghlnyhd;W (ghly;-6) Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. jw;fhyj;jpy;
twl;rp vd;gJ xUGwkpUf;f> Ntshz;ikg; gFjpfs; mopf;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa epiyapy; fhy;eilj; jPtdq;fshfg; gy
Kiwrhuhg; nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fhLfs;> tay;fs;
,Ue;jNghJ fhy;eilfs; ed;F Gujr;rj;Jf; nfhz;l jiofis>
,iyfis Nka;e;jd. jw;nghOJ Nka ,lk; ,y;yhjjhy; mitfSf;F
kdpj czit toq;fp tUfpNwhk;.

„khLfsplkpUe;J $Ljy; ghy;ngwr; Nrhsk;> fk;G> Nfo;tuF

Nghd;w jhdpaq;fis epiwaNt miuj;J mlu; czthf
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tifahd mlu; czT tsu;g;G khLfSf;F
Njitapy;iy. gpz;zhf;F> gRk;Gy;> jiofs;> gUj;jpf; nfhl;il>
muprpj;jtpL> fLf;fha;> cSj;je;jtpL> itf;Nfhy;jl;il ,tw;iwf;
nfhz;Nl cfe;j msT ghy; cw;gj;jpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; vd
,aw;if tpQ;Qhdp ehuhazd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;> kdpj czitf;
fhy;eilfSf;F toq;FtJ ey;yjy;y. kdpj czTNghf vQ;rpaij
kl;LNk toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mit>

„kdpjDf;F Vw;w czTfs; - fhy;eilfSf;F Vw;w czTfs;

jhdpak; - jhs;

muprp - jtpL

jhtuvz;nza; - gpz;zhf;F

gQ;R (cil) - gUj;jpf;nfhl;il

,itfs; vy;yhk; fhy;eilfSf;Fg; NghjhJ vd;why;> NkYk; ghy;

mjpfkhf gRk;Gw;fs; kw;Wk; kuj;jiofs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
kuj;jiofis ed;F [Puzpj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; gR> vUik>
fhis> ML ,dq;fSf;F cs;sJ.‟137 ,j;jifa jPtdq;fisNa
MepiufSf;F cfe;j jPtdkhf rq;ffhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

104
2.8.7 rq;ffhy fhy;eil tsu;g;G KiwfSk;> etPd guhkupg;Gj;
njhopy;El;gKk;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; fhy;eilia ed;whf guhkupj;J jd; njhopiyr;

nrk;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. fhy;eilfSf;F ehd;F tapw;W
mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. Kjy; tapW nghbaJ ,jpy; ehu;r; rj;ij
[Puzpf;Fk; jd;ikAs;sit nry;YNyh]; nghUisAk; rpijf;ff;
$bait. ,NjNghy; mLj;jLj;j tapWfSk; rpwg;ghfr; nray;gl;L
cau;e;j ,aw;if cukhd rhzp ntspj;js;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

etPd fhy;eilj; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s

gRe;jPtdq;fisr; rq;ffhy kf;fs; ey;y Nka;r;ry; ,lkwpe;J
Nka;j;jdu;. fhy;eilfs; ed;whf cztpid vLj;Jf; nfhz;ld. NkYk;
jiofSld; Kw;whj gr;ir tpijf;Fiyfis toq;Fk;NghJ
KOikahd rj;Jzit xU fhy;eilngWfpwJ. rq;fg;ghf;fspd; %yk;
gRk;Gy;> Ntq;ifkyu;fs;> jiofs; vd;W gRe;jPtdk; toq;fp
te;Js;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. „J}q;F%Q;rp> mfj;jp> nfhd;iw>
rPikf;fUit> nts;Nty;> fUNty;> rTz;ly; Nghd;w tpijf;
nfhiyfis mWj;Jf; fhy;eilfSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpjidtplg;
gyk; tha;e;j fhy;eilfSf;F tsk; epuk;gpa kuq;fspd; ,iyfs;>
jiofs; Kf;fpa czthfg; gof;fg;gLj;jp te;Js;sij rq;f ,yf;fpak;
njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

„fhy;eilfSf;Fj; jPqf
; piof;Fk; „Mf;]Nyl;‟ vd;w er;Rj;jd;ik
Gjpa jPtdg;gapuhdf; fpdpahGy;ypy; Fiwthf cs;sJ vd jkpo;ehL
Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; jPtdg;gapu;j; Jiwapy; ,Ue;J
fpdpahg;Gy; Nfh ([p.[p.3) vd;w Gjpa cau; tpisr;ry; ,ufj;ij 2009
Mz;L ntspapl;lJ.‟138 ,j;jPtdk; Nka;r;ry; gFjp ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;
ghy; cw;gj;jpg; ngw;W tsk; ngw ty;Ydu;fshy;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;>„khLfSf;F khw;Wj; jPtdkhf Gspaq;
nfhl;il $o; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. fpNlup fd;WfSf;Fj; jUtjhy; mit
gUtikahnjd;Wk;> fhisf;Nfh> tz;b khLfSf;Nfh jUtjhy;> mit
cly; gUj;J tUnkd;Wk; fUJtjhy; fwit khLfSf;F>
fwitfhyq;fspy; kl;LNk> ghy; cw;gj;jp $Ltjw;nfd Gspaq;nfhl;il
$o; jUfpd;wdu;.‟139

105
 ,it Nghd;W ghy;tsk; ngUFtjw;F gRe;jPtdq;fs; fhy;eil
tsu;gg
; py; Kf;fpag; gq;F Mw;Wfpd;wJ. njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpapd;
fhuzkhf> kz;zpy;yh Ntshz;ik %ykhfg; gRe;jPtdq;fs; cw;gj;jpr;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; gRe;jPtdk; nfhLg;gJ jhd; ghy;
cw;gj;jpf;F Kf;fpak; vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. njhopy;El;g
khw;wj;jhy; jPtdk; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ mJTk; jPq;fhdJ vd;W fUJk;
epiyapy; ghuk;gupa ,aw;if njhopy;El;gj;ijf; nfhz;L fhy;eil
tsu;gG
; rq;ffhyj;jpy; rpwg;ghf cs;sijj; njspthf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

,Nj Nghy; nts;shLk; nrk;kwpahLk; miltjw;Fupadthff;

fl;LKs;shyhfpa Ntyp #o;e;j fpilfs; cz;L vd;w Fwpg;Gk; ML>
khLfspd; vUf;fs; Fk;gy; Fk;gyhff; fple;jd vd;w nra;jp ew;wpiz
(266:1-3)> kw;Wk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapy; (149-155) gjpthfpAs;sd.
,jd; %yk; khl;ilg; Nghy; Ml;ilAk; ghJfhj;Js;sijf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ. Ntl;ilj; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu #o;r;rp>
je;jpuk; vd;w njhopy;El;gk; kpFjpahf cs;sd.

2.9 njhFg;Giu

1. Ntl;il> Mepiu tsu;j;jy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

vDk; ,uz;lhtJ ,aypy; rq;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
njhopy;fs;> mtw;iwf; filg;gpbj;j kf;fs; mjw;F Jiz
epd;w fUtpfs;> mj;njhopy;fs; epfo;j;jg;gl;l Kiwfs;
mjdhy; kf;fSf;F fpilj;j gad;fs; gw;wpAk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. Ntl;ilj;njhopy; gw;wpa tpsf;fKk; mjd; njhlf;fKk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntl;ilj;njhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fs;
Ntl;ilahLtjw;F cjtp nra;j eha;fspd; jd;ik Fwpj;Jk;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. khd;> gd;wp> Kay;> ahid> Gyp> cLk;G> vyp Nghd;w
tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLtjw;Fj; jFe;j nray;ghLfSk;
mtw;wpd; KiwfSk;> NtWgl;Ls;sikia
vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. gwitfis Ntl;ilahLk; nray;fSk; mtw;wpf;fhd epfo;j;J
KiwfSk; Kiwg;gb tpsf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. Ntl;ilahLtjd;
%ykhf fpilf;Fk; khkprq;fs;> Ntl;ilj;njhopy; GupNthupd;
czthfTk;; ,Ue;Js;sik tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

106
5. Ntl;ilj;njhopw;fUtpfspy;> Fwpg;ghf mk;G> tpy;> tiyfs;>
ftz;fw;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gad;ghl;ilAk; mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fisAk; rq;f ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfNshL
vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
6. mwpTrhu; njhopy;El;gq;fs; vdr; rpytw;iwf; fz;lwpe;J
mit epfo;j;jg;gLk; newpKiwfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. r%fg;
gad;ghl;by; mj;njhopy; El;gq;fs; ngUk; ,lj;jpidAk;
r%fg; nghUshjhu Vw;wj; jho;TfisAk; <Lfl;Lk; gz;lkhw;W
KiwfisAk; kf;fs; iff;nfhz;bUe;jik tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
7. kPd;gpbj;njhopy; mjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tiy Kjyhd
fUtpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;wit
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;Yk; Neuk;> #oy; Nghd;w
ek;gpf;ifr; rhu;e;j njhopyhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kPd; gpbf;fr;
nry;Nthu; eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;wf; $ba
njhopw;nray;ghLfs; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila Jizf;fUtpfs;>
kPd; tpw;Fk; njhopy; Nghd;wit njupag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
8. jkpou;fspd; njhlf;ffhyj; njhopyhfTk; nry;tk; vd
fUjg;gl;lJkhd Mepiufs; tsu;j;jy; njhopy; gw;wp
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. Mepiufspd; gad;ghLk;> Mepiu tsu;gG
; j;
njhopy;El;gq;fSk;> gad;ghl;Lf; fUtpfSk;> Nka;r;ry;
epyq;fSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mepiu Nka;j;jy; %ykhf
fpilf;Fk; ghy; cw;gj;jp mjw;Nfw;w jPtdq;fs;> fhy;eilg;
guhkupg;Gj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; Mfpadtw;iw etPdf; fhy;eil
njhopy;El;gq;fNshL xg;gpl;Lk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

107
 rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. ifyhrgjp. f.>gz;ilj; jkpou; tho;Tk; topghLk; g.26

2. rpjk;gudhu;. rhkp.>goe;jkpou; tho;Tk; tsu;r;rpAk; g.35
3. uh[; nfsjkd;>jypj; ghu;itapy; jkpo; gz;ghL g.16
4. fdfrig. e.> mg;ghJiu. (nkh.M) Mapuj;njz;Z}W
Mz;Lfl;F Kw;gl;l jkpofk; g.75
5. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay; g.462
6. nksdFU> rp.>gz;ilj; jkpou; tuyhWk; ,yf;fpaKk; g.25
7. ,uhkrhkp> Jsrp.>jkpof tuyhw;wpy; xspu;tJ fsg;gpuu;fhyk; g.28
8. nksdFU> rp.>gz;ilj; jkpou; tuyhWk; ,yf;fpaKk; g.25
9. NkyJ.> g.29
10. FwpQ;.> mb vz; 123-128
11. mfk;.> gh.vz; 318:13-15
12. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 33:1
13. FwpQ;.> mb vz; 128-132
14. NkyJ.>240
15. kiygL.> mb vz; 404-405
16. mfk;.> gh.vz; 284:8-9
17. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 202:1-4
18. NkyJ.>205:7-9
19. mfk;.> gh.vz; 219:12-16
20. ew;.> gh.vz; 265:1-5
21. mfk;.> gh.vz; 371
22. NkyJ.>248:2-10
23. ew;.> gh.vz; 336:3-8
24. NkyJ.>75:6-8
25. NkyJ.>119:1
26. 25Gwk;.> gh.vz; 374:10-15
27. ew;.> gh.vz; 85:8-10
28. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 112-116
29. uj;dk;. f.> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ahidfs; g.41
30. NkyJ.> g.51

108
31. kiygL.> mb vz; 572
32. gl;bdg;.> mb vz; 223-224
33. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 214:4>
34. mfk;.> gh.vz; 172:6-8
35. NkyJ.>61:6-9
36. Gwk;;.> gh.vz; 86:3-5
37. mfk;.> gh.vz; 147:1-7
38. NkyJ.>8:6-7
39. NkyJ.>277:5-8
40. NkyJ.>329:9-10
41. ew;.> gh.vz; 29:1-5
42. NkyJ.>119:1-3
43. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 19:5-6
44. Gwk;;.> gh.vz; 19> GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk; epA+nrQ;rup Gf;
`T]; g.55
45. fyp.> gh.vz; 65:24-25
46. kiygL.> mb vz; 175-180
47. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 322:3-5
48. ew;.> gh.vz; 83:5-6
49. Iq;.> gh.vz; 295:3-5
50. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 13:10-11
51. Iq;.> gh.vz; 86:1-5
52. mfk;.> gh. vz; 290:1-4
53. NkyJ.>276:1-4
54. ew;.> gh.vz; 263:4-7
55. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 214:4-5
56. FWe;.> gh.vz; 389:1-2
57. mfk;.> gh.vz; 387:8-12
58. Iq;.> gh.vz; 425:1-2
59. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 257:3-4
60. ew;.> gh.vz; 285:1-4
61. NkyJ.>85:8>
62. NkyJ.>336:1-4

109
63. mfk;.> gh.vz; 35:6
64. NkyJ.>193:2
65. NkyJ.>309:1-6
66. ew;.> gh.vz; 165:1-5
67. FWe;.> gh.vz; 12:2-3
68. Iq;.> gh.vz; 363:1-2
69. FWe;.> gh.vz; 331:1-3
70. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 136-147
71. gl;bdg;.> mb vz; 266
72. FWe;.> gh.vz; 12:2-3
73. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 112-114
74. fyp.> gh.vz; 23:2
75. gl;.> gh.vz; 71-73
76. mfk;.> gh.vz; 172:6-8
77. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 106-107
78. kJ.fh.> mb vz; 294-295
79. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 33:1-3
80. mfk;.> gh.vz; 61:7-9
81. ew;.> gh.vz; 45:8-9
82. mfk;.> gh.vz; 270:1-3
83. fbfhryk;> e.> ghyh[p> G.> (g.M)>rq;fr; r%fk; g.163
84. Iq;.> gh.vz; 180:2-3
85. ew;.> gh.vz; 111:1-3
86. NkyJ.>74:1
87. NkyJ.>4:3-4
88. gl;.> mb vz; 83
89. ew;.> gh.vz; 38:1-2
90. NkyJ.>388:5
91. FWe;.> gh.vz; 184:6
92. mfk;.> gh.vz; 70:3
93. ew;.> gh.vz; 4:1-3
94. mfk;.> gh.vz; 190:1-3
95. NkyJ.>260:1-5

110
96. NkyJ.>100:5-7
97. ew;.> gh.vz; 388:2-6
98. gl;.> mb vz; 92-93
99. mfk;.> gh.vz; 170:10-12
100. NkyJ.>30:3-7
101. NkyJ.>30:1-3
102. NkyJ.>30:8-10
103. ew;.> gh.vz; 215:12
104. ew;.> gh.vz; 175:1-2
105. mfk;.> gh.vz;.10:10
106. NkyJ.>300:1-3
107. ew;.> gh.vz; 101:2-4
108. fhL nrg;lk;gu;-mf;Nlhgu;> ,jo; g.31
109. ew;.> gh.vz; 67:7-9
110. NkyJ.>111:5-7
111. NkyJ.>215:11
112. NkyJ.>207:8
113. fyp.> gh.vz; 134:24-25
114. mfk;.> gh.vz; 210:1-6
115. Iq;.> gh.vz; 111:2-3
116. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 284
117. ew;.>gh.vz; 239:2-3
118. NkyJ.>258:7-8
119. mfk;.> gh.vz; 320:2-3
120. thdkhkiy> eh.>jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk; g.4
121. tpj;jpahde;jd;> R.>jkpou; rhy;G g.126
122. ew;.> gh.vz; 266:3
123. ew;.> gh.vz; 169:6-7
124. nts;isthuzd;> f.>rq;ffhyj; jkpo; kf;fs; g.9
125. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 166:19-22
126. ehuhazd;> Mu;.v];.> ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy; tho;tpay;
njhopy;El;gq;fs;> g.56
127. Ky;.gh.> mb vz; 12-16

111
128. Gwk;.> ghly; vz; 117:4-5
129. fyp.> gh.vz; 107:11-12
130. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 355:1-2
131. rz;Kfk;gps;is> K.>rq;fj; jkpou; tho;tpay; g.50
132. Iq;.> gh.vz; 3:1-3
133. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 5:1-3
134. mfk;.> gh.vz; 14:7-11
135. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 224:13-17
136. etPd Ntshz;ik ,jo; Vg;uy;> 2015> g.53
137. ehuhazd;>Mu;.v];.> ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy; tho;tpay;
njhopy;El;gq;fs; g.56
138. etPd Ntshz;ik Vg;uy;> 2015 g.52
139. etPd Ntshz;ik Mf];l; 2015> g.3

112
 ,ay; - 3

Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

3.1 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ik vd;gjd; nghUs;

3.2 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ik vdgjd;; nghUs;

3.2.1 ,d;wstpy; Ntshz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy;

3.3 coTj;njhopy;

3.3.1 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; epyj;jpd; ngau;fs;

3.3.1.1 epyKk; kz;Zk;

3.3.2 FwpQ;rp epykf;fspd; coT Kiwfs;

3.3.3 Ky;iyepy Ntshz;ik

3.3.4 kUjepy kf;fs;

3.3.4.1 kUjepy tsk;

3.3.4.2 coTj;njhopy; Nkd;ikf;fhd topfs;

3.4 Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gk;

3.5 Ntshz;ikr; nray;Kiwfs;

3.6 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gapu;j;njhopy; KiwAk; njhopy;El;gKk;

3.6.1 Vu; nfhz;L cOjy;

3.6.1.1 cOjypy; El;gk;

3.6.2 ePu;gg
; hrd Kiwfs;

3.6.2.1 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ePu; ghJfhg;G Kiw

3.6.2.2 ePu; ghrdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

3.6.2.3 gapu;j;njhopy; ePu; ghrd Kiwfs;

113
 3.6.2.4 ePu;gg
; hJfhg;Gj; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

3.6.3 tpij tpijj;jy;

3.6.4 elTeLKd; taiyr; nrg;gk; nra;jy;

3.6.5 ghJfhj;j tpijfis ehw;WtpLjy;

3.6.5.1 ehw;W eLjy;

3.6.6 fisfis ePf;Fjypy; El;gk;

3.6.7 vU kw;Wk; cuk; ,Ljy;

3.6.8 gapu;ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs;

3.6.9 ePz;l ney;tay;fs;

3.6.9.1 ney;yWj;jy;

3.7 gapu;Row;rp Kiw

3.7.1 khw;Wg;gapu; (m) CLgapu;

3.8 Neha;j; jLg;G Kiwfs;

3.9 Ntshz; fUtpfs;

3.9.1 fyg;ig

3.9.2 jSk;G (m) jsk;G

3.9.3 Vw;wk;

3.9.4 Jsh;

3.9.5 Fak;ths;

3.10 rq;f fhyj;jpy; gapuplg;gl;litfs;

3.10.1 ney;

3.10.2 jpid

3.10.3 tuF
114
 3.10.4 fUk;G

3.10.5 gUj;jp

3.10.6 gapW tiffs;

3.10.7 fha; kw;Wk; go tifg; gapu;fs;

3.11 njhFg;Giu

115
 ,ay; - 3

Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

$l;Ltho;f;if Kiw epytpa ,df;FOr; rKjhaj;jpidj;
njhlh;e;J epyTilikahf khwpa fhyk; rq;ffhykhFk;. rq;ffhyj;jp;y;
czT NjLk; tho;f;if Kiwfs; khwp czT cw;gj;jp Kiwfsp;y;
kpFe;j ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;l fhyk; FwpQ;rp, Ky;iy> ghiy> kUjk;.
nea;jy; vd;w Itifj; jpizfspy; kUjj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L
cUthd Ntshz; rKjha tho;f;if newpfisr; rq;ffhyk; vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. „kdpj ciog;ig %yjdkhff; nfhz;lJ.
Nthshz;ikj; njhopyhFk;. kf;fs; ehNlhbfsha; Ntl;ilahbj; jphpe;j
epiykhwpw;W. Xhplj;jpy; jq;fp Ntshz;ik nra;jdu;.1,t;Ntshz;ikapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mjd; gaidAk;>mj;njhopypy; Nkw;nfhz;l
njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; ,t;tpay; tpupthf Muha;fpwJ.

ekJ ehl;bd; Kjd;iktha;e;j njhopyhf ,Ug;gJ Ntshz;ik.

„Ntl;ilahLk; fhyj;jpypUe;J czT cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; fhyj;jpw;Fg;
Guhjd jkpoh; clNd te;Jtpltpy;iy. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mth;fs; nra;j
ke;ij Nka;gG ; tPl;Lg; gpuhzpfis (ML> khL> Nfhop> gd;wp
vd;gdtw;iw) czTf;fhfTk; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhfTk; tsh;j;jy;>
,tw;iwg; ghJfhf;f ehia tsh;j;jy; vd;gdnty;yhk; Ntl;ilahLk;
fhyj;jpypUe;J czT cw;gj;jp tiu kdpj Fyk; jhk; tsu vLj;j
Kaw;rpfshFk;.‟2 ,k;Kaw;rp;apd; tpisthf czT cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;lJ. gz;ilj; jkpo; kf;fs; Ntshz;ikj; njhopiy
caph;j;njhopyhfTk; cahpa njhopyhfTk; Nghw;wp te;jdh;.
,g;gaph;j;njhopy; gd;ndLq;fhykhfj; jkpouJ njhopyhf mike;jJ
vdpDk; ,jw;fhd Kjy; rhd;wpidj; jUtJ goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
MFk;.

3.1 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ik vd;gjd; nghUs;

njhy;fhg;gpau; „Ntshz;‟ vd;w nrhy;iy jkJ E}ypy; %d;W

,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,jid>

“Ntshz; vjpUk; tpUg;gpd; fz;Ze;

jhshz; vjpUk; gpuptp dhDk;” 3

116
,e;E}w;ghtpd; top Ntshz; vd;gJ cjtp vd;Dk; nghUspy;
Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;>“Ntshz; ngUnewp Ntz;ba ,lj;jpDk;”vd;Dk;
njhy;fhg;gpa nghUsjpfhug; (112-123) ghlypy; ngUnewp vd;gJ cjtp
vd;Dk; nghUisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Ntshz; khe;ju; gytifg;gl;l
njhopy; nra;NthuhapDk; coTj; njhopiyNa ngUk;ghYk; nra;tu;.
vdNt mjidNa rpwg;gpj;Jr; nrhy;tJ kuG MFk;. “Ntshz;
khe;ju;f;F cO J}z; my;yJ ,y;nyd nkhopg gpwtif epfo;r;rp”
vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa kugpay; (81) E}w;ghtpd; top cOJ cz;zf;
$baj; njhopiyr; nra;gtu;fs; Ntshz; khe;ju; vd;gij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. “Ntshz;ik nra;Ak; kdKilNahu; gpwu;f;fhfTk;>
jkf;fhfTk; cOJ tpisg;gu; vd;gJ me;E}w;ghtpd; nghUshf
mikfpd;wJ. ,NjNghy; ts;Stupd;>Fws; 81>212> 613> 614 mbfspd;
top> Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy;Yf;F „cjtp‟ vd;Dk; nghUs;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ts;Stu;
Ntshz;ikj; njhopypd; cau;tpid „coT‟ vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy;
rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. gjpnzd; fPo;fzf;F E}y;fspy; Ntshz;ik
vd;Dk; nrhy; gutyhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

3.2 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ik vd;gjd; nghUs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; „Ntshz;‟ vd;w nrhy; ,uz;L ,lq;fspYk;

Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy; Xuplj;Jk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.4 ,it

“Ntshz; thapy; Ntl;gf; $wp” 5

vd tUk; nra;Al; njhluhy; mwpayhk;.

“Nfsy; Nfspu; Ntshz; rpWgjk;” 6

jiytpf;Fj; jd; Ntshz;ik nra;jy; vd;gJ ,lf;fz; Jbj;J

tyf;fz; Jbf;fhtpLj;jy; ed;dpkpj;jkhFk;. ,t;cjtpiaj; jiytpf;Fr;
nra;jij>

“Nfhshs dhfhik apy;iy mtw;fz;L

Ntshz;ik nra;jd fz;” 7

117
vdtUk; nra;Al;nwhlu; $Wk;. vdNt ,k;%d;W ,lq;fspYk; ,r;nrhy;
cjtp vd;w nghUspy; ifahsg; ngw;Ws;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
Ntshsu; jk; vUij cOjw; njhopy; nra;ahky; XltpLk; Kiwik
Ntshsu;f;F ,y;iy. ,jid>

“njhlu;e;Njk; vUJ njhopy;nra;ah Njhlh

tpUq;fld; Ntshsu;……” 8

vdtUk; ghlybfs; %yk; njupatUfpwJ. ,q;F Ntshsu; vd;Nghu;

vUijf; nfhz;L njhopy; nra;Nthu; vd;Dk; fUj;ijj; njspthf
mwpayhk;. cotu;fs; njhopYf;F Mfhj vUijg; Nghw;whJ mtw;iwf;
fhl;by; tpl;LtpLtij>

“ey;nyUJ eiltsk; itj;njd cotu;

Gy;Yilf; fhtpy; njhopy;tpl; lhq;F” 9
vd;w ghlypd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

3.2.1 ,d;iwa Ntshz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy;

“,d;W Ntshz;ikiaf; Fwpf;f „Agriculture‟ vd;w nrhy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. „Agriculture‟ vd;gJ ,yj;jPd; nkhopapypUe;J
Mq;fpyj;jpw;F te;jjhk; „Ager‟ vd;why; tay; (Field), Culture vd;why;
gz;gLj;jy; (Cultivate) vdg; nghUs; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,tw;iw
Nehf;fpdhy; epyj;ij ey;y tifapy; kw;wtu;fSf;F Ntz;ba czT
Kjypatw;iwf; nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; ey;y gapu;tpisAk; tifapy;
gz;gLj;Jjy; „Agriculture‟ Mfpd;wd.10 vd m.K.gukrpthde;jk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

„Ntshsu; ehfupfk; vd;Dk; jkJ Muha;r;rp E}ypy;

kiwkiyabfs; Ntshz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F njspthd nghUs;
tpsf;fk; je;Js;shu;. „<iff;Fg; ngauhd Ntshz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy;
mt;tpuz;L njhopy;fisAk; Ms;gtuhd Ntshsu;f;Fg; ngauhapw;W ‟11
vd kiwkiyabfs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. nghJthfj; njhy;fhg;gpau;
fhye;njhlq;fp rq;ffhyk;> rq;fk;kUtpa fhyk; Kba Ntshz;ik
vd;DQ;nrhy; ngUk;ghd;ik „cjtp‟ vd;w nghUspYk; rpWghd;ik

118
coTj;njhopy; vd;w nghUspYk; Msg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; mbg;gilapy;
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; top> Guhjd Ntshz; rKjhak; jpizia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tho;e;Js;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

3.3 coTj;njhopy;

epyj;ij cOJ gz;gLj;jp tpisr;rYf;F Vw;w epykhf

mikg;gJ „coT‟ MFk;. kdpj tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj
,j;njhopiyf; Fwpj;Jr; rq;fg; Gytu;fs; Kjy; ,d;iwa Gytu;fs;
tiu vLj;Jiuj;Js;sdu;. „epyj;ij ed;whf cOJ GOjpahf;fp>
ePu;gg
; ha;r;rp> ney; Kjypatw;iw tpistpf;Fk; gapu;j;njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fs; cotu; vd toq;fg; ngWtu;. „coj;jy;‟ vd;gJ
,iltplhJ KaYk; nka;k;Kaw;rpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.‟12 ,t; coTj;
njhopiyr; nra;gtu;fs; cotu;fs;. ,tu;fs; kUj epyj;ijr;
rhu;e;jtu;fs; vd;gjid>

“goQ;nre; ney;ypd; Kfit nfhs;shs;”13

vd;w mfehD}W ghlypd; %yk; ney;kpf;f Ciu cilatu;fs;> kUjj;

jpiziar; rhu;e;jtu;fs; vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,k;kf;fs; jq;fs;
epyq;fisg; gz;gl;l epykhf khw;wpdu; ,jid>

“fz;gil ngwhJ mJ jz;Gyu; tpbay;

……………………………………………..
mLe NuhLeP Nrwp ahapd;tz;”14

vd;Dk; ew;wpizg; ghly; %yk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ngUkstpy;

tpisr;riyj; juf; $ba epyk; vd;gjw;F mq;Fs;s new;fjpu;fs;
Kw;wpa epiyapy; tpise;J epw;Fk; fhl;rpNa rhd;whFk; „xU
Ntypepyj;jpy; Mapuf;fy ney; tpistjw;Nfw;w tha;g;G cz;lhapw;W. 15
,t;coT Nkd;ik mila tpyq;Ffshfpa vUJfis coTj;
njhopypy; gapw;rpj;J> gapu; nra;J te;jdu;. ,t;thW coTj; njhopiyr;
nropg;ghfr; nra;jdu;. ,jid “Ntyp Mapuk; tpisA+l;lhf” vd;Dk;
nghUeu; Mw;Wg;gil mbahy; mwpayhk;. coTj; njhopypy; ney;
rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

119
 “ney;Y Kapud;Nw ePUKapud;Nw
kd;d Dapu;j;Nj kyu;jiy Ayfk;”16
kd;dd; Kiw nra;J cyiff; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mwpTiu
Nkw;Rl;ba mbfspy; ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj tho;tpd; capu; Mjhukhd
ney;Yk; ePUk; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;L cyfpd; Mjhuk; Nte;jd; vd;w
fUj;jhf;fj;ij NkhrpfPudhupd; ghly; Gide;J fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ney;
mwpKfkhfhj Gd;Gy Ntshz;ikia kl;LNk tho;thjhukhff; nfhz;l
goq;Fbr; rKjhak; ,Ue;jijg; gpd;tUk; ghly; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

“fUq;fhy; tuNf apUq;fjpu;j; jpidNa

rpWnfhbf; nfhs;Ns nghwpfps utiunah
be;ehd; fy;y JzhT kpy;iy
…………………………………………..
ney;Yf;Fj;Jg; guTq; flTS kpyNt”17

tuF> nfhs;S> jpid> mtiu ,e;ehd;F kl;Lkpy;yhJ NtW czTg;

nghUl;fs; ,y;iy. ney;iyj;J}tp topgLk; flTSkpy;iy vd;gJ
Nkw;Rl;ba ghly; mbapd; nghUshFk;. Nte;jiu cau;j;Jk;
NkhrpfPudhupd; Gwg;ghlypy; (186) ney; Kjd;ikg; ngw;Wtpl;l R+oy;
cUthfp tpl;lijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. Kjd;ikg; ngw;wg; ney;ypDk; Nkyhk;
epiyapy; kd;dd; Ngrg;gLfpwhd;.18 ,j;jifa ney; mfd;w tay;
ntspfspy; caukhf tsu;e;J tskhd ,iyfisf; nfhz;L
new;gapu;fspd; fjpu;fs; Kw;wp tpise;j epiyapid neLey;thil
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; coTj;njhopy; vy;yhj; njhopy;fSf;Fk;
Kjd;ik Mjhukhf tpsq;fpaJ vd;gij czu Kbfpd;wJ. „ahtUk;
grp ePqf
; cz;Zk;gb cOjiyr; nra;J> mjdhy; jhKk; cz;L gpwu;
ifia vjpu;ghuhJ cupikAzu;r;rpAld; tho;f;if elj;Jk; jpwKilahu;
cotNu‟19 Mtu;. ,t; coTj;njhopypy; gad;gLj;jpa njhopy;
El;gq;fis ,dp Muha;Nthk;.

3.3.1 rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; epyj;jpd; ngau;fs;

Ntshz;ik nra;tjw;F ,d;wpaikahjitfs; epyKk; ePUk;

MFk;. gz;ilj;jkpou; Ie;jpizfSs; kUjj;ijAk; nea;jiyAk;
nkd;Gynkd;Wk; FwpQ;rpiaAk;> Ky;iyiaAk; td;Gynkd;Wk;
tFj;jpUe;jdu;. „kUjepyj;ij ehL vd;Wk;> kw;w epyq;fisf; fhL

120
 vd;Wk; mioj;jdu;.‟20 Itif epyq;fshd FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;>
nea;jy;> ghiy vd;gJ kl;Lk; my;yhky;> glg;ig> tpLepyk;> ,iwapyp
epyk;> Nka;gG
; yk;> Kuk;G ,ilepyk; vd epyq;fs; gythW
miof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyfpd; capu; tho;f;iff;F Kjd;ikahf
miktJ epyKk; nghOJk;> ,jid ed;Fzu;e;J njhy;fhg;gpau;>

“Kjy;vdg; gLtJ epyk;nghO jpuz;bd;

,ay;ngd nkhopg”21

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Kjy; nghUspy; Kjyhtjhf miktJ epyk;.

,e;epyk; ehy;tifg;gLk;. ,e;ehy;tif epyq;fisAk; ciwAk;
flTsu;fisAk; njhy;fhg;gpak;

“khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;

NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyfKk;

Nte;jd; Nka jPk;Gdy; cyfKk;

----------------------------------------------------------

nrhy;ypa Kiwahw; nrhy;yTk; gLNk”22

vdf; $wpAs;sJ. ghiyf;F vdj; jdpahf epyk; ,y;iy. Ky;iyAk;

FwpQ;rpAk; jpupe;Jg; ghiy vd;Dk; epyk; cUthdijr; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,jid>

“Ky;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk; Kiwikapy; jpupe;J

ey;ypayG ,oe;J elq;FJau; tWj;jg;

ghiy vd;gNjhu; gbtk; nfhs;Sk;”23

vdr; rpyg;gjpfhu nra;Asbfs; $wpAs;sd. „ghiy vd;gjw;F epyk;

,d;NwDk;> Ntdpw;fhyk; gw;wp tUjypd; mf;fhyj;Jj; jspUk; rpidAk;
thLjypd;wp epw;gJ ghiy vd;gNjhu; kuk; cz;lhfypd; mr;rpwg;G Nehf;fpg;
ghiy‟ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;24 vd;gij ,sk;G+uzu; ciuapd; %yk;
mwpaKbfpwJ. ,t;tif Itif epyk; my;yhky; ,d;Dk; NtW rpy
nrhw;fs; epyj;ijf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

121
3.3.1.1 epyKk; kz;Zk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehd;Ftifahf epyq;fs; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;ehy;tif epyq;fspd; kz;zpd; tsj;jpw;Nfw;g MW tifahfg;
gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. td;Gyk; - Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp

2. nkd;Gyk; - kUjk;> nea;jy;
3. Gd;Gyk; - Ky;iy
4. glg;ig – kidg;Gwj;NjAs;s Njhl;lk;
5. tpLepyk; - Ntshz;ikf;Fg; gadw;w Nka;r;ry; epyk;
6. Kuk;G> fuk;ig> ctu;epyk;> fsu;epyk; - gad;ghlhj epyq;fs;

,t;thW cs;s epyq;fspy; ehy;tif epyq;fspYk; Ntshz;

nray;fSf;Nfw;wthW gpupf;fg;gl;L ntt;NtW ngau;fspy;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

FwpQ;rp

FwpQ;rp epyk; Gdk; (mfk;.168.1> ew;.326:8)> ,ij (mfk;.140:1)>

Kij (FWe;. 165:1>105:1) vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.

Ky;iy

Ky;iy epyk; GwT (ew;.219)> nfhy;iy (mfk;.89:17> fhdk; (fhL)

(Ky;.gh.97) vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.

kUjk;

kUjk; epyk; fodp (ew;.4:10)> godk; (FWe;.8:2)> tay; (mfk;.13:17>

26:4>217:3>235:1 Iq;.2:2> fyp.66:1> ew;.8:5>210:1)> nrW (gl;.11-12)
vd;WRl;lg;gLfpwJ.

nea;jy;

nea;jy; epyk; milfiu (ew;.11.6)> vf;fu; (FWe;.53:3)> gug;G

(FWe;.114.1)> fop (kJ.fh.117) fhdy; (ew;.167:9) vd;WRl;lg;gLfpwJ.

glg;ig

glg;ig vd;gJ gf;fk; vd;gJ nghUs;. kiyg;Gwj; Njhl;lk; vdr;

rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
122
tpLepyk;

fhy;eilfspd; Nka;r;rYf;nfd Cutuhy; nghJthf tplg;gl;l

epyk; tpLepyk; vdg;gl;lJ. Ntshz;ikf;Fg; gad;glhj fuk;ig
epyj;ijg; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; Nka;r;rYf;F tpLtu;. ,jid tpistpd;wp
tplg;gl;l epyk; vd;ghu; ciuahrpupau;fs;.

“fspWeP whbatpLepy kUq;fpd;”25

“tpLepyf; fuk;ig tpluis epiwa”26

vdr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tpLepyk; gw;wpr; nra;jp ,Ug;gij mwpayhk;.

Kuk;G

Ky;iy epyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kz;tiffspy; Kuk;G vd;gJk;

xd;W. ,jidg; guw;fw;fs; epiwe;j fuk;G epyk; vdg; gjpw;Wg;gj;J
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij>

“thd;gspq;F tpiu,a nrk;gud; Kuk;G”27

vdg; gad;ghl;bw;F Vw;g gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpLepyk;> Kuk;G> fuk;ig>

ctu;epyk;> fsu;epyk;> vd;gd coTf;Fg; ngupJk; gad;glhj epyq;fs;
MFk;.

3.3.2 FwpQ;rp epykf;fspd; coT Kiwfs;

kiyfspy; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahba FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs;

fhl;Lj;jhdpaq;fis mWj;Jg; gad;gLj;jpajhfj; njupfpwJ. „FwpQ;rpapd;
kiy kiy rhu;e;j ,lq;fs; kiytsj;ijAk; Gd;nra; Ntshz;ikAk;
Ntl;ilj; njhopiyAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;Js;sd.‟28
,k;kf;fSf;F ePu;gg; hrd trjpNahLf; $ba cw;gj;jp Kiw njupahJ.
epyj;jpy; fplf;Fk; fpoq;Ffisj; jpd;gjw;fhfg; gd;wpfs; kz;izj;
Njhz;bf;fpswpg; GOjpahf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; fhdtu; kiof;fhyj;jpy;
jpid tpijj;jdu;. mJ Kisj;J tsu;e;J> tpise;jJ. ,ijg;
GwehD}W gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

“nfhOq; fpoq;F kpspuf; fpz;bf; fpisnahL

fUq;fl; Nfoy; cOj G+op

123
 ey; ehs; tU gj Nehf;fpf; Fwtu;

cohmJ tpj;jpa g&cf; Fuw; rpWjpid

Ke;J tpis ahzu;”29

,r;nra;jpia Iq;FWE}W>

“fpoq;ffo; Nfo YOj rpyk;gpw;

wiytpis fhdtu; nfha;jdu; ngaUk;

Gy;nyd; Fd;wj;Jg; Gyk;G..”30

vd;Dk; ghlypYk; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

fhl;il ntl;b mopg;gjw;Fk; epyj;ij cOtjw;Fk; fUtpfs; ,y;iy.

vdNt Gju; kz;bf;fple;j epyq;fis Mjpkdpju; jPapl;L mopj;jdu;.
epyj;ij coTf;F Vw;wjhf;fp me;epyj;jpy; tuFk; jpidAk; tpijj;jdu;.
,it Fwpj;Jf; FwpQ;rpj; jpiz rhu;e;j ghly;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
jpid tpijj;jij>

“,Utu; neQ;rKk; ctg;g – fhdtu;

fupGdk; kaf;fpa mfd; fz; nfhy;iy

Itdk; tpj;jp> ikAwf; ftpdp

<dy; nry;yh Vdw;F ,Onkdf;

fUtp thdk; jiy, ahq;Fk;”31

vd;w ngUQ;rpj;jpudhu; ghlypd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. fhdtu;

,f;fhl;nlupg;G Ntshz;ik nra;jtu;> mtu;fisf; fhdf;Fwtu;> fhd;
cOFwtu;> Fd;wf; Fwtu;> Gdf;Fwtpd; Vdy; fhtyu;> fhdtu; ehld;
vd rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. kfspu; jpidg;Gdk; fhj;J
cs;sdu;. Fwtu;fs; cohkNy gapu;nra;Js;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
„Ntl;il Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf ,Ue;J khwp gapu;j;njhopy; Kf;fpa
njhopyhapw;W‟32 vd thdkhkiy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mf;$w;WNfw;g
FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; fhdtu;fs; fpoq;ifAk;> jpidiaAk; xUq;Nf cOJ
gapu; nra;Js;sikiaf; fPo;f;fz;l ghlybfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwd.

124
 “fpoq;FfPo; tPo;e;J Njd;Nky; J}q;fpr;

rpw;rpy tpj;jpg; gw;gy tpise;J

jpidfpsp fbAk; ngUq;fy; ehld;”33

“nfhbr;rp fhf;Fk; mbf;fw; ige;jpid”34

vd;Dk; ghlypd; top taypy; tpise;Js;s jpidf; fjpiu fhdtd;

kfSk;> rpy Ntisfspy; fhdtd; kidtp nfhbr;rp fhj;jijAk;
mwpaKbfpwJ.

“fpiskyp rpWjpidf; fpspfbe; jir,y;”35

,q;qdk; gy ghly;fspy; jpidf; fjpiuf; ftutUk; ke;jpfs;>

ahidfs;> fubfs;> fpspfs;> FUtpfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd;
moptpypUe;Jf; fhg;gjw;Fg; guz; mikj;J xypnaOg;gpAk; ftz;
nfhz;L fy;nywpe;Jk;> mk;G va;jp tpul;bAk; jpidg; gapiuf; fhj;jdu;.
NkYk; jpidiag; ghJfhf;fg; gy fUtpfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
fpsp Xl;Lk; jl;ilf; fUtp ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
jpidiaf; ftutUk; tpyq;Ffis mk;G va;jp tpul;bAs;sdu;.
njhz;lfg;giwia Kof;fp fpspfis Xl;bg; ghJfhj;Js;sdu;.
jpidiaf; ftutUk; gd;wpfs; rpWnghwp Nghd;w ngupa fw;gyifia
mikj;Jf; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thW jpidg;Gdk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; kiotsKk;> ePu; tsKk; cs;s
gFjpapy; kiyney; elT nra;Js;sij>

“tz;L%R nea;jy; ney;ypil kyUk;

mupayq; fodp Mu;f;fh ld;d”36

“Itd ntz;nzy; FW}ck; ehlndhL”37

vd;w ghlybfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ngupa gpbahidapd; Jjpf;if

Nghd;w Kw;wpa jpidf;fjpu;fis mWtil nra;Ak; fhyk; Ntq;if
kyu;fs; mUk;Gk; fhyk; vd ew;wpizg;(373) ghly; Rl;LfpwJ.

“……………….. vUnjwp fsku;

epyk;fzL; md;d mtd;fz; ghriw

125
 nkd;jpid neLk;Nghu; Gupkhu”;38

vd;Dk; ew;wpizg; ghlypd; top Fwtu;fs; fspw;Wahid nfhz;L

fjpu;gN
; ghu; mbj;Jf; Ftpg;gu; vd;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. new;fjpu;
mWg;gtu; fskhu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ngupa ,lg;gug;igf;
nfhz;l jpidg;Gdj;jpy; rpwpJ jpid tpijj;jhYk; mit ngupajhf
nropj;J tsu;e;Js;sij (ew;.328) ghly;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ. ,t;thW
FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; Ntshz;ik nra;Js;sdu;. Fwtu;fs; Fwp nrhy;Yk;
tof;fj;jpy; Kwj;jpy; ney;iyapl;L> KJngz;lhfpa fl;L tpr;rpia
mioj;J> mk;Kwj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jpf; Fwp Nfl;gu;. ,f;Fwpg;gpy; ney;
tUtjhy; fhdtu;fs; kiyney;iy rhFgb nra;Js;sdu; vdyhk;.
tpyq;FfshYk; gwitfshYk; fjpu;kzpfSf;F Nrjk; tuhky; ftz;fy;
nfhz;L ghJfhj;J cs;sdu;. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; ,d;dpd;dg; gapu;fis
cotu;fs; cOJ gapu; nra;Js;sdu; vd;w Fwpg;G gutyhf cs;sd.

3.3.3 Ky;iy epy Ntshz;ik

mlu;e;j fhl;Lg; gFjpapy; Mepiufis Nka;f;Fk; njhopy;

nra;gtu;fs; Ky;iy epykf;fs;. ,tu;fs; fhLfis mopj;J
cUthf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wg; gFjpapy; tho;e;Js;sdu;. Ky;iyapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Ntshz;ik> ntl;b vwpe;J gpd; gapupLk;
Ntshz;ikahFk;. XNu ,lj;jpy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gapuplg;gl;likiar;
Rl;Lfpd;wd.

“tpijau; nfhd;w Kijaw; G+op

,LKiw epug;gpa <upiy tufpd;”39

vd;w ghlypy; tpijau; kw;Wk; Kijay; vd;w nrhw;fs;

Nka;r;ry;fhuu;fNs cotu;fshf tpsq;fpdhu;fs; vd;gijAk;> mtu;fs;
Kd;dNu gapuplg;gl;l epyq;fspy; gapupl;ldu; vd;gijAk; njuptpf;fpd;wd.

Njhl;l cotpidf; fhf;Fk; Nka;r;ry;fhuu; vd „nfhy;iy

Nfhtyu; vd;Wk; ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; (266> 289) Rl;LtjpypUe;J
Mau;fs; Ntshz;ikr; nra;Nthuhf khwp tUtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
,tu;fs; jpid> tuFjhd; kpf mjpfk; gapuplg;gl;l jhdpakhfj;
njupfpwJ. ney; gapuplg;gl;;l Fwpg;Gfs; ,y;iy. fhy;eil tsu;gN
; g
Ky;iy epyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf ,Ue;Js;sJ vdyhk;.

126
3.3.4 kUjepy kf;fs;

taYk; tay;rhu;e;j ,lKk; kUj epykhFk;. ePu;tsk; kpf;f

epyg;gug;gpy; thOk; kf;fs; cotu;> coj;jpau; vdg;gLtu;. ,tu;fs;
taypy; cOnjhopy; Gupjypdhy; “fodp cotu;” (Gwk;.13:11) vdTk;
rpwg;gpf;fg;gLtu;. tay;fspy; ney;iyAk; fUk;igAk; gapu; nra;jdu;.
„capu;tiffs; midj;jpYk; kdpjd; kl;LNk fUtpfisg;gilf;Fk;
Mw;wy; cs;std; vd;whu; My;/g;nul; thy]; (Alfred Wallace) MoKk;
El;gKk; nfhz;l Xu; cz;ikiaj; jd;Ds; jhq;fp epw;gJ ,r;rpW
thf;fpak; vd;W th.nr.Foe;ijrhkp‟40 Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,f;$w;Wf;F
,zq;f Gjpa fUtpfis kf;fs; gilj;J gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;.
rq;ffhy kf;fs; cOtjw;Ff; fUtpahff; nfhs;Sk; fyg;igg;
ngz;ahidapd; thiag;Nghy; tise;Jk; mjd; EdpapYs;s nfhO
cLk;gpdJ Kfj;ijg;Nghy; $uhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,t;Vu;fspy;
coTj;njhopypy; gapw;rp ngw;w ey;y vUJfisg; G+l;b cOtu;. kUj
epykhdJ vg;NghJk; tpisitj; juf;$baJ vd;gjidAk; me;epy
tay;fs; fodp vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lijAk;

“tpistwh tpad;fodp”41

vd;w gl;bdg;ghiy ghly;tupfspd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

“,Uq;fjpu; mykUq; fodpf; fUk;gpd;

tpisfio gpope;j me;jPQ; Nrw;NwhL
ghy;nga; nre;ney; ghrty; gFf;Fk;
Gdy;nghU Gftpd; ..”42

“fUk;gky; glg;ig”43

vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; tupfs; %yk; kUjepykhdJ ney;

tpistpf;ff;$ba tay;fisAk; fUk;Gg; gapiu tpistpf;ff;$ba
tay;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ vd;gjid mwpayhk;. NkYk;>
fUk;igg; gpope;J vLj;J rhW fha;r;rpag; ghFld; ghypidAk; Cw;wpf;
fye;J nre;ney;yhy; Md grpa mtiyAk; fye;J nfhLf;Fk; tskhd
Cu;fisAk; tpisepyq;fisAk; cila ngUikf;Fupa epykhf
kUjepyk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

127
 “tpidQu; je;j ntz;nzy; ty;rp
kidth Osfpd; thl;nlhL ngWFtpu;”44

vd;Dk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ghly; tupfshy; njhopypy; Nrhk;gy;

,y;yhj cotu;fs; jk; ciog;ghy; ngw;w ntz;ik epw new;Nrhw;iw
mtu;jk; kidaplj;Nj thOk; Nfhopg;ngl;ilapdhw; rikj;j
,iwr;rpNahLk; tUNthu;f;F toq;Ftu; vd;w nra;jpia mwpaKbfpwJ.
,jd; %yk; kUjepy kf;fsJ tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G ntspg;gLtJld;
ntz;nzy; muprp tpistpf;Fk; kUjepyj;jpd; jd;ikAk;
mt;Totu;fspd; Fbr;rpwg;Gk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

3.3.4.1 kUjepy tsk;

kw;w epyq;fisf; fhl;bYk; ePu;tsKk; tpisnghUl;fspd; tsKk;

mjpfkhf kUj epyj;jpy; ,Ue;jd.

“eWk;G+q; Nfhij njhLj;j ehl;rpidf;

FWq;fhw; fhQ;rp nfhk;gu; Vwp

epiyUq; Fl;lk; Nehf;fp nebjpUe;J

Gytf;fay; vLj;j nghd;tha; kzpr;rpuy;

ts;Sfpu; fpopj;j tLtho; ghril

Ks;siuj; jhkiu Kfpo;tpup ehl;NghJ

nfhq;Fftu; ePyr; nrq;fl; Nrty;

kjpNru; mutpd; khdj; Njhd;Wk;” 45

vd;w rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ghlypd; tupfshy; kUj epyj;jpy; tw;whj ePu;

epiyfs; ,Ue;jijAk; mtw;wpy; ntz;jhkiu kyu;fs; kyu;e;Jk;
Fspu;e;j tay;fs; epiwe;Jk; ,Ue;jd vd;gijAk; mwpayhk;. NkYk;>
rhd;Nwhu;fisAk; mfd;w tPLfisAk; mfopfisAk; cilajha;
kUjepyk; tpsq;fpaJ. cotu;fs; VupidAk; vUjpidAk; cilatuha;

128
tpsq;fpdu; vd;gjhy; coTj;njhopy; rpwg;ghf eilngw;wij mwpa
KbfpwJ.
3.3.4.2 coTj;njhopy; Nkd;ikf;fhd topfs;

coTj; njhopy; Nkd;ik mila tpQ;Qhdj; njhopy;El;gj;ijg;

GFj;jp kz;izg; gupNrhjpf;fg; gupNrhjidf; $lq;fs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.
gapu;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l jdpkq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; ,l
Ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;JiuAk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. „,aw;if topapy;
coTj; njhopy; nra;J mjpy; cau; tpisr;riy vLf;f KbAk; vd;gJ
jw;NghJ epUgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,aw;if topapy; gapu; nra;gtu;fs;>
kz;izr; Nrhjpg;gJk; ,y;iy. Nrhjid mbg;gilapy;
,LnghUl;fisf; nfhl;LtJk; ,y;iy. mtu;fs; kz;zpy; cs;s
Ez;Zapu;fSf;Fk; NgUapu;fSf;Fk; jPdp nfhLg;gij kl;Lk;
nra;fpwhu;fs;46 vd Nfh. ek;kho;thu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

3.4 Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gk;

Ntshz;ik tsu;r;rp mila ,urhad tpQ;Qhdpfs; mjpfk;

gupe;Jiu nra;tJ> jior;rj;J iel;u[d; cuj;ijj;jhd;. Mdhy;>„,e;j
iel;u[d; thA> mz;lntspapYk; kz;zpYk; Nru;j;J 78% cs;sJ.
jhtu tpyq;Ff; fopTfis kl;Lk; epyj;jpy; Nru;j;jhy; NghJk;.
mjpYs;s Ez;Zapu;fs; fhw;wpy; cs;s iel;u[id NtupNyh my;yJ
NtUf;Fg; gf;fj;jpNyh Nru;j;J tpLk;.‟47 ,e;j ,aw;iftop Kiwia
,aw;if tptrhapfs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;. kz; vd;gJ jhtuq;fspd;
fu;gg
; k;. „capu;fn
; fhy;ypfshd vd;Nlh ry;/ghd;> ypd;Nld;> vd;l;uPd;>
khNdhFNuhl;Nlh ghq;> khyj;jPahd;> ghuj;jPahd; Nghd;w Mu;Nfh
FNshupd;> mYkpdpak; gh];/igL> Mu;fNdh gh];gu]; Nghd;witg;
gapu; kPJ njspf;fg;gLtjhy; kz; tp~khfpwJ. jhtuq;fs;
tp~khfpd;wd.48 jhtuq;fspd; ghuk;gupa Fzk; ghjpg;GWfpwJ.
tpijfspy; tPupak; Ngha; kyl;Lj;jd;ik cUthfpwJ ,JNt etPdj;
njhopy;El;g KiwahFk;. NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; Ntshz;ik njhopy;El;gk; ,uz;L Kiwfspy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. mit tUkhW>

129
 Ntshz;ik

1.,aw;if Ntshz;ik 2.nraw;if (m) mwptpay;

Ntshz;ik

vd;W ,uz;lhff; gFj;Jf; $wyhk;.

1. ,aw;if Ntshz;ik

,aw;if Ntshz;ik vd;gJ vspikahdJ kl;Lky;y

rpf;fdkhdJ. tpyq;Ffspd; cjtpiaf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk;
Ntshz;ik. rpwpa> eLj;jukhd ,ae;jpuq;fspd; cjtpAld; nra;ag;gLk;
Ntshz;ik.

gad;fs;

1. ,aw;if top Ntshz;ik kz;zpy; thOk; gy Ez;Zapu;fis

tsu;f;fpd;wJ.
2. gapu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jdpkq;fis ,e;j Ez;Zapu;fs;
toq;Ffpd;wd.
3. kz;zpy; Giufisf; $l;Lfpd;wd. fhw;Nwhl;lk; $LfpwJ.
<ug;gpbg;G cau;fpwJ. tbfhy; trjp $LfpwJ. kz; mupg;G
jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.49

,k;Kiwapd; %yk; Ntshz;ikapy; ey;y tpisr;riyg; ngwyhk;.

,d;iwa Ntshz;ik tpQ;QhdpfSk; tptrhapfSk; mjpfkhf
,aw;iftop Ntshz;ikia ehLfpd;wdu;. ,jpy; Ntjpg; nghUl;fspd;
cgNahfkpd;wp KOtJkhf ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;ff;$ba ,iy
jiofisNa gapUf;F cukhfg; gad;gLj;jpr; rhFgb nra;a
tpiofpd;wdu;. ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; kfR+y;
nraw;iftop Ntshz;ikapy; fpilf;ff;$ba kfR+iy xg;gpl;Lg;
ghu;f;Fk;NghJ kpfTk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. ,Ue;jNghJk; ,aw;iftop
Ntshz;ikapy; ngwg;gLk; nghUl;fshy; capupdq;fSf;Fk;

130
Rw;Wr;R+oYf;Fk; vt;tpjf; NfLk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy vd;w fUj;J
gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.

2. mwptpay; Ntshz;ik

mwptpay; Ntshz;ik vd;gJ ,aw;ifapypUe;J gpupe;J tpyfp>

kdpjDila Njitfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fis tptupj;jyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
tptrhapapd; midj;J NtiyfSk; ,ae;jpukakhf;fg;gl;L
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ltpl;ld. mwptpay; tsu;r;rpahdJ epyj;jpy; Ntiy
nra;tjpypUe;J kf;fis tpLtpj;jpUf;fpwJ. jd;Dila Ntiyia
vspjhf;Fk; vd;W Muk;gj;jpy; kdpjd; ek;gpdhd;. Mdhy;> ,g;NghJ
kdpju;fs; kw;w Ntiyfspy; ,d;Dk; fLikahf ciof;fpd;wdh;.
ehw;Wfis ,ae;jpuk; %ykhf eLjy; vd;gJ kdpjid NtW
Ntiyfisj; Njb Xl itj;jpUf;fpwJ.

mwptpay; tsu;r;rpapy; mjpf kfR+iyj; juf;$ba gy Ntshz;

El;gq;fs; ,d;iwa ehspy; cgNahfj;jpy; cs;sd. mjpfkhd
kfR+iyj; jUk; vd;W vz;zp fLikahd ,urhad cuq;fSk; G+r;rpf;
nfhy;ypfSk; kpfg;ngupa ,ae;jpuq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;>
mit gapu;fs; e~;lkhtijf; Fiwg;gjw;F cjTfpd;wd. cw;gj;jpia
mjpfupg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j Kiw ,y;iy vd;w fUj;J Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

gad;fs;

1. „kz; ,we;Jtpl;l epiyapy; ,urhad cuq;fs; gad;gLk;.

2. MNuhf;fpakw;w jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F kl;LNk G+r;rpf;
nfhy;ypfs; gaDs;sit.
3. kpfg; ngupa msT epyj;jpy; gapu;nra;tjhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk
,ae;jpuq;fs; cgNahfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

,t;thW mwptpay; Ntshz;ik mwptpay; uPjpapy;

nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. cldbahff; fpilf;Fk; ,yhgj;Jf;fhf tho;f;if
Mjhukhd epyk;> ePu;> tpij> fhL> fly;> fhy;eilfis mopa
tplg;NghfpNwhkh? vd M];jpNuypag; Nguhrpupau; gpy; nkhy;yprd; Nfs;tp
vOg;gpAs;sij ek;kho;thu;‟50 epidTf;$u;e;Js;shu;. ,j;jifa etPd
Ntshz;ikf; fUtpfshYk; nraw;if cuq;fshYk; mjpfg;gbahd
nrytpdq;fs; tUtjhfg; gy mwpQu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;fs;. ,aw;if
Ntshz;ik> nraw;if kw;Wk; mwptpay; Ntshz;ik ,uz;ilAk;

131
tiuglk; tiue;J xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;jhy;> ,uz;L Kiwf;Fk; cs;s
tpj;jpahrq;fis ehk; njspthf mwpa KbAk; vd;w epiyapy;
jkpofj;jpd; Kf;fpa czthd ney; gapupLk; fhuzpfs; %yk;
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,aw;ifKiwapy; gapupLjy; fhuzpfs;

cOjy; ePu; tpij ,Ljy; fisvLj;jy; vU Neha;iaf; mWtil

gha;r;Rjy; (m) ,Lj;jy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;jy;
ehw;W eLjy;

Vu; nfhz;L MW> Vup ghuk;gupaney; ifahy; tpyq;Ffspd; %ypifg; if mWtil

cOjy; ePu; tpijfs; fisnaLj;jy; fopT G+r;rp tpul;b mupths;

xU> ,U> gy Mo;Jisf; 5 mb rpWfUtpiag; jf;ifg;G+z;L gQ;rft;ak; ey;y

rhy;Kiw fpzW cauk; gad;gLj;Jjy; rzg;G mKjf;fiury; tpisr;ry;

kz; gjk; rupahd ifahy; eLjy; jio cuk; ey;y

ghu;j;J nfhO> msT kz;GO cuk; itf;Nfhy;
kuf;fyg;igf; nfhOQ;rp
nfhz;L cOjy;

nryT rupahd gUtj;jpw;F rupahd ,aw;if nryT ,aw;if

FiwT ePu;g;ghrdk; Vw;w tpijfs; gapu;ghJfhg;G cuk; ,y;yhG+r;Rf;nfhy;yp ney;

ePz;l fhy gapu;

132
 nraw;ifKiwapy; gapupLjy; fhuzpfs;

cOjy; ePu; tpij ,Ljy; fis vLj;jy; vU Neha;iaf; mWtil

gha;r;Rjy; (m) ,Lj;jy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;jy;
ehw;W eLjy;

rpwpa> ngupa MW> Vup Fs;sufney; ifahy; A+upahypd;Nld;if

,ae;jpuq;fs; ePu; tpijfs; fisnaLj;jy; ry;Ngl; vd;Nlhry;/ghd; mWtil

,ae;jpuf; Mo;Jisf; ,ae;jpu ,ae;jpuq;fisg;nghl;lhrpak; khyj;jpahd; ,ae;jpu

fyg;ig fpzW elT gad;gLj;Jjy; iel;u[d; ghuj;jpahd; mWtil

nrhl;LePu; 2 mb gh];gu]; khNdhFl;lhgh]; jukw;w

ghrdk; cauk; iel;Nul; itf;Nfhy;

nryT rupahd nraw;if rupahd nraw;if nryTfs; nraw;if

mjpfk; ePu;g;ghrdk; tpijfs; gapu;ghJfhg;G cuk; cs;s G+r;Rf;nfhy;yp ney;

FWfpa fhy gapu;

,t;tpUtifahd njhopy;El;gq;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; vt;tifahd

Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gijf; fhz;Nghk;. tptrhak;
nra;tjw;fhd fhuzpfs; gy cs;sd. mit tUkhW>

1. cOjy;
2. gapu;j;njhopy; ePu;gg
; hrdk;
133
 3. tpij tpijj;jy;
4. ehw;W eLjy;
5. fis vLj;jy;
6. gapu; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs;
7. mWtil nra;jy;

Nghd;w njhopy;El;gq;fisj; njspthf tpsf;f Kw;gLfpd;wJ. Kjypy;

nghJthd Ntshz;ik nray;Kiwiag; ghu;gN
; ghk;.

3.5 Ntshz;ik nray;Kiwfs;

Ntshz;ikr; nray;Kiwfs; gj;Jg; gpupTfspd; fPo;

cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW>

m. gUt fhyk; ghu;j;jy;

jkpofj;ijg; nghWj;j kl;by; njd; Nkw;Fg; gUtfhyk;>

tlfpof;Fg; gUtfhyk;> Nfhil fhyk; vd;W %tifg;gLk;.
gUtfhyq;fspy; nga;Ak; kioiag; nghWj;Nj gapu;j;njhopy; rpwf;Fk;.

M. epyk; gz;gLj;jy;

ed;nra; epyq;fs; ey;y vUJfs; G+l;ba Vu; nfhz;L ed;F

cOJ gz;gLj;jg;gLk;> cOJ NrWfyf;fp> guk;gbj;J taypy; ePu;
epw;Fk; jpwid mjpfg;gLj;jj; Njitahd nray; Kiwfs;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Gd;nra; gapu;fSf;F kioia vjpu; Nehf;fpAs;s
fhuzj;jhy; mjw;Nfw;g cOJ gz;gLj;jg;gl;L epyk; jahu;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,. ePu;g;gha;r;Rjy;

ePu;gg
; hrdk; ngUk;ghYk; tha;f;fhy; mikj;Jg; gha;r;rg;gl;lJ. ePu;
tsk; Fiwe;j Gd;nra;g; gapu;fSf;F mUfpYs;s mUtp> Rid
ePu;fspypUe;J gha;r;rp tpisr;ry; ngUf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ed;nra;g;
gapu;fSf;Ff; Fsk;> MW Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J tha;f;fhypy; ePiug;
gpupj;Jg; ghrd trjp Vw;gLj;jpg; guhkupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

<. vUtply;

ed;nra;g; gapUf;F vU ,Ljiy Kf;fpar; nrayhff; fUjpr;

nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fhy;eilfs; mjpfkhf tsu;gg
; jhy; mjDila

134
fopTg;nghUs;fshfpa rhzk; Nrkpj;Jg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. coT nra;a
Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy; vUtpid ,l;L cOJ epytsk; Ngzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ed;nra; epyq;fSf;Fj; jio vU vdg;gLk; gRe;jhs; cuq;fisg;
Nghl;L cOJ epytsk; fhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

c. tpij tpijj;jy;

ed;nra; epyq;fSf;Fk; Gd;nra; epyq;fSf;Fk; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l

jukhd tpijfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjw;fhf tpistpd; Kjypy;
fjpu;fshfj; Nju;T nra;J mjidg; G+r;rp jhf;fhjthW ghJfhj;Jg;
gf;Ftg;gLj;jp tpijfs; jahh; nra;ag;gl;ld. ed;nra;g; gapUf;F
ehw;whq;fhy; mikj;J ehw;Wg;ghtp elT nra;ag;gl;lJ. eltpw;F
Kd;ghf nra;aNtz;ba gzpfisr; nrt;tNd nra;J elT taypy;
ehw;W elT nra;ag;gl;lJ. Gd;nra;gg
; apu;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tpijfs;
tpijj;Jg; guhkupf;fg;gl;ld.

C. fisnaLj;jy;

fisnaLj;jiyAk; elT eLjiyAk; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj

ngz;fNs nra;J te;Js;sdu; vd mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
ed;nra;g;gapupy; cs;s fisfisf; iffspdhy; fisjy;
eilngw;Ws;sJ. Gd;nra;g; gapu;fspy; cs;s fisfisf;
fisf;nfhj;J nfhz;L ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fisntl;Lk; rkak; epyj;jpy;
rpwpjsNtZk; <uk; Ntz;Lnkd;gjhy; kio nga;j <uk; cs;s epiyapy;
fisnaLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

v. ghJfhj;jy;

ed;nra;g; gapu;fisg; gd;wp> ahid Nghd;w tpyq;Ffs; fjpiuj;

jpd;W mopf;Fk; gwitapdk; fjpu;fisr; Nrjg;gLj;Jk;. ez;L> vyp
Nghd;witfSk; gapu;fisr; Nrjg;gLj;Jk;. Gd;nra;g; gapu;fspd;
ghJfhg;gpw;F cau;e;j guz; mikj;Jg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J Mz;fSk; Gs;spdq;fspypUe;J gfypy; ngz;fSk;
ghJfhj;jjhfr; nra;jpfs; mwpaf; fpilf;fpd;wd.

V. mWtil

ed;nra;g; gapu;fs; mupths; nfhz;L kf;fshy; mWj;Jf;

fl;Lf;fl;b fsk; Nru;ff
; g;gl;lJ. fjpubj;Jj; J}w;wp ney; kzpfisg;
gpupj;njLf;f vUJfisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,t;tifapy;
135
itf;NfhiyAk; ney;iyAk; gpupj;Js;sdu;. ney;kzpfis caukhd
new;$Lfspy; ghJfhj;J itj;Js;sikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

I . mWtilf;Fg; gpd; nray;fs;

mWtilf;Fg; gpd; ney;yWj;j epyj;jpy; <uk; fhAk; Kd;ghf

coT nra;J gz;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cOj tay;fspy; cSe;J> gapW
Nghd;w gapu;fis tpijj;J epytsk; NgZtJld; kf#Yk;
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fUk;G mWtilf;Fg;gpd; fl;ilg;gapuhf tsutpl;Lk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mWtilapy; fpilj;j jhdpaq;fis <uk;
cyu;j;jpr; Nrkpg;gJk; itf;Nfhiyf; $iu NtaTk; khl;bw;F
czthfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.

x. tpisr;ry;

mjpfstpy; kf#y; ngwg;gl;Lr; rpwg;ghd gapu;j;njhopy; nra;J

tug;gl;Ls;sJ. xNu epyj;jpy; ,U gapu;r;rhFgb nra;ag;gl;L fyg;Gg;
gapu; Kiwapy; $Ljy; tpisr;ry; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. cotu;fspd;
njspe;j Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;g mwpTk; mt;twpT top topNa
mDgtj;jpdbg;gilapy; tsu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp jhdpaq;fs;> gapW tiffs;> fUk;G>

gUj;jp Nghd;w gy;tifg; gapu;fs; gapu;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iw
xt;nthd;whfj; njhopEl;g rpe;jidNahL ghu;f;fyhk;.

3;.6 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gapu;j;njhopy; KiwAk; njhopy;El;gKk;

Nkw;$wg;gl;Ls;s fhuzpfisf; nfhz;Lk; mjpy; Nkw;nfhz;l

njhopy;El;gq;fs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

3.6.1 Vu; nfhz;L cOjy;

kio nga;j xU ehspy; epyk; Vu; kw;Wk; khL nfhz;L

cog;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; „kz; Jfs;fSf;F ,ilNa fhw;Nwhl;lk;
mjpfupj;J> epyk; nghy nghyntd nkd;ikahfpd;wJ.‟51 gapu;fs;
kz;zpy; ed;F Ntu; gpbj;J tsu Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,t;cOjy; njhopy;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; ed;whf gapw;rpngw;w ey;y vUJfisg; G+l;b
cog;gl;Ls;sJ. cotu; vUJfisj; Nju;e;njLj;J Vu;fspy; G+l;Ltu;
vd;gij>

136
 “<ur; nrt;tp Ajtpd thapDk;

gy;nyUj; Js;S ey;nyUJ Nehf;fp

tPWtP whA Kotd; Nghyg;”52

vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa coTj; njhopypy;

gapd;w ngupa vUJfisf; Fbypd; Kw;wj;jpNyNa Efj;jpy; G+l;bf;
nfhz;L nrd;W>ngz; ahidapd; Jjpf;ifg; Nghy; tise;j fyg;ig
cilaJk; cLk;gpd; Kfj;ijg; Nghd;w nfhO mike;jpUg;gJk; Mfpa
Vupid Xl;br; nry;tu;. mq;F epyj;jpy; jho; tsu;e;J epw;Fk;. ,jidg;
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapd; %yk;.

“Fb epiw ty;rpr; nrQ;rh Yotu;

eiletpy; ngUk;gfL Gjtpw; G+l;bg;

gpbth ad;d kbtha; ehQ;rpy;

cLg;GKf KOf;nfhO %o;f T+d;wpj;

njhLg;ngwpe; JOj Jsu;gL Jlit

mupGF nghOjp dpupay; Nghfp

tz;zf; flk;gp dWky ud;d

tsupsk; gps;is joP,f; FWq;fhw;

fiwazw; FWk;G+o; fl;rpf; Nrf;Fk;

td;Gyk; kpwe;j gpd;iw”53

vd;Dk; ghlypd; %yk; mWtilf; fhyj;Nj nra;Ak; Muthuj;ijf;

fz;L mg;gapupilNa tho;e;J nfhz;bUe;j FWq;fhypidAk; fupa
fOj;jpidAk; cila fupr;rhd; FUtp> nts;spa eWkzk; nfhz;l
ntz;flk;gg;G+it xj;J jd; tsUk; FQ;RfSld; jha;g;
gwitfhl;bw;Fr; nrd;Wjq;Fk;. ,j;jifa ,ay;gpdJ td;dpyk;.

“neLney; milr;rpa fodpNau; GFj;Jf;

137
 FLkpf; fl;ba glg;ignahL kpspu

mupfhy; Ngho;e;j njupgfl; Lotu;”;54

vd;W mfehD}w;wpd; %yk; tpisepyj;jpy; Vu; G+l;lg;gl;lijf;

fhzKbfpd;wJ.

3.6.1.1 cOjypy; El;gk;

epyj;jpid MokhfTk;> kz; NkYk;> fPOkhf GuSk; gbAk;

gyKiw ed;F cOtu;. cOJ clNd gapu;nra;ahky;> epyj;jpidf;
fhatpLtu; Mwg;NghLjy; mjdhy; mg;GOjpNa vUthf khWk; vd;ghu;
ts;Stu; (Fws;.1037). mt;thW cOJ fhatpl;l epyj;jpw;F gpb vUTk;
Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhu;. mjhtJ GOjp kz; ehd;fpd; xUgq;fhFk;gb
cOJ fhatpl;lhy; mg;GOjpNa gapUf;F ey;y vUthFk; vd;gJ
,aw;if Ntshz; mwptpayhFk;.55,jid>

“rpWGwq; fitapddhf cWngay;

jz;Jspf; Nfw;w gyTO nrQ;nra;

kz;Nghy; nefpo;e;jtw; fYo;e;Nj”56

vd;w mbfspd; %yk; Fspu;e;j kioia Vw;Wf;nfhz;l kz;izg; gy

Kiw cOtjdhy; nkd;ikahFk; vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk;>

“G+op kaq;fg; gy TOJ tpj;jp”57

vd;w ghlypd; top G+kp nefpOk;gb gyKiw cOJs;sdu; vd;gij

fhzKbfpd;wJ.

3.6.2 ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfs;

epytsj;jpw;F mLj;j gbahf ePu;tsk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ePupy;

,ay;ghff; fye;Js;s Mf;rp[d; jhtuq;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
epyj;jpy; ePu; ,y;iyNay; tpisr;ry; Fd;wp capu;fs; thLk;. vdNt

138
gapu;j;njhopYf;F ePu;g;ghrdk; Njitahd xd;W MFk;. mjpYk; ney; Xu;
mad kz;lyj;jpy; tpistpf;fg;gLk; Kjd;ikg; gapuhFk;.
mjpfntg;gKk;> mjpfsT ePUk; new;gapu; tsuj; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
njhopy;El;gj;ijr; rq;ffhy kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

3.6.2.1 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ePu; ghJfhg;G Kiw

Xilfspd; FWf;Nf „fw;rpiw‟ vdg;gLk; fy;yhyhd mizfisf;

fl;bj; jz;zPiur; rpiwgpbj;jJNghyj; Njf;fpf; fhy;tha; topNa
mDg;Gfpd;w Kiw njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpNyNa ngUtof;fhf
,Ue;Js;sJ. vjpu;j;J tUk; Nghu;tPuu;fis xUtdhf epd;W
fw;rpiwNghyj; jLj;J epWj;Jjy; jiytdpd; gz;G. ,jid>

“tUtpir Gdiyf; fw;rpiw Nghy

xUtd; jhq;fpa ngUik ahDk;”58

vd;w ghlypd; top> ngUfp tUk; ePiu jLj;J epWj;jpaJ Nghy> khw;whu;
gilapidj; jLj;J epWj;Jjy; vd;gjd; %yk; ePu;ghJfhg;G Kiwia
mwpaKbfpwJ.

3.6.2.2 ePu; ghrdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

gapu;fs; XuwpT capu;tifiar; rhu;e;jit. fhw;W> #upa xsp>

jz;zPu; %d;Wk; gapu;tpisa ,d;wpaikahjit. #upa xsp
gapu;tpisAk; ,lj;jpNyNa fpilf;fpd;wd. jz;zPuhdJ mt;thwpy;yhky;
fpilg;gjw;fupa nghUshf cs;sJ. ,jid El;gkhf gad;gLj;jp
nray;gLj;jp ifahz;Ls;sdu;.

3.6.2.3 gapu;j;njhopy; ePu; ghrd Kiwfs;

ePu;epiyfis ,aw;if ePu;epiyfs;> nraw;if ePu;epiyfs; vd

,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;. MW> mUtp> Rid> Nghd;witfs; ,aw;if
ePu;epiyfs;. Fsk;> Vup> Nfzp Nghd;witfs; nraw;if ePu;epiyfs;.
,e;ePu;epiyfspy; kioapd; jd;ik nfhz;L ePu;tuj;ijg; nghWj;J ePupd;
msT mikAk;. rq;ffhy kf;fs; Fsk;> tha;ff
; hy; rPuikj;J xt;nthU
gapUf;F Vw;g Njitahd ePiug; gha;r;rpAs;sdu;. „neLePu;r;nrWtpy;
vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ghlybapd; top taypy; mjpfkhd ePu;
gha;r;rg;gl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk;>

139
 “ePu; ,d;W mikah ahf;iff;F vy;yhk;
cz;b nfhLj;Njhu; capu;fn
; fhLj;NjhNu
cz;b Kjw;Nw cztpd; gpz;lk;
czntdg; gLtJ epyj;NjhL ePNu”59
vd;gjd; %yk; capu;fs; tho czT vt;tsT Kf;fpaj; NjitNah
mijg;Nghy> ePUk; Kf;fpa MjhukhfpwJ. gapUf;F Vupfs;>
tha;ff
; hy;fs; Fsq;fs;> fpzWfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
ePu;gg
; ha;r;rpAs;sdu;. gs;skhd gFjpNaad;wp;> ghiwfisAk;
rpWkiyfisAk; ,ilapilNa fiuahf mikj;J ePiu Nrkpj;Js;sdu;.
ePu; Nrkpf;f gy;NtW topKiwfisf; ifahz;Ls;s nra;jpia>

“miwAk; nghiwAk; kze;j jiya

vz;zhl; bq;fsida nfhLq;fiu”60
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. nts;isf;Fb ehfdhu; Nrhoid
Nehf;fp> ePjp jtwhik ,Uf;Fk; ehl;by;> vy;yh tsKk; ngUFk;
vd;gij>

“khup ngha;g;gpDk; thup Fd;wpDk;

,aw;if ay;yd nraw;ifapw; Nwhd;wpDk;
fhtyu;g; gopf;Fkpf;Fkpf; fz;zfd; Qhyk;
mJ ew;F mwpe;jid Mapd;> ePAk;
nehJk yhsu; nghJnkhop nfhs;shJ
gfLGwe; jUeu; ghuNkhk;gpf;
FbGwe; jUFit ahapd;wpd;”61
vd;w ghlypd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. kd;du;fs; ePu;g;ghrdj;jpw;fhf
mizfisf; fl;bAs;sdu;.
“ngha;if thapy; Gdy; nghU Gjtpd;”62
vd;Dk; gjpw;Wg;gj;J ghlypd; top Nrukd;dd; mizfl;bAs;sik
njupa tUfpd;wJ. fhtpup> ngz;iz Kjypa MWfs; ePu;g;ghrdj;jpw;F
cjtpd. rpyNeuq;fspy; Fsq;fspd; ePiu tba ,iwj;J tay;fSf;F
ePu; gha;r;rg;gl;Ls;sd.

“ePu;j;njt;T epiuj;njhOtu;
ghL rpyk;G kpirNaw;wj;
NjhLtoq;Fk; mfyhk;gpapw;
fad ifa tadpiwf;Fk;;”63

140
NkYk;> ePu;epiyfis ,uTk; gfYk; fhj;J ePiu xOq;FgLj;Jk;
fhtyu;fs; ,Ue;Js;sij>

“vwpjpiuj; jptiy J}cQ; rpWNfhl;Lg;

ngUq;Fsq; fhtyd; Nghy”64

vDk; mfehD}w;wpd; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.Ntshz; cw;gj;jpf;F

ePu;epiyfs; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. ,it Nte;ju;fshYk;
FWepyj;jiytu;fshYk; Ntshz; njhopyhsu;fshYk;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;ld. Ntshz;ikj; njhopYf;F gz;ila Nte;ju;fs;
cjtp Gupe;Js;sdu; (Gwk;.18). mjpfkhd ahidfs; epd;W Fspf;Fk;
mstpw;F ePu;epiyfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdu; (Gwk;.94:12). ghupapd; ehl;by;
vz;zw;w rpWFsq;fs; ghJfhg;gpd;wp cilAk; epiyapy; ,Ug;gij>

“njs; ePu;r; rpWFsk; fPo;tJ”65

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. Nts; Ma; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; gy

fpzWfs; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

FWepyj; jiytu;fs; ngha;if> neLePu;f;Fl;lk; Mfpatw;iw

mikj;jdu;. fhtpup Mw;wpypUe;J tha;ff ; hy; ntl;b mjd; %yk;
ePu;gg
; ha;r;rp jho;e;j epyq;fspy; nre;ney; fodpfSk; Njhl;lq;fSk;
tpise;jd vd;gij>

“fhtpup aizAe; jho;ePu;g; glg;ig

ney;tpis fodp ak;gu; Gy;ypa”66

vd;gjpypUe;J mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ePu; epiyfs; tw;wpdhYk; gy;NtW

topfspy; jz;zPu;g; gw;whf;Fiwia ePff ; p Ntshz; cw;gj;jpf;F
kd;du;fs; (Gwk;.261:1-6) cjtp Gupe;Js;sdu;. nry;tf;fLq;Nfh
thopahjhd; nghUie Mw;wpypUe;J fhy;tha; ntl;b mjd; %yk; ney;
tpisr;riy ngUf;fpdhd; vd;gij>

“fy;nyd; nghUie kzypDk; khq;fl;

gy;Y}u; Rw;wpa fodp”67
,g;ghlypd; %yk; mwpayhk;. NkYk;>

“fhLnfhd;W ehlhf;fpf;

141
 Fse;njhl;L tsk;ngUf;fpg;”68
vd;w ghly; mbfs; %yk; Nrhokd;dd; fhyj;jpy; jPl;lg; ngw;w
Ntshz;ikj; jpl;lj;ijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. fhLfis mopj;J ed;nra;
epyq;fs; cUthf;fg;ngw;wikAk; mtw;Ws; gapuplj; Njitahd
ePu;tsj;jpw;fhff; Fsq;fs; mfog;ngw;wikAk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,d;iwa
ehspy; fhzg;gLk; jupR epy Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; Nghd;N;w md;iwa
ehspy; Ntshz;ikia ngUf;f ePu;epiyf;F ghJfhg;gpw;F gy
njhopy;El;gq;fis mf;fhyj;J kf;fs; rf;jpf;Nfw;g mikj;Js;sikia
mwpaKbfpwJ. twl;rpahd fhyq;fspy; ePu;epiyfisf;fhg;gjw;F
tiyau;fSk; (ngUk;.272-274) kiof;fhyq;fspy; Fsq;fs; cilahky;
ghJfhf;f fhtyu;fSk; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;(Iq;.206:2). Fsq;fs;
ngUFtjw;Fk; mit cilahky; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; gy
njhopy;El;gq;fis cotu;fs; ifahz;Ls;sdu;.

3.6.2.4 ePu;gg
; hJfhg;G njhopy;El;gq;fs;

1. jhq;fNs ePu;g;ngUf;ifj; jLj;J epWj;jp ePu;j; Njf;fq;fis

mikj;Js;sdu;.
2. mjpfkhd jz;zPu; tUk;nghOJ mjidf; fUk;Gfis mLf;fpj;
jLj;J tpis epyq;fspy; Njf;fp itg;gjw;F miziaf;
fl;bAs;sdu;.
3. rpy Neuq;fspy; fl;L kPwp tUk; ePu;g;ngUf;if kz;zhy;
milf;fhky; kPidf; nfhz;L milj;Js;sdu;.
4. mjpf kioapdhy; ePu;j; Njf;fq;fs; Mokhf mWf;fg;gLtJk;
cz;L mjidj; jLj;J epWj;j itf;Nfhy;fs; kPJ kzy;
%l;ilfis mLf;fp mizahff; fl;bAs;sdu;.
5. epyj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd ePiu ,iwg;gjw;F Vw;wk;>tl;b Nghd;w
fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

ePu; Nkyhz;ikiag; ghJfhj;jw; nghUl;L Nte;ju;fs; Kjy; filrpf;

Fbkf;fs; tiu ePu;ts Mjhuj;ijg; ngUf;fpAs;sdu;. mjw;Nfw;w
njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; mtu;fs; mwpe;Js;sdu;.

3.6.3 tpij tpijj;jy;

„Mbg;gl;lk; Njb tpij‟ vd;gJ gonkhop. ,e;j gonkhop

Mbkhjj;jpy; ney; tpijf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;JfpwJ.

142
nghJthf jkpofj;jpy; fhu;> rk;gh> FWit> nrhdk;> etiu> Nfhil
gl;lq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;jg; gl;lq;fs; my;yJ gUtq;fs; vy;yhNk
new;gapiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rq;f fhyj;jpy;
tpijfisg; ghJfhj;J tpijj;Js;sdu;. rhd;whf> ney;yWtil
nra;jgpd; kPz;Lk; cOj <ukhd ed;nra; epyj;jpy; tpijg;gjw;F
tpijfisf; flfg;ngl;bapy; nfhz;L nry;tu; vd;gij

“mupfhy; khwpa mq;fz; mfy;tay;

kWfhy; cOj <ur; nrWtpd;

tpj;njhL nrd;w tl;b gw;gy

kPndhL ngaUk; ahzu; Cu”69

vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly; Fwpg;gpLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ. tpijj;jgpd;

mg;ngl;bapy; kPd; nfhzu;tu;. mJNghy; kyiu epug;gp tUjYKz;L.
,g;ghf;fspd; %yk; tpijfisg; ghJfhj;J tpijf;Fk; Kiw
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;Js;sijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

3.6.4 elTeLKd; taiy nrg;gk; nra;jy;

cotu;fs; khLfs; G+l;ba Vu;fisf; nfhz;L epyj;ij cOtu;.

kfspu; ney;ehw;Wf;fis eLKd; jk; fhy;fshy; Nrw;iw kpjpg;gu;. gpd;
ney; ehw;Wf;fis eLtu; fisfisg; gwpg;gu;. rpwpa moFila
nea;jYld; Mk;giyAk;> nfhz;ilazpe;j $e;jYila kq;ifau;
fisahfg; gwpg;gu; vd;w fhl;rpiag; GwehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. taypy;
gpwOk; thiskPd; taiyr; nrg;gk; nra;Ak; jsk;G vDk; fUtpahy;
Jz;bf;fg;gLk;. ,jid>

“nfhz;ilf; $ioj; jz; jiof; filrpau;

rpW khz; nea;jy; Mk;gnyhL fl;Fk;

kyq;F kpspu;> nrWtpd; jsk;G jbe;J,l;l”70

,g;ghlypd; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. „jsk;G‟ vd;gJ Nrw;Wf;fl;b

cilf;Fk; fUtp‟71 MFk;.

143
3.6.5 ghJfhj;j tpijfis ehw;WtpLjy;

rq;ffhy kf;fs; tpijfisg; ghJfhj;Jk; mjid ehw;whf

tsu;j;J gpd; ngau;j;J eLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. gyTapu;fis
czthfj; juf;$ba Nghu; kwtdhf vopdp ,Ug;g> mtDapiu ,oe;J
mtDf;Nf NfL tpistpj;J nfhz;lhd; vd;gij tPo;FbAotd;
tpj;jpidAz;lJ Nghy; vd;W ctikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cotu;fNs
tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j ney;iy mtu;fNs cz;lik Nghy vd
nghUSiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;ctikapd; top tpij ney;iy
ghJfhj;Js;sdu; vd;Wk;> mij cz;ljdhy; tPo;Fb cotd; vd;W
milnkhopahf;fg;gl;Ls;sij>

“tPo;Fb Aotd; tpj;Jz; lhmq;”72

vd;Dk; Gwg;ghlyhy; mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; kio nga;jTld;

gytpjkhd tpijfis itj;jpUf;fpd;w cotpNy rpwe;j cotu;fs;
jq;fs; Ntiyia Cf;fj;Jld; nra;fpd;wdu; vd;gij “gy;tpij Aotpw;
rpy;Ny uhsu;” (76:11) vd gjpw;Wg;gj;J Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jd; top
kpFjpahf tpijj;jw;Nfw;gTk; gytifahd tpijfisr; rq;ffhy
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

3.6.5.1 ehw;W eLjy;

kUjepyj;jpy; new;$Lfs; kiynad tpsq;Fk;. vUik

khLfisf; nfhz;l cotd; ,utpy; J}q;fhky; Fspu;e;j ,Us; mfYk;
tpbaw; fhyj;Nj fupa fz;fisf; nfhz;l tuhy;kPdpd; ngupa
Jz;lq;fisf; Fok;gpy; gpwotpl;L czTf;Fupa muprpahy; rikj;j
Nrhw;Wj;jpuis tpUk;gp cz;L jd; coj;jpaNuhL ePu;kpf;f Nrw;wpNy
ehw;Wfis eLtjw;Fr; nry;Ythd; vd;gij

“kiyfz; ld;d epiyGzu; eptg;gpd;

…………………………………………

ePUW nrWtpy; ehWKb aOe;jepd;

mLe NuhLeP Nrwp ahapd;”73

144
vd;Dk; ew;wpiz kw;Wk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil(212) ghly;fs; %yk;
mwpaKbfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W xw;iw ehw;W elTKiw> Neub
ney;tpijg;G Kiw> njhopy; El;g> fisnaLf;Fk; Kiw> Nghd;w
,aw;if rhu;e;j epiyj;j tptrha Kiwfs; ghuk;gupakhf gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. kw;w nray;ghLfs; Kw;wpYk; khWgl;Ls;sJ.

3.6.6 fisfis ePf;Fjypy; El;gk;

rq;f fhy kf;fs; cotpd; Nkd;ikia cau;j;j fisnaLf;Fk;

njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,jid>

“iftpid khf;flQ; nra;tpid Kbkhu;”74

vd;w FWe;njhifapd; ghlypd; %yk; ifahy; fisnaLf;Fk;

njhopiyr; nra;Nthu; iftpid khf;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lijf;
fhzKbfpwJ. NkYk;>

“fisQu; je;j fizf;fh nda;jw;

fl;fko; GJg;G+ Kidapd;”75

vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ghlyhy; fisfis ePf;Fk; Kiwiar;

rpwe;j tifapy; nra;Js;sdu;. ,t;thW ney;taypy; jz;zPupy;
fisfis gpLq;FtJ Nghy;> jupR epyq;fspy; kz; ,Wf;fpg; Nghtjhy;
kz;zpy; fhw;Nwhl;lk; FiwfpwJ. mjdhy; epyj;ijf;
fpswpf;nfhLg;gjw;fhff; fisf;nfhl;Lld; epyj;jpy; fis vLj;Js;sdu;.
,jid>

“NfhLilf; ifau; Jsu;vwp tpidQu;”76

,g;ghlypd; %yk; fisnfhl;bidAila ifapduha; ,Ue;Js;sijf;

fhzKbfpwJ. Jsu; vd;Dk; fis nfhl;Lf; fUtpapidg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sij>

“njha;ahJ tpj;jpa Jsu;gL Jlit”77

vd;Dk; ,t;tbfspd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.

145
3.6.7 vU kw;Wk; cuk; ,Ljy;

„kz; vd;gJ ghf;Bupahf;fs;> G+Q;irfs; (Fungi) ghrpfs; (Algae)

Nghd;w gy;NtW Ez;Zapu;fs; thOk; ,e;j cz;ikapid ed;F
mwpe;j ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtu fopTfis kz;zpy;
,Lfpd;wdu;.‟78 rq;f fhyj;jpy; Ntshz; kf;fs; fhy;eilfspd;
fopthfpa njhO cuKk; ,iyjioahfpa jioAuKk; gad;gLj;Jtij
kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. epyk; tskhf ,Uf;fTk; gapu; nropg;Gw;W
tpsq;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;NghJ ,k;Kiw ,aw;if
njhopy;El;gk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

“,Uk;Gdpw;W vUikg; ngUQ;nrtpf; Fotp>

ige;jhJ vUtpd;”79

“jhnjU kWfpd; MGwj; jPz;Lk;”80

“jhnjU kWfpd; %J}u;”81

“,LKs; Ntyp naUg;gL tiug;gpd”;82

,g;ghly;fspd; top Fg;igfSk; Mepiufspd; fopTfSk; vUthfg;

gad;gl;likia mwpaKbfpwJ. vUf;fisf; nfhl;b itg;gjw;nfd
tplg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; mtw;iwr; Nru;j;J itg;gu;. ,J “jhnjU kd;wk;”
(fyp.108:60) vdg;gLfpwJ. gapu; kpfTk; nropg;Gld; tsuTk; cukpLjy;
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. ey;y cuk; Fwpj;j cs;Szu;T cilatNd
ey;y Njhl;lf;fhud; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. goe;jkpou;fs;
,iyj;jiofisAk; tpyq;Ffspd; vUitAk; (FWe;.100>fyp.108:60)
cukhfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,jpypUe;J ,aw;if cuq;fisg;
ghJfhj;J gad;gLj;jpAs;sikg; GydhfpwJ.

3.6.8 gapu;ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs;

tpisepyq;fis tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfsplkpUe;J

ghJfhj;jy; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. rq;ffhy kf;fs; tpis epyq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gij jpidg;Gdk; fhj;jy; vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;. tpisgaph;fis
mopf;Fk; gwitfis tpul;Ltjw;F joy;> (mfk;.188:11) vd;Dk;
fUtpiaAk; jl;il (FwpQ;.328> FWe;.193:2)> Fspu; (FwpQ;.43) Kjypa
fUtpfisAk;> tpyq;Ffis tpul;Ltjw;F fiz (ew;.393:4)> mlhu;
146
(ew;.119:3>kiygL.194) Kjypa fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
tpisepyq;fspy; tUk; gwit> tpyq;Ffis tpul;Ltjw;F jz;Zik
(ew;.350>FW.375:4) vd;Dk; giwapidAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
tpisepyq;fisr; Rw;wp Ntyp mikf;Fk; kuGk; rq;ffhy kf;fsplk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntypfis kuk;> nrb> nfhbfisf; nfhz;Lk;
(ngUk;.126) fhl;L Kl;fisf; nfhz;Lk; (ngUk;.154) ghJfhj;J
cs;sdu;.

3.6.9 ePz;l ney;tay;fs;

new;gapu; ed;whf tsu;e;J fpisj;J Kw;wpd. ,j;jifa fjpupd;

tsikia mfehD}W>

“gPs;tpupe; jpiwQ;rpa gpwq;Ffjpu;f; fodpney;nyhyp..”83

“ePL fjpu;f; fodpr; #L jLjhWk;”84
;

,jdhy; new;fjpu;fs; ePz;ldthAk;> kzpfs; epuk;gp cs;sijf;

fhzKbfpwJ. ePz;l fjpiu cila ney;ypd; mupe;j jhis ,Lkplk;
mwpahJ jLkhwpaf; fhl;rpiaAk; fhzKbfpwJ. NkYk; thioapd;
nky;ypajhw;wpd; (thioj;jhW) Edpapy; njhq;Fk; G+ir mirar;
nra;fpw msTf;F tay;fspy; new;gapu;;fs; Xq;fp tsu;e;jpUe;jd.

“thionkd; NjhL thu;GWG Cf;Fk;

ney;tpis fodp Neu;fz; nrWtpd;”85

Nkw;fz;l ghlybfs; new;gapupd; tsu;r;rpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

„Ie;jb cauk; tiu tsu;e;j ghuk;gupa ney; Fs;suf ney;yhf
tsu;r;rp mile;Js;sJ. cz;ikapy; ,t;thW nraw;ifahff;
fz;Lgpbj;j ney;ypy; $Ljy; tpisr;ry; ngw ,aytpy;iy‟86 vd;Wk;
khLfSf;F jPtdj; jl;Lg;ghLk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ ,aw;if
Ntshz;ik mwpQu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. ePz;l thioiaj; njhl;l
ney;kzpfis tptrhapfs; njhiyj;J tpl;ldu;. mjw;F gRikg;Gul;rpj;
jhd; fhuzk; vd;W $Wk; Ntisapy;> ,t;tifahd kuGtop
Ntshz;ik nra;a ,d;W Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ gioa kw;Wk; rq;f
fhyj; njhopy;fs; kPl;LUthf;fk; ngw;WtUfpwJ vdyhk;.

147
3.6.9.1 ney;yWj;jy;

cotu;fs; ney; Kw;wpa gpd; mjid mWtilr; nra;jdu;.

,r;nray;fs;. gw;wp>

“igjw tpise;j ngUe;nre; ney;ypd;

J}k;Gilj; jpulhs; Jkpj;j tpidQu;”87

vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil coTj;njhopy; nra;gtu;fs; gRik ePq;Fk;gb

Kw;wpa ngupa nre;ney;ypd; cl;Gwk; ntw;wplkhf cs;s J}k;Gilj;
jhspid mr;rpWtu; mWf;Fk; njhopy;nra;tu; vd;W vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

“ntz;nzy; yupQu; jz;Zik ntuP,f;

fz;klw; nfhz;l jPe;Nj dpupaf;”88

vd;w GwehD}W ghly; %yk; ntz;nzy; mupe;jijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

ney;iy mWgtu; new;fjpu;fNshL tz;LfisAk;> Njd; $LfisAk;
mk;FWthshy; mupe;Js;sdu;. NkYk; taypy; kapy; cjpu;j;j
Njhiffis cotu;fs; mupe;j new;fjpu;fNshL Nru;j;Jf; fl;Ltu;
vd;gij>

“god kQ;iQ cFj;j gPyp

fodp cotu; #l;nlhL njhFf;Fk”;89

vd;Dk; ghlypd; top mwpaKbfpwJ. fodpapy; ney; mupAk;NghJ>

gzpapilf; fisg;G jPu;tjw;F giw ,irg;gu; vd;w Fwpg;ig
mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; (mfk;.40) jUfpwJ. mWtil nra;j ney;iy
Nghubf;f (cjpu;f;f) vUikfisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

3.7 gapu;Row;rp Kiw

gapu;Row;rp vd;gJ xNu epyj;jpy; ntt;NtW gapu;fis

mLj;jLj;J gapupLk; KiwahFk;. Kjy; gUtj;jpy; ney;> mLj;j
gUtj;jpy; cSe;J> mjw;fLj;J gaWtiffs; vd khwp> khwp gapupLk;
gapu; Row;rp Kiwapdhy; kz;zpd; tsk; $Lfpd;wJ. „mfj;jp> mtiu>
Jtiu> nkhr;ir> gaW> cSe;J> jl;il> nfhs;S> fliy> nrk;ig>
mTup> nfhOQ;rp. jf;ifg; G+z;L> rzg;G> eupg;gapW Nghd;w nrbfspd;

148
Ntu;fs; iel;u[id <u;j;J toq;Fk; ty;yik ngw;Ws;sjhy; epyk;
,aw;ifahf tsk; ngw fyg;Gg;gapu; rhFgb> gapu; Row;rp Kiwfisf;
ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd Nfh. ek;kho;thu;‟90 Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,j;jifa
gapu;Row;rp Kiw rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;Js;sd.
,jid>

“supfhw; ngUk;gaW epiwf;Fk;”91

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; ney; mWtil Kbe;jgpd; jhsbapy; gaW

tiffspy; xd;whd ngUk;gapW gapuplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3.7.1 khw;Wg;gapu; (m) CLgapu;

ney; mWtilr; nra;j epyj;jpy; khw;Wg; gapuhf mtiu> gUj;jp

Nghd;w gapu;fisg; gapupl;ldu;. ,jid>

“ngUk;Gdf; Fwtd; rpWjpid kWfhy;

nfhOq;nfhb atiu G+f;Fk;”92

;

vd;w ghly;fspd; top> new;gaph;> jpidg;gaph; Mfpatw;wpd; CNl>

CLgapuhf mtiug; gaphplg;gl;lJ vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpwJ. ney;
tay;fspd; CNl mtiuAk; G+j;Jr; nrwpTld; tpsq;fpaJ

“mtiug; igk;G+g; gapu mfy;tapw;

fjpu;thu; fha;ney; fl;FfpdpJ ,iwQ;rr;”93

rpwpa jpidg;gapuplj;Nj G+j;Jf; fha;j;j mtiuf; nfhb kPsTk; G+f;fj;

njhlq;Fk; vd;gijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. „ney; tay; tug;Gfspy; gaW
tifg;gaph;fis tpijg;gJ ,yhgfukhdJ‟94 vd;gJ ,d;iwa ,aw;if
Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gk;. Ez;Zaph; iel;u[d; Row;rp vd;gd
mz;ikf;fhy mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;. ,tw;iw vy;yhk; mwpahj
fhyk; rq;ffhyk;. Mdhy; ,j;jifa njhopy;El;gj;ijr; rq;ffhy
kf;fs; md;Nw nra;Js;sdu;.

3.8 Neha; jLg;G Kiwfs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gapu;fSf;F Neha; te;jjw;fhd Fwpg;Gf;fs;

,y;iy. Mdhy; ePy epwkhf tsu;e;jpUe;j vs; (kiygL.102-106)

149
nrbAs;s epyj;jpy;>„kFsp vd;w Neha; guthJ.‟95 vd;gjpypUe;J
gapu;tiffis cw;W Nehf;fp Neha; tUKd; jLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu; vdyhk;. gapu;fSf;F ez;L> vyp> fpsp> ahid> gd;wp
Nghd;w capupdq;fshy; mopT Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mjid guz; mikj;J
ghJfhj;jy;> Ntl;ilahly; Mfpa epfo;Tfshy; rupnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;capupdq;fs; gapu;fspy; cs;s jhdpaq;fis cz;Zk;NghJ
gapu;fSf;F Nehahf tUk; rpW G+r;rpfisAk; cz;L ,Uf;fyhk;.
,t;capupdq;fs; tpul;lg;gLk; NghJ G+r;rpfs; gwe;J ,Uf;fyhk;. rq;f
fhyj;jpy; capupdq;fs; rkepiyg;ghLld; ,Ue;Js;sjhy; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypg;
gad;ghL ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jpUf;fTk; tha;g;Gz;L.

3.9 Ntshz; fUtpfs;

fbdkhd kw;Wk; EZf;fkhd ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk;

njhopiyAk; vspjhf> rupahf> Fiwe;jfhyj;jpy; Fiwthd
Ntiyahl;fSld; nra;tjw;F gy;NtW fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;.
,d;iwa Ntshz;ikf;Fj; Njitahd gy etPdf;fUtpfs;> fduf
,ae;jpuq;fs;> cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L mjpf tpiyf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,d;W tptrha cw;gj;jpr; nryT mjpfupj;jjw;Ff; fhuzk;
,g;ngUe;njhopw;rhiyfs; jhd; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd;
top Ntshz;ikf;Fj; Njitahd midj;Jf; fUtpfSk; cgfuzq;fs;
kw;Wk; cjpupghfq;fs; Nghd;wit cs;@upNyNa nfhy;yu;fshYk;
jr;ru;fshYk; cs;@u;g; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L kpff;Fiwe;j nrytpd;wp
jahupj;J toq;fg;gl;ld. ,f;fUtpfisNa kuGtop Ntshz;ikf;
fUtpfs; vd;wiof;fpd;Nwhk;. mit fyg;ig> Jsu;> jSk;G Nghd;w gy
fUtpfs; Ntshz;ikf;fhf gad;gl;L te;Js;sd.

3.9.1 fyg;ig

coTj;njhopypd; ,d;wpaikahj fUtp fyg;igNaahFk;.

epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jk; nraYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpahFk;
fyg;ig> ehQ;rpy;‟96 vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ahidapd; thiag; Nghd;Wk;
nfhO cLk;gpd; Kfk; Nghd;Wk; Njhw;wk; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ vd;W
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fyg;igahy; twz;l epyj;ijAk; Mo cOj nra;jp
fpilf;fpwJ.

150
3.9.2 jSk;G (m) jsk;G

„jSk;G‟97 vd;gJ epyj;ijr; rkg;gLj;Jk; fUtpahFk;. ,J

ed;nra; epyj;jpy; cOj taypy; NkLgs;sk; ,y;yhky; rkg;gLj;j
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

3.9.3 Vw;wk;

tay;fSf;F ePiug;ghrdk; nra;a cjTk; fUtp „Vw;wk;‟98

MFk;. ePh;epiyfspypUe;J ePh; Vw;wk; nfhz;L ,iwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Vw;wj;jpd; topNa ,iwj;J tha;f; fhypy; gha;r;rg;gl;Lg; ghrdk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Fsj;jpypUe;J ePiu ,iwj;Jg; ghrdk; nra;af;
gad;gLj;Jk; kw;nwhUf; fUtp fpohu; MFk;.

3.9.4 Jsh;

fisnaLf;Fk; fUtp „Jsh;‟99 vd;W miof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ed;nra;

epyq;fspy; fis gpLq;fp vwpag;gl;Ls;sJ Gd;nra; epyq;fspy; „fis‟
,f;fUtpahy; ntl;b mg;Gwg;gLj;jpAs;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.

3.9.5 Fak;ths;

ney;yWg;Nghh; tise;j mupthisg; gad;gLj;jp mWj;Js;sdh;.

mjw;Ff; „Fak;ths; my;yJ mhpths;‟ 100
vd;W ngah;. „ney;yup
njhOtu; $u;thSw;nwd‟ (195:6) vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly; $u;ths; gw;wp
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,f;fUtpfNshL tpise;j jhdpaq;fisf; ftu tUk;
gwitfis tpul;Ltjw;F Fspu;> mupg;giw;> jz;Zik;> jl;il> ftz;>
mlhu;> FWe;jb Nghd;w gy fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,e;jpa Ntshz;ikapy; gRikg;Gul;rp vd;w etPd Ntshz;ikj;

njhopy;El;gk; GFj;jgl;lgpd;> tpiuthd kw;Wk; mjpfkhd cw;gj;jpf;fhf
tPupauf tpijfs;> ,urhad cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> NkYk; buhf;lu;>
elT> fis> mWtil ,ae;jpuq;fs; khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fld; trjpfs;
%yk; jug;gl;ld. mjdhy; vspikahd cs;@u; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l fyg;ig> nehfj;jb Nghd;w gy fUtpfspd;
gad;ghL Fiwe;JNgha;> nfhy;yu;> jr;ru;fs; Ntiyapoe;J cs;sdu;.

151
3.10 rq;ffhyj;jpy; gapuplg; gl;litfs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;> kdpj tho;tpd; mbg;gil cztpid

toq;ff; $ba Ntshz;ikiar; nra;J gy;NtW tifahd jhdpaq;fs;>
fha;fs;> goq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gapupl;Ls;sdu;. mit Fwpj;Jf;
fhzyhk;.

3.10.1 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ney;

czTf;fhfg; gapuplg;gLk; gapu;fspy; cyfstpy; „ney;‟101

Kjyplk; ngWfpd;wJ. gz;ilj; jkpofj;jpy; gy tifahd ney;
gapuplg;gl;L te;Js;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ney;ypy;
nre;ney; gapuplg;gl;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ. nre;ney; rpwe;jJ mJTk;
gioajhapd; kpfTk; rpwe;jnjdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J fodpapy;
tpistpf;fg;gl;lJ ntz;nzy; ntz; fjpuhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mw;Wg;
ghrdj;jpy; tpistJ rhyp vd;Dk; ney;yhFk; ,r;rhyp ney; mjpf
kf#y; je;Js;sJ mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. Kle;ij ney; vd;gJ Kq;fpy;
Nghy ePz;L gUj;j jhs;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk; tise;j
fjpu;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Itd ney; FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; tpisaf;$ba
ney;. ,J Itd ntz;nzy;. kiy ney; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;
,e;ney;Yld; Njhiu ney;Yk; gapuplg;gl;ljhf mwpaKbfpwJ.

,e;ney; Nkl;Lepyj;jpy; gapuplg;gLk;. fjph;fs; Fl;ilahfTk;

kioePupy; tpisaf;$baJkhFk; FwpQ;rpapy; Fs ney;Yk; njhg;gp vd;w
xUtif ney;Yk; Gd;nra;apy; tpisaf; $bajhFk;. njhg;gp ney;
rpte;jJ ngupajhf ,Uf;Fk; %q;fpypy; tpisAk; ney;Yk; cs;sJ.
mjw;F ntjph; vd;w ngaUKz;L. ,J Nghd;w gy;NtW ney;tiffs;
tpistpf;fg;gl;L cs;sd. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gjpT nra;J itf;fg;glhj
ney; tiffSk; cz;L vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. coth;fspd; ,d;iwa
,yf;fpakhd gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ney; tiffs;
fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.

3.10.2 jpid

FwpQ;rp epyj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd tpisnghUshfj; jpidjhd;

gapu; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. epyj;ij cOJk;> fpoq;ifj; Njhz;lf; fhl;Lg;
gd;wpfs; Kz;ba epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp mg;Gdq;fspy; „jpid‟102 vd;Dk;
tpij tpijf;fg;gl;lJ. tuFk; jpidiaAk; jd; kidapy; rikj;jdu;

152
vd;gij “kidNahs; tpUk;gp tuFe; jpidA s;sit nay;yhk;” (333:8-
9) vd;w ,g;GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. kioapy;yhf;
fhyq;fspy; mUfpYs;s mUtp ePiug; gha;r;rp kf#y; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePh;gg
; hrdk; nra;ag;gl;l jpid Ntfkhf tpise;J gadspf;Fk;.
jpidg;Gdj;jpy; m+Zk; ngz;Zk; fisnaLg;gh;. guz; mikj;J ahid
gd;wp Nghd;w tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J m+z;fSk; gwitfsplkpUe;J
ngz;fSk; jpidg;gapiug; ghJfhg;gh;. jpidapy; rpWjpid> nre;jpid
vd ,uz;L tif cs;sd.

3.10.3 tuF

tuF ed;F cOj fhpry; kz; nfhz;l FwpQ;rpapYk; nrk;kz;

nfhz;l Ky;iy epyj;jpYk; gapuplg;gLk; gUt kiof;F Kd;ghf
Ntypaikj;J ed;F cog;gl;l GOjpapy; „tuF‟103 tpijf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fisnaLj;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. tuFg; gapUld; vs;Sk; jpidAk;
gapu; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tpise;j tise;j fjpu;fis khd;fs; NkAk;
kapy; jpd;Dk;. tufpd; mWtilapy; fjpu; nfha;J vUJtpl;L kpjpj;J
J}w;wp vLf;fg;gLk;.

3.10.4 fUk;G

kUjepyj;jpy; fUk;G mjpfstpy; tpistpf;;fg;gl;lnjd

nra;jp mwpag;gLfpwJ. ePu;tsk; kpFe;j ,lq;fspy; „fUk;G‟104
tpistpf;fg;gl;lJ. fUk;gpy; fiof;fUk;G> fodpf;fUk;G> fhu;f;fUk;G
vd;w tiffs; cs;sd. tskhd taypy; fUk;gpd; tpisT mjpfk;.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fUk;gpd; G+f;fs; Fwpj;J epiwa ctikfs; cs;sd.
fUk;gWg;NghUk; ney;yWg; NghUk; ghl;Lg; ghLth; vd;gJ tpsq;FfpwJ.
ney;ypd; tsu;r;rp kpFjpahy; mjd; jhs; mWj;J mupths; Kid
kOq;fpaJk; fUk;gpd; ey; tpisr;ryhy; mjd;rhW tpok; Jhk;G
tise;Js;sJk; fUk;igr; rhWgpope;J ghfhf;fpa nra;jpAk;
mwpaKbfpwJ fUk;ig mWj;jgpd;G mjDila fl;ilia kWjhk;Gg;
gapuhf tsutpLtJ tof;fnkdr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. tpohf;fspy;
new;fjpu;fshy; $iuNta;e;J fuk;Gfl;b moFgLj;Jk; nra;jpAk; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ. fUk;gpd; ve;jpuk; (Iq;.55:1> kJ.fh.258-262)
gw;wp kJiuf;fhQ;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

153
 „,d;iwa jUkGup> fpU~;zfpup> thzpak;ghb> Mk;G+u;> NtY}u;>
Mw;fhL> nra;ahW> te;jthrp> Muzp> nrQ;rp> jpUtz;zhkiy>
fhQ;rpGuk;> jpz;btdk; Kjypa gFjpfspy; rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj fUk;G
tptrhak; eilg;ngw;W te;Js;sJ.‟105 ,jd; %ykhf fUk;Gr;rhFgb
Muk;gf; fhyj;jpypUe;Njr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;snjd mwpe;J nfhs;s
KbfpwJ.

3.10.5 gUj;jp

kio Fiwe;J twl;rp epiwe;j gFjpapYk; Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp

Mfpa epyq;fspYk; „gUj;jp‟106 gapuplg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy Ch;fspy; gUj;jp
kl;LNk gaph; nra;Js;s fhl;rpfs; cs;sd. jpidAld;
fyg;Gg;gapuhfTk; gUj;jp gaphpl;Ls;sJ. ePh; Fiwe;j gFjpapy; ghidapy;
itj;Jr; rpwg;ghf tsh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ njhpatUfpwJ. Nfhil fhyj;jpy;
gUj;jp ntbj;J gUj;jpg; gQ;rpid vLj;J %l;ilfshff; fl;b tPLfspy;
mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gUj;jpapypUe;J E}y; E}w;W Mil
nea;Js;s nra;jpAk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. gUj;jp E}y; E}w;gtu; gUj;jpg;
ngz;bu; vd miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. gUj;jp Mil mzpaj; Njitahd
njhopy; EZf;fq;fisg; gz;ilj; jkpou; mwpe;Js;sdu;.

3.10.6 gapW tiffs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy;NtW „gapW‟107 tiffs;

gapuplg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. mtiu – mtiu tpijahdJ jdpahfTk; jpid kw;Wk;

tuFlDk; fye;J tpijf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. nfhs;S – Gd;nra; kw;Wk; fuk;ig epyk; vdg;gLk; gadw;w
epyj;jpYk; nfhs;S tpistpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epyj;ij cOJk;
mt;thNw kio Fiwe;J gUte; jg;gpa epiyapYk; nfhs;S fs;
gapuplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czthf
tuFk; jpidAk; nfhs;Sk; mtiuAk; gadgLj;jg;;gl;ld.
3. cSe;J – Gd;nra;gg
; apuhfTk; ed;nra; epyj;jpy; <uk; kpFe;j
filrpg; gFjpapYk; gapuplg;gLfpwJ. cSe;J gdpf;fhyj;jpy;
tpisAk;. tpise;j cSe;ijf; fhaitj;J jbahy; mbj;J
mjd; Njhy; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. cSe;jpd; nghl;L fhy;eilfSf;Ff;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gr;irg;gapW Kd;G gapW vd;Nw

154
 miof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ed;nra; Gd;nra; Mfpa ,UtifapYk;
rhFgb nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. vs; - vs; Ky;iy epyj;jpy; gapuplg;gLk; gapuhFk;. jpid> tuF>
vs; Mfpatw;iwf; fhu;fhyj;jpy; gapupLjy; tof;fk; vs;Sk;
jpidAk; xNu taJila gapu;fshFk;. vs; vOgJ ehs; taJ
nfhz;lJ. gUtk; ghu;j;Jg; gapu; nra;jhy; mjd; kf#y;
mjpfkhFk; vd;gij mk;kf;fs; mwpe;J gapu; nra;J te;Js;sdu;.

3.10.7 fha; kw;Wk; gotifg; gapu;fs;

gPu;ff
; q;fhag; gw;wp GwehD}w;wpYk; (116)> Riuf;fha; Fwpj;J
mfehD}w;wpYk; (287:5)> Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ghfw;fha;> KUq;if>
Nrg;gq;fpoq;F> ts;spf;fpoq;F> ,Q;rp> kQ;rs; Kjypa fpoq;FfSk;
fha;fSk; kh> gyh> thio> ehty;> ney;yp Nghd;w gotiffSk;
gapuplg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j kz;zpy; ,d;Dk; 60 Mz;LfSf;Fj;jhd; gapu;fs; tpisAk;

vd;W> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; czT Ntshz; mikg;G vr;rupf;fpwJ.
mope;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; kz;tsj;ijAk; ,aw;if Ntshz;ik
KiwiaAk; kPl;nlLf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhar; #oiy xU ngUk;
rthyhfNt ,d;W cyfk; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. fhykhw;wk;
fl;lhaj; Njitjhd; vd;whYk; ve;jf; fhyj;jpNyAk; ey;yJ khw
Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpakpy;iy. ey;yJf;F ,ilA+whf ,Uf;fpw
jilfs; khw Ntz;Lk;. kuG vd;gJ tsu;r;rpf;F cukhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;tifapy; rq;fg; ghf;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp
kuGtop Ntshz;ikahdJ kPlL
; Uthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L tUtij
,t;tpay; njspTg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

3.11. njhFg;Giu

1. Ntshz; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; vDk; %d;whk;

,aypy; ,yf;fzpfs; $wpa Ntshz;ikg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;>
rq;ffhyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy; ngw;w nghUs;
epiy Mfpait tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. Ntshz;ik nrhy; tpsf;fk; mtw;wpd; Jizj; njhopy;fs;>
epyk; rhu;e;j kf;fspd;> njhopy;rhu;e;j nray;KiwfSk;
El;gq;fSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

155
3. fhy khw;wj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Ntshz;ikj;njhopypd; Gjpa
kuGfisAk; fUtpfisAk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jhdpa tiffs;
fz;lwpag;gl;L tpsf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.

156
 rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. tpd;nrd;l;> ,yh.>jkpo; epyKk; ,dKk; g.96

2. nksdFU> rp.>gz;ilj; jkpoh; tuyhWk; ,yf;fpaKk; g.28
3. ,sk;G+uzhu; ciu.>njhy;.nghUs;. E}w;gh. 105
4. rrpty;yp> tp.rp.>gz;ilj;jkpou;fs; njhopy; g.40
5. nghUeu;.> mb.vz;.75
6. Gwk;.>gh.vz;. 74:4
7. fyp.gh.vz;.>101:45-46
8. gup.>gh.vz;.20:62-63
9. ew;.> gh.vz; gh.vz;.315:4-5
10. gukrpthde;jk;> m.K.>rKjhaKk; gz;ghLk; g.219-220
11. kiwkiyabfs;>Ntshsu; ehfupfk; g.3
12. nts;isthuzd;> f.> rq;ffhyj; jkpo;kf;fs; g.93
13. mfk;.> gh.vz; 126:11
14. ew;.>gh.vz; 60:2-7
15. nts;isthuzd;> f.>rq;ffhyj; jkpo; kf;fs; g.95
16. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 186:1-2
17. NkyJ.> gh.vz;.335:4-12
18. rpahksh. n[.>rq;ffhy muR cUthf;fk; g.129
19. nts;isthuzd;> f.>rq;ffhyj;jkpo; kf;fs; g.93
20. NjtNeag;ghtzu;. Qh.>gz;ilj; jkpou; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk;
g.98
21. ,sk;G+uzdhu; ciu.>njhy;.nghUs;.mfj;. E}w;gh.4
22. NkyJ.> E}w;gh.5
23. khzpf;fthrfd;. Qh.>rpyg;.fhLfhd;. 64-66
24. ,sk;G+uzu;.ciu njhy;.nghUs;. g.10
25. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 325:1
26. gjpw;W.> gh.vz; 28:7
27. NkyJ.> gh.vz; 66:18
28. khijad;. ng.>rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz; rKjhak; g.18
29. Gwk;.>gh.vz; 168:3-8
30. Iq;.>gh.vz; 270:1-3

157
31. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 159:15-19
32. thdkhkiy. eh.> jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk; g.71
33. ew;.> gh.vz; 328:1-3
34. ew;.> gh.vz; 22:1
35. NkyJ.>25:6
36. NkyJ.>190:5-6
37. NkyJ.>375
38. NkyJ.>125:9-11
39. NkyJ.>121:1-2
40. Foe;ijrhkp. th.nr.>mwptpay; jkpo; g.27
41. gl;.> gh.vz; 8
42. mfk;.> gh.vz; 237:11-14
43. NkyJ.>256:15
44. ngUk;ghz;.> gh.vz; 255-256
45. rpWghz;.> gh.vz; 178-185
46. ek;kho;thu;. Nfh.>ve;ehLila ,aw;ifNa Nghw;wp g.33
47. NkyJ.> g.34
48. ehuhazd; Mu;. v];.>,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy; tho;tpay;
njhopy;El;gq;fs; g.5
49. ek;kho;thu;. Nfh.>coTf;Fk; cz;L tuyhW g.70
50. NkyJ.> g.21
51. fhu;j;jf;. jP.>jkpo; ,aw;if rhu;e;j tho;tpay; g.22
52. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 289:1-3
53. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 197-206
54. mfk;.> gh.vz; 41:4-6
55. kztofd;. M.> goe;jkpou; njhopy;El;gk; g.65
56. mfk;.> gh.vz; 26:23-25
57. Gwk;.>gh.vz;.120-3
58. ,sk;G+uzdhu; ciu.>njhy;.nghUs;.E}w;gh.65:7-8
59. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 18:18-21
60. NkyJ.>118:1-2
61. NkyJ.>35:27-31
62. gjpw;W.> gh.vz; 27:9

158
63. kJ.fh.> mb.vz; 89-92
64. mfk;.> gh.vz; 252:12-13
65. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 118:3
66. NkyJ.>385:8-9
67. NkyJ.>387:34-36
68. gl;.> gh.vz; 283-284
69. ew;.>gh.vz;.210:1-4
70. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 61:1-3
71. GwehD}W %yk; ciuAk; epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; g.163
72. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 230:13
73. ew;.> gh.vz; 60:1-8
74. FWe;.>gh.vz;309:1
75. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 212-213
76. mfk;.> gh.vz; 184:12
77. kiygL.> mb vz; 122
78. fhu;j;jf;. jP.>jkpo; ,aw;if rhu;e;j tho;tpay; g.22
79. ew;.>gh.vz; 271:1-2
80. ew;.> gh.vz; 343:3
81. mfk;.> gh.vz; 165:4
82. ngUk;.> gh.vz; 154
83. mfk;.> gh.vz; 243:6-7
84. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 61:7
85. ew;.> gh.vz; 400:1-2
86. ehuhazd; Mu;. v];.>,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy; tho;tpay;
njhopy;El;gk; g.13
87. ngUk;ghz;.>mb vz; 230-231
88. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 348:1-2
89. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 13:10-11
90. ek;kho;thu; Nfh.>ehd; ek;kho;thu; NgRfpd;Nwd; g.75
91. Iq;.> gh.vz; 47:3
92. FWe;.> gh.vz; 82:4-5
93. mfk;.> gh.vz; 294:9-10
94. etPd Ntshz;ik> Mf];l; - ,jo; g.15

159
95. Rg;gpukzpad;. r.Nt.> (c.M)>rq;f ,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L g.
572
96. fyg;ig –ew;.> gh.vz; 142:3> gjpw;W.> gh.vz; 41:5> Gwk;.>gh.vz;
206>ngUk;ghz;.>mb vz; 188> ehQ;rpy; 199-200.
97. jSk;G – Gwk;.>gh.vz; 61:3
98. Vw;wk; - kJ.fh.> mb vz; 90>kJ.fh.>fpohu; mb vz; 93.
99. Jsu; - mfk;.> gh.vz; 184:13
100. Fak;ths; - nghUeh;.> mb vz; 242> ew;.> gh.vz; 195
101. ney; - nre;ney;> mfk;.> gh.vz; 126> Iq;.> gh.vz; 27> gl;.>
gh.vz; 13> ntz;nzy; Gwk;.> gh.vz; 33> mfk;.> gh.vz;
267:11>rhyp ney; gjpw;.> gh.vz;.>29> Kle;ij ney; gjpw;.>
gh.vz; 32> Itdney; Gwk;.> gh.vz; 159
102. jpid - FWe;.> gh.vz; 214:1-2>72:4> mfk;.> gh.vz; 28:3-5> ew;.>
gh.vz; 386:2-3>44:6-7> FwpQ;.> mb vz; 153> Gwk;.> gh.vz;
333:8-9
103. tuF - Gwk;.> gh.vz; 197:12> 120:2> 215:1> FWe;.> gh.vz;
282:1-2> mfk;.> gh.vz; 194:9-12> 393:4-6> 393:11-12.
104. fUk;G –ew;.> gh.vz; 39:11> 298:7> 366:7> FWe;.> gh.vz; 35:3>
149:3> 180:3>198:2>262:7> 267:2> 384:1> Iq;.> gh.vz; 4:4> 12:1> 18:2>
55:1> 65:1> 87:2> gjpw;W.> gh.vz; 13:3> 30:14> 50;:3> 75:6> 87:4>
gup.> gh.vz; 7:5> 19:34>39> fyp.> gh.vz; 40:28>63:8> 64:14> 76:15>
112:6> 131:29> 143:32>mfk;.> gh.vz; 13:22> 114:4>156:6> 217:4>
235:12> 237:11> 256:15> 302:10> 306:6> 346:7>Gwk;.> gh.vz; 16:5>
22:15> 24:13> 28:12> 35:10> 42:15> 99:2>392:20-21> 384:2-3> 322:7>gl;.
mb vz; 9> 162> 240> nghUeu;.> mb vz; 193>216> ngUk;ghz;.>
mb vz; 262> Ky;.gh.> mb vz; 32>fUk;gpd; ve;jpuk; kJ.fh.>
mb vz; 258-262.
105. uh[;nfsjkd; Muk;gf; fl;l KjyhspaKk; jkpo;r; r%f
khw;wKk;> g. 40
106. gUj;jp - FWe;.> gh.vz; 72:4-5> mfk;.> gh.vz; 129:7-8> Gwk;.>
gh.vz; 393:12-13> 125:1
107. gapW tiffs; - mtiu FWe;.> gh.vz; 82:3-4> mfk;.> gh.vz;
294:9-11>
160
nfhs;S gjpw;.> gh.vz; 75.11> Gwk;.> gh.vz; 15:5> 335:3-4>
392:10-11> cSe;J ew;.> gh.vz; 89:4-6> FWe;.> gh.vz; 384-1>
gr;ir gapW FWe;.> gh.vz; 10:2>mfk;.> gh.vz; 37:12> 262:1-4>
Gwk;.> gh. vz; 297:3> vs; gh.vz; 261:1-2> kiygL.> vz; 102-
106> Gwk;.> gh.vz; 321:1-3.

161
 ,ay; - 4

fiyapay; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

4.1 fiy

4.1.1 fiy – nghUs; tpsf;fk;

4.1.1.1 fiyeaKk; ifj;njhopYk;

4.1.2 ,aw;if Milfs;

4.1.2.1 jio Milfs;

4.1.2.2 nerTj;njhopy;

4.1.2.3 nerTj; njhopy;El;gk;

4.1.2.3.1 gUj;jpg; gapu;

4.1.2.3.2 E}y;nea;Nthu;

4.1.2.3.3 Nkyhil

4.1.2.3.4 Glitfs;

4.1.2.3.5 nky;ypa Mil

4.1.2.3.6 gl;Lg;Glit

4.1.2.4 Jzpf;Ff; fQ;rpapl;L cyuitj;jy;

4.1.2.5 Jzpfspy; Ez;Ntiyg;ghLfs;

4.1.2.6 rhak; NghLjy;

4.1.2.6.1 ,aw;ifr; rhaq;fs;

4.1.2.6.2 fdpkr; rhaq;fs;

4.1.2.6.3 rhakpLjy; gw;wpa mwptpay; nra;jpfs;

4.1.2.6.4 rhakpLk; cj;jp Kiwfs;

162
 4.1.2.6.5 tbtq;nfhLj;jy;

4.2 fl;llj; njhopy;

4.2.1 fl;ll tifAk;> fl;Lkhdg; nghUl;fSk;

4.2.2 gy;NtW tifahd $iutPLfs;

4.2.3 nrq;fy; njhopy;El;gk;

4.2.3.1 nrq;fy; tPLfs;

4.2.3.2 nrq;fy; Nfhapy;fs;

4.2.4 neLefu; (m) khlkhspiffs;

4.2.4.1 rhsuq;fs; nfhz;l tPLfs;

4.2.4.2 muz;kid thapy; kw;Wk; fjTfs;

4.3 jr;Rj; njhopy;fs;

4.3.1 kuj;jr;Rj; njhopy;

4.3.1.1 jr;Rj; njhopy; - Nju;

4.3.1.2 fjT nra;Ak; jr;Rj; njhopy;

4.3.1.3 tz;b nra;Ak; Kiw

4.3.1.4 jr;ru; njhopypy; fl;by;

4.3.1.5 thzpgg; nghUl;fs;

4.3.1.6 jr;Rj; njhopy;El;gk;

4.3.1.7 jr;ru;fspd; kuj;Nju;T Kiwfs;

4.3.2 fy;jr;Rj; njhopy; my;yJ rpw;gf;fiy

4.3.2.1 eLfy;

4.3.2.2 Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fs;

4.3.2.2.1 Xtpaf;fiy
163
4.4 ,Uk;Gj; njhopy; (m) nfhy;yu; njhopy;

4.5 nghd;nra;jy; (m) nghw;nfhy;yu; njhopy;

4.5.1 gy;NtW mzpfs; - Mguzq;fs;

4.6 cNyhfj;njhopy;

4.6.1 ntz;fyj;njhopy; (m) nrk;Gnra;jy;

4.7 kz;ghz;lj; njhopy;

4.7.1 kz;ghid
4.7.2 jhopfs; nra;jy;
4.7.3. jw;fhy tsu;r;rp
4.8. njhFg;Giu

164
 ,ay; - 4

fiyapay; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;

xU ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F cWJizahf miktd mk;kf;fs;
nra;Ak; njhopy;fs; MFk;. njhopy; kdpjid tsu;r;rpg; ghijapy;
nfhz;L nry;tNjhL ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk; Nkk;ghL mila toptif
nra;fpd;wd vd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKk; ,y;iy. kdpjDila gz;Gfs;
ahTk; mtDila tsu;r;rp epiyfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Ntl;ilahly;> Mepiu tsu;j;jy;> Ntshz;ik Nghd;w njhopy;fs;
kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; gytif njhopy;fspd; thapyhfTk; kdpjdpd; tsu;r;rp
epiyfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;njhopy;fisr; rq;f fhy kf;fs;
tsKld; nra;Js;sdu; vd;gij Nkw;fz;l ,ay;fspd; top mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk; nerTj;njhopy;> fl;llj;njhopy;> rpw;gj;njhopy;>
Xtpaj;njhopy;> jr;Rj;njhopy;> nfhy;yd; njhopy;> Nghd;w gy
fiyapay; rhu;e;j iftpidj; njhopy;fs; gw;wpAk; mj;njhopy; nra;a
Nkw;nfhz;l njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;Jk; Muha;tjhf ,t;tpay; mikfpwJ.

jkpopy; fiy vd;gjw;F fw;ww;F cupait vy;yhk; fiy vd;w

nghJ tiuaiwahw; jug;gLfpwJ. ,e;j nrhy;yhly; Fog;gj;ijj;
jtpu;f;ff; fiy vd;w nrhy; czu;r;rpf;Fk; fw;gidf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jUk; 1. ftpd; fiyfs; (asthetic arts) vd;Wk;> El;gj;jpw;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk; 2. njhopy;El;gf;fiyfs; vd;Wk; ,U ngUk;
tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.1 ftpd;fiyfis muq;fhly; fiy
(epfo;fiyfs;)> vOj;Jf;fiy (ftpij> fij> fl;Liu)> fl;Gyf; fiy
(Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> xspg;glk;) vd;W NkYk; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.2 ,tw;wpy;
fl;Gyf; fiy kw;Wk; njhopy; rhu;e;j iftpidf; fiyfs; Fwpj;J
,t;tpay; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

4.1 fiy

jkpoupd; jdpj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; rhjdq;fSs; fiyfs;

Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp Mfpa
Ik;Gyd;fspd; cjtpahy;jhd; kdpjd; cyfpd; gy ,ay;Gfisf;
fz;Lk;> Nfl;Lk;> cz;Lk;> capu;j;Jk; czu;fpwhd;. ,t;thW jhd;
czu;e;jtw;iwg; gpwUf;Ff; $Wtjw;F kdpjkdk; vz;zk;
nfhz;lNghJ fiy Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. kdpj kdk; moFzu;r;rp

165
cilaJ. ,dpaij tpUk;GfpwJ. cyf mDgtq;fisf; fz;L kdpjd;
tpUk;Gtij ed;F czu;e;J jd;Dila mwptpd; jpwj;jhy;
mofhdtw;iwr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; gilj;J gpwu; tpaf;Fk; tz;zk; nra;tJ
fiyapd; mbg;gilahFk;. ,J kf;fs; rhjidapd; cr;rkhff;
fUjg;ngWfpwJ.

eNlhbfsha; jpupe;j kdpjd; czTf;fhf tpyq;fpdq;fis

Ntl;ilahlf; fiyiag; gad;gLj;jpdhd;. tpyq;fpdq;fisg; Nghy xyp
vOg;gj; njhlq;fpdhd;. ,t;thW Nghyr; nra;jy; Kiwapy; fiy
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. kdpj tho;tpd; Xu; mq;fkhfNt fiyfs;
jpfo;fpd;wd. ,f;fiyfs; kdpjdpd; tho;tjhuj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s
njhopy;fshf cUntLj;J cs;sd. kdpj tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLfpw
vy;yhj; njhopy;fSk; fiyfNs vd kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.3 ,f;fiy vd;Dk; nrhy; „fy;;‟ vd;Dk; Vtw;
gFjpapypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;. fy;tp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,JNt
KjdpiyahFk;.4

4.1.1 fiy – nghUs; tpsf;fk;

fiy vd;gJ Mz;khd; (buck) vd mNlhd; mfuhjp5 nghUs;

$Wfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpau; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; top fiy vd;Dk; nrhy;
khdpd; xU tifapidAk; Mz;Fuq;fpidAk; Fwpg;gjhff;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mit>

“NrTk; NrtYk; ,uiyAk; fiyAk;” 6;

“,uiyAq; fiyAk; gy;tha;f; Fupa”7

,jid Nkw;fz;l E}w;ghf;fs; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fshfpa vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;by; ,r;nrhy; ngUk;ghYk;
fiykhidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

“fiyjha cau;rpikaj;J”8

“fiygha;e; Jjpu;j;j kyu;tPo; Gwtpd;”9

“fiyif aw;w fhz;gpd; neLtiu”10

166
NkYk; ew;wpiz 37:5> 119:5-6> 265:2> 334:5> FWe;njhif 69:1> 90:4> 153:2>
272:5> 342:1> 385:1> mfehD}W 7:20> 47:7> 82:5> 97:5> GwehD}W 23:18>
116:11> 152:3> 347:7 vd;Dk; mbfspy; „fiy‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;; ngUk;ghYk;
fiykhidf; Fwpg;gjhfNt gapd;W te;Js;sJ. “fiyg; ngUf;Fk;
fy;tpg;ngUf;Fk; kpf;fpUe;j xU rKjhaj;jpy; fiy vd;w nrhy;
,y;yhky; ,Ue;jpUf;f tha;g;G ,y;iy. „rpwpafl; ngwpNd‟vdj;
njhlq;Fk; GwehD}w;Wg; gDtypy;>

mUe;jiy ,Uk;ghzu; mfd;kz;ilj; JisAuP,

,ug;Nghu; ifASk; Nghfpg;

Gug;Nghu; Gd;fz; ghit Nrhu

mQ;nrhy; Ez;Nju;r;rpg; Gytu; ehtpy;

nrd;WtPo;e; jd;wtd;

mUepwj; jpaq;fpa NtNy

vd mjpad; khu;ig CLUtpa Nty;> ghzuJ mfypa kz;iliaAk;

Jisj;jnjd;gu; xsitahu;;. ,g;gDtypy; mUe;jiy vd;gjw;F khwhf
mUq;fiy vd;nwhU ghlKz;L vd;gjid c.Nt.rhkpehijau;
vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;. ,JNt nghUj;jkhd ghlkhf vz;Ztjw;Fg;
nghUl;Nghf;Fk; ,le;jUfpd;wJ. rq;fk; vd;w mikg;G ,Ug;gpDk;>
mjidf; Fwpf;fpd;w rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; rq;ffhyj;Jg; gapyhikahy;
mt;tikg;ig ,y;iynady; nghUe;jhJ. m/njhg;gNt „fiy‟ vd;Dk;
nrhy;iyg; ngUf toq;fhik gw;wp mf;fhyj;Jf; fiyfs; ,yntdf;
$wYk; rhyhJ.”11 vd;w F.nt.ghyRg;gpukzpad; ,f;$w;W
Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. NkYk; “rpyg;gjpfhuk; xU fiyf;fhg;gpak;.
,f;fhg;gpaf; fijapd; %yf;$WfNs rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;sd
vd;gu; itahGupg;gps;is”.12 “ ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy;>

gz;Zk; fpisAk; gopj;j jPQ;nrhy;

vz;nzz; fiyNahu; ,UngU tPjpAk;

NkYk;>

vz;zhd; fpul;b ,Uq;fiy gapd;w

167
 gz;zpad; kle;ijau;gaq;nfOtPjp

vd;Dk; rpyg;gjpfhug; ghly; tupfshy;> fiy vd;w nrhy;Yk; mf;fiy

mWgj;J ehd;fhFk;> vd;w Fwpg;Gk; ciuf;fg;ngwf; fhzyhk;.
fiyfis mWgj;J ehd;fhf vd;Dk; kuG ,e;jpah KOtJk;
epytpapUf;fpwJ.‟13 ,f;fiyfs; Fwpj;J mfuhjp kw;Wk; mwpQu;
fUj;Jf;fisf; fhzyhk;.

 fiy vd;gJ – Mz;khd;> rPiy> mkprk;> re;jpundhsp> Kg;gJ

fhl;il> rhj;jpuk;> fy;tp> nkhop> %r;R> cly;> ,ilazp>
Mz;Fuq;F vd fofj;jkpo; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.14
 fiy vd;gJ – Mz; khd;> Mz; KR> Rwh kPd;> kfuhrp>
Fjpiuf;fyid> gFjp> re;jpudpd; gjpdhW gFjpapnyhd;W>
fhymsT> mWgj;J ehd;F fiy> fy;tp> E}y; vd nre;jkpo;
15
mfuhjpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 gbj;jwpe;Njh> gbf;fhky; fz;zhw; ghu;j;J cs;sj;jhy; czu;e;J>
ifahy; nra;af; fw;Wf; nfhz;Nlh ,aw;wg;gLk; njhopy;fs;
vy;yhk; fiyfs; MFk;. gapw;rpahw; fw;fg;gLtd fiyfs; vd
NjtNeag;ghthzu;16 Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 kdpjdJ cs;sj;ijj; jd;takhf;fp> epuk;gp> mt;tsNthL
epy;yhky; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wNy fiy.17 NkYk; fiy vd;gJ
msTk; nghUj;jKk; jd;Ds; mlf;fp epw;gJ. mNj rkaj;jpy;
cs;sj;jpw;F ctik Cl;LtJ> cs;sj;ijj; jd;ghy; <u;g;gJ
fiy18 vd kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. fiynad;gJ
fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ. fw;Wf; nfhz;L nra;Ak; njhopy;fs;
mj;jidf;Fk; fiy19 vd;W ngau; vd rhkp.rpjk;gudhu;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

4.1.1.1 fiyeaKk; ifj;njhopYk;

vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; mbg;gilf; fiy EZf;fk;

ifj;njhopiyAk; capu;g;gpf;fpwJ. „Xtpak; tiujy;> kl;ghz;lk;
nra;jy;> rpw;gk; nrJf;Fjy; Kjypa mofpa fiyf; fUT+yj;ij
cUthf;f ce;JtJ mofpay; czu;thFk; (Aesthetic Sense). mofpa
gilg;gpid cUthf;Ftjpy; ifj;njhopy; tpidQu;fs;>
fiyQu;fistpl Nkyhdtu;fs;‟ 20
vdyhk;. ,j;jifa fiyeak; kpf;f

168
ifj;njhopyhy; gy gaDs;s nghUs;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy;
$il Kiljy;> gha; gpd;Djy;> nghUs;fSf;F tz;zk; jPl;Ljy;>
Jzpfspy; if Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;jy;> gpd;dy; Ntiyfs;> nkOfpy;
nghk;ik nra;jy;> goq;fs; nra;jy;> G+f;fpz;zq;fSf;fhd gy
epwKila gy;tif G+f;fs; nra;jy;> ehw;fhyp> Nkirfspy; rpj;jpu
Ntiy> Ntiyg;ghLfs; mike;j ghidfs; nra;jy;>
nghk;kyhl;lj;jpw;FNfw;w nghk;ikfs; cUthf;Fjy;> Ez;zpa
Ntiyg;ghLfSld; njhopy; EZf;fKk; cau;Tk; fiy czu;Tk;
nfhz;l eiffs; nra;jy;> khjpupfs; mikj;jy;> Nrhg;Gf;F
tbtikj;jy;> ifj;jwp nerT Ntiy> jr;R Ntiy> kuNtiy Nghd;w
gy ifj;njhopy;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; Nghw;wj;jf;f KiwapYk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.21 goq;fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu ,j;njhopy;fs;
nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;> rhd;whf kJiuf;fhQ;rpapy; (511-515)

gy;NtW njhopy; nra;Ak; iftpid kf;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;G
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,j;njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kiwfs; kw;Wk;
njhopy;EZf;fk; Fwpj;J xt;nthd;whf tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwJ.

4.1.2 ,aw;if Milfs;

kdpj r%fj;jpd; Kjy;Njit czTk; cilAk; vd;gJ

midtUk; czu;e;j xd;W. rq;f fhyj;jpYk; mjw;F Ke;jpa
fhyj;jpYk; tho;;e;j kf;fs; ,aw;ifapypUe;J fpilf;ff; $ba
,iyfs;> jiofs; kug;gl;ilfs; kw;Wk; Ntl;ilj; njhopypdhy;
fpilj;j tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;fs; Mfpatw;iw cilahfg;
gad;gLj;jpaik mwpag;gLfpwJ.

4.1.2.1 jio Milfs;

rq;ffhy kf;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahff; FwpQ;rp epyf;Fwtu;fSk;>

kfspUk; jioAil mzpe;jikiar; rq;fg; ghly;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

“Fd;wf; Fwtd; fhjd; klkfs;

tz;LgL $e;jw; wz;liof; nfhbr;rp”22

169
vd;Dk; ghlypy; Fd;wj;jpd;fz; ciwAk; FwtDila md;G nfOkpa
,skfs;. tz;Lfs; nkha;f;fpd;w eWkzKila $e;jiyAk;
jioahiliaAk; cilaf; nfhbr;rp ,Ue;jhs; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
,iy jiofis mzpe;jNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mjdpd;W khWgl;L
G+f;fSld; fye;j ,iyjioapyhd cilia mzpe;jdu; vd;W
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil (ghly; 201) ghlypd; top mk;kf;fspd; fiyAzu;T
GydhfpwJ. kUj epyj;jpy; tpwyp jioahil cLj;jp tpohf;fsj;jpw;F
te;jij fPo;tUk; ghlyb fhl;LfpwJ.

“gpizay; mk;jioj; ij,j; Jizapys;

tpoTf;fsk; nghypa te;Jepd; wdNs”23

jiytp cLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> jiytd; jioahiliaf;nfhz;L

te;jhd;vd ew;wpizg; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk; GwehD}W
(61:1>341>138)> ew;wpiz (390)> fypj;njhif (130)> Iq;FEW}W (187)
Nghd;w E}y;fspYk; jioahil gw;wpa Fwpg;Gs;sd.nea;jy; epy kf;fs;
nea;jy; jioia Milahfg; gpd;dp cLj;jpaij>

“nfhLq;fio epte;j neLq;fhy; nea;jy;

mk;gif newpj;jio mzpngwj; ij,j;”24

vd;Dk; ,g;ghlYk;>kug;gl;ilapdhy; gpd;dpa cilia kiytho;

Fwtu;fs; mzpe;jij>

“kudh ULf;if kiyAiw Fwtu;”25

vd;gjpy; mwpayhk;. NkYk; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L 101 – 105> mbfspd; topAk;

Mz;> ngz; ,UtUk; jioahilfs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sikiaf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ,aw;ifapy; fpilj;j ,iyj;jiofisAk;
kug;gl;ilfisAk;> tpyq;Ffspd; NjhiyAk; Milahfg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;> vdpDk; ehsiltpy; me;epiykhwp kf;fspd;
Ez;zwptpdhy; gUj;jpg; gQ;rpid E}yhf E}w;W Milahf nea;aj;
njhlq;fpdu;. ,g;Gjpa Kaw;rpNa nerTj; njhopyhf khw;wk; ngw;wJ.

170
4.1.2.2. nerTj;njhopy;

gy;yhapukhz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu jkpo;kf;fs; nerTj;njhopiyf;

fz;Lzu;e;Js;sdu;. „tatu; Nahthd; khu;ry;‟ (Sir John Marshall) jk;
„nkhnfhQ;Nrh – jhNuhTk; rpe;J ehfupfKk;;‟ (Mohenjo - Daro and the
Indus Civilization) vd;Dk; E}ypy; fp.K 3000 Mz;Lfl;F Kd;
NkdhLfl;F ,e;jpahtpypUe;Nj Jzp Vw;Wkjpahdnjd;W $wp
,Uf;fpd;whu;. mf;fhyj; jpe;jpah jkpofNk.26 gUj;jp njhd;W njhl;Lj;
njd;dhl;by; tpise;J tUfpd;wJ.

,j;njhopypy; Ez;zpa Nju;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;fpdhu;fs; vd;gij

rq;fg;ghf;fshy; czuKbfpd;wJ. gUj;jp> gl;L Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpa fhyk; Kjy; kf;fsplj;jpy; njhopy;El;g mwpT
kyu Muk;gpj;jJ vdyhk;. ,uz;lhk; epiy nghUs;fis (E}y;> gl;L
,io) cUthf;fp> %d;whk; epiy cw;gj;jpg; nghUshfpa Jzpia
nea;J> gpd;du; gad;ghl;Lf;F Vw;g gy tbtq;fspYk;> myq;fhu
tbtikg;GlDk; $ba Milfis nea;aj; njhlq;fpa epiyNa
njhopy;El;gj; njhiyNehf;fpd; cau;epiyahf Kd;dpWj;jg;gLfpwJ.27
,j;jifa nerTj;njhopiy tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwJ.

4.1.2.3 nerTj; njhopy;El;gk;

nerTj;njhopy;El;gj;ij xU fiyahfNt jkpou;fs; ghtpj;J

gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sdu;. gQ;R cw;gj;jp> tpirj;jwp gad;ghL> rhakply;
Nghd;w nray;ghl;L El;gq;fs; nerTj;njhopy;El;gj;jpy; mlq;Fk;.28
gUj;jpapypUe;J E}y; E}w;wiyAk;> ifj;jwpiaAk;> ijaiyAk;
gz;ilf;fhyk; njhl;Nl jkpou; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. „cilngau;j;J
cLj;jy;‟ vd;w njhlu; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; tUjy; %yk; nerTj;
njhopypypUe;J cz;lhf;fg;gLk; MilcLj;jypd; njhd;ikia
mwpayhk;.29 jkpou;fs; ,j;Jiwapy; nfhz;l <Lghl;ilAk; mtu;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s njhopy;El;gj;ijAk;> Fwpf;Fk; tpjkhf jkpou;fspd;
nerTf;fiy mike;jpUg;gij czuKbfpd;wJ.

4.1.2.3.1 gUj;jpg; gapu;

rq;f fhyj;jpy; gUj;jp gapupl;ldu; vd;gij>

“gUj;jp Ntypr; rPW}u; kd;dd;”30

171
 “gUj;jp Ntypf; fUk;ig ghu;fF
; k”;31

“fy;Nru;G ,Ue;j fJtha;f; Fuk;igj;

jhop Kjw; fypj;j Nfhopiyg; gUj;jp”32

vd;w GwhehD}w;Wg;ghly;fs; topAk;> mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; %yKk;

mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; fztid ,oe;j epiyapy; MjuT mw;w kfspu;
gpwUila cjtpapid vjpu;ghuhJ gUj;jp gQ;rpid E}yhf khw;wp
njhopy; nra;J tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,e;nerTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Nlhiu rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; „gUj;jpg; ngz;Bu;‟ vd;W mioj;jdu;. NkYk;>
gUj;jpf;fha; Kw;wp Kjpu;e;J ntbj;J gQ;R ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mtw;iw
nfha;Jr; nrd;W tPl;by; itj;jhu;fs; vd;gij>

“Nfhilg; gUj;jp tPLepiw nga;j

%ilg; gz;l kpilepiwe; jd;d”33

vd;w GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; mwpTWj;JfpwJ. gUj;jpapypUe;J gQ;irAk;

tpijiaAk; jdpNa gpupj;J vLg;gjw;F tpy; (mfk;.133:6> ew;.247:3) vd;w
fk;gpid my;yJ Fr;rpapidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. gQ;rpypUe;J
E}y;E}w;Fk; gzpapid ngz;fs; nra;Js;sdu; ,jid>

“Mspy; ngz;bu; jhspy; nra;j

Ezq;FEz; gDty; Nghyf; fzq;nfhs”34

vd;w ghlybfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ngz;fs; E}iy ghthf ,ioj;J

tpupj;Jj; jwpapy; nea;J Milahff; nfhLf;Fk; nra;jp njspthfpd;wJ.
Milapidj; jwpapy; nea;J mWf;fg;gl;likahy; mWit vd;Wk;>
mjid kbj;J tpw;gidr; nra;jikahy; kb vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
E}ypd; gad;ghl;il mwpe;j gpd;du; rq;ffhy kf;fs; jq;fspd;
Njitf;F Vw;g E}y; Vzp (kJ.640) mjhtJ E}y; ge;J (ngUk;.334>
jpUKUF.68) Mfpa gy;NtW nghUl;fisr; nra;J
gad;gLj;jpAs;sikapid mwpaKbfpwJ.

172
4.1.2.3.2 E}y;nea;Nthu;

E}w;wy; njhopiy kfspu; nra;a> nea;jy; njhopy; Mltu;f;F

cupajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kJiuf;fhQ;rpapy; nerthsu; „fk;kpau;‟ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. fk;kpau; vd;gJ njhopy; nra;Nthupd;
nghJg;ngauhf mike;J ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid> kidfisAk;>
efuq;fisAk; rpw;gE}y; Kiwg;gb tFj;Jf; nfhLj;Njhiuf; „ifty;
fk;kpau;‟ vd neLey;thilAk;> nrg;Gg;ghid filNthiuf; fk;kpau; vd
ew;wpizAk; Fwpg;gpLtjpdpd;Wk; czuyhk;.

fk;kpau; vd;w nghJg;ngaUld; „fhUfu;‟ vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngau;

,tUf;F ,Ue;jJ vd;gjidf; fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfu; vd;w Rl;L
czu;j;Jk; fhUfu; - gpl;L tzpfiuAk; Fwpj;jJ vdpDk; fhUf
tpidj;njhopy; vdj; jpthfu epfz;Lk; ,tu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;
epiyapy;>,g;ngau; rpwg;ghf ,tu;fSf;Fupajhf mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gl;L> fk;gsp> gUj;jp E}y; nfhz;L rpwe;j njhopy; El;gj;Jld; Mil
nea;Js;sdu;. mtw;iw>

gl;bDk; kapupDk; gUj;jp E}ypDk;

fl;Lk; Ez;tpidf; fhUfu35;

vd;w ,r;rpyg;gjpfhug;ghlybfspd; %yk; „fhUfu;‟ vd;gJ nerTj;

njhopy; nra;Nthiuf; Fwpf;Fk;. fypq;fk;> Jfpy; vd;w nrhw;fSk;
Jzpiaf; Fwpg;gdNtahk;.

“xz;G+q; fypq;f KB, Ez;G+z;”36

“,io kUq;fwpah EioE}w; fypq;fk;”37

“…… fhz;kUq; fypq;fk;”38

Mfpa ghlybfspd; top fypq;fk; vd;w nrhy; Jzpiaf; Fwpf;fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. nerTj; njhopYk;
mjidr;rhu;;e;j rhak; NghLjy;> G+ Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;jy; Mfpa
Ntiyfspy; rq;ffhy kf;fs; Nkd;ikAw;W tpsq;fpdu; vd;gjw;F
rhd;Wfs; gy cs;sd. gUj;jpapy; ,Ue;J ntz;ik epwg;gQ;R

173
vLf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;gQ;rpid mf;fhyj;jpy; ifapdhNy E}y; E}w;wdu;.
,uT Neuj;jpYk; rpWtpsf;fpd; ntspr;rj;jpy; E}y; E}w;whu;fs;. mit

“gUj;jp ngz;bd; rpWjP tpsf;fj;J”39

vd;w GwehD}w;wpd; tupfspd; top njspthfpd;wJ.

“,Wk;G+J rhd;w eWk;G+Q; Nrf;ifAq;

Fd;Wgy FoP,g; nghyptd Njhd;w

mr;rKk; mtyKk; Mu;tKk; ePf;fpr;

nrw;wKk; ctifAQ; nra;ahJ fhj;J”40

vd;w kJiuf;fhQ;rpg; ghlyhdJ fy;iyg; nghspe;jhw; Nghd;w rpwpa

thapid cila Fz;bifNahLg; gy tbtq;fis cila E}w; cwp
J}f;fpr; nry;gtu; vd;W ,g;ghly; E}y; nea;tjw;F gad;gLj;Jk;
Kiwiaj; njspthf tpsf;fpAs;sd.

“fhk;Gnrhypj; jd;d mWit”41

vd;w rpWghzhw;Wg;gil Fw;wkw;w %q;fpiy cupj;jhw; Nghd;w

nkd;ikahd> J}a;ikahd Milia cLj;jpdu; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,t;thW jwpfs;> E}y; cwp Nghd;w xU rpy fUtpfNs ntspg;gilahf
cs;sd. ,d;W nerTj;jwpfspy; gy;NtW $Wfs; cz;L mil> mr;R>
jwpg;gyif> ehlh> ifg;gyif> Rq;F> Njhiz> eLjy;> Rj;Jf;fl;L>
jhu;f;fl;il> ry;yil> Kl;lhj;jpup> gUtl;lk;> uhl;bdk;> rg;G+up> CF
gl;Lf;fl;il Nghd;w ,t;tiffs; rq;fg;ghly;fspy; Fiwe;Jk;
fUtpfSf;F gjpyhf Milapd; Fwpg;Gk; nerTj;njhopy; nra;KiwAk;
kpFjpahf cs;sg;gbahy; ,f;fUtp gad;ghLfis kf;fs; nra;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

4.1.2.3.3 Nkyhil

,d;W Nghy; midtUk; md;W Nkw;rl;il mzpe;jpUf;fyhk;.xU

rpyu; mzpahkYk; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. mJ fQ;Rfk; vdg;gl;lJ. nghd;
cUf;Fk; jl;lUk;> ifj;njhopy; El;gk; kpf cila nghw;nfhy;yu; E}W
NgUk; gpd; njhlu;e;J tu> rl;il mzpe;J $l;lj;ij tpl;L tpyfp>
ifapy; nfhk;G xd;W Ve;jpagb tUfpw nghw;nfhy;yiug; gw;wp

174
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. muz;kidg; nghw;nfhy;yd;
rl;ilazpe;jpUe;jhd;.

“nka;g;ig Gf;F tpyq;Feilr; nrytpd;

iff;Nfhy; nfhy;yidf; fz;ldd; Mfpj;”42

,q;qdNk ghz;bad; muz;kidapy; gzpGupe;j may; ehl;ltuhd

atdUk; rl;ilazpe;Js;sdu;.

“clk;gpd; ciuf;Fk; ciuah ehtpw;

glk;GF kpNyr;ru; cioau; Mf” 43

clk;gpd; nra;iffshy; ciuf;fpd;w jd;ikAila ehthy; Ngr

Kbahj Cik kpNyr;ru;> rl;il mzpe;J> gs;spaiwiaf; fhty;
fhj;Js;sdu;. fQ;Rfkzpe;j ghz;ba ehl;LtPuu;fs; nrq;Fl;LtDf;Fj;
jpiwg; nghUs; nfhzu;e;J nfhLj;jdu;. mtu;fs; Mapuk; Nguhtu;.

“rQ;rad; Nghdgpd; fQ;Rf kf;fs;

vQ;rh ehtpdu; <iuQ; E}w;Wtu;” 44

,ilau; Nghd;Nwhu; kpf vspa MiliaNa mzpe;jdu;. NkYk;

“xd;wk ULf;iff; $oh upilad;” 45

xw;iwahilia cLj;jpapUe;jdu; vd;W ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

Fwpg;gpLtjpy; ,Ue;Jk;>

“cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl”46

vd;w ghly;fspd; top Ntl;ilahbj; jpupe;j NtLtu; cLf;fg;gLgit

miu Mil> Nkyhilvd ,uz;Nl vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. xw;iw
Mil> ,ul;il Mil vd ,uz;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;bu;
,ilapy; kl;Lk; GlitALj;jpdu; vd;Wk; khu;gfj;ijj; Jzpahy; %Lk;
tof;fk; md;wpy;iy vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJz;L. re;jdj;jhy; njha;apy;
vOjpAk; kyu;fis ,l;Lk; khu;gfj;ij %bdu; vd;gu;.

“Ia gpjpu;e;j Rzq;fzp nkd;KiyNky;

175
 njha;ap nyOJNfh kw;nwd;whd;”47

,ilapy; Nkfiyazpe;J mjd;Nky; G+e;Jfpiyr; Rw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;

vd;gij rpyg;gjpfhuk; (flyhLfhij 87 – 88) Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ngz;bu;
jk; clk;igj; Jzpahy; Nghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ cz;L. GJkzg;ngz;fs;
jk; cliyAk; Kfj;ijAk; Gj;jhilahy; %bf;nfhz;ljhfg; ghly;fs;
(mfk;.86) cz;L.

4.1.2.3.4 Glitfs;

nrf;fu; thidg; Nghd;w nrt;tz;z %l;ba G+j;njhopy;

nra;ag;gl;l Ez;zpa Glitfs; kJiuapy; tpw;fg;gl;ld. mit>

“ntapw;fjpu; kOq;fpa glu;$u; Qhapw;Wr;

nrf;fu; md;d rpte;Jzq; FUtpw;

fz;nghU G$ck; xz;G+q; fypq;fk;”48

“nghd;Diu fhz;kUq; fypq;fk; gfu;eUk;”49

vd;Dk; ghlypd; %yk; Milfspy; Neu;j;jpAk; moFk; gw;wpa gy

Fwpg;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

4.1.2.3.5 nky;ypa Mil

fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj nky;ypa ,iofshy; Mil nea;ag;gl;lJ.

mofpa G+j;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. Ez;ikahd E}iyf; nfhz;L
nea;ag;gl;l MilapD}Nl ,iofisf; fhzKbahjgb El;gkhf
nea;ag;gl;bUe;jij>

“Nehf;FEio fy;yh Ez;ika G+f;fdpe;J

muTup ad;d mWit ey;fp”50
vd;w ghlybfs; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. mit ghk;gpd; rl;ilg;
Nghd;Wk; %q;fpypd; cl;Gwj;J ntz;Nlhy; NghyTk; mike;j
G+q;fypq;fk; vd;W GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; $Wtij mwpaKbfpwJ.

“ghk;Gup ad;d tbtpd fhk;gpd;

fiogL nrhypap dpioazp thuh

176
 xz;G+q; fypq;f”51

GifiaNghd;Wk; ghypd; Mtp Nghd;Wk; Mil tpsq;fpw;W vd;gij

mwpaKbfpd;wJ. E}ypdhy; Kul;L JzpfSk; nky;ypa JzpfSk;
nea;ag;gl;ld. Fsj;jpy; glUk; ghrp Nghd;w E}ypdhy; Kul;Lj; Jzpfs;
nea;ag;gl;ld. ghy; Mtp Nghd;w nky;ypa JzpfSk; fhfpjk; Nghd;w
nky;ypa JzpfSk; gy tifahf nea;ag;gl;ld.

“NghJtpup gfd;iw GJky ud;d

mfd;Wkb fypq;f KB,r; nry;tKk;”52

“Mtp ad;d mtpu;E}w; fypq;fk;”53

“Nfhgj; jd;d Njhahg; G+e;Jfpy;”54

,e;jpuNfhgg; G+r;rpiag; Nghd;w rpte;j nkd;ikahd Milia

mzpe;jdu; vd;W jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

NkYk; Xtpak; tiuag;ngw;w nky;ypa Nghu;itiag; gw;wp

neLey;thil (131) Fwpg;gpLtijAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

4.1.2.3.6 gl;Lg;Glit

gUj;jpapdhy; kl;Lkpd;wpg; gl;bdhYk; Ml;L cNuhkj;jhYk; vyp

cNuhkj;jhYk; Milfs; nea;ag;gl;ld. gl;Lj;Jzpia „E}yhf;
fypq;fk;‟ vd;W toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“E}yhf; fypq;fk; thyiuf; nfhsP,”55

“gl;LePf;fp JfpYLj;Jk;”56

vd;w ghly;fspd; top rq;ffhy kf;fs; gl;L MilcLj;jpa

nra;jpiaAk;> jhk; cLj;jpa gl;lhilfis ePf;fp nky;ypa ntz;zpwj;
Jfpiy cLj;Jtu; vd;w Fwpg;igAk; ngwKbfpd;wJ.mOf;file;j
ghrpNghd;w ijf;fg;ngw;w Milia ePff ; p fiuapy; Kbr;Rf;fisAila
gl;lhiliag;gw;wpg; nghUeuhw;Wg;gil>

“nfhl;ilf; fiua gl;Lil ey;fpg;”57

177
vd;fpd;wJ. jhkiukyu;> ky;ypif> gpr;rpg;G+> khk;gpQ;R Nghd;w
cUtq;fis Xuq;fspNy mikj;jdu; vd;gu;. Jfpy; vd;Dk; Mil
ntz;ik> rptg;G epwKilajhf ,Ue;jnjd;Wk;> G+e;Jfpy; vd;gJ
jhkiu ky;ypif Kjypa kyu;fspd; tbtk; nghUe;jpajhf
,Ue;jnjd;Wk; mbahu;f;F ey;yhu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

4.1.2.4. Jzpf;F fQ;rpapl;L cyuitj;jy;

Jzpfis kz;zhy; ntSg;Nghu; kz;zhu; vdg;gl;ldu;.

mk;kz;zhu; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jg; ngz;fs;; Giyj;jp vdf;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fs; Jzpiaf; fQ;rpapl;L cyuitj;J kbj;J
itj;jdu;.

“twdpy; Giyj;jp vy;ypj; Njha;j;j

Gfhg;Gfu; nfhz;l Gz;G+q; fypq;fnkhL”58

vd;gJ nfhz;L Giyj;jpapd; nraiy mwpayhk;.

“fsu;g;gL $tw; Nwhz;b ehSk;

Giyj;jp foP,a J}nts;sWit”59

“eyj;jifg; Gyj;jp girNjha;j; njLj;J”60

“girnfhy; nky;tpuw; ngUe;Njhl; Giyj;jp”61

vd;Dk; rhd;Wfshy; JzpntSf;Fk; kf;fisg; gw;wp mwpfpNwhk;.

girtpuw; Giyj;jp nebJgpire; J}l;ba

62
G+e;Jfpy; ,ikf;Fk; nghyd;fho; my;Fy;

vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; Milia xU tifg; girapl;Lf; fhaitj;jik

GydhfpwJ.

4.1.2.5 Jzpfspy; Ez;Ntiyg;ghLfs;

rpWnjhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fspy; xU rpyu; kl;LNk E}w; Milfspy;

fiyj;jpwd; ntspg;gLkhW Xtpaq;fis mikj;J nfhLj;jdu; ,jid>

“Ez;NrW topj;j Nehdpiyj; jpsu;fhy;

178
 Cwh tWKiy nfhsP,a fhwpUj;jp

GJt jpad;w nkOFnra; glkpir

jpz;zpiy kUg;gpd; MLjiyahf

tpz;Zu;G jpupjUk; tPq;Fnryy; kz;byj;J

Kuz;kpF rpwg;gpw; nry;tndhL epiy,a

cNuhfpdp epidtds;”63

vdj; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil $Wfpd;wJ. Ez;zpa rhjpypq;fk; G+rpa typa

epiyapidAila jpuz;l Nkw;fl;bapd; fhy;fisf; Flk; mike;j
fl;by;fhy; mUNf epWj;jp mtw;wpd; Nky; fl;ba nkOF topj;j Gjpa
Nkw; fl;bahfpa Jzpapd; Nky; Qhapw;Wld; kpfTk; khWgl;l jpq;fspd;
Xtpaj;Jld; epiyj;Js;s cNuhfpdpapd; Xtpaj;ij cw;W Nehf;fpdhs;
jiytp vd;W $Wk; nghOJ Xtpaj;jpd; ntspg;ghl;Lj; jpwid
njspthf czu Kbfpd;wJ. muru;fs; Gytu;fs; mzpe;jpUe;j fe;js;
kw;Wk; mOf;F Milfis ePf;fp Ez;zpa E}yhy; Md Milfis
cLg;gpf;fr; nra;jhd; vd;W GwehD}w;Wg; (150>392>393>398>400); ghly;fs;
ahTNk muru;fsplkpUe;J Gytu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w Milfisf;
Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wd. ,t;Milfs; ahTk; rpwe;jjhfTk; kpfTk;
nkd;ikahdjhfTk;> mofpa Ntiyg;ghLfis cilajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ
vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

,j;jifa nerTj;njhopy;Kiwfs; %yk; gUj;jp> gl;L> cNuhkk;

Kjypatw;why; Milfs; nea;ag;gl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhj Ez;zpa ,iofshy; nea;ag;gl;l Milfl;F
tz;zk; Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy G+ Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. ngupa
efuq;fspy; fhLfs; ,Uf;iffs; jdpNa ,Ue;jd. Milfspd;
Xuq;fspy; FQ;rq; fl;Lk; fiyQu; ,Ue;jdu;. Milfisg; Giyj;jpau;
ntSj;Jj; Njha;j;J kbj;jdu; vd;gjpypUe;J nerTj; njhopy;
Neu;j;jpahd El;gj;NjhL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

4.1.2.6 rhak; NghLjy;

JzpfSf;F gy tz;zq;fs; Cl;Lk; fiyapy; rq;ffhy kf;fs;

ifj;Nju;ej
; pUe;jdu; vdyhk;. ,jid>

179
 “ePyf; fr;irg; G+th uilg;”64

vd;w GwehD}W ghly; top rhak; NghLk; epfo;T epfo;e;Js;sij

mwpaKbfpd;wJ.ghyhtp Nghd;w k];yPd; Jzptiffis cNuhkhdpau;
thq;fpr; nrd;Ws;sdu;. Vw;Wkjpf;F te;j ,j;Jzp tiffSf;Fg;
gy;NtW tpjkhd tz;zr; rhak; Vw;wg;gl;l njhopy; mupf;fNkl;by;
ele;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

tPyupd; tlgFjp mfo;tha;tpy; mike;Js;s atdf;

FbapUg;GfSf;F mUfpy; cs;s fl;llg; gFjpfs;> ,uz;L
rhaj;njhl;bfs; Mfpait Jzpj;njhopyhf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtdtha;
cs;sd. ,j;njhl;bfs; xt;nthd;Wk; 4 kPl;lu; ePsKk; 3kPll
; u; mfyKk;
ciladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mupf;fNkL mfo;tha;tpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhaj;njhl;bfs; rw;nwhg;g fp.K.100ypUe;J fp.gp.100
tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpiar; rhu;e;jdthf ,Uf;fyhk; vdTk;
mwpag;gLfpwJ. vdNt rq;f fhyj;jkpou;fs; rhak; Njha;f;Fk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpy;65 rpwe;J tpsq;fpaij j.rhkpehjd; cWjpgLj;Jfpd;whu;.

4.1.2.6.1 ,aw;ifr; rhaq;fs;

gz;ilaj; jkpou;fs; jhtu fdpk kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdg; nghUl;fspy;

tz;zk; jUk; rhag; nghUs;fis ,dq;fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jk; njhopy;El;gq;fs; ed;F mwpe;jtu;fshf
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.GwehD}w;wpd; ghly; 274:1 tupfspd; top ePy epwr;
rhak; Njha;f;fg;gl;l Milfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfisg; gw;wp
vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sJ. ePyp> ePy;> mTup vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,z;bNfh
G];Nlhupah ePyepwr; rhak; MilfSf;Fr; rhaNkw;wg; gad;gl;Ls;sij
mwpaKbfpwJ.

4.1.2.6.2 fdpkr; rhaq;fs;

“fy;Njha;j;J cLj;j gbtg; ghu;g;ghd;”66

vd;w Ky;iyg;ghly; tupahdJ fdpkr; rhaq;fshd nrq;fhtp>

kQ;rl;fhtp Nghd;w fhtp> ePy fw;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l rhaq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp MilfSf;F tz;z %l;bAs;sikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

180
4.1.2.6.3 rhakpLjy; gw;wpa mwptpay; nra;jpfs;

MilfSf;Fr; rhakpLjypy; jdpj;j tz;zj;ij kl;Lkpd;wp

tz;zf; fyitapidf; nfhz;L ,uz;lhk; epiy tz;zq;fs;
gytw;iw cUthf;fpAs;sdu;.

“Jtu;nra; ahilr; nre;njhil kwtu;”67

vd;w ew;wpizg; ghly; nrk;ikepw Milapidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

“fhahk;G+q; fz;zpf; fUe;Jtuhilia”68

vd;w fypj;njhifapYk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fUikAk; nrk;ikAk;

fye;j epwj;ijAila Milapidf; cUthf;Ftjpy; tz;zf;
fyg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; rhakpl;likiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jf;fpd;wijf;
fhzKbfpwJ.

4.1.2.6.4 rhakpLk; cj;jp Kiwfs;

mf;fhyj;jpy; rhakpLk; cj;jpfspy; xd;whf eilKiwr; rhakply;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. Njd;nkOF Nghd;w nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; rhak;
GfhJ jil nra;jdu;. ,d;wsTk; ,t;Tj;jp eilKiwapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,J Nghd;w nkOfpidf; nfhz;L Jzp Xtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;s xU
nra;jp Fwpg;gpidf; fPo;f;fhZk; ghly; tup tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

“GJt jpad;w nkOFnra; glkpirj;”69

Jzpfspd; Nky; nkOFtu;j;jpiaf; nfhz;L Qhapw;Wld; $ba vjpu;

Gwkhf cs;s jpq;fisg; Nghy; xtpak; mike;Js;sJ vd;gij
czu;j;JfpwJ. ,g;gb gythwhf rhak; nra;ag;gl;l Jzpfs;
Xtpaq;fshf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4.1.2.6.5 tbtq;nfhLj;jy;

Milia cLf;Fk; epiyapy; mjhtJ Jzpf;F xU tbtk;

nfhLf;Fk; epiyapYk; ijj;jy; njhopy; mikfpd;wJ. nghJepiyapy;
jkpoupd; cilfs;> Jzpapid mt;thNw cLj;jpa epiyapNyNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; glk;> nka;g;ig> Fg;ghak;> fQ;Rfk;
Nghd;wtw;iwj; ijj;Jj;jhd; mzpe;jpUf;f KbAk; vd Cfpf;fyhk;.

181
 Nkw;fz;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ gQ;rbj;jy;>
E}y; E}w;wy;> gjg;gLj;Jjy;> rhakply; Nghd;w Kiwfs;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;KiwfisNa ,d;W etPd nerTj;njhopy;
El;gkhf [pd;dpq; (gQ;rbj;jy;)> ];gpd;dpq; (E}y; E}w;wy;)> Guh];]pq;>
ilapq; (gjg;gLj;Jjy;> rhakply;) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU
KiwAk; jdpj; jdpahd njhopw;rhiyfshf cs;sik
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mbg;gil tpj;jhf rq;ffhyk; ,Ue;Js;sJ
njspthfpd;wJ.

4.2 fl;llj; njhopy;

fz;zhy; fz;L ,d;Gwj;jf;fJ fl;llf; fiy. tPLfSk;

khspiffSk; muz;kidfSk; Nfhapy;fSk; fl;lf;fiyapy; mlq;Fk;.70
rq;ffhy kf;fs; jhk; tho;e;j epyj;jpw;F Vw;w tifapy; mq;F
fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; %yk; tPLfis mikj;Jf; nfhz;Ls; sdu;.
mtu;fs; gy;NtW tpjkhd fl;llq;fisf; fiyeaj;Jld;
mikj;Js;sdu;. itf;Nfhy; Kjypa rpW Gy;yhy; Ntag;gl;l rpWFby;
Kjy;> mz;zhe;J ghu;f;f ,ayhj gb cau;e;J Njhd;Wk; vOepiy
khlq;fs; <whfg; gyjug;gl;l fl;llq;isAk; mikj;J nfhz;L
tho;e;Js;sdu;.71 tPL fl;LtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd gzp vdNt jhd;
„tPli
; lf; fl;bg;ghu;> fy;ahzj;ijg; gz;zpg;ghu;‟ vd;w tof;fhW
kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4.2.1 fl;ll tifAk;> fl;Lkhdg; nghUl;fSk;

fl;Lkhdj;jpd; njhopy;El;g mwptpid tifg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ>

mbj;jy;> mLf;Fjy;> mupjy;> fl;Ljy;> itj;jy;> Fapw;Wjy;> fplj;Jjy;>
nghUj;Jjy; vdg; gytiffshf miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,d;iwastpy;
jz;L> Kz;L (Inter Locking System) vd;Wk;> Rl;l nrq;fw;fis
mLf;Fk; Kiwf;F jiyg;gFjp (header) Neu; gFjp Stretcher vd;Wk;>
khw;W tupir Kiw vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.72 fl;llq;fspd;
cWjpg;ghl;bw;Fk;> epiyg;Gj;jd;ikf;Fk; njhiyNehf;NfhL rpe;jpj;J>
mjw;fhd fl;Lkhdg; nghUs;fis ,aw;ifahfg; ngw;Wk;> nraw;if
Kiwapy; cz;lhf;fpAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;. njhopy;El;gj;jhy; nraw;ifahf
cz;lhf;fpa fl;Lkhdg; nghUs;fs; vd;gjpy;> miukz; (rpnkz;l;
Nghd;w nghUs;) RLkz; (nrq;fy;> XL)> nrk;Gf; $o;> mWj;J
vLf;fg;gl;l fUq;fy;> gspq;Ff; fy;> G+r;rp kz;> nghd; jfL> gtsk;>

182
ntz;Rz;zk; Nghd;wit rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.73 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
,j;jifa fl;Lkhd mwptpid rq;ffhy kf;fs; ngw;Ws;sdu; vd;gJ
rq;fg;ghly;fspy; gjpthfpAs;s muz;kidfs;> tPLfs; kpfr;rpwe;j
njhopy;El;gj;NjhL vspjpy; mopahj epiyapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sNj
rhd;whFk;. mit Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

4.2.2 gy;NtW tifahd $iutPLfs;

Fuk;ig vd;gJ rpwpa kidapid Fwpg;gjhFk;. rq;ffhy kf;fs;

Fuk;igfspd; Nky; gy;NtW tifahd Gw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
$iuapid Nta;e;Js;sdu;. <e;jpiyahy; Md $iufs; kw;Wk;
Njwiyg;Gy;> jUg;igg;Gy;> jpidj;jhs;> Cfk;Gy;> tuFf;fw;iw (tuF
itf;Nfhy;)> ,iyfshy; Ntag;gl;lr; $iu Kjypa gy;NtW
Gw;fisAk; ,iyfisAk; Nkw;$iuahff; nfhz;L tPLfis
mikj;Js;sdu;.

“Fd;wf; Fwtd; Gy;Nta; Fuk;ig”74

vd;W Iq;FWE}W Fuk;ig Gy;iyf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,g;Gw;fs; mtu;fs;

tho;fpd;w #oYf;F Vw;g fpilj;jg; nghUl;fis mbg;gilahf
nfhz;Ls;sd. ,d;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; goq;Fb kf;fsplk; Gw;fspdhy;
Nkw;$iufs; mikf;Fk; kuG fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

goe;jkpou;fs; tPLfspy; ML> khLfs;> Nfhopfs; Nghd;w tsu;gG

;
gpuhzpfis tsu;j;Js;sdu;. mitfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fj;
jdpf;$LfisAk; mikj;Js;sdu;. Nfhopfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F Nfhopf;
$Lfisg; guz; mikj;J mjd; kPJ Fuk;ig Nghy Nkw;$iu mikj;J
fl;lg;gl;bUe;jij>

“Ntoq; fhtyu; Fuk;ig Va;g;gf;

Nfhop Nrf;Fq; $Lilg; Gjtpd;”75

vd;w ghly;tupfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. nrq;fy;> fUq;fy; Nghd;w

fl;Lkhdg; nghUl;fs; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sd.

4.2.3 nrq;fy; njhopy;El;gk;

nrq;fy;iyr; nra;tjw;F gytifahd nghUs;fs; kw;Wk;

nray;Kiwfs; cs;sd. ,r;nrq;fy;iy cUthf;f goe;jkpou;fs; kzy;

183
fye;j kz;> jtpl;Lkz;> tz;ly; kz; ,itfis Nju;T nra;J
mtw;iw Rj;jk; nra;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

nrq;fy;yhdJ #upa xspapy; cyUk; nghOJ cilahky;

,Ug;gjw;F Njitahd msT kzy; fye;Js;sdu;. rpWrpWfy;>
ngUkzy;> frLfs;> VJk; ,y;yhky; Rj;jk; nra;J> ,itfisf;
fye;J Fioj;j epiyapy; mr;Rfspy; ,l;L ed;F mOj;jk; nfhLj;J
nra;Js;sdu;. mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; nghOJ fhw;W cs; gFjpapy;
,y;yhky; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; nrq;fy; nfl;bj; jd;ikia
mile;J fhyj;jhy; mopahky; epiyj;J epw;fpd;wJ.76 vd;Wk;>
,t;tifahd nrq;fw;fs; jkpof mfo;tha;Tfspy; gutyhf
fhzg;gLtij tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; cWjpgLj;jpAs;sijf;
fhzKbfpwJ. ,j;jifa nrq;fw;fw;fs; gad;ghL gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs;
rq;fg;ghly;fspYk; gjpthfpAs;sJ.

4.2.3.1 nrq;fy; tPLfs;

kid vd;wr; nrhy; tPLfis Fwpg;gjhFk;. rq;ffhy kf;fs;

RLkz; nrq;fw;fisf; nfhz;L tPLfis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
nrq;fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;l cau;e;j tPLfisAk; gw;wpAk; mjidr; Rw;wp
kjpYk; ,Ue;jij>

“RLk Nzhq;fpa neLefu; tiug;gpd;”77

vd;Dk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ghly; rhd;whfpd;wJ. fl;llq;fSf;F kz;>

fy;> kuk;>cNyhfk;> ntz;Rijfs;nfhz;L G+rp moFg; gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
Kd;wpyhdJ kidapd; Kd;gFjpapidf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. fl;llf;fiyapy;
xd;whd thd;Rij (Fws;.714) Fwpj;J ts;StUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;.

4.2.3.2 nrq;fy; Nfhapy;fs;

rq;f fhyj;jpNy fl;lg;gl;;l Nfhapy;fs;> nrq;fy; fl;llq;fisAk;

kutpl;lq;fisAk; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;L Rtu;Nky; Rz;zk; G+rg;
ngw;wpUe;jd. ,j;jifa nrq;fy; fl;llf; Nfhapy;fs; mt;tt;NghJ
nrg;gdplhkw;Nghdhy; mit rpije;J mope;JtpLk; vd fbaY}u;
cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhu; ghbAs;shu;. ,be;J rpije;JNghd nrq;fw;fshy;
Md fl;llf; Nfhapy; xd;iwf; $Wfpwhu;. mit

“,l;bif neLq;Rtu; tpl;lk; tPo;e;njd

184
 kzpg;Gwhj; Jwe;j kuQ;;Nrhu; khlj;J

vOjzp flTs; Nghfypw;”78

vd;W ,g;ghly; mikfpd;wJ. „ghiwf; fw;fisf; nfhz;L fl;llq;fs;

mikg;gjw;FKd; nrq;fy;> Rz;zhk;G> fspkz;> tz;ly;kz;> kuk;>
cNyhfk; Nghd;w nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
mikj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;‟.79kiyia xj;j Nfhapiyf; fl;baij>

“kiyGiu neLefu;f; $ly; ePba”80

vd;w ghly; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fl;Lkhdg; nghUl;fis RLkz;

vd;Wk;> ,l;bif vd;Wk; rq;fg;ghly;fs; Rl;bAs;sJ njspthfpd;wJ.

4.2.4 neLefu; (m) khlkhspiffs;

Fif> kug;nghe;Jfspd; tsu;r;rpNa tPLfs;> muz;kidfs;>

neLefu;fs; MFk;. efu; vd;Dk; nrhy;> Kjd; Kjy;> xU tskidia
my;yJ khspifNa Fwpj;jJ. efu; = 1.tskid (Gwk;.70)> 2.khspif
(mfk;.15). khspif murDf;Nf rpwg;ghfTupajhjyhy;> efu; vd;Dk;
nrhy; muz;kidiaAk; (Gwk;.127) murd; kid Nghd;w ,iwtd;
NfhapiyAk; (Gwk;.6) gpd;G Fwpf;fyhapw;W.81„efu; vd;Dk; nrhy;> jdp
khspifiaAk; mjidAilaNgUiuAq; Fwpj;jjpdhy;> ,k;kaf;fj;ij
ePf;Fk; nghUl;L> NgUiu kl;Lk; Fwpj;jw;F ,futPW nfhz;l efup
vd;Dk; nrhy; vOe;jJ. efiu (khspifia) AilaJ efup‟82 vd
NjtNeag;ghthzu; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. ,f;$w;Wf;fpzq;f khspiffs;>
muz;kidfs; neLefu; vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
,j;jifa neLefu; mike;j nra;jpfs; rq;fg;ghly;fspy; gutyhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

“------------------------- neLefu;

tpidGid ey;,y; ntt; vup ieg;g”83

vd;w ghlypy; top neLefupy; Ntiyg;ghLfs; mike;j tPLfs;

fl;lg;gl;lijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. mt;tPLfs; nry;tk; epiwe;Js;sij>

“nghd;Dil neLefu;g; GiuNah Uau”84

185
vd;w ,g;ghlyhy; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,Nj neba efu; gw;wp „ney;Yil
neLefu;‟ ney;iy cila neba efiuAk;>tpz;izj;njhLk; cau;e;j
khspifAk; mjpy; G+f;fis cila Xtpak; tiuag;ngw;wijAk;
mfehD}W (167:4>93:12) ghly;fs; njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ. mq;F moFila
rhe;J G+rg;gl;l khlKk; epyh Kw;wKk; ,Ue;jij>

“Ma;Rij khlj; jzpepyh Kw;wj;Js;”85

“epydhtpy; jpupj&k;ck; ePz;khlf; $lY}u;”86

vd;w fypj;njhifg; ghly;fspd; top kJiu khefu; ePz;l khlq;fisf;

nfhz;L ,Ue;Js;sij mwpa KbfpwJ. mk;khlq;fspy; Nkfq;fs;
jto;tijg; Nghd;w fhl;rpia>

“kioNjhAk; cau;khlj;J”87

vd;gjpypUe;J khspifs;>tPLfs; cau;e;j fl;Lkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ

GydhfpwJ.mf;fl;Lkhdj;jpy; Rz;zhk;gpd; (kJ.fh.399) gad;ghl;ilAk;>
khlkhspiffs; ,lk; ngw;wijAk;>

“khlk; gpwq;fpa kypGfo;f; $ly;”88

vd;w kJiuf;fhQ;rpg; ghly;fs; (406>451) %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.flw;fiu

mUNf Xq;fp cau;e;j khlq;fs; gy ,Ue;jd vd;gijAk; tpz;iz
Kl;Lk; cauj;J fl;llq;fs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sij ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk; „thd;cw epte;j Nky;epiy kUq;fpd;‟
(neLey;.60-63) vd;W neLey;thilAk;> kiy Nghd;W cau;e;j
,Ug;gplj;ij GwehD}Wk; (390:7) Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. khlq;fs; vy;yhk;
nts;sp Nghd;w Rz;zr;rhe;jpdhy; G+rg;gl;bUe;jd. xsptPRk; kzpfshy;
fz;fisg; gwpf;Fk; khlq;fs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sij (Gwk;.53:3) Nehf;Fk;
NghJ gytif kzpfs;> fw;fs; fl;llq;fspy; nghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
cWjpahfpwJ.

4.2.4.1 rhsuq;fs; nfhz;l tPLfs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ngupa tPLfs;> muz;kidfs;>

khlkhspiffs; gw;wpa ghly;fs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpoupd; fl;ll mikg;ghdJ tl;lkhfTk;> rJuk;> ePs; rJukhf
mikj;Js;sd. „fl;lf;fiy njhlf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapid ghu;f;ifapy;

186
mtu;fSf;F epytpay; (Geology) Rw;Wr;#oy;> mJrhu;e;j ,aw;if
mwptpidAk; mjd; gad;ghl;bidAk; czu;e;j mwptpd;fhy; nfhs;tJk;
,d;W ek;khy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.‟89 rq;ffhyj;jpy; Ntiyg;ghlike;j
ngupa tPLfs; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. mitfs; ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lk;
cs;sitfs;. thd;tiu cau;e;j> fhw;W ,ir Nghy; jto;fpd;w gy
rhsuq;fisAila ey;y tPLfs; ,Ue;jd vd;gij>

“tifngw vOe;J thd %o;fpr;

rpy;fhw; wpirf;Fk; gy;Gio ey;ypy;

ahWfple; jd;d mfndLe; njUtpy;”90

vd;gijAk; kz;lgk;> $lk;> rikay; fl;L Nghd;w gy tifahd

gFjpfs; ,Ue;Js;sijAk; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

4.2.4.2 muz;kid thapy; kw;Wk; fjTfs;

muz;kidapd; cs;Ns KuRfs; Koq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jid

“KuRKoq;F neLef uuRJap yPahJ”91

vd;gjd; top efuKk; (muz;kid) Nfhl;il thry;fSk; ngupjhff;

fl;lg;gl;bUe;jikg; Gyg;gLfpwJ. mt;thry;fSf;F td;ikahd fjTfs;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,j;jifa Nfhl;il thapiyg; gw;wp
neLey;thilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

“jhnohL Fapd;w Nghuik Gzu;g;gpw;

ifty; fk;kpad; KLf;fypw; GiujPu;e;J

---------------------------------

Fd;WFapd; wd;d xq;Fepiy thapy;”92

vd;Dk; ghlypd; top cl;Gwk; jho;NghLk; gb> Ntiyj;jpwk; kpFe;j

jr;rdhy; ed;whfr; nra;ag;gl;l fjTfs;> cau;e;j thrw;fhy;fs;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ ntz; rpWfLFk; vz;nzAk; G+rp tzq;Ffpd;w
nja;t tbtj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. ahidfs; nry;Yk; thapy;fs;> thry;fs;
kiyiaf; File;jJ Nghd;wit vd;Dk; ctikfs; top

187
fl;blq;fisAk; ed;F ifNju;e;j jr;rUk; kpFe;j njhopy;El;gj;NjhL
jk; njhopiyr; nra;Js;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. NkYk;>

“tpz;Zw Nthq;fpa gy;gilg; Gupirj;

njhy;typ epiy,a mzq;Fil neLepiy

njhy;typ epiy,a mzq;Fil neLepiy

nea;glf; fupe;j jpz;Nghu;f; fjtpd;

kioahL kiyap dpte;j khlnkhL

itia ad;d tof;Fil thapy;”93

thdsT cau;e;j kjpy;RtUk; mjpy; gy gilfSk; ,Ue;jd. mt;thNw

njhd;ikahd typikiaAila nja;tkhdJ epd;w epiytpy;
ePz;lnjhU epiyfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ mk;kjpy;> fjtpYs;s
tpsf;FfSf;F nea;A+w;wp vupj;jjhy; mq;fpUe;j ntz;ikahd fjTfs;
fUikahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYk; Nkfq;fs; jtOk; kiy Nghd;W cau;e;j khlq;fs;

,Ugf;fj;Jk; ,Ue;jd. mjd; ,ilapy; itia MW Nghd;W kf;fSk;
tpyq;FfSk; Ngha;te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nfhl;il thapy;fs;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

„thapy; epiyiaj; jhq;Fk; Rtu; kPJ jpUkfs; rpiyAk; mjd;

,Ugf;fq;fspYk; nrq;fOePu;g; G+f;fSk; Rz;zj;jhy; moFw
mike;jpUe;jd‟94 vd ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,NjNghy;
nghypT ngw;w thapiyAila ngupa kidia mfehD}Wk; (325:2)>
neLey;thilAk; (95-96> 83-86)> Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

fl;llq;fspd; mikg;Gk;> Ntiyg;ghLk; me;ehl;L kf;fspd;

mwpTf;Fk;> Kaw;rpf;Fk; milahsk;. fl;llf; fiyapNy
gz;ilj;jkpou;fs; ifNju;e;jtu;fs;. mtu;fs; muz;kid> Kg;gilfs;
nry;yf;$bajhd thapy;>kpfg;ngupa efuq;fs;> mjidr; Rw;wp kjpy;>
mfop Kjypa fl;b> ghJfhty;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdu;.

188
4.3 jr;Rr; njhopy;fs;

,aw;if tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> fiyg;gilg;Gfshf khw;wpf;

nfhs;Sk; iftpidf; fiyfis tsg;gLj;Jk; fiyQu;fs; gyu;
cs;sdu;. „kuG topahf ,j;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. jr;R
vd;gJ xd;iwAk; kw;nwhd;iwAk; nghUj;jp ,izg;gjhFk;. ,e;j jr;Rj;
njhopiyr; nra;Nthu; jr;ru; vdg;gl;ldu;.‟ 95
jr;Rj; njhopy;fs; kuk;>fy;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;Lr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

xt;nthU nghUSk; jdpj;jdpNa njhopy; nra;Nthiu

cUthf;fpAs;sJ. „jr;Rj;njhopy; nra;Nthiug; nghJthf rpw;gk;
nra;Nthu; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. „rpw;gk;‟ vd;w nrhy;ypw;Ff; fy;> kuk;
Mfpatw;wpy; fiyAzu;Tld; nrJf;fg;gl;l cUtk;> rpiy vd;W
f;upahtpd; jw;fhyj;jkpo; mfuhjp‟96 Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Kjypy; kuj;jr;Rj;
njhopy; gw;wp tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

4.3.1 kuj; jr;Rj;njhopy;

rq;ffhy kf;fs; ,aw;ifapd; nfhilahd kuq;fspd; gad;ghl;il

mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. kuk; rhu;e;j fiyj; njhopypy; <LgLk; ,dj;jpdu;
fk;khsu;> ,tu;fs; kuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tPL> thfdk; Nju;
Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. „kuNtiy nra;gtu; jr;ru; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldu;. fy;jr;ru;> kujr;ru; vd ,t;tpUtifj; jr;ru;fl;Fk;
fk;khsu; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.‟97 fk; - cyfk;> Msu; -
Ms;fpd;wtu;fs;. „fk;khsu; vd;why; cyfj;ij Ms;fpd;wtu;fs; vd;W
nghUs;gLk;. Ie;J tifahd njhopy;fisr; nra;tjhy; ,tu;fis
tp];tfu;kh vd;Wk; miog;gu;.

tp];tk; - vy;yhk;> fu;kh – Ntiyfs; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. vdNt

tp];tfu;kh vd;gJ vy;yh NtiyfSk; nra;gtu;fs; vd;W
nghUs;gLk;.‟98rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; kuj;jr;ru;fis kuq;nfhy;jr;rd; vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,jid>

“kuq;nfh/wr;rd; ifty;rpwhmu;

kOTilf; fhl;lfj; jw;Nw”99

189
vd;w ghly; tupfs; %yk; mwpayhk;. „kO> csp> KLf;F> fUtp>
vwpFwL Mfpad ,tu;jk; MAjq;fs;. ,tu;fs; fyg;ig Kjyhdit
nra;tNjhL ,y;yq;fSf;Fupa epiy Kjypatw;iwAk; Mf;Ftu;.‟100
NkYk; jr;ru;fs; ,sk; tajpNyNa jq;fspd; njhopiyf; fw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,t;thW fw;gtu; Kjypy; nghk;ikj; Nju;fs; nra;J
tpisahbatu;fs;> gpd;dNu ngUe;jr;ru;fshf khwpAs;sdu; vd;w
,f;fUj;ijg; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil (247) ghlybfs; %yk;
mwpaKbfpwJ. mt;thNw> jr;Rj; njhopy; nra;tjw;F csp> ku Mzp
Kjypa gy;NtW fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

4.3.1.1 jr;Rj; njhopy; - Nju;

kd;du;fspd; ehy;tifg; gilfSs; xd;whfj; Nju;g;gila

,Ug;gjhy; Nju;fs; nra;tJ jr;ru;fspd; Kjd;ikahd flikahf
,Ue;jJ. xNu ehspy; vl;L Nju;fisr; nra;Ak; mstpw;F mtu;fs;
typik tha;e;j jr;ru;fs; ,Ue;jdu; vd;gij>

“vz; Nju; nra;Ak; jr;rd;”101

vd;w ghly; tup%yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. fz;izf; ftUk; Neu;j;jpahd

Nju;fs; nra;ag;gl;lij>

“fz;Nzhf;F xopf;Fk; gz;zik neLe;Nju;”102

vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jr;rd; fz;

,ikahy; tz;bapy; Flj;jpy; nrUfg;gl;l Muf;fhy; gw;wp GwehD}W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

“vLj;njwp Qhl;gp dpikahd; wr;rd;

mLj;njwp Fwl;b dpd;Wkha;j; jdNd”103

“$Usp nghUj tLtho; Nehd;Fwl;L

MuQ; #o;e;j mapy;tha; NekpnahL

rpju; wid KLf;fpd; NrNzhq;F neLQ;rpidj;

190
 jju;gpzp mtpo;e;j Njhw;wk; Nghy

cs;suf; nfwpe;j cUf;FW Nghu;itf;

fUe;njhopy; tpidQu; iftpid Kw;wp

Cu;e;Jngau; ngw;w vopy;eilg; ghfnuhL”104

Nju;r; rf;fuf; Fwl;bidf; $u;ikahd cspahy; nrJf;fpd. cUf;fs;

Mo;;e;j Muq;fis mikj;J> mijr; Rw;wp R+l;bidAila
cUisiar; Nru;j;J Ks;KUf;F kuk; kyu;e;j Njhw;wk; Nghd;W>
rhjpypq;fk; tope;j Nghu;itapidAk;> jr;ru;> nfhy;yu;> njhopy; Kw;Wg;
ngw;w gpd;du; Vwpg;ghu;j;J> ey;y Xl;lk; cs;s NjNuhL> Fjpiuapd;
Ntfj;ijg; gpd;dplr; nra;Ak; nray;ghl;L Kiw> rq;ffhy kf;fs; Nju;
nra;j Kiw mjw;fhd njhopy;El;g Ntiyg;ghLfis
rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jr;ru;fs; kuj;jhy;
,ad;w gynghUl;fisAk; kpFjpahf nra;J nfhLj;Js;sdu;. ,jid>

“ey;nyop ndLe;Nju; ,aTte; jd;d

fy;ah nwhypf;Fk; tplu;Koq; fpuq;fpir”105

vd;w kiygLflhk; ghlybfs; %yk; ey;y mofpa ePz;l Nju;fs;

njUf;fspy; Xb tUk; NghJ Vw;gLk; XirNghy; kiyapypUe;J tUk;
Mw;W ePu; Xir cs;sJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
„rq;ffhyj;jpy; ePz;l Nju;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
,d;Ws;s Nju;fspy; tpaj;jF Ntiyg;ghl;ilf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,t;Ntiyg;ghL gy E}w;whz;Lfshfj; njhlu;e;J tUfpd;w rpw;gf; fiy
tsu;r;rpahFk;.‟106 ,f; $w;wpd; %yKk; rq;fg; ghly;fspd; topAk; Nju;
nra;Ak; njhopy; El;gj;ij kf;fs; ngw;Ws;sdu; vd;gJ cWjpahfpd;wJ.

4.3.1.2 fjT nra;Ak; jr;Rj; njhopy;

ifj;njhopy; ty;y jr;rd; ,ul;ilf; fjTfisr; rpwpJk;

,ilntsp Njhd;wh tz;zk; ,izj;J cUthf;fpa nra;jpia>

“gUtpUk;G gpzpj;Jr; nrt;tuf; FuP,j;

Jizkhz; fjtk; nghUj;jp ,izkhz;L

191
 ehnshL ngaupa Nfhsik tpOkuj;Jg;

NghjtPo; Ftisg; GJg;gpb fhyikj;Jj;

jhnshL Fapd;w Nghuhik Gzu;g;gpw;

ifty; fk;kpad; KLf;fypw; GiujPu;e;J

Iatp ag;gpa nea;azp neLepiy”107

MzpfSk;> gl;lq;fSkhfpa gUj;j ,Uk;ghy; Nru;j;J> rhjpypq;fk;

topj;J> Ntiyg;ghLfshy; khl;rpikg;gl;l ,ul;ilf; fjitg;
nghUj;jpapUe;jdu;. NkNy cj;juf; fl;il mikj;jpUe;jdu;. mJ rpwe;j
kuj;jhy; nra;ag;ngw;wJ. Ftis Nghd;w kyu; tbtq;fs; mjpy;
,Ue;jd. fjTfSf;Fg; Gjpa gpbfs;> jho;g;ghNshL nghUe;jpapUe;jd.
nghUj;Jtha; ed;F NrUkhW Nru;j;jpUe;jdu;. ,tw;iwf; ifj;njhopy;
Nju;e;j fk;kpad; ,ilntspapd;wpAk; fjtpy; ntz;rpWfLFk;> nea;Ak;
mg;gp nra;jhd; vd;gij neLey;thil %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

4.3.1.3 tz;b nra;Ak; Kiw

jr;ru;fs; cg;G tz;bapidr; nra;Js;sdu;. cg;G tzpfu;

tz;bapd; rf;fuk; kpf cWjpahf ,Ue;jJ. rf;fuj;jpd; tpspk;gpy;
tisT kuk; ,Ue;jJ. xNu kuj;jpy; tz;bapd; Flk; nra;ag;gl;L
,Ue;jJ. mjw;F goq;fhyg; ngau; FwL> mJ KoT Nghd;W ,Ue;jJ.
mjpy; jhd; mr;rhzpiar; nrUFthu;fs;. Flj;jpw;Fk; tpspk;G tisT
kuj;ijAk; ,izf;f Muk; cWjpahf ,Ue;jJ. mjpy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L
gf;fj;jpYk; ePz;L fple;j gUkuq;fs; ,Ue;jd. mk;kuq;fs;
,uz;bidAk; neLfj; Jisj;Jf; FWf;Nf VzpgOg; Nghy xU
kuj;ijf; Nfhj;J ,Ue;jdu;. mJ Efj;jb vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. tz;b
kiyNghd;W ,Ue;jJ.108NkNy Ntag;gl;l Nju;j;jhspg;gha; $e;jw;
gidahy; Kile;jgha; mJNkfk; Nghd;W ,Ue;jJ. mt;tz;b kiy
kPJ Nkfk; fple;jJ Nghd;W ,Ue;jJ vd;gij>

“nfhOQ;R+l; lUe;jpa jpUe;Jepiy ahuj;J

Kotpd; md;d KOku cUsp

vOcg; Gzu;e;jd;d gUcf;if Nehd;ghu;

khupf; Fd;wk; kioRke; jd;d

192
 Miu Nta;e;j miwtha;r; rflk;”109

vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapd; %yk; ,tu;fs; rflk; nra;tjpYk;

Nju;r;rpg; ngw;wpUe;Js;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jr;Rj; njhopy; nra;Ak;
rpWtu;fs; jr;Rj; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd kuq;fis mtu;fNs fhl;by;
nrd;W fz;L ntl;b vLj;J tUtu; vd;gij GwehD}W (206:11-12)
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. jr;ru;fspd; gps;isfSk; tpUk;Gk;gb Gide;j ey;y
rpWNju;fisg; gw;wp

“jr;rr; rpwhmu; er;rg; Gide;j

Cuh ew;Nw FUl;ba Gjy;tu”;110

vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapd; top cotu; Foe;ijfs; Xl;Lfpd;w

eiltz;bia> jr;ru;fspd; rpwhu;fs; tpUk;gpaij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

4.3.1.4 jr;ru; njhopypy; fl;by;

jr;R Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;Ak; nghOJ mtw;wpy; Xtpaq;fs;

tiuAk; ,ay;G cz;L. ,tu;fs; fl;by; nra;J gpd; Xtpa
Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;Js;sdu;. ,jid>

“jrehd; nfa;jpa gidkUs; Nehd;whs;

...........................................................................
Ngus nta;jpa ngUk;ngau;g;ghz;by;”111

vd;w neLey;thil %yk; ehw;gJ tajhd> KuR Nghd;W typikahd

fhy;fisAila> Nghupy; ty;y cau;e;j ahid Nghupy; ,we;j gpd;G
,ay;ghf tPo;e;j ahidapd; je;jq;fisf; nfhz;L nra;j fl;by;
mj;je;jq;fis ,Ugf;fKk; $u; cspahy; njhopy; ty;Nyhd; rPUk;
rpwg;Gkhfr; nrJf;fp> rpiyj; njhopiyr; nra;jhd;. „fl;bypd;
,izg;ghfpa Flk;> R+y; Kw;wpa kfspupd; ghYila fUj;j Kiyia
xj;jpUe;jJ. fl;bypd; fhy;fs; cs;spapd; (cs;sp – nts;Ss;sp) Kjy;
Nghd;w tbtj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. fl;bypd; mstpy; Ngu; msitg;
ngw;w fr;Rf; fl;by; vd;W Gfo;e;J $wg;ngWk; fl;by;‟112rq;ffhyj;jpy;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

193
NkYk;>,f;fl;by;fSf;F myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;lijAk; neLey;thil
tptupf;fpwJ. Kj;Jkhiyf; fl;bnyhL xOq;Fw nky;ypa E}y; nfhz;L
moFWk; gbj;njhLj;Jj; njhq;ftplg;gl;lJ. ,J gyfdpNghy; fhl;rp
ngwr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. GypahdJ tupfisj; jd;dplj;Nj Fj;Jjy;
njhopyhy; mikf;fg;gl;l jpl;lk; Nghd;w tbtj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ.
fl;bypd; mstpy; Ngu; msitg; ngw;w ghz;bf; fl;by; vd;W Gfo;e;J
$wg;ngWk; fl;by; rq;ffhyj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;>
,f;fl;by;fSf;F myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;lijAk; neLey;thil
tptupf;fpwJ.

4.3.1.5 thzpgg; nghUl;fs;

thzpgk; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahdg; glFfs;> kuf;fyd;fs;

fg;gy;fs; Mfpatw;iw nra;tjpYk; jr;ru;fs; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sdu;
vd;gij ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; (189>299)> tpsf;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; >

“Mbaw; ngUehtha;

kioKw;wpa kiyGiuaj;”113

“jPk;Gfhu;j; jpiuKd;Wiwj;

J}q;Fehtha; Jtd;wpUf;if”114

vd;w ghly;fs; top miyfSf;F eLNt cs;s fg;gy;fs; Nkfq;fSf;F

eLNtAs;s kiyfs; Nghd;W Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,t;ctikapypUe;J ngupa fg;gy;fisj; jr;ru;fs; nra;Js;sJ
njspthfpd;wJ. gy ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; jkpofj;jpd; JiwKfq;fspy;
te;J jq;FtJ Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mjdhy; fg;gy; fl;Lk;
njhopy;El;gj;ijr; rq;ffhy kf;fs; mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jJ
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

4.3.1.6 jr;Rj; njhopy;El;gk;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; muru;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;s Nju;fs;> Nfhl;ilf;

fjTfs;> vOepiy khlq;fs; rpWfjTfs;> ehtha; (glF)> fg;gy;fs;>
kuf;fyq;fs;> JLg;G KjypadTk;> tPlb
; y; guz; (ew;.194) mikj;jy;
kw;Wk; epiyf;fjT> rd;dy; Nghd;wit gz;ila kf;fs; tho;tpy;

194
ngUk;gq;F tfpj;Js;sij mwpaKbfpd;;wJ ,jd; %yk; jr;ru;fs;
kpFjpahf ,Ue;Js;sikiaAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

NkYk; Itif epyj;ijf; nfhz;l jkpo;r; rKjha mikg;gpYk;

mtu;fsJ tho;tpYk; njhd;Wnjhl;L Ntshz; njhopy; ,Ue;J
tUtjhy; cotu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd fyg;ig> Efj;jb. khl;L tz;b>
fiza kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mr;R> Nrk mr;R Kjypatw;iwr; nra;J
nfhLj;Js;stw;wpypUe;J jr;Rj; njhopy;El;gk; Nkd;ik ngw;Ws;sJ
njspthfpd;wJ.

Ky;iy epykf;fSk; ghiyepykf;fSk; jk; tPl;by; mjpfhiyapy;

japu;filAk; (ew;.12) tof;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ntz;nza;
jpuStjw;Nfw;g mk;kj;jpid jr;ru;fs; cWjpahd kuf;fl;ilahy;
mbg;gFjpapy; NkLgs;sk; mikj;J> Nky; gFjpapy; mjhtJ
ifg;gpbf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; xU rpW nfhz;ilNah my;yJ iftOf;fhJ
,Uf;Fk; tz;zk; tisakhf cspnfhz;L Mf;fp
moFgLj;jpAs;sdu;.,tu;fs; tPl;by; ,k;kj;ijf; file;Js;sdu; vd;gij
ew;wpizg; ghly; vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. gUg;G filAk; kj;jpw;Fk;> japu;
filAk; kj;jpw;Fk; NtWghLz;L me;je;j nray; EZf;fj;jpw;Fj;jf>
jr;ru;fs; njhopy;El;gj;NjhL nra;Js;sdu;.

4.3.1.7 jr;ru;fspd; kuj;Nju;T Kiwfs;

rpiyf;F Vw;w kuj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> me;j kur;rpiyf;F Vw;w

ePsk;> cauk;> mfyk; vd msTfs; vLj;jy;> rpw;gq;fisr;
nrJf;FtJk;> gpd;G tz;zk; jPl;Ljy;> kur;rpw;gpfspd; mwpT El;gkhFk;.
,r;nray;ghLfs; kuG topahf ,d;Wtiug; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
fUtpfs; kl;LNk khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. kw;w nray;ghLfs; Kw;wpYk; kuG
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

1. mj;jp kuk; - Fjpiu> ahid> md;dk;> kapy;> fhkNjD

2. ,Yg;ig – Nju; nra;jy;
3. Njf;F> G+ thif – nja;tr;rpiyfs;
4. Ntk;G – thfdg;gl;il
5. khtpyq;if> G+ thif – G+ Ntiyfs;> El;gkhd
Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba rpiyfs; nra;tu;.

195
4.3.2 fy;jr;Rj; njhopy; my;yJ rpw;gq;fiy

rpw;gf;fiyapd; tuyhW njhd;ikahdJ. ,J fl;llf; fiyNahL

gpize;j xd;whFk;. fl;llf; fiyf;F mLj;j gbahf cs;sJ
rpw;gf;fiy. fy;jr;Rj; njhopy; nra;tjw;F csp> rPTsp> ,iog;Gsp>
jr;Rsp> rpe;Jsp> nfsT csp gad;gLfpd;wJ. fl;llf; fiyia tplr;
rpw;gf;fiy El;gkhdJ. kdpjd; tpyq;F> gwit> kuk;> nrb kiy> fly;
Kjypa ,aw;if cUtq;fisAk; moFgl mikg;gNj rpw;gf;fiy.115
goq;fhyj;jpy; eLfw;fshfj; Njhw;wk; nfhz;L gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rpg;
ngw;W cyfNk tpaf;Fk; tz;zk; ,j;njhopy; cau;e;J epw;fpd;wJ.
,j;jifa rpw;gf;fiy rq;f ,yf;fpaf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng
Njhd;wptpl;ld. rpw;gq;fspd; Njhw;wk; vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;jJ vd;gjidj; njhy;fhg;gpag; ghapuj;jpy;

“njhy;fhg; gpanddj; jd;ngau; Njhw;wpg;

gy;Gfo; epWj;j gbikNahNd”116

vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. gbkk; vd;gJ cUtk;. ,J rpw;gf;fiyr;

nrhy;ypd; mbj;jskhd nrhy;yhFk;. rpw;gf;fiy ek; ehl;bd; jdpj;J
tsu;e;j fiy md;W muru;fspd; Ntl;ifAk; rka newpAk; gpize;J
cUthd fiyahFk;.

4.3.2.1 eLfy;

eLfy;jhd; rpw;gf; fiyapd; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;tJ.

njhy;fhg;gpak; fue;ijj;jpizapy;

fhl;rp fy;Nfhs; ePu;g;gil eLjy;117

vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. Nghupy; tpOg;Gz;gl;L ,we;j tPudpd; epidthf

vLf;fg;gLtNj eLfy;yhFk;. ,e;eLfy; jhd; rpw;gf;fiy Njhw;wk; ngwf;
fhuzkhd xd;whFk;. „fy;> Rij> cNyhfk;> kuk; Kjyhd
nghUs;fspdhy; kdpju;> tpyq;F> gwit> jhtuk; Kjyhd ,aw;ifg;
nghUs;fspd; tbtj;ijAk; fw;gidahff; fw;gpj;J mikf;fg;gl;l
nghUs;fspd; cUtj;ijAk; mikg;gJjhd; rpw;gf;fiy.‟118
rpw;gj;njhopypd; gj;JWg;gpd; ngau; „fy;> cNyhfk;> nrq;fy;> kuk;> kz;>

196
Rij> je;jk;> tz;zk;> fz;lrUf;fiu> nkOF‟119 Nghd;wtw;iw
gpq;fy epfz;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

4.3.2.2 Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fs;

jkpoff; Nfhapw;fl;llf;fiy tuyhW kpfTk; njhd;ik

tha;e;jhFk;. „Nfhapy;fs; ,iwtdpd; ciwtplkhf kl;Lk; mikahky;
fiyfNshL mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; ahtw;iwAk; Gyg;gLj;Jk;
fiyf;$lq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.‟120 „cyfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpw
,aw;ifahd cUtq;fisAk; nraw;ifahff; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l
cUtq;fisAk; rpw;ghr;rhupfs; Rij>kuk; fy; gQ;rNyhfk; Kjyhd
nghUs;fspdhy; nra;fpd;whu;fs;

“fy;Yk; cNyhfKk; nrq;fYk; kuKk;

kz;Zk; RijAk; je;jKk; tz;zKk;

fz;l rUf;fiuAk; nkOFk; vd;wpit

gj;Nj rpw;gj; njhopw;FWg; ghtd”

vd;W jpthfu epfz;L”121 $WfpwJ. rpw;g cUtq;fis KO cUtq;fs;

vd;Wk; Gilg;Gr; rpw;gq;fs; vd;Wk; ,U tpjkhfg; gpupf;fyhk;. KO
cUtr; rpw;gk; vd;gJ nghUs;fspd; Kd;Gwk; gpd;Gwk; Kjypa KO
cUtKk; njupa mikf;fg;gLtJ. Gilg;Gr; rpw;gk; vd;gJ nghUs;fspd;
xUGwk; kl;Lk; njhpAk;gbr; Rth;fspYk; gyiffspYk; mikf;fg;gLtJ.
,t;,uz;Ltpj rpw;g cUtq;fSk; Nfhapy;fspNy mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.122

NkYk; „,;r;RLkz;zhy; vOg;ggLk; Nfhapiy kz;jsp vd;Wk;>

fy;yhy; fl;lg;gLk; Nfhapiyf; fw;wsp vd;Wk; $Wtu;.‟123 ,r;rpw;gq;fs;
nra;gtiu E}ywp Gytu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

“E}ywpg; Gytu; Ez;zpjpw; fapw;l;Lj;

-----------------------------------------------------------

ngUk;ngau; kd;du;f; nfhg;g kidtFj;J”124

vd;w neLey;thilapd; top rpw;g E}y; mwpe;j jr;ru; njspthf

czu;e;J E}iy NeNu gpbj;J jpirfisj; njupe;Jf; nfhz;L>

197
mjw;Fupa nja;tq;fis topgl;L> kidtFf;Fk; tpjpg;gb thapy;fs;
kz;lgq;fs; mikj;jij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,tu;fisNa „ngUe;jr;ru; vd
,yf;fpaq;fSk; Nfhapw;fy;ntl;LfSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy;
muf;F nkOF Rij> kuk;> je;jk;> fy;> cNyhfq;fs; Kjypaitfshy;
rpw;gq;fs; nra;ag;gl;L te;Js;sJ.‟125 ,t;thW fy;ypy; mike;j
rpw;gq;fs; nra;tjpy; jkpofk; rpwe;jJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy;ytu;fs;> Nrhou;fs; Kjypatu;fSila

murhl;rpapy; jkpo;ehl;Lf; Nfhapy;fs; rpw;gj;jpwd; mikaf; fl;lg;gl;ld.
mf;fhy jr;ru;fspd; if td;ikiaAk;> rpw;gq;fs; mike;j
Nfhapy;fisAk; fhZk; gpw ehl;lhu; tpag;gilfpd;whu;fs; vd;gJ
rpw;gf;fiyapd; jdpj;Jtk; MFk;.

4.3.2.2.1 Xtpaf;fiy

ehk; fz;zhy; fhZk; nghUs;fisr; rpj;jupj;J vOJk; fiyNa

Xtpaf;fiy. gz;ila fhy kf;fs; tho;e;j Fiffspy; rpWrpW
Xtpaq;fs; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid Nehf;f tPLfl;l mwpahky;
tho;e;j fhyj;jpNy Xtpaq;fiy Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;.

Xtpaf;fiy> gUg;nghUshd rpw;gf;fiyiatpl El;gkhdJ.

cyfj;jpNy fhzg;gLfpw vy;yhk; nghUs;fspd; cUtj;ijAk;>
cyfj;jpy; fhzg;glhj fw;gidg; nghUs;fspd; tbtq;fisAk; gytpj
epwq;fshy; ,aw;if moF nghUe;j vOjg;gLfpw glq;fNs
Xtpaf;fiyahk;.126 XT> Xtk; vd;gd Xtpak; vd;w nghUSilad.
,r;nrhw;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngUtof;fpd.127 rq;ffhyj;jpy;
Xtpaf;fiy ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk;
Rtupy; Xtpak; jPl;b te;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,jw;F rpj;jpu khlj;jpYs;s
Rtu;fs; ,jw;Fg; gad;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;
muz;kidapy; rpj;jpu khlk; ,Ue;jij ef;fuP u; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

“nrk;gpad; wd;d nra;TW neLQ;Rtu;

cUtgl gy;G+ xUnfhb tis,f;

fUnthL ngaupa fhz;gp dy;ypy;”128

198
vd;Dk; mbfshy; muz;kid khlj;jpy; nrk;ghy; nra;jd Nghd;w
Rtu;fspy; tbtofpidAila gytifg; G+f;fisAk; nfhbfisAk;
Xtpakhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,itNghy;>

“faq;fz; ld;d taq;Fil efuj;Jr;

nrk;gpad; wd;d nrQ;Rtu; Gide;J”129

vd;w ghlypy; nrk;ghy; nra;j rpte;j Rtupy; xtpaq;fs;

Gidag;gl;Ls;sd. gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; xt;nthU muz;kidapYk;
rpj;jpukhlk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. rhd;whf> jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;Jf; Fkud; Nfhapypy;
xU rpj;jpu $lKk; Nfhapiy mLj;J xU rpj;jpu khlKk; mf;fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;jd. KUfid topg;gl;l gpd;du; kf;fs; ,t;Nthtpaq;fisf; fz;L
,d;Gw;wdu; vd;gij gupghlypy;

“----------------------------------- epd;Fd;wj;

njOnjopy; mk;gyq; fhkNt sk;gpd;”130

“,ujp fhkd; ,ts;sptd; vdhm

tpufpau; tpdt tpdhtpWg; NghUk;

----------------------------------------------------------

,d;d gygy vOj;Jepiy kz;lgk;”131

vd;w ,g;ghlypy; rpj;jpu kz;glj;jpNy ,ujp> fhkd;> ,e;jpud;> G+id>

mfypif> fTjkd; Kjyhd gyUila Xtpaq;fs;
vOjg;gl;bUe;jdthk;. ,t;Xtpaq;fs; ,uhkhazj;jpy; $wg;gLfpw
fTjkd;> mfypif fijiar; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

me;j vOnjhopy; mk;gyk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mope;J Nghapw;W.132

NkYk; gupghlypy; „Xtj; njOnjopy;‟ vd;Wk;> „Xtj; jd;d TUnfO
neLefu;‟> „Gidah Xtpak;;‟ vd;W tUfpd;w njhlu;fs; Xtpaf;fiyia
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. Gidah Xtpak; tz;zq;fs; fythky;
fupj;Jz;Lfshy; tiuag;gl;ljd; %yk; jkpou;fs; Xtpaf;fiy
El;gq;fspid ed;F mwpe;J ,Ue;jdu; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.

199
4.4 ,Uk;Gj; njhopy; (m) nfhy;yu; njhopy;

,Uk;gpidf; nfhz;L thu;j;jy;> tbj;jy; Kiwapy;

njhopw;fUtpfs;> gilf;fUtpfs; gy;NtW gad;ghl;Lg; nghUl;fisr;
nra;gtu;fs; nfhy;yu; vdg;gLtu;. „,Uk;Gf; nfhy;yu;> nghw;nfhy;yu;>
fUq;iff; nfhy;yu; Nghd;Nwhu; jdpj;jdpNa jj;jkJ gzpahw;wpr;
rpwe;jhu;fs; vdyhk;‟133 vd m.K gukrpthde;jk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
nfhy;yu; njhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fs; Nru;e;J thOk; gFjpiar; nfhw;Nrup
vd;Wk; toq;fpdu;. goe;jkpou;fs; ,Uk;gpd; gad;ghl;il mwpe;j gpd;du;
mjidg; gad;gLj;jp jq;fspd; Njitfis epth;j;jpr; nra;J
nfhz;ldu;.

,Uk;Gj; njhopy; nra;gth;fis kf;fs; nfhy;yd;> nfhy;yh; vd;W

mioj;jdu;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mtu;fis fUq;iff; nfhy;yd;>
fUe;njhopy; tpidQu; vd;W rpwg;gpj;J $Wfpd;wd.ey;yghk;G eLq;FkhW
nfhy;yd; CJk; ciyf;fsk; ,Uf;Fk; vd ew;wpizg; ghly;
rpj;jupf;fpwJ. ,tu;fs; kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahdj; njhopw;fUtpfisAk;
giltPuh;fSf;Fj; Njitahdg; Nghu; fUtpfisAk; nra;J nfhLj;jdu;.
vdNt jhd;

; f; flNd”134
“Nty;tbj;Jf; nfhLj;jy; nfhy;yu;fF

vd nghd;Kbahu; nfhy;yupd; flikahfg;GwehD}w;wpd; top

Rl;bf;fhl;Ltijf; fhzKbfpwJ. nfhy;yd; njhopy; vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpd;w
,lj;ij ehl;lhu; kf;fs; nfhy;yg; gl;liw vd;W $Wth;; Gwg;ghly;
nfhw;Wiu vd;Wk; FWe;njhiff; nfhl;by; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,th;fs; mhpths;>fj;jphpif>nfhO>fisf;nfhl;L> ahidia mlf;Fk;
Njhl;b> fitKl;fUtp> rk;kl;b> csp> njhliyths;> fj;jp> ,Uk;Gj;
jfL> neLNty;> ,UGwk; ,Uk;G gad;gLj;jpa cyf;if Kjypa
kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gy;NtW ,Uk;Gr; rhh;e;j Goq;FnghUl;fisr;
nra;J nfhLj;Js;sikapidr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

muz;kid xl;ba gFjpapy; ,Uk;ghy; Ntiy nra;Ak;

ciyf;$lk; ,Ue;Js;s nra;jp ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapy; (436-440)
gjpthfpAs;sJ. NkYk; ctikf; fhl;rpahf nfhy;yd; njhopy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. mit>nfhy;yd; ciyf;$lj;J neUg;ig mizf;fr;
rpwpJ ePu;njspj;jy;>,Uk;igg; gOf;ff; fha;r;rp tbj;jgpd; mJ
MWtjw;F ePiu Cw;Wjy; Nghd;wit jiytpapd; fhkj;jPapf;F
200
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. fUq;Nfhl;Lg; Gd;idkuk; ,Uk;G Nghd;W
cWjpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.nfhy;Yj; njhopy;
nra;tjw;F gy;NtW tpjkhdg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
,Uk;gpidr; #lhf;Ftjw;Fj; JUj;jpapidg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. nfhy;yu;fs;
Njhyhy; nra;ag;gl;l JUj;jpiaf; fhyhy; kpjpj;J neUg;G
cz;lhf;fpdu;. ,jid

“td;Gy kpwe;j gpd;iw nkd;Nwhy;

kpjpAiyf; nfhy;yd; Kwpnfhbw; wd;d”135

vd;w ghlybfs; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,t;thW JUj;jpapd; %yk; neUg;G

cz;lhf;fpg; gOf;f fha;r;rpa ,Uk;gpid ciyf;fy;ypy; itj;J
mbj;J Njitahdg; nghUs; tbtpy; nfhz;L tUtu;. ,Uk;gpid
mbg;gjw;Fr; rk;kl;bapidAk; ciyapy; fupapid vLj;J NghLtjw;Fk;>
,Uk;Gj;Jz;bid neUg;gpDs; itg;gjw;Fk; Fwl;bid
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. $u;ikaw;W kOq;fpa MAjq;fisf;
$u;ikahf;Ftjw;Fr; rhidf;fy;ypidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,Uk;gpid
mbj;J fUtpahf;Fk; NghJ gUtk; ghu;gg
; Jz;L mjw;F nra;ag;gl;l
fUtpid neUg;gpy; gOf;f fha;r;rp Fwpg;gpl;l gUtj;jpy;> ePupy; eidj;J
gUtk; rupnra;tu;. mt;thW nra;tjd; %yk; fUtpahdJ cWjpahff;
fhzg;gLk;. ,t;thW rq;f fhy kf;fs; ,Uk;gpd; gad;ghl;il mwpe;J
mjd; %yk; gy;NtW njhopy; rhu;e;j nghUl;fisr; nra;Js;sdu;.
,Uk;igf; fha;r;rpa njhopy;El;gj;ijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,Uk;ig cUf;fp
vLj;J v/fhfg; gad;gLj;jpaNjhL kl;Lk; my;yhky; gytpjkhd
mzpfs;> fUtpfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sij>

“v/Fil apUk;gp Ds;sikj;J ty;Nyhd;

#L epiyAw;wr; Rlu;tpL Njhw;wk;”136

vd;w gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; top mwpaKbfpwJ.

4.5 nghd;nra;jy; (m) nghw;nfhy;yu; njhopy;

nghd; mzpfisr; nra;gtu; nghw;nfhy;yu; vd;Wk; nghd;nra;

fk;kpau; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu; nghd;id neUg;gpy; cUf;fp
Mguzq;fs; nra;J jUgtu;.

201
 “#LW ed;nghd; Rlupio GideUk;”137

vd;W ,tu;jk; ,ay;gpid kJiuf;fhQ;rp $Wk;. Ntq;ifapd; G+> ,tu;

nra;Ak; nghw;gzpfisg; Nghy moFw;W tpsq;Ffpwjhk;. nghd;dpd;
khw;iw mwpjw;Ff; fl;lis vdg;gLk; ciufy; cz;L. jhJ mise;J
tUk; tz;bd; Njhw;wk; nghd;Diufy; Nghy; cs;sJ vd;gu;. Mguzk;
nra;Ak; jl;lhNuhL nghd;Diu fhz; jl;lhUk; gzpj;jl;lhUk;
ntt;NtW gzpfisr; nra;jdu;. Mguzk; nra;Ak; nghd;dpd; khw;W
mwpAk; fy; fl;lisf; fy; vd;Wk;> nghd;fhz; fl;lis vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

“eWe;jh jhba Jk;gp gRq;Nfo;g;

nghd;Diu fy;ypd; ed;dpwk; ngW}ck;”138

vd;w ew;wpizg; ghlypy; tz;bw;Fg; nghd; ciuf;Fk; fl;lisf;

fy;ypd; epwk; ctikahfpwJ. jq;fj;ij cUf;Ftjw;F nfhs;fyid
(ew;.124:7) gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mjid CJiyapy; (FWe;.155:4) itj;J
cUf;fpAs;sdu;. gpd;du; Njitf;F Vw;g ntl;b jdpj;jdp ghfq;fshfr;
nra;J xl;Ltu; ,jid>

“nghd;diwe; jd;d Ez;Nzu; muprp”139

vd;w ghlybfs; %yk; mwpayhk;. gioa jq;fj;ijr; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;F

Kjypy; mjid cUf;Ftu;. mg;NghJ fopTfs; Mtpahf; J}a jq;fk;
fpilf;Fk;. ,jid GlkpLjy; vd;gu;. gioa jq;fj;ij cUf;fp
GJtifahd mzpfyd;fs; gy nra;Js;sdu;. rhd;whf> Nrhod;
FsKw;wj;JQ;rpa fps;sptstd; gif murdpd; kzpKbia mopj;J
tPuf;foy; nra;J nfhz;lij>

“Kb Gide;j gRk; nghd; epd;

mb nghypaf; foy; ij,a”140

vd;w ghlybfs; %yk; mwpayhk;. giftUila ahidiaf; nfhd;W>

mtw;wpd; new;wpg;gl;lj;Jg; nghd;idf; nfhz;L jhkiug; G+f;fs; nra;J
ghzu;f;F guprhff; nfhLj;jij>

“xd;dhu; ahid xilg; nghd; nfhz;L

202
 ghzu; nrd;dp nghypaj; ij,

thlhj; jhkiu #l;ba tpOr; rPu;”141

vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghlybfs; rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd.

nghw;nfhy;;yu;fs; mzpfyd;fs; nra;jgpd; mjid CJiyapy; rpwpJ
Neukpl;Lg; gpd; mjd;kPJ ePu; Cw;Wtu;. ,jdhy; gw;w itj;j ,lq;fs;
njupahky; xNu epwKilajhf khWk;. ,jid nkUNfw;Wjy; vd;W
$Wtu;. rq;f fhykf;fs; mzpfyd;fs; nra;tNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mofpa
Ntiyg;ghLfSld; Kj;J> gtsk;> itukzpfis ,izj;J
mzpfyd;fisr; nra;tjpYk; Nju;r;rpg; ngw;W tpsq;fpdu;.
mzpfyd;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf itg;gjw;F Ngio vd;w ngl;bapidAk;
gad;gLj;jpdu;. jw;fhyj;jpy; 1063 bfpup nrd;bfpNuL jq;fk;
cUFtijAk; uh[jpuhtfkhd ghjurj;jpy; vspjpy; jq;fk; fiuAk;
vd;gJ ek;khy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpahy; fz;lwpAk;
,r;nray;fs; vy;yhk; rq;fhy nghw;nfhy;yu;fs; md;Nw
mwpe;Js;sdu;.,jdhy; rq;fhy kf;fs; jq;fspd; Njitf;F Vw;g jq;fk;>
nts;sp Nghd;w cNyhfj;jpdhy; nra;j mzpfyd;fis mzpe;Js;sdu;.

4.5.1 gy;NtW mzpfs; - Mguzq;fs;

xU rKjhaj;jpd; ehfupfj;ijAk; tsu;r;rpiaAk; fhl;Ltd

mzpfyd;fs;. ,aw;ifahd nghUs;fshfpa kyu;fs;> ,sk;jspu;fis
Mguzkhf mzpe;jdu;. „jw;fhyj;jpy; eif vd;W miog;gij
rq;ffhyj;jpy; mzp> G+z;> ,io> fyk; vd;W gy ngau;fshy;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghd;idAk; kzpiaAk;> ,ioj;Jr; nra;tJ> ,io
vdg;ngw;wJ. mjdhy; jhd; mzp ,io vdTk;> xsp tpsq;fpj;
Njhd;wpdhy; ,yq;fpio vdTk;> nrk;nghd;dhYk; nrk;kzpfshYk;
gRikahd kzpfshYk; Md Mguzj;ijg; ghrpio vdTk;>
Ntiyg;ghl;lhy; khz;Gw;W tpsq;fpa Mguzj;ijg; ghrpio vdTk;>
Ma;e;J nra;ag;gl;l Mguzj;ij Mapio‟142 vdTk; mioj;jdu;.
rq;ffhy kf;fs; jiy Kjy; fhy; tiu mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;Js;sdu;.

1. jiyKb – Ntiyg;ghL mike;j jiyKbia KUfd;

mzpe;jpUe;jhf jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilAk; (83-84)> murd;
ghriwapy; jiyKb mzpe;jpUe;jhd; vd;W Ky;iyg;ghl;Lk; (76)
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

203
 2. jiy Mguzq;fs; - jiyapy; Mguzq;fs;> nghd; khiyfs;
mzpe;Js;sijj; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
3. fhjzpfs; - KUfd; fhjpy; Fio> tpwyp> Mad; kfs; kPd;
Nghd;w fhjzpia mzpe;Js;sdu;. NkYk; kJiu efu nry;t
kfspu; xspg;nghUe;jpa fhjzpia mzpe;Js;sdu;.
4. fOj;jzp – fOj;jpy; njhq;Fk; mzpfshf Kj;Jkhiy>
nghd;khiy Nghd;wit Fwpf;fg;ngWfpd;wd. Kj;JfNshL Mfpa
nghd;dhy; Mfpa khiyiag; gw;wp nghUeuhw;Wg;gilAk;> Kj;J
khiyfs; mzpag; ngw;wij kJiuf;fhQ;rpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
ghz;bakhNjtp> #uukfspu;> guj;ijau;> FwpQ;rp epyj;jiytd;
MfpNahu; fOj;jzpfs; mzpe;Js;sJ njspthfpd;wJ.
5. khu;gzp – nghw;fhRfshy; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;l khiyfisAk;
Kj;Jfshy; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;l khiyfisAk; khu;gpy; mzpe;Js;sdu;.
Gypg;gy;iyg; nghd;dpyikj;Jr; rpWtu;fspd; khu;gpy; mzpe;jdu;.
mJ Gypg;gy; jhypvd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
6. tisay;fs; njhlf;ff; fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu mzpe;J
tUfpd;wdu;. rq;fhyhfpa tisaiy ghz;bkhNjtp
mzpe;jpUe;ij neLey;thilf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. FwpQ;rpepyj;jiytp
xspg;nghUe;jpa tisaiy mzpe;Js;sij FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.,Nj Nghy;> ,ilazpfs;> fhyzpfs; vd
midj;J mzpfyd;fisAk; mzpe;Js;sdu;.

RwhkPd; tbtj;jpy; Nkhjpuk;> nghd;d hy; nra;agg;l;l fdkhd fhjzp>

iff;ftrk;> njhb> nghyd;> Nfhij> Kj;jhuk;> fOj;jzp> tae;jfk;
Nghd;w mzpfs; gw;wpAk; mjpy; nra;ag;gl;l El;gNtiyg;ghLfs;
Fwpj;Jk; fypj;njhif Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. rq;ffhyj;jpy; rpwe;j tifapy;
tpUk;gpa msT mzpfyd; nra;tjw;Nfw;w nghd;> nts;sp> Kj;J> kzp
Kjypa nghUs;fSk;> mjw;Ff; Nfw;w fUtpfSk;> Ez;
NtiyghLfspy; ifNju;e;j nghw;nfhy;yUk;> mzpfyd;fis
mzpgtUk; ,Ue;Js;sdu; vd;gJ njspthfpd;wd.

4.6 cNyhfj;njhopy;

rq;ffhy kf;fs; cNyhfq;fspd; gad;ghl;il ed;F mwpe;J

itj;jpUe;jdu;. „nrk;G> ntz;fyk;> nts;sp Nghd;w cNyhfq;fis
cUf;fp kf;fSf;F Njitahdg; nghUl;fisr; nra;J nfhLj;Js;sdu;.
ntz;fyj;ij cUf;fpf; fyq;fs; Kjypad nra;gtu; fQ;rfhuu; vd;Wk;>
204
nrk;gpdhy; fyk; nra;thu; nrk;G nfhl;bfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu; ‟143
vd;;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

4.6.1 ntz;fyj;njhopy; (m) nrk;Gnra;jy;

ghid Kjypa fyq;fisr; nra;J nfhLg;gtu; nrk;Gnra; fk;kpau;

vdg;gl;ldu;. ,jid>

“kz;jpzp Qhyk; tpsq;ff; fk;kpau;

nrk;Gnrhup ghidapd; kpd;dpvt; thAk;”144

vd;w ghlypy; fk;kpau;> nrk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l ghidiaf; filfpd;w

XirahdJ kpd;dy; ,bAld; $ba kiof;F ctikahff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; nrk;gpidg; gad;gLj;jp gy nghUs;fs;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. NkYk; jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr;
nrUntd;w ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; nghd;dhy; nra;j tl;by;fspy;
kzq;fkOk; kJghdk; gUfpaij>

“,yq;fpio kfspu; nghyq;fyj; Nje;jpa

kzq;fko; Njwy; kLg;g ehSk;”145

;

vd;w ghlybfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. nrk;ig epWj;J thq;FNthu;

gw;wp

“nrk;Gepiw nfhz;kUk; tk;Gepiw KbeUk;”146

kJiuf;fhQ;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kf;fsplk; nrk;G cNyhfj;jpdhy;

nra;ag;gl;l gy;NtW tif ghidfs;> ghj;jpuq;fs; rhu;e;j nghUl;fs;
tof;fpy; cs;sik ,d;Wk; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

4.7 kz;ghz;lj; njhopy;

gz;ila kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; kl;fyg; nghUs;fis

kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. kz;ghz;lq;fspd; Njitfs; kpFjpahf
,Ug;gjpdhy; mjd; gad;ghLk; mjpfstpy; cs;sd. gz;ilaf;
fhykf;fspd; tuyhW> gz;ghL> ehfupfj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s goq;fhy
kz;ghz;lq;fs; Jiz epw;fpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;jpy; kz;ghz;lj; njhopy;
nra;gtu;fis Ntl;Nfh> fyQ;nra;Nfh vd;W mioj;jdu;.

205
 kz;ghz;lg; nghUl;fs; nra;tjw;F Kjypy; kz;izg; gjg;gLj;jp
mjidj; Njitahd msT vLj;J jpUitapy; itj;J rf;fuj;ijr;
Row;Wk; NghJ> ifapidg; gad;gLj;jp Njitahdg; nghUs; tbtpy;
tidfpd;wdu;. jpfpup vd;gJ rf;fuj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. Fatd;
kz;ghz;lk; nra;Ak; cUisapd; Row;rpf;F ePupd; Row;rpapid
ctikahff; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,jid>

“tidfyj; jpfpupapw; Fkpop RoYk;

Jiznryw; wiytha; Xtpwe;J tupf;Fk;”147

vd;Dk; ghly;tupfs; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,t;thW nra;j kz;ghz;lq;fs;

cyu;e;jTld; mjidr; #iyapy; mLf;fp itj;Jg; nghjpe;J jPapLtu;.
,t;thW jPapLk; NghJ mjpypUe;J tUk; Gifapd; jd;ikapid>

“,Ubzpe; jd;d F&cj;jpul; gUcg;Gif

mfypU tpRk;gp D}d;WQ; #is

ede;jiy %J}u;f; fyQ;nra;NfhNt”148

vd;w ghly;tupfs; tpje;J $Wfpd;wJ.

4.7.1 kz;ghid

kz;ghid vd;gJ fspkz;zpypUe;J jahupf;fg;gl;L ePu; kw;Wk;

gpw nghUl;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;fyd;
(ghj;jpuk;) MFk; kz;ghz;lk; kz;zhy; nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk;. kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpNyNa kz;ghz;lq;fisr; nra;Ak; El;gq;fs;
fz;lwpag;gl;ld. jhopfs;> ghidfs;> rl;bfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Fatu;fs;
njhopy;El;gj;NjhLr; nra;Js;sdu;. gz;ila kf;fs; ciwapl;l japu;
ghidapy; KiljPu tpshk;gok; ,l;L itf;Fk; tof;fj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jijf; fPo;fz;lghlyb fhl;LfpwJ.

“tplk;gok; fkOq; fkQ;#w; Foprpg;”149

Nkw;fz;l Fwpg;gpd; top Fatu;fs; kpFjpahf ,Ue;Js;sikiaAk;

gz;ila kf;fs; tho;tpy; kl;fyq;fs; ePqf
; h ,lk; gpbj;jpUg;gijAk;
mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; Fatu;fs; njhopywpTk; El;gKk; xUq;Nf

206
ngw;wtu;fsha;j; jpfo;e;Js;sdu;. ,jid KJtha;f; Fat> KJFatd;
vd;w ghly;fs; njspTWj;Jfpd;wd.

4.7.2 jhopfs; nra;jy;

jhop vd;gJ xU kpfg; ngupa ghidiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it
ngUk;ghYk; ,we;j kdpju;fspd; cliy ,l;L kz;zpy; Gijg;gjw;fhfg;
gad;gl;ld. ,j;jhopfisf; Fwpj;J>
“jhopf; Ftis thLkyu; #l;b”150
“jhopAk; kyu;gh mzpah”151
vd mfehD}W $WtJ Nghy>
„fz;zfd; whop‟152
vdg; GwehD}Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Nrhod; FsKw;wj;Jj; JQ;rpa
fps;sptstd; ,we;jhd;. ngUk; Gfo; nfhz;l ,tDf;F ngupa jhop
Ntz;b cyifNa rf;fukhff; nfhz;L ,kakiyiaNa itj;J ngupa
jhopia tidjy; Ntz;Lk; mJ cd;dhy; KbAkh? vd;W Ntl;Nfhit
tpdTfpwhu; IA+u; Kltdhu; vd;w Gytu;. NkYk;
“Ruk;gy te;j vkf;Fk; mUsp
tpad;kyu; mfd; nghopy; <kj;jhop
mfypjhf tidNkh”153
vdg; GwehD}W Fwpg;gpLtjd; thapyhf jhopfs; Gidtijj; njhd;ik
fhykhd njhopy; vd;W $wyhk;. jhop tidNthu;> fyk; nra;Nthu; vd
GwehD}W thapyhf njspthf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd jhopfs;
Gidtijj; njhd;ikahd njhopy; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
4.7.3. jw;fhy tsu;r;rp
kf;fspd; ehfupfg; gbf;fl;by; goq;fhyj;njhl;Nl neUg;gpd;
cjtpNahLk; mwptpd; JizNahLk; ciog;gpd; cd;djj;NjhLk;
,j;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wd. rf;fuk;> fUq;fy; Nghd;w fUtpapd;
JizNahL kz;izg; gjg;gLj;jp El;gkhd Kiwapy; ghidfs;>
jhopfs;> mLg;Gfs;> rl;bfs; Nghd;witr; nra;ag;gl;ld. jw;fhyj;jpy;
mYkpdpak;> rpy;tu;> gpsh];bf; Nghd;w nghUs;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jhy;
kz;ghz;lg; nghUs;fspd; gad;ghL Kw;wpYk; Fiwthf cs;sd.
ghuk;gupakhf ,j;njhopy; nra;J tUgtu;fs; eyptile;Js;sdu;.
,j;njhopypy; Goq;Fg; nghUs;fspd; gad;ghL Fiwe;Js;sd. Mdhy;
etPd tsu;r;rpahf RLfspkz; nghk;ik tiffs; nra;ag;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. nluf;Nfhl;lf;fs; %yk; mr;Rthu;f;fg;gl;Lg; (Nkhy;bq;)

207
gy;NtW tifahd gps;isahu; nghk;ikfs;>moFg; nghUl;fs;
nra;ag;gl;L ntspA+u;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. xU rpyNu ,j;njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;El;g kz;ghz;ghz;lj; njhopy;
gad;ghl;Lf; Fiwtpdhy; Kw;wpYk; kiwe;J tUfpd;wJ vd;gijj;
njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

4.8. njhFg;Giu

1. fiyapay; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; vDk; ehd;fhtJ

,aypy; fiy kw;Wk; r%fj;NjitfSf;fhd> nerT> fl;llk;>
jr;R> kz;ghz;lk;> cNyhfk; rhu;e;j njhopy;fs;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. fiy vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; mjd; tpsf;fk; Mfpait
nghUj;jKw tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. Milfs; nerT nra;Ak; Kiwfs; kw;Wk;> Milfspd; tiffs;>
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; Nghd;witfs;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. rhakpLjy; mtw;Wf;fhd NtWghLfs; mit ifahsg;gLk;
tpjq;fs; Nghd;wit mwptpay; Nehf;NfhL vLj;jpak;gg;
ngw;Ws;sd.
5. fl;llj;njhopy; mtw;wpd; tifg;ghLfs; mjw;Fj; Njitahd
Jizg;nghUs;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;;gl;Ls;sd.
6. fl;llq;fspd; tiffs; mit Njhw;wj;ijg; nghWj;Jk;
njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;Jk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
7. jr;Rj;njhopy;> kuj;jr;R> fy;jr;R vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mit
mf;fhyj; NjitfSf;F Vw;g fjT> tz;b> Nju;> fl;by;
Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;tw;fhd nray;Kiwfs;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. jr;Rj;njhopy;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> eLfy;
Nghd;wit r%f milahsq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
8. mf;fhy cNyhfj; njhopy;fs; ,Uk;G> ntz;fyk;> nghd;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd njhopy; nra;KiwAk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;
tpsf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd.

208
 rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. https://ta.wikipedia.org/s/5fo
2. https://ta.wikipedia.org/s/5fo
3. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.>Ez;fiyfs; g.1
4. ghyRg;gpukzpad;. F.nt.>rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fiyAk;
fiyf;Nfhl;ghLk; g.11
5. mNlhd; jkpo;-jkpo; mfuhjp gf;.145
6. ,sk;G+uzhu; ciu>njhy;.nghUs;.kugpay;. E}w;gh 546:2
7. NkyJ.>590
8. kJ.fh.> mb. vz; 332
9. ngUk;ghz;.> mb. vz;. 496
10. kiygL.> mb. vz;. 315
11. ghyRg;gpukzpad;. F.nt.>rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fiyAk;
fiyf;Nfhl;ghLk; gf;.1-2
12. NkyJ.> g.2
13. NkyJ.> g.2
14. fofj; jkpo;f; ifaufuhjp g.118
15. nre;jkpo; mfuhjp g.143
16. gz;ilj;jkpo; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk; g.134
17. jkpoff; fiyfs; g.9
18. jkpoff; fiyAk; gz;ghLk; g.1
19. rpjk;gudhu;> rhkp.>goe;jkpou; tho;Tk; tsu;r;rpAk; g.110
20. tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; - njhFjp vl;L g.39
21. tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; - njhFjp vl;L g.38
22. Iq;.>gh.vz; 256:1-2
23. ew;.> gh.vz; 170:3-4
24. NkyJ.> gh.vz;96:7-8
25. NkyJ.>gh.vz; 64:4
26. NjtNeag;ghthzu;. Qh.>gz;ilj; jkpo; ehfupfKk;
gz;ghLk; g.53
27. kztofd;. M.>goe;jkpou; njhopy;El;gk;> g.80
28. https://ta.wikipedia.org/s/jlc

209
29. rz;KfRe;juk;. rpt.>coT> nerT fiyr; nrhw;fs; g.52
30. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 299:1
31. NkyJ.> gh.vz; 324:7
32. mfk;>. gh.vz;129:6-7
33. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 393:12-13
34. ew;.>gh.vz; 353:1-2
35. rpyk;G. gh.vz;.5:16-17
36. Gwk;. gh.vz;.383:12
37. kiygL.mb.vz;.561
38. kJ.fh. mb vz;.513
39. Gwk;. gh.vz;.326:5
40. kJ.fh.>mb vz;. 487-490
41. rpWghz;.>mb vz; 236
42. khzpf;fthrfd;. Qh.> rpyg;gjpfhuk; -
njspTiu>rpyg;.nfhiyf;.107 – 108
43. Ky;.>mb vz; 66 – 67
44. khzpf;fthrfd;.Qh.>rpyg;gjpfhuk; -
njspTiu>rpyg;.fhy;Nfhl;.167 – 168
45. ngUk;ghz;.>mb vz; 175
46. Gwk;.>gh.vz; 189:5
47. fyp.>gh.vz; 111:16-17
48. kJ.fh.mb vz;.431 – 433
49. kJ.fh.>mb vz;.513
50. nghUeu;.> mb vz; 82 – 83
51. Gwk;.>gh.vz; 383:11-12
52. Gwk;.>gh.vz; 393:17-18
53. ngUk;ghz;.>mb vz; 469
54. jpUKUF.>mb vz; 15
55. gjpw;.> gh.vz; 12:21
56. gl;.> mb vz; 107
57. nghUeu;.>mb vz;.155
58. ew;.>gh.vz; 90:1-2

210
59. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 311
60. FWe;.> gh.vz; 330:1
61. mfk;.> gh.vz;.>34:11
62. NkyJ.> gh.vz; 387:6-7
63. jpUKUF.> mb vz;.157
64. Gwk;.> gh.vz; 274:1
65. rhkpehjd;. j.> rq;ffhyj; njhopy;El;gk; g.30
66. Ky;.> mb vz; 37
67. ew;.> gh.vz; 33:6
68. fyp.> gh.vz; 108:10
69. neLey;.> mb vz; 159
70. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.>Ez;fiyfs; g.6
71. rrptty;yp. tp.rp.> gz;ilj; jkpou; njhopy;fs; gf;.263-264
72. Ma;T rpe;jid tupir 14 g.11
73. kztofd;. M.> goe;jkpou; njhopy;El;gk; g.100
74. Iq;.> gh.vz; 252:1
75. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 51-52
76. Ma;T rpe;jid tupir - 14> g.8
77. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 405
78. mfk;.> gh.vz; 167
79. Ma;T rpe;jid tupir– 14> g.9
80. mfk;.> gh.vz;.296:12
81. NjtNeag;ghthzu;. Qh.>gz;ilj; jkpo; ehfupfKk;
gz;ghLk; g.10
82. NkyJ.>g.11
83. Gwk;.> gh.vz;.23:9-10
84. mfk;.> gh.vz;.385:5
85. fyp.> gh.vz;.90.19
86. NkyJ gh.vz;.35.17
87. gl;.> mb vz;.145
88. kJ.fh.> mb vz;.429
89. Ma;T rpe;jid tupir 14> g.10
90. kJ.fh.> mb vz;.357-359

211
91. gjpw;W.> gh.vz;.12:7
92. neLey;.> mb vz;.84-88
93. kJ.fh.> mb vz;.352-356
94. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;. kh.>jkpoff; fiyAk; gz;ghLk; g.6
95. rrpty;yp. tp.rp.>gz;ilj; jkpou; njhopy;fs; g.82
96. f;upahtpd; jw;fhyj;jkpo; mfuhjp g.584
97. rrpty;yp.tp.rp.>gz;ilj; jkpou; njhopy;fs; g.82
98. Ma;Tf;Nfhit> nrk;%jha; gjpg;gfk;> jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy;
gd;Kf MSik g.152
99. Gwk;.> 206:11 – 12
100. rz;Kfg;gps;is> K.> rq;fj; jkpou; tho;tpay; g.102
101. Gwk;.> gh.vz;.87:3
102. mfk;.> gh.vz;.234:8
103. Gwk;.> gh.vz;.290:4 – 5
104. rpWghz;.> mb vz;. 252-258
105. kiygL.> mb vz;.323 – 324
106. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;. kh.> jkpoff; fiyAk; gz;ghLk;>
g.21
107. neLey;.> mb vz;.80 – 86
108. Rg;gpukzpad;. r.Nt.> rq;f ,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L
gf;.226-227
109. ngUk;ghz;.>mb vz; 46 – 50
110. NkyJ.>248 – 249
111. neLey;.> mb vz;.115 – 119
112. Rg;gpukzpad;. r.Nt.> rq;f ,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L
g.431
113. kJ.fh.> mb vz;.83 – 84
114. gl;.> mb vz;.173-175
115. Nfhjz;luhkd;. gp.> ,e;jpaf;fiyfs; - Xtpak; rpw;gk;
,ir ehl;bak; g. 93
116. njhy;fhg;gpak; ,sk;G+uzhu; ciu g.15.
117. njhy;.nghUs;.Gwj;.63

212
118. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.> Ez;fiyfs; g.30
119. gioa jkpo; mfuhjp g.59
120. Vishawakarmaviswass.com/pagid=327
121. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.> Ez;fiyfs; g.13
122. Nfhjz;luhkd;. gp.> ,e;jpaf;fiyfs;- Xtpak; rpw;gk;
,ir ehl;bak; g. 93
123. Vishawakarmaviswass.com/pagid=327
124. neLey;.> mb vz;.76-79
125. jkpou; fiy tPuk; kw;Wk; ehfupfk; g.24
126. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.>Ez;fiyfs; g.3
127. ghyRg;gpukzpad;. F.nt.>rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fiyAk;
fiyf;Nfhl;ghLk; g.200
128. neLey;. mb vz;.113-115
129. kJ.fh. mb vz;.484-48
130. gup. gh.vz;.18:26-27
131. gup. gh.vz;.19:48-52
132. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.>Ez;fiyfs; g.22
133. gukrpthde;jk;. m.K.>jkpof tuyhW g.144
134. Gwk.> gh.vz; 312:3
135. ngUk;ghz;.> mb vz; 206-207
136. gjpw;W.> gh.vz; 74:14-15
137. kJ.fh.> mb vz; 512
138. ew;.> gh. vz; 25:3-4
139. kiygL.> mb vz; 440
140. Gwk;.> gh. vz; 40:3-4
141. Gwk;.> gh. vz; 126:1-3
142. Rg;gpukzpad;. r.Nt.>rq;f ,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L g.32
143. rrpty;yp. tp.rp gz;ila jkpou; njhopy;fs; g.96
144. ew;.> gh. vz; 153:2-3
145. kJ.fh.> mb vz; 779 – 780>
146. kJ.fh.> mb vz; 514
147. kiy.> mb vz; 474- 475
148. Gwk;.> gh. vz; 228:2-4
213
149. ew;.> gh. vz; 12:1
150. mfk;.> gh. vz; 165:11
151. mfk;.> gh. vz; 369:6>
152. Gwk;.> gh. vz; 228
153. NkyJ.> gh. vz; 256:4-6

214
 ,ay; - 5

njhopy;fSk; njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpfSk; khw;wq;fSk;

5.1 Ntl;ilahly;
5.1.1 rq;f ,yf;fpa Ntl;ilj; njhopy;El;gk;
5.1.2 Ntl;ilj; njhopy; md;Wk;> ,d;Wk; cs;s xw;Wikfs;
5.1.3 Ntl;ilj; njhopypd; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;
5.1.3.1 Jg;ghf;fp (JKf;fp)
5.5.3.2 jiyapy; fl;Lk; tpsf;F
5.1.3.3 ,ju gpw fUtpfs;
5.1.5 Ntl;ilj;njhopy;;El;g tsu;r;rpAk; khw;wKk;
5.1.6 kPd;gpbj;njhopy;
5.1.7 Mepiu tsu;gG ; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpAk; khw;wKk;
5.2 Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;
5.2.1 ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd; tptrhak;
5.2.2 Rje;ju ,e;jpahtpy; tptrhak;
5.2.3 ,e;jpahtpy; mwptpay; nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdk;
5.2.4 gRikg; Gul;rp
5.2.4.1 gQ;rk; Vw;glf;fhuzk;
5.2.4.2 gRikg;Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;
5.2.5 gUtq;fs;
5.2.6 kz;
5.2.6.1 cOjy;
5.2.6.1.1 buhf;lu; ,ae;jpuk; (Tractor)
5.2.6.2 tpijfs;
5.2.6.2.1 tpij epWtdq;fs;
5.2.6.2.2 nlu;kpNdl;lu; tpij njhopy;El;gk;
5.2.6.2.3 kugZ khw;w tpijfs;
5.2.7 ,d;iwa etPd ePu;ghrd Kiwfs;
5.2.7.1 Royp ePu;ghrdk;
5.2.7.2 nrhl;L ePug; hrdk;
5.2.8 vUf;fs; (Manures)

215
 5.2.8.1 cuq;fs; (Fertilisers)
5.2.9 fisAk; fis vLj;jYk;
5.2.9.1 ,urhadj; jLg;G Kiw
5.2.10 gapu;Row;rpapd; jj;Jtk;
5.2.11 ney; kw;Wk; rpWjhdpaq;fspd; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;
5.2.11.1 fUk;Gr; rhFgbapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpfs;>
khw;wq;fs;
5.2.12 tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khWjYk; vjpu;tpisTfSk;
5.2.12.1 Ntshz;ikapd; ,d;iwa epiy
5.3 nerTj;njhopy;fs;
5.3.1 ghuk;gupa jwpfs;

5.3.2 etPd jwpfs; ,ae;jpuq;fs;

5.3.2;.1 gtu;Y}k; jwp tiffs;

5.3.2.2 epNahNkl;bf; jwp

5.3.3 etPd E}y; tiffs;

5.3.4 nerTj; njhopy;El;g gpupTfs;

5.3.5 nerTj; njhopypy; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;

5.3.6 jw;fhy epiy

5.4 fl;llj;njhopy;
5.4.1 fhk;Nghrpl; fl;Lkhdk;
5.4.1.1 fk;Nghrpl; vd;gJ
5.4.2 gRikf; fl;llq;fs;
5.4.3 fl;llj; njhopyhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;
5.6 jr;Rj;njhopy; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;
5.7 rpw;g> xtpaq;fspd; jw;fhy tsu;r;rpfs;
5.8 nfhy;yd; njhopy;
5.9 nghJthd khw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
5.10 njhFg;Giu

216
 ,ay; - 5

njhopy;fSk; njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpfSk; khw;wq;fSk;

Mjpfhy kdpj,d kf;fs; ,aw;ifapy; fpilj;j fpoq;Ffs;>

fha;fdpfs;> gr;ir khkprq;fs; vdg; gytw;iwAk; cl;nfhz;L.
nfhbfisAk; ,iyfisAk;> tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;fisAk; Milahf
mzpe;J kuq;fspYk; FiffspYk; tho;e;J te;jdu;. Xtpaq;fs; rpy
FwpaPLfs;> xU rpy Xirfs; ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L mtu;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhz;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf kio> ,b> kpd;dy;>
Gay;> ntapy;>fhl;Lj;jP Nghd;w ,aw;if mk;rq;fisf; fz;L mQ;rp
eLq;fpdu;. mtw;iwAk; fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
ehsiltpy; mt;Nthirfisg; gad;gLj;jp> ,aw;ifrhu;e;j FwpaPLfspd;
mk;rj;ij tiue;J tz;zk; jPl;b mtw;iwNa> nja;tkhf topglj;
njhlq;fpdu;.
NkYk; fhl;Lj; jPapidf; fz;Lmr;rk; nfhz;l mk;kf;fs;
rpf;fpKf;fp fw;fisf; nfhz;L jPia %l;b mj;jPiaf;
nfhz;Nlkhkprj;ij rikf;fTk; fw;wf;nfhz;ldu;. ,e;epiyapy;
capu;tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd cztpidj; NjLk; Njliy kl;LNk
mbg;gilj; Njitahf mk;kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwahdJ nky;y
nky;y Ntl;ilj; njhopiy Nehf;fp efu;e;jJ. mjd; tpisthf>
tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjy;> mt;Ntl;ilj; njhopypw;Fj;
NjitahdfUtpfis cUthf;Fjy;. mjd; mLj;jf;fl;lkhf epyj;ij
cOJ gapu;fis tpistpf;f Kaw;rp nra;jy;. gpd;du; me;je;j
epyq;fSf;Fk; njhopy;fSf;Fk; Vw;g FOFOthfg; gpupe;J xt;nthU
,dj;jpw;Fk; jFe;j ,df;FO tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpdu;.
ehsiltpy; ehfuPf tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf Ie;jpizfis
tFj;J mt;tj; jpizfSf;Nfw;g Ntl;ilahly;> Mepiuf; ftu;jy;>
tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;> kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpw;wy;> NkYk;
,j;njhopy;fSf;nfy;yhk; Njitahd fUtpfis cUthf;Fjy;>
ehfuPfj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf Mil mzpfyd;fis
tbtikj;jy; Nghd;w gythwhd njhopy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L
tuyhapdu;. ,t;thW jpizfis tFj;J ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j
tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;L te;j kf;fis rq;ffhy kf;fs; vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;. ,yf;fpaq;fSk; mk;kf;fis mt;thNw gjpT

217
nra;fpd;wd. mj;jifa Nkd;ikg; nghUe;jpa rq;ffhy kf;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;l njhopyhdJ mwptpay;mZFKiw rhu;e;Jk; rpW rpW
EZf;fq;fNshLk;> mt;mwptpay; njhopy;El;gq;fisf; nfhz;Lk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jd.
NkYk; mr;rq;ffhy kf;fspd; vr;rkhf tho;e;J tUk; kdpjapdk;
,d;W gw;gy njhopy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tJld; mj;njhopy;fspd;
Jizf;nfhz;L gytpjkhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk; mile;J tUfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa rpwg;G xUGwkpUf;f me;epa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhYk;>
may;ehLfspd; tho;f;if KiwkPJ Vw;gl;Ls;s xUtpj
Nkhfj;jpdhYk;mr;rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwrhu;e;j vr;rq;fs;
rpwpJ rpwpjhf mope;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s njhopy;fs;> mj;njhopy; rhu;e;j El;gq;fs;
Fwpj;Jk; Muha;tjd; nghUl;L,d;wstpy; mj;njhopy;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
tsu;r;rpfs; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mwpa VJthf
mikfpd;wJ. NkYk; mt;tsu;r;rpapd; Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; khw;wj;jpd;
tpisTfs; Fwpj;Jk; mjdhy; tpisaf; $ba rpyed;ikfs;
Fwpj;Jk;>tUq;fhyj;jpy; tpisaf;$ba jPikfs; Fwpj;Jk;
,t;Ma;Tyfpw;F mwpTWj;Jk; nghUl;L ,t;tpay; mikfpwJ.

kdpjd; vd;W Njhd;wpdhNdh md;Nw mwptpaYk; Njhd;wp tpl;lJ.

mj;jifa mwptpay; tsu;r;rpahy; xt;nthU ehSk; GJGJf;fUtpfs;>
GJikahd fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> GJikahd tpsf;fq;fs; vdg; gyTk; GjpJ
Gjpjhf Njhd;wpa tz;zk; tsu;e;J tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa mwptpay;
El;gj;ij mf;fhy kf;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. mtw;iwjk;njhopypYk;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. NkYk;>gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; gytpjkhd
fUtpfisf; nfhz;L jq;fs; iffspdhNyNa jj;jk; njhopy;fis
Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. Mdhy; mj;jifa Kiwahy; NeuKk; cly;
ciog;Gk; mjpf mstpy; tpiuakhapd. Mdhy; jw;Nghija etPd
Afj;jpy; ve;j xU njhopiyAk; vspjhf GJg;GJ ,ae;jpuq;fisf;
nfhz;L nra;Ak; msTf;F tsu;r;rp epiyia kf;fs; mile;J tpl;ldu;.
Njitahd gz;lq;fisnay;yhk; rpy kzpNeuj;jpy; Vuhskhfr; nra;J
Ftpj;J tpLk; mstpw;F ,ae;jpuq;fs; mj;njhopy;fis vspjhf
khw;wptpl;ld.,jd; nghUl;L ve;jj; Jiwia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk;
kf;fs; Kd;NdwpapUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

218
 fy;tp> murpay;> njhopy;> fiy> rpe;jid> rKjha tho;T> Mil
mzpfyd;> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w gytpjkhd JiwfspYk; kf;fs;
,d;wstpy; ehSf;F ehs; tsu;r;rpaile;jtz;zk; rpwg;Gw;W
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,t;tsu;r;rp epiyfis cw;W Nehf;Fk; NghJ
mitfs; rq;ffhy kf;fspd; njhopy;El;gj;fpw;fhd vr;rkhf kpspu;tij
czuKbfpd;wJ.
5.1 Ntl;ilahly;
kdpjapdk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpia vl;ba njhlf;ffhyj;jpy;
KOikahf gr;ir khkprj;ijNa czthff; nfhz;ljdhy; md;wstpy;
tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjiyj; jq;fs; Kjd;ikj; njhopyhf
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpwJ. mjd; nghUl;L
mk;kf;fs; gyNtl;ilf; fUtpfisAk; cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. mj;jifa
Ntl;ilj; njhopyhdJ ,d;Wk; goq;Fb kf;fsplk; njhlu;fpwJ. NkYk;
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; jq;fspd; gapu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfTk; ,t;Ntl;ilj;njhopy;
Nkw;nfhs;tijAk; fhzKbfpwJ. ,j;jifa Ntl;ilj;njhopy;fisr;
rq;ffhyj;jpy; fhLfs;> kiyfs; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; tho;e;j kf;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfs; gyTk; gjpthfpAs;sd.

5.1.1 rq;f ,yf;fpa Ntl;ilj; njhopy;El;gk;

Ntl;ilj; njhopypy; Ntl;ilf;F nry;Nthu; jq;fs; njhopy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;ifapy; rpytpjkhd El;gq;fisAk; ifahz;Ls;sdu;. mit>
1. Njitahd fUtpfSld; nry;Yjy;
2. fhl;by; cs;s ehd;F jpirfspYk; miye;J me;je;j jpirf;F
jf;f fUtpfisAk; cj;jpfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L Ntl;ilahLjy;
3. tpyq;Ffs; cs;s ,lj;ij mwpe;J Ntl;ilahLjy;
4. rupahd ,lkwpe;J tiy tpupj;jy;
5. gJq;fpa ,lj;jpypUe;J nghwpitj;J tpyq;Ffis ntsptur;
nra;jy;
Nghd;wgy njhopy;El;gk; rhu;e;j gy njhopw;$WfisAk; mtu;fs;
ifahz;Ls;sdu; vd;gij rq;f,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; top mwpe;J
nfhs;s VJthf mikfpwJ.

5.1.2 Ntl;ilj; njhopypy; md;Wk; - ,d;Wk; cs;s xw;Wikfs;

,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Ntl;ilj; njhopyhdJ rq;ffhy kf;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;l Kiwiag;gpd;gw;wpNa ngUk;ghYk; nra;ag;gl;LtUfpwJ.

219
rhd;whf> Kay; gpbf;Fk; Kd;G>mk;Kay;fs; NkAk; ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
Kaypd; GOf;iffis itj;Jk;> mit Nka;e;jjw;fhd jlq;fis
itj;Jk;> mjd; thiliag; gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhz;L> gpwF
mg;gFjpapy; Kay; fz;zpiaf; fl;bAs;sdu;. NkYk; tpyq;Ffis
kiwe;J ,Ue;J jhf;Fjy;> ,uT Neuq;fspy; Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yjy;
Nghd;w gy Kf;fpa epfo;TfSk; ,d;wstpy; rq;f ,yf;fpa fhyj;NjhL
xd;Wgl;L mike;Js;sJ.
Ntl;ilj;njhopypy; Kf;fpaf; fUtpahff; fUjg;gLk;
cz;bf;Nfhy; vd;gJ rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ftz;fy; vd;W ngau;
ngw;Ws;sJ. „tyJ ifahy; mf;fitiag; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L> ,lJ
ifahy; mf;fy;iyf; nfhz;L ikdh> nfhf;F> Fapy; Kjyhditfs;
Ntl;ilahlg;gl;Ls;sd. ,k;Kiw ,d;Wk; tof;fpy; cs;sd.‟ ,t;thW
ftz;fy;iy itj;J Fwpjg;ghky; Ntl;ilahLjy; ,d;wsTk;
ghuk;gupakhf epfo;e;J tUtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,t;thW rq;ffhyj;
njhopy; $Wfisg; gpd;gw;wp eilg;ngWk; ,j;njhopy;fs; jw;NghJ etPd
fUtpfisf; nfhz;L Ntl;ilahlg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;top tpy; mk;G>
ftz; Nghd;w fUtpfs; md;wstpy; Kjd;ikf; fUtpfshfg;
gad;gl;likia mwpaKbfpwJ.
,j;njhopy; gbg;gbahf gy tsu;r;rp epiyfisg;ngw;W tsu;e;J
te;Js;sJ. jw;NghJ tpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L
Ntl;ilahly; jLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,d;Wk; goq;Fb kf;fs;
,j;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu; vd;gijAk; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy
vdyhk;.

5.1.3 Ntl;ilj; njhopypd; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;

rq;fg; ghf;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs; Nghd;W gy fUtpfs;
jw;NghJk; Ntl;ilj;njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. „fsg;gFjpapy;
G+idfis gpbf;Fk; tiyfs;> gwitfis Ntl;ilahLk; tiyfs;>
ftl;ilahfpa cz;bf;Nfhy;> Kaw;fz;zp> fPupg;gps;isf;fz;zp
Nghd;witfis kf;fs; ,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;.‟ .,j;jifa
fz;zpfs;> tiyfs; Nghd;w njhopy;El;g cj;jpfisf; nfhz;L
Kay;> G+id> nfsjhup> fhdhq;Nfhop vdg;gytw;iwAk; gpbf;Fk; gioa
njhopy; Kiwfis gpd;gw;wpAk; mt;thNw Gjpa Kiwfspy; nra;ag;gl;l
fUtpfSld; rpy GJtpjkhd El;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp
,j;Ntl;ilj;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;L jw;NghJk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L

220
tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; Ntl;ilahlg;gLk; capupdq;fSf;Nfw;g khWgl;l
ntt;NtW fUtpfs; nfhz;L Ntl;ilj; njhopyhdJ kpfEl;gj;NjhL
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

5.1.3.1 Jg;hhf;fp (JKf;fp)

Jg;ghf;fp (JKf;fp) vd;Dk; fUtp gwitapdq;fis Ntl;ilahlg;
gad;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,j;Jg;ghf;fpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kUe;ij
,k;kf;fNs (Fwtu; ,d kf;fs;) jahupf;fpd;wdu;. Ntypf;fhj;jhd; (Ks;S
kuk;) vd;Dk; xUtif kuk;. mk;kuj;jpd; tpwiff; nfhSj;jp mjd;
fupia vLj;Jf;nfhz;L mjpy; fe;juhg;G (fe;jfk;)> ntb cg;G ,it
%d;iwAk; Nru;j;J xd;wiu ehs; cuypy; ,bj;J ,t;ntbkUe;J
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.,t;thW jahupf;fg;gLk; ntbkUe;ij xU %b msT
mj;JKf;fpapy; Nghl;L> gpd;G mg;gwitfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdq;fs;
cs;s ,lq;fspy; mit ntbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;Kiwiag; Nghd;Nw
eupntb kUe;Jk; nra;agLfpd;wJ.

5.5.3.2 jiyapy; fl;Lk; tpsf;F

,uT Neuq;fspy; Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Nthu; xsptPrf;$ba tpsf;F
xd;wpidj; jiyapy; fl;bf;nfhd;L nry;fpd;wdu;. mj;jF xsp
nghUe;jpa tpsf;fpid jiyapy; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tjd; %yk;
ghJfhg;ghf nry;tJld; tpyq;Ffs; cs;s ,lj;ijAk; vspjpy; mwpe;J
gadilfpd;wdu;.

5.1.3.3 ,jugpw fUtpfs;

Kd;du; $wg;gl;l fUtpfs; jtpu;j;J NkYk; rpy fUtpfs;
Ntl;ilj; njhopYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW>
1. „G+idg;ngl;b - G+idg; gpbf;Fk; fUtp
2. mk;Gfop - mzpy; gpbf;Fk; %q;fpy; fk;G (fop)
3. Kf;$L - Me;ij> fhil gpbf;Fk; fUtp
4. xl;Lf;fk;G - kuj;jpd;kpf cauj;jpy; mku;j;jpUf;Fk;
gwitfisg; gpbf;Fk; xUtiff; fk;G
5. xl;L - gwitfisg; gpbf;Fk; fUtpfspy; jltg;gLk; gir.
vd ,itg;gyTk; Nkw;nfhz;L Ntl;ilj;njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fUtpfshFk;. NkNy $wpa xl;Lg;gir vdg;gLk; ,g;girahdJ
fs;spg;ghiyAk;> mj;jp kuj;jpy; mupthshy; nfhj;jpa gpd;G mjpy;

221
tbAk; mj;jpg;ghiyAk; vLj;J> ,t;tpU fyitiaAk; Njq;fha;
vz;nza;apy; Cw;wp ed;whff; fyf;fp mjw;Fg;gpd;dNu mg;gir
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. xl;L vd;fpw ,g;giria nghJthf khl;Lf; nfhk;gpy;
itj;Jg; ghJfhj;J tUtu;. ,t;tifahd xl;Lg;giriaf; fUtpahff;
nfhz;L> gy tpyq;Ffs; Ntl;ilahlg;gLjYz;L.
5.1.5 Ntl;ilj;njhopy;;El;g tsu;r;rpAk; khw;wKk;
tpyq;Ffspd; ,iwr;rpia kl;LNk mbg;gil czthff;
nfhs;Sk; epiy jw;nghOJ ,y;iy. Mdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
eupfspd; czTg; gof;fk; Fwpj;J rpy nra;jpfs; (ew;.352> Gwk;.291)
gjpthfpAs;sd. Mdhy; eupia Ntl;ilahbajhfg; gjpTfs; ,y;iy.
Mdhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; eupia kUj;Jt gad;ghl;bw;fhf
Ntl;ilahlg;gLfpwJ. eupia Ntl;ilahLtjhy; mt;Ntl;ilahsu;fs;
eupf;Fwtu; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. jw;NghJ tpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;G
rl;lj;jpdhy; murplkpUe;J kiwKfkhfg; goq;Fbfs; ,j;njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; Ntl;ilj; njhopy; kl;Lkpd;wp
Crpfs;>ghrpkzpfs; vdg; gythwhd kzptiffisAk; tpw;ff;$ba
NtW gy njhopy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. ,jpy; rpy etPd
njhopw;fUtpfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Mdhy; fsg;gzpj;
juTf;fNshL xg;gpl;L ghu;f;Fk; NghJjw;fhy Ntl;ilj;
njhopy;El;gkhdJ rq;ffhyj;NjhL xd;WgLtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
rqf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpy; Kjd;ikj; njhopyhd
Ntl;ilj;njhopy; Mq;fhq;Nf jw;NghJk; gutyhf eilg;ngw;W
tUfpd;wJ vd;w juTfs; njspTg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; Ntl;ilahl
ngupJk; cjtpa Ntl;il tpyq;fhd eha;fs; jw;NghJ Ntl;ilf;F
nfhz;L nry;tJ ,y;iy. mitfs; tPlL; tpyq;fhf tsu;f;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ. Ntl;ilj;njhopw;$Wfspy; ngupjhf khw;wk; ,y;iy vdpDk;
njhopw;fUtpfs; kl;Lk; jw;NghJ gytpjkhd tsu;r;rpfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
mtw;Wld;,j;njhopiy kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fs; gpwkhw;Wj;njhopy;fisAk;
Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu; vd;gJk; njspTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

5.1.6 kPd;gpbj;njhopy;
kPdtu;fs; xU fhyj;jpy; fl;Lkuj;jpYk; glFfspYk; nrd;W
kPd;gpbj;J te;jdu;. jw;fhyj;jpy; ,ae;jpug; glFfisNa ngupJk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. njhiy J}uk; nrd;W kPd; gpbg;gjw;Fk; tpiue;J
jpUk;Gtjw;Fk; mt;tifapyhd ngupa tif ,ae;jpu glFfNs ngupJk;

222
cjTfpd;wd. Fiwe;j njhiytpy; kPd; gpbf;f „iggu; Nghl;‟vd;w rpwpa
tif ,ae;jpug; glFfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. etPd njhopy;El;gk;
tsu;r;rpaile;J> gad;ghl;Lf;F te;j gpwFk; $l mjw;F ,izahf
my;yJ Jizahf kuGKiwj; njhopy; El;gKk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
etPd njhopy; El;gj;jhy; ,ayhj my;yJ fbdkhd rpytw;iw
kuGKiwj; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; topahf ngw Kbfpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghL
khwpkhwp epfOk;tz;zk; cs;sJ. kPd;gpbj;njhopiyg; nghWj;jtiu>
mwpT rhu;e;j njhopy;El;gf; $Wfs; kuigg; gpd;gw;wpAk; etPd
rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;Lk; mike;Js;sJ. Mdhy; ,j;njhopy;fUtpfSk;
goq;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fUtpfspy; ,Ue;J ngupJk; NtWgl;l mstpy;
etPdf; fUtpfshf khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,j;njhopy;Kiwapy; mwpthu;e;j
nraypd; xw;Wikfs; tUkhW>
1. gUtepiy mwpjy;
2. flypd; Mok; mwpjy;
3. jpir>J}uk;> Neuk; mwpjy
4. fly;rPw;wk;>#whtsp> Gaypd; jhf;fj;ij mwpjy;
Nghd;w gyTk; mwpthu;e;j nraypd; xw;WikfshFk;. ,d;W etPd
njhopy;fUtpfs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sJ. Njhzp> glF Nghd;w gy
fyd;fs; kiwe;jhYk; mtw;wpd; vr;rq;fshf rpy fyq;fs; kPdtu;fsplk;
fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wik ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhfpwJ. mt;thNw rq;f
,yf;fpag; ghly;fspd; %yk; mf;fhy kf;fs; rpwpa> ngupa mstpyhd
ePu; Cu;jpfisAk; nra;Js;sdu; vd;gJld; fly;topg; gazKk;
thzpfKk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gJk; kWf;f Kbahj cz;ikahFk;.
jkpou;fs; kuf;fyj;njhopy;El;gj;jpy; rpwe;jtu;fs; vd;gij
ew;wpizg;ghly; (111> 295) Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. md;wstpy; kuj;jhy;
nra;ag;gl;l fg;gy; kuf;fyk; vdg;gl;lJ. gy kug;gyiffisAk; Nru;j;J
Mf;fg;gl;l rpW fl;Lkuq;fspypUe;J; ghAk;> JLg;Gk; nfhz;L flypilr;
nry;Yk; tof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,t;thwhf kuq;fyq;fs; Kjy;
md;ilehl;L gytifg;gl;l fg;gy;fspypUe;J gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l
gazpfs;tiu jkpou; JiwKfq;fspy; jq;fpdu; vd;gijAk;
mwpaKbfpwJ. etPd mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; tUifahy;
kPdtu;fspd; kuGmwpT kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gq;fSf;fhd Njitiag;
ngupJk; Fiwj;Jtpl;lhYk; mk;kPdtu;fspd; kuGk; mtu;fspd; mwpTr;
nraw;ghLfSk; mt;thNw mtu;fspd; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; ,d;wsTk;

223
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; mk;kf;fspd; tho;tpaypy; ,lk;ngWtij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.

5.1.7 Mepiu tsu;gG

; k; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpAk; khw;wKk;
Mepiu tsu;g;G Kiwfs; rq;ffhy kf;fs; gpd;gw;wpa
njhopy;El;gj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khw;wk; ngw;W tsu;r;rp mile;Js;sJ
vdyhk;.rhd;whf>
1. ghypd; cw;gj;jpia kl;LNk ikakhff; nfhz;L ,j;njhopy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
2. jPtd Kiwfspy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. cau;uf fyg;gpd khLfs; ,wf;Fkjpr; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
4. nghJthf rpy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;j ehl;L gRf;fs; Fiwe;J rpy
,lq;fspy; kl;LNk Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.
NkYk; jPtdg; Gy; kPJ eQ;rpidg; gha;r;Rtjhy; mij cz;Zk;
fwitkhLfspd; tapw;wpYk; me;eQ;R nrd;W fyf;fpd;wJ. mt;thW
fyg;gjdhy; ghy; eQ;rhfp mg;ghiy cz;l jha;khu;fspd; Kiyg;ghy;
er;Rj;jd;ikf; nfhz;ljhf khWk; mghak; Vw;gLtNjhL; mj;jha;g;ghiy
gUFk; Foe;ijapd; FlypYk; me;er;Rj;jd;ik ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;
vd;W ,J Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it mnkupf;fhitr; rhu;e;j tpQ;Qhdp
uhf;Nfy; fhu;rd; vd;w mk;ikahu; jhd; vOjpa „kTd tre;jk;‟ (silent
spring) vd;Dk; E}ypd; topahf ntspf;nfhzur; nra;Js;shu; vd;w
,j;jutpid ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy; tho;tpay; njhopy;El;gq;fs;
vd;Dk; E}ypd; topg; ngwKbfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa tpopg;Gzu;thy; ek; ehl;bYk; ,aw;if tptrhaj;jpd;
ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; kPz;Lk; rpy ,lq;fspy; tpopg;Gzu;TNthL
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,t;tpopg;Gzu;Tld; fyg;gpd khLfspd; ghy;
kdpjDf;F jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; vd;w cz;ikia nfhz;Lr; Nru;ff
;
gyjpirfspypUe;Jk; Nghuhspfs; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa
tpopg;Gzu;tpd; %yk; guhk;gupa fhy;eil KiwNa rpwe;jJ vd;W>
mjid kPlL ; Uthf;fk; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpNa ngupJk; gy,lq;fspy;
eilg;ngw;W tUtijAk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mjpf ghy;
cw;gj;jpw;fhf ntspehl;L khLfis ,wf;fp fyg;gpd ,ufq;fis
cUthf;fp> ehl;Lg;gR vd;w ,dKk; ,y;yhky; mopf;fg;gl;L ey;y
rj;Js;s ghYk; ,y;yhky; jw;nghOJ njhopy;El;gkhdJ ngaustpy;
kl;Lk; tsu;r;rpg; ngw;W tUfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.

224
5.2 Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;
,e;jpah xU ghuk;gupa kpf;f ehL. ,d;Wk; ekJ ehl;L kf;fs;
tptrhaj;ijAk; tptrhak; rhu;e;j gpw njhopy;fisAk; ek;gp tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdu;. kdpj rKjhak; Rkhu; 10>000 Mz;Lfshf tptrhak; nra;J
tUtjhf Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; $Wfpwhu;fs;. ,j;njhopypd; tsu;r;rp
epiyfs;> khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J> MuhAk; Kd; Ntshz;ikapd;
tuyhw;wpidAk; mjd; gpd;dzpiaAk; Kjypy; Muha;e;J mwpa
Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpwJ.

5.2.1 ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd; tptrhak;

Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J fpuhkq;fspYk;
tptrhaNk Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. gpd;G kd;du;fs;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; epyq;fs; midj;Jk; kd;du;fSf;Nf nrhe;jkhf
khwpaJ. gpd;G kd;du;fspd; jiyikapd; fPo; xt;nthU fpuhk kf;fSk;
gl;bdp ,d;wp> ,aw;ifAld; $ba tptrhaj;ijNa nra;J te;jdu;.
tpij> cuk;> ePu;gg
; hrdk;> gapu; ghJfhg;G vd;W tptrhaj;jpw;Fupa
midj;Jf; fhuzpfSk; tptrhapfspd; mDgt mwptpYk;> Rarhu;gpYk;
eilg;ngw;wd. kf;fspd; capu; tho; Mjhuq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd
ePupidg; ghJfhj;jpl Mw;W tha;ff ; hy;fs;>Vupfs;> Fsq;fs;> fd;kha;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw Njhw;Wtpj;J me;ePu;epiyfisg; guhkupj;J te;jdu;. ,jw;F
jf;f rhd;whf fupfhyd; fl;ba fy;yiziaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
tptrha ghrdj;jpw;fhf njd;dpe;jpahtpy; mikf;fg; gl;l Vupfspy;
ngUk;ghd;ik mf;fhy kd;du;fspd; jdpr;rpwg;ig Nghw;Wtdthf
giwrhw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.ve;j gUtj;jpy; vt;tifg; gapupid gapu; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;>vj;jifa Kiwapy; tpistpj;J gad;ngwNtz;Lk;>nts;sj;ij
jhq;Fk; gaph; tiffs;>twl;rpiaj; jhq;Fk; gaph; tiffs;>
ed;nra;gaph;fs;> Gd;nra;gaph;fs;> kz;tiff; Nfw;w gaph;tiffs; vd
,itfs; vy;yhk; tptrhaj;jpidf; fhf;Fk; nghUl;L kf;fspd;
tho;tpYk; mtu;fspd; mDgt mwptpYk; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUe;jJ
vdyhk;. 16>17 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; njhopw;Gul;rp
Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf 1757Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; INuhg;gpau;fspd;
tUifahy; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyaupd;
trkhfNt khwpaJ. ,jd; %yk; ekJ md;whl tho;f;iff;F kl;LNk

225
Njitahff; fUjg;gl;l czTg; gapu;fs; gpd;dhspy; ngUk; thzpgg;
gapuhfTk; khw;wk; mile;jJ.
tptrhak; tzpfkhf khwpw;W. ,jd; tpisthf “1770 Kjy; 1900
tiu (130 Mz;Lfspy;) 31 Kiw gQ;rq;fs; cUthapd. mt;Ntisapy;
efu;Gwq;fspy; ,Ue;j czTg; gQ;rj;ijr; rkhspf;f gy gFjpfspy;
,Ue;Jk; czTg; nghUl;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,jd; tpisthf czTg;
nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs; ngupJk; cau;e;jd”.1 ,e;epiyf;F ,e;jpa ehl;L
tptrha Kiwapy; tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw ,y;yhikAk;> gpw;Nghf;fhd
kpfTk; goikahd tptrha Kiwia kl;LNk filgpbj;J te;jikNa
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W $wpdu;. Mf ,e;jpah Rje;juk; mile;j NghJ
epykhdJ Mz;Nlhu;f;fd;wp cOjtDf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg; gltpy;iy.
NkYk; Mz;lhz;Lfhykhf tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L tho;e;J
te;jtu;fspy; ngUk; gFjp kf;fs; tptrha $ypfshfTk;
Miyj;njhopyhsu;fshfTk; khwpdu;.

5.2.2 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; tptrhak;

1947 f;Fg; gpwF gioa r%f mikg;G GJg;gpf;fg;gLtjw;f;Fg;
gjpyhf tzpf cw;gj;jp njhlu;e;jJ. Miyj; njhopYf;F %yg;
nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Nghf;F nghpJk; mjpfupj;jJ. tpij> cuk;>
jPtdk;> fUtpfs;> rf;jp> vupnghUs; ,it midj;Jk; fpuhkj;Jf;F
cs;spUe;j epiykhwp re;ijapy; thq;Fk; epiy Vw;glyhapw;W.
1950 – y; Nghu;L gTz;Nlrd; ,e;jpa tptrhapfsplk; ,urhad
cuj;ijj; jpzpg;gjw;fhf cyf tq;fpAk; A.v];.va;L epWtdKk;
,ize;J ,e;jpa murpd; KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,urhad
cuj;ij ekJ njhO cuj;Jf;F cjtpahfj; je;jdu;. mjd; gpd;dNu
ekJ ,e;jpa muR gy tsu;r;rp jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;b tptrha
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fr; rpy Kf;fpaj;jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.

5.2.3 ,e;jpahtpy; mwptpay; nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdk;

tpLjiyg;ngw;w rpy Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt ekJ muR jdJ
tsu;r;rpf;nfd xU ePz;lfhy mwptpay; nfhs;ifia cWjpnra;J
nfhz;lJ. 1958 – Mk; Mz;L mjid„mwptpay; nfhs;ifj;
jPu;khdk;‟vd;w ngaupy; ntspapl;lJ. me;jj; Njrpaj; jPu;khdk; MW
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; Fwpg;ghf cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.mit>

226
 1. “mbg;gil kw;Wk; cld;gad;gL mwptpay; Muha;r;rpfisj;
njhlu;e;J tsu;j;jy;.
2. ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mwptpay; Muha;r;rpahsu;fspd; gzp
,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> mjd;gb Njitf;Nfw;w
mstpy; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; mtu;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J
cjTjy;.
3. mwptpay; njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rpfis Vw;w tifapy; nfhLj;jy;.
4. Mz;> ngz; ,UghyuplKk; gilg;ghw;wiy Cf;Ftpj;Jr;
nraw;ghLfspy; gad;gLj;jy;.
5. fy;tpr; Rje;jpuj;NjhL mwpitg;ngw;Wg; gug;Gk; jpwikia
xt;nthUtuplKk; Cf;Ftpj;Jg; Gjpadtw;iwf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk;
Ntl;ifia tsu;j;jy;.
6. mwptpaypd; midj;J ed;ikfisAk; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wj;
jUjy;”.2
vd ,j;jifa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis Nehf;fpg; gy jlq;fy;fisAk; jhz;b
,j;jPu;khdk;epfo;e;J te;jJ.
1956 - Mk; Mz;L „mikr;ruit mwptpay; MNyhridf;FO‟ vd;w
cau;kl;l ty;Yeu; FOit mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. 1968 – Mk; Mz;by;
,e;jf; FO khw;wpaikf;fg;ngw;W „mwptpay; njhopy; El;gf;FO‟ vd;w
ngaiug; ngw;wJ. me;jf; FO gpd;du; 1971-y; Njrpa mwptpay;;
njhopy;El;gf; FO vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wJ. mg;ngau; khw;wq;fNshL gy
nghWg;Gr; RikfSk; Vw;wg;gl;ld. kj;jpa murpy; xt;nthU
mikr;rfj;jpYk; mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk; njhlu;ghd nray;fisf;
ftdpg;gjw;nfd;Nw jdpj;jdp;g; gpupTfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mZthw;wy;>
tpz;ntsp> kpd;dZtpay;> mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk;> fly;tsk;>
Rw;Wg;Gwf; ghJfhg;G vd;w MW jiyaha JiwfisAk; ehl;bd;
jiyikaikr;rNu> jkJ Neubg; nghWg;gpy; Nkw;ghu;itapl;L
te;Js;sdu;. mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpfisf; fz;fhzpf;fntd;W
1971-y; (DST – Directorate of science and Technology) vd;Dk; mwptpay;
njhopy;El;gj;Jiw epWtg;gl;lJ. ,j;Jiw ,e;jpahtpy; 1983 – Mk;
Mz;by; jdJ Gjpa “njhopy; El;gg; nfhs;if”rhu;e;j mwptpg;G
xd;wpid ntspapl;lJ. me;j nfhs;ifapd; mwptpg;ghdJ gj;Jr;
nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpj;J epd;wJ. mit>

227
 1. “gyJiwfspYk;> Fwpg;ghfg; ghJfhg;Gg; Nghd;w Jiwfspy;>
cs;ehl;L trjp Kaw;rpfisf; nfhz;Nl njhopy;El;gj;
jpwikfisAk; jd; Njit KOikiaAk;miljy;.
2. r%fj;jpd; vy;yh tif kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;w tpjj;jpy; cr;r
tUkhd Ntiyfis cUthf;fpj; jUjy;. Fwpg;ghf>
ngz;fSf;Fk; eypTw;w kf;fSf;Fk; ,e;j Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;
3. kf;fspd; ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; nray;jpwd;fisAk;
tpahghuj;jpy; tpiyNghf cjTjy;
4. nghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; vw;gLj;jp nra;Ak; njhopy;
KiwfisAk;> kf;fs; jkf;Fj;jhNk cUthf;Fk; nghUl;fspd;
cw;gj;jpiaAk; Vw;w msTfspy; tsu;j;jy; .
5. Fiwe;j nrytpy; epiwe;j tsu;r;rpiag; ngWjy;.
6. gioa njhopy;El;g Kiwfspy; gad; Fiwe;jtw;iw ePf;fp>
Mq;fhq;Nf Gjpa Kiwfisg; GFj;Jjy;.
7. Ntw;W ehLfNshL tpahghur; re;ijapy; Nghl;bNghLk; mstpw;F
Vw;Wkjpf;fhd njhopy;El;gq;fis tsu;j;jy;.
8. cw;gj;jpia mjpfr; nray; jpwj;NjhLk;> tpiuNthLk;> nkhj;j
Mw;wNyhLk; ngUf;Fjy; - cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; juj;ijf;
fhj;J mtw;wpd; ek;gpf;ifia cau;j;Jjy;.
9. Mw;wypd; Njitia – Fwpg;ghf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;f
Kbahj nghUl;fspypUe;J ngWk; Mw;wypd; Njitiaf;
Fiwj;jy;.
10. Rw;Wg;Gwj;NjhL ,iae;jpUe;J capupdq;fspd; rkepiyiaf;
fhj;J> mit thOk; tsikia cau;j;Jjy;. Fg;ig Nghd;w
gad;glhg; nghUl;fis kPz;Lk; gaDf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy; -
me;jr; nraypy; ntspg;gLk; Jizg; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpiag;
ngUf;Fjy;”.3
Nghd;w gy;NtW nfhs;iffisAk; mj;jpl;lj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
,e;jr; nraw;ghLfs; ahTk; 1958 – y; mwptpj;j mwptpay; nfhs;ifj;
jPu;khdj;jpd; topapy; 25 Mz;Lfs; ele;J te;jpUe;jd. mg;NghJ
ehl;bd; midj;Jj;JiwfSk; me;jg; gbfspy; Vwp Kd;Ndw
KLf;fptplg;gl;ld. mit>mZthw;wy; Jiw>tpz;ntspj; Jiw> epy
Ma;tpy; Jiw> czT mwptpay; Jiw> kUj;Jtj; Jiw> Rw;Wg;Gwg;
ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw vd gyJiwfSk; ,tw;wpd; fPo; mlq;Fk;. ,tw;wpy;
epy Ma;tpy; ,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; epy mikg;G rhu;e;j

228
cz;ikfisg; gw;wp tpsf;FtJ “Njrpa epytpay; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;”
(NGRI) MFk;. ,tw;wpd; etPd epy ,aw;gpay; KiwfisAk;
gad;gLj;jp ,e;jpa ypj;Njh];gpaiuAk;> mjd; #oiyAk; njspthf
tpsf;Ftjw;fhd ePz;lfhy Ma;Tg;gzpapy; ,e;epWtdk; <Lgl;L
te;Js;sJ. ,t;thW ,e;jpaf; FOf;fspd; Muha;r;rpfspd; gadhf
epyf;fup> vz;nza;> vupthAr;Ruq;fq;fs; vdg; gyTk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

5.2.4 gRikg; Gul;rp

,e;jpahtpd; ngUk; njhopy; Ntshz;ikNa. “,aw;ifapd; kbapy;
tsk; nfhopj;j ,e;jpa kz;zpy; Mq;fpNyau;fs; jq;fshl;rpr; fhyj;jpy;
gUj;jp Nghd;w fr;rhg; nghUl;fisNa mjpfk; tpistpf;Fk;
Kaw;rpfspy; <LghL fhl;bdh;. mg;NghJ 1899 – Mk; Mz;by;
kpfg;ngupa nfhba gQ;rk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mg;gQ;rk; kpfg;ngUk; nfhba
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mg;NghJ Njhd;wpa gQ;rk; kpff;
nfhLikahdJ. mg;NghJ yhh;Lfh;rd; vd;w Mq;fpNyah; xUtuhy;
G+rhtpy; 1905-y; ,k;guP pay; Ntshz; Muha;r;rpf; fofk; vd;w (IARI)
mikg;G xd;wpid Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. mJNt gpd;dhspy; 1929-y; „,e;jpa
Ntshz; Muha;rpf; fofk;‟ (ICAR) Njhd;w mbg;gilaha; mike;jJ.
gpd;du; ,q;fpUe;j gyUk; thpt#ypy; FwpaPl;il milAk; Nehf;fj;jpy;
Kad;whh;fs;. mnkhpf;f ehl;by; mg;NghJ Gfo; ngw;wpUe;j epykhdpaf;
fy;Yhhpfspd; rpwg;Gg; gq;F ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsuhy; czug;gl;L mtw;wpd;
mbr;Rtl;by; tpisnghUs; Muha;r;rp> tay;ntsp cjtp Nghd;w
nray;fSf;fhf Ntshz; gy;fiyf; fofq;fis epWTtjw;fhf
Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.”4 vd;w Fwpg;gpid mwptpay;
rpyghh;itfs; vd;w E}ypd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
“1960-y; Kjy; Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; elj;jg;ngw;w
Muha;r;rpg; gzpfspd; gadhf 1965-75 Mz;Lf;fhd gj;jhz;Lf;
fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa kz;zpy; gRikg;Gul;rp gupzkpj;jJ. ehl;by; NfhJik
cw;gj;jp %d;W klq;fpw;Fk; Nkyhf cau;e;J. mit Mz;Lf;F 30
kpy;ypad; ld;fshff; Ftpe;jJ. NkYk; muprp cw;gj;jpAk; %d;wpy; xU
klq;F mstpw;F $Ljyhfg; gapuhapd. mt;thNw gUg;G tiffSk;
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fSk; Njitf;Nfw;g tpisf;fg;gl;ld. gpd;du; Ntshz;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; midj;Jf;Fk; epjpAjtp nfhLj;Jg; mtw;iw

229
NgZk;nghWg;ig ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rpf;fofNk Vw;Wr;
nray;gLj;jp tuyhapw;W.”5 vd;w jutpidAk; mwptpay; - rpy
ghu;itfs; vd;w E}ypd; top ngwKbfpd;wJ.
,g;gbg;gl;l #o;epiyapy; ekJ ghuk;gupa Kiwfisg;
Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L xU mtrufhyj; jpl;lkhf jPtpur;rhFgbj; jpl;lk;
nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jj; jpl;lNk ehsiltpy; gRikg;Gul;rp vd;W
Gfo; ngw;wJ.

5.2.4.1 gQ;rk; Vw;glf;fhuzk;

,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rk; Vw;gLtjw;F gytpjkhd fhuzq;fSk; cz;L.
mtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahf> 1770 – fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
ftu;du; n[duyhf ,Ue;j thud;N`];bq;]; vd;gtu; gpwg;gpj;j rl;lKk;
gQ;rk; Vw;gLtjw;F xUtpjkhd %yf;fhuzk; vdyhk;. mr;rl;lj;jpy;
“tpisr;riy %d;W gq;fhfg; gpupf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gq;F> fpof;fpe;jpaf;
fk;ngdpf;Fk;> kw;nwhU gq;F tup tR+ypj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk;
[kPd;jhuu;fSf;Fk;> %d;whtJ gq;F> cOJ tpijj;J mtw;iw mWj;J
mWtil nra;Ak; cotDf;Fk; vd;W gpupf;fg;gl;likNa fhuzk; vd;w
fUj;jpid coTf;Fk; cz;L tuyhW vd;Dk; E}ypd;
topngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW Nghlg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; tpisthfj;jhd;
ngUk;ghd;ikahf gQ;rk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
,g;gQ;rj;jpd; NghJ khL> fyg;ig> kz;ntl;b Nghd;w gytw;iwAk;
tpw;Ws;shu;fs;. gpd;G tpisr;rYf;fhf itj;jpUe;j tpij ney;iyNa
cztpw;fhf Ntz;b Fw;wp ciyapypl;Ls;shu;fs;. mtw;Wld; kl;Lkpd;wp
ngw;w gps;isfisAk; tpw;Ws;shu;fs;> thq;Ftjw;F Ms;,y;iy
vd;whFk; tiu ,Ue;jtw;iw midj;ijAk; tpw;W
capu;tho;e;Js;shu;fs;. mtw;wpy; vQ;rp gpioj;jpUe;jtu;fs; mq;fpUe;j
gpzq;fisAk; Njhz;bjpd;Ws;shu;fs;. mitkl;Lkpd;wp mg;gFjpapy;
,we;jtu;fisg; $l Gijf;fNth vupf;fNthMs; ,y;iy vd;w mtyk;
Vw;gl;lJ. eha;> eup> fOF vdg; gyTk; jpd;W jPu;f;f Kbahj
msTf;Fg; gpzq;fs; Ftpe;J fple;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jd.”6 vd;W tq;fhs
cotu;fspd; epiyf;Fwpj;J>coTf;Fk; cz;L tuyhW vd;Dk; E}ypd;
top ,e;jpa cothz;ik tsu;r;rp tuyhW tpsf;fpAs;sij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa grpg;gpzpiaj; jPu;j;J itj;j gzpf;fhf
gRikg;Gul;rpia cUthf;fpatu; vd;w gl;lj;Jld; ehu;kd; ghu;yhf;

230
vd;gtu; Nehgy; gupR ngw;whu;;. NkYk; mnkupf;fhtpy; ntw;wpAld;
Ngrg;gl;l gRikg; Gul;rp>gpd;du; ,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz;ikf;
nfhs;ifj;jpl;lkhf Vw;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk;
 ,urhad cuq;fSf;F Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 tPupauf tpijfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;lJ.
 fpuhk mstpy; $l;LwTf; fld; rq;f mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jw;Fj; „jPtpu rhFgbj;jpl;lk;‟ vd;W ngau;. ,j;jifa
jPtpurhFgbj;jpl;lNk gpd;dhspy; Ntshz; fy;Y}upfspy; ghlj;jpl;lkhf
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J tPupauf tpij cw;gj;jp>,urhad
cuk;> capu;f;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; Nghd;wit <Ljy; Ntshz;
njhopy;El;gk; MfpaJ.

5.2.4.2 gRikg;Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

gRikg;Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhfg; gy tpisTfs; Vw;gl;ld. “gapu;fs;
kPJ kpfTk; er;Rj; jd;ikAs;s capu;f;nfhy;ypfshd vd;Nlh ry;/ghd;>
ypd;Nld;> vd;l;uPd;> khNdhFNuhl;Nlhgh];> khyj;jPahd;> ghuj;ja
P hd;
Nghd;w Mu;Nfh FNshupd; mYkpdpak;> gh];/igL> Mu;fNdh gh];gu];
Nghd;wit gapu; kPJ njspf;fg;gl;ljdhy; kz; er;Rj;jd;ik
nfhz;ljhf khwpaJ. mjd; mLj;jf;fl;lkhf jhtuq;fSk;
eQ;Rj;jd;ik mile;jd. capupdq;fs; gyTk; mope;jd. kdpju;fSf;F
kuzk; Neuplyhapw;W. G+r;rpkUe;Jfshy; kz;zpy; cs;s Ez;Zapu;fs;
gy kbe;jd. jhtuq;fis cl;nfhz;l fwit khLfspd; ghy; eQ;rhf
khwp mg;ghiy cz;l kf;fSf;Fg; gy Neha;fs; cz;lhfyhapd.
,ijg;gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it tpQ;Qhdp uhf;Nfy; fhu;rd; vd;w mk;ikahu;
jhd; vOjpa „kTd tre;jk;‟(Silent Spring)vd;Dk; E}ypd; top
Vw;gLj;jpAs;shu;. me;E}y; ntspte;J 40 Mz;Lfs; fope;J tpl;ld.
mnkupf;fhitNa cYf;fpa me;j E}yhdJ Vw;gLj;jpa tpopg;Gzu;thy;
mk;kUe;Jfs; mq;F jil nra;ag;gl;ld. Mdhy; mg;G+r;rp kUe;Jfs;
,e;jpahtpy; ,d;dKk; gad;ghl;by;jhd; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.”7
,j;jifa mopTf;F gRikg; Gul;rpAk; xU fhuzkhf cs;sJ
vdyhk;. ,g;gRikg;Gul;rpahy; ,e;jpa Ntshz;ikiag; ghjpj;j
epfo;Tfs; gy cs;sd. vdpDk; gRikg;Gul;rpapdhy; gyd;
ngw;wtu;fSk; cz;L. mg;gyd; ngw;wtufs; njhopy; JiwapdNu md;wp
tptrhapfs; my;yu; vdyhk;;. xU rhjuz xU tptrhap jdf;Fj;
Njitahd tpijfisj; jhNd Nrkpj;Jf; nfhs;s Neu;e;jJ. Fwpg;ghfg;

231
ghuk;gupa ney;ypid rhFgb nra;ifapy; xt;nthU mWtilapd;
NghJk;> jiyab ney;iyj; J}w;wp gpd;G Rj;jkhd ney;kzpfis
tpijf;nfd;W xJf;fp mtw;iw ed;F cyu;j;jp ghJfhj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“NkYk; Ie;jb cauk; tiu tsu;e;j epiwthd ney;kzpfisAk;>

jukhd itf;NfhiyAk; toq;fp te;j ghuk;gupa new;gapupd; cauj;ij
,uz;liu mbf;F Fiwj;J itj;J itf;Nfhyhf;Fk; Gujg;nghUis
jhdpakhf khw;wf; $ba tpijfspd; fz;Lgpbg;Ng gRikg; Gul;rp”8
vd;W„,aw;if Ntshz;ik tho;tpay; njhopy;El;gq;fs;‟ vd;w E}ypdhy;
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk; nraw;ifahff; fz;Lgpbj;j ney; tpijfNs
cau; Ntshz; njhopy;El;gkhf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;W ney;ypy;
gy;yhapu ,ufq;fs; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; xU rpy tPupaufq;fs; kl;LNk
cs;sd. ,Jjhd; xupdg;gz;ghL (Mono Culture). ,ij NtWtpjkhff;
$wpdhy; ,aw;iff;F Mgj;J Vw;gLj;JtNj xupdg;gz;ghL vdyhk;.
,jd; %yk; gd;dhl;L kUe;J epWtdq;fSf;F nfhs;is ,yhgkhFk;.
NkYk; tsu;r;rp vd;W Kj;jpiuapl;L ,Jehs; tiu ehk; ele;J te;j
ghijiar; rw;Wg; gpd;Ndhf;fpg; ghu;j;jhy; mjd; cz;ik GupAk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; top mf;fhy kf;fspd; Ntshz;ikr; rpwg;gpid
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mt;tifapy; goe;jkpoupd; tho;tpaiy tpsf;fty;y
vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspd; thapyhf epyk; Ie;J tifahfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ> xt;nthU epyj;jpYk; xt;nthU njhopy;
nra;Js;sdu;. nea;jy; kw;Wk; kUj epy kf;fs; nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;>
fUney; Mfpatw;iw cOJ tpistpj;J muprpr;NrhW cz;ldu;.
,jDld; ez;L> kPd; Nghd;w Cd;fye;j cztpidAk; cz;Ls;sdu;.
FwpQ;rp kw;Wk; Ky;iy epy kf;fs; jpid> tuF Nghd;w jhdpaq;fis
cl;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ghiyepy kf;fs; rhik> fhilf; fz;zp (gdptuF)
Mfpatw;iw cl;nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;Wk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
NkYk; Jtiu> gapW> mtiu> vs; Mfpaitg; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfSk;
gjpthfpAs;sd. ,d;Dk; rw;W $u;e;J ftdpj;jhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
top ePu;r;rpf;fdKs;s jhdpa czT cz;zg;gl;ljw;fhd juTfisAk;
ngwKbfpd;wJ. ,t;thW clYf;F rj;J epiwe;j cztpid
cl;nfhz;L clypy; typik Nru;f;ff;$ba clYiog;Gf;F Vw;w
czTfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sdu; vd;gijAk;

232
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Mdhy; gpd;dhspy; cz;lhd gRikg;Gul;rpapy; muprp
cw;gj;jpf;F kl;LNk Kjd;ikahf topfhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngUe;jhdpaq;fshd Nrhsk;> fk;G> Nfo;tuF Mfpatw;wpd; cw;gj;jp
$b tUtjd; fhuzk; mit kdpju;fs; cz;gjdhy; kl;Lkd;wp>
fwitg; gRf;fSf;Fk; vUikfSf;Fk; mlu;jPtdk; toq;fg;gLtJk; xU
Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. ,jd; nghUl;Nl ,t;tifg; gapu;fs; njhlu;e;J
gapuplg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
kf;fs; muprpr;NrhW kl;LNk cz;fpd;wdu;. jhdpa tiffspy; Gujk;>
nfhOg;G> ,Uk;G> Rz;zhk;G Mfpa rj;Jf;fs; epiwe;Js;sd. Mdhy;
,d;wstpy; ,j;jhdpaq;fspd; gad;ghL Fiwe;J tUfpd;wJ. NkYk;>
rpWjhdpaq;fshd tuF> jpid> rhik Nghd;wit ngupJk; mope;J tUk;
epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; jw;NghJ Ntshz;tpisnghUs;
Vw;Wkjpapy; er;Rj;jd;ikaw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidfs;
kpfTk; fLikahfg; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjhy; Vw;Wkjpf;Fupa eWkzg;
nghUs;fSk;> %ypiffSk; eQ;rw;wjhf ,Uf;f ,aw;if cuq;fSk;>
%ypifg; G+r;rp tpul;bfSk; Ntshz;ikapy; gad;gLj;jj;
njhlq;fpAs;sikiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
,jd;top Ntshz;ikapy; ,aw;if tptrha Kiwfs;> nraw;if
tptrha Kiwfs;> etPd mwptpay; Kiwfs; vdg; gy gpupTfs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sij cw;W Nehf;Fk; NghJ> xU rpy kf;fs; kPz;Lk; guhk;gupa
tptrhaj;jpw;F jpUk;Gk; epiyiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,d;W mwptpay;
njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpapdhy; ,j;Jiwapy; gy khw;wq;f s; te;Js;sd.
,Ug;gpDk; kf;fs; guhk;gupa tptrhaj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;Gk; epiy kPz;Lk;
gutyhf tsu;e;J tUk; vd;w xUtpjkhd ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.
,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; NghJ rq;ffhy
kf;fspd; Ntshz;ikahdJ Kw;wpYk; ,aw;if Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
tUtij mwpaKbfpwJ. vdpDk; mf;fhyj;jpa fyg;ig> jSk;G Nghd;w
rpWfUtpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,ae;jpukakhd buhf;lu; (cO fUtp)
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> elT eLjy;> fis vLj;jy;> mWtil
nra;jy; vdg; gytw;Wf;Fk; ,t;,ae;jpuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thwhd njhopy;El;gj; jpwdhy; gy tptrha NtiyfSk;
EZf;fkhfr; nra;ag;gl;L gad;ghl;by; mit eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it jtpu Gjpa tpijfs;> Gjpa Ntshz;
rpe;jidfs; vdg; gyTk; tsu;e;j tz;zk; ,Uf;f> xUGwk;
gRikg;Gul;rpahy; te;j nraw;if kw;Wk; ,urhadk; fye;j
233
Ntshz;ikfs; eilg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> ghuk;gupa kf;fspd;
kuGtopj; njhopy;fs; tpopg;Gzu;NthL eilg;ngw;W tUtijf; fhZk;
NghJ rq;ffhyj; njhopy;El;gkhdJ ,d;Wk; Mq;fhq;Nf
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtijAk;> mjd; kPl;LUthf;f tsu;r;rp
epiyfisAk; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

mt;thNw tptrha nray;Kiwfs; top Ntshz;ikj; njhopypy;

Vw;gl;Ls;s tsu;r;rpfs; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; fhzyhk;.
mr;nray;Kiwfspy; Kf;fpa fhuzpfshtd> gUtfhyq;fs;> kz;>
cOjy; epiy> ,ae;jpuf; fUtpfs;> tpijfs;> tpij epWtdq;fs; vdg;
gytw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpf; $wyhk;.

5.2.5 gUtq;fs;

gUtf;fhw;iwg; nghWj;Nj tptrhag; gUtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

mg;gUtq;fSf;F Vw;w gapu;tiffs; tptrhaj;jpy; gapu;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ePz;l neLq;fhykhfNt
thdpiyapy; Vw;glf;$ba khWjy;fis jq;fspd; mDgtj;jpd;
thapyhf czu;e;J tho;e;Jte;jdu;. NkYk; mt;tptrhapfs; thdpiy
tptuq;fis Kd;$l;bNa mwpAk; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jjdhy;
tptrhaj;jpw;F jPq;F Neuhtz;zk; gy Kd;Ndw;ghLfisr; nra;J
ed;ikfs; mile;Js;sdu;. kz;tsk;> ePu;tsk; kw;Wk; gUt
fhyq;fSf;Nfw;w gapu;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; cotpay;
njhopy;El;gj;Jld; gapupl;ldu;. NkYk; gUtk; ghu;j;Jg; gapupLk;
tof;fj;ij ngupJk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. mk;Kiw ,d;wstpy;
Fiwe;J tUfpd;wJ. mjw;Nfw;g ,aw;if gUtq;fSk; khw;wk; ngw;W
ngupJk; tptrha moptpw;fhd ghijia Nehf;fpNa efu;e;J tUfpd;wJ.

5.2.6 kz;

kz; vd;gJ G+kpapd; mbg;gug;gpy; mLf;fLf;fhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd kz; gy fhuzq;fshy; khw;wk;
ngWfpwJ. Kf;fpakhf “1.ngsjpf khw;wk; (ntg;gk;> kz; mupg;G>
jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; [Ptuhrpfspd; nray;> fhw;W) 2. ,urhad khw;wk;
(fhu;gdpfuzk;> Mf;]pfuzk;) vd ,t;tifapy; khw;wk; ngWfpwJ.
,aw;if topapy; gapu; nra;gtu;fs;> kz;izr; Nrhjpg;gJk; ,y;iy.
Nrhjid mbg;gilapy; ,LnghUl;fisf; nfhl;LtJk; ,y;iy. mtu;fs;

234
kz;zpy; cs;s Ez;Zapu;fSf;Fk; NgUapu;fSf;Fk; jPdp nfhLg;gij
kl;Lk; nra;fpwhu;fs;.”9 vd;W Nfh. ek;kho;thu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

5.2.6.1 cOjy;

fyg;igiag; nghWj;J mjhtJ cOjiyg; nghWj;J cotpd;

jd;ik khWgLfpwJ. 1.ehl;Lkuf;fyg;ig 2. Kd;Ndwpa ,Uk;Gf;fyg;ig
vd;W fyg;igfs; ,uz;L tif cz;L. ,f;fyg;igfisg;
gad;gLj;Jk; nray; jw;NghJ Kw;wpYk; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wJ. khw;whf
,ae;jpuf; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

5.2.6.1.1 buhf;lu; ,ae;jpuk; (Tractor)

vUJfSf;Fg; gjpyhff; fyg;igia ,Of;fj; Njitg;gLk;

,Oit rf;jpia buhf;lu; ,ae;jpuk; nfhLf;fpwJ. buhf;lu;fis
%tifg;gLj;jyhk;. 1.rpwpa buhf;lu; 2. eLj;ju buhf;lu; 3. ngupa
buhf;lu;fs;. epyq;fspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g buhf;lu;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,ae;jpu tUifahy; cOfUtpfs; tsu;r;rpg;;
ngw;Ws;sJ. cotu;fspd; Neuk; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5.2.6.2 tpijfs;

kdpjdpd; Kjy; Muha;r;rp> Kjy; fz;Lgpbg;G> Kjy; ntw;wp

vy;yhNk tpijfspy;jhd; mlq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fs;
,aw;ifia cw;W ftdpj;J NtWghLfis vy;yhk; ftdkhfg; ghu;j;J
tUq;fhy rKjhaj;jpw;fhf tpl;Lr; nrd;w caupa nrhj;J tpij MFk;.
tpijfisg; ghJfhf;fpd;w ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; gapu;nra;tjw; fhd cupa
gl;lk; Mfpait ek; tptrhapfspd; ,uj;jj;NjhL GiuNahbg;
NghapUe;jd. ghuk;gupa tpijfs; twl;rp nts;sk; kw;Wk; fhyr;#oYf;F
xj;Jg; NghFk; jd;ik nfhz;litahf ,Ue;jJ. gioa ghuk;gupa
tpijfs; cs;@u; mwpT rhu;e;jit. ghuk;gupauf tpijfs; ,e;jpah
Nghd;w ehLfspypUe;J xl;L nkhj;jkhf mopf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhy;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s xt;nthU tptrhapAk; jhd;gapu; nra;fpd;w xt;nthU
rhFgbf;Fk; gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fis ek;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5.2.6.2.1 tpij epWtdq;fs;

gRikg; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpwF ru;tNjr tpij tpahghuk; ntF

Ntfkhf yhgk; <l;Lk; njhopyhf eilngw;W tUfpwJ.

235
 1. fhu;fpy; vd;w mnkupf;f epWtdk;
2. rpgh nfa;rp vd;w Rtpl;ru;yhe; epWtdk;
3. khz;rhz;Nlh vd;w mnkupf;f epWtdk;
4. uhay; lr;n`y; vd;w gpul;ld; epWtdk;
5. rhd;kpfy; fhu;gNu~d; gpypg;igd;]; epWtdk;

Nghd;w gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; vy;yhk; je;NghJ tpij cw;gj;jpapy;

<Lgl;L tUfpd;wd. gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; tpij tpw;gidapy; ey;y
,yhgj;ij mile;J tUfpd;wd.

5.2.6.2.2 nlu;kpNdl;lu; tpij njhopy;El;gk;

2000 Mz;L thf;fpy; Gjpa tpijj; njhopy; El;gk; xd;W

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mit>“midj;J tpjkhd gapu;fspd; tpijf;
fUtpidAk; rpijj;J mt;tpijfis kPz;Lk; gapupLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;j
Kbahj mstpw;F xU Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;ij mnkupf;f murpd;
tptrhaj;Jiw cUthf;fpaJ. mtw;iw>tptrhaj;Jiwapd; epA+l;uhd;
Fz;L vd;Wk;; cau;uf fyg;gpd tpijfis kylhf;FtNj
nlu;kpNdl;lu; njhopy;El;gk;.”10 vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,U ntt;NtW
tif khWg;gl;l jd;ikfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L gapu; tpijfisAk;
,izj;J fyg;gpd tpijfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L te;jd. ,e;jpahtpy;
,e;jpa tptrha Muha;r;rp epWtdKk; kw;Wk; tptrha Ma;T ,e;jpa
cau;epiyf;FOkk; Nghd;w nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fSk; ,k;Kiwapy;
fyg;gpd tpij ,ufq;fis cUthf;fp te;jd. ,t;tpijfisf; nfhz;L
xUNghfk; kl;LNk gapu; nra;aKbAk;. ,t;tpijfis tpw;gjw;F Kd;
xU tpisr;rYf;Fg; gpd; kylhf;Fk; tifapy; ,urhadf;fyitiaj;
J}z;btpl;Lj;jhd; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

nlu;kpNdl;lu; njhopy;El;g jw;nfhiy tpijfspypUe;J Kisj;j

nrbfspypUe;J tUk; kfue;jk; fhw;W kw;Wk; G+r;rpfs; %yk; mUfpYs;s
ehl;L uftpijapy; Eioe;J kw;w gapu;fSf;Fk; gutp may; kfue;jr;
Nru;fi
; f %yk; ehl;Luf tpijfis kylhf;fptpLk;. vdNt ,e;j
tpijfisg; gad;gLj;j Muk;gpj;j rpy Mz;LfSf;Fs; ekJ
ehl;bYs;s vy;yh ehl;Luf tpijfSk; kylhfptpLk; mghak; ,Ue;jJ.
cs;ehl;L uftpijfisnay;yhk; xopj;Jf; fl;l nlu;kpNdl;lu; vd;w
epiyia cUthf;fp yhgk; ngWk; cau;e;j njhopy;El;gk; td;Kiwahf

236
tpijfspd; kPJ eilg;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. me;epa rf;jpfs; ekJ ehl;il
mbikg;gLj;Jk; je;jpuk; vdyhk;.

5.2.6.2.3 kugZ khw;w tpijfs;

cyfpy; cs;s midj;J capupfspd; mbg;gil myF nry;

vdg;gLfpwJ. nry;iy epu;tfpg;gJ mjpy; cs;s cl;fU. cl;fUtpy;
ehlh Nghd;w FNuhkNrhk; Jz;Lfs; kpjf;fpd;wd. me;j FNuhNkhNrhkpy;
cs;s DNA - tpy; jhd; [Pd;fs; vd;Dk; ghuk;gupa Fzq;fs;
mLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. “xU kdpj nry;ypy; xU yl;rk; [Pd;fs; cs;sd.
,e;j [Pd;fs; %yk;jhd; xU kdpjd; mtdJ
guk;giuj;jd;ikiag;ngWfpwhd;. Kl;ilaplhj Nfhop> FQ;R nghwpf;fhj
Kl;il> tpijapy;yhj goq;fs; (Seed less) vd;W [Pd; khw;w
njhopy;El;gq;fs; tsu;e;J tpl;ld. ,jw;F kugpay; nghwpapay;> kugZ
nghwpapay; vd;W ngau;. ,g;gb XupU NtW tif [Pd;fis Eioj;J
cUthf;fg;gLk; capu;fl;L [Pd;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l (Genetically modified)
capupfs; vd;W ngau;.”11 ,k; kugZkhw;wk; tpijfspYk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

[Pd; khw;wk; nra;Ak; njhopy;El;gk; gbg;gbahf tptrhaj;jpy;

GFj;jg;gl;lJ. gapu;fspd; capu;tpij> mjdhy; ,e;j kugZ khw;Wk;
njhopy; El;gk; tpijfspy; GFj;jg;gl;lJ. Kjd; Kjypy; 1983 - y;
G+r;rpj; jhf;fhj [Pd; khw;wpa Gifapiy cyfk; KOtJk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd; Nfhb Vf;fupy; [Pd; khw;wk; nra;ag;l;l nkhr;ir>
Nrhah> gUj;jp> fhl;Lf;fLF Nghd;wit gapuplg;gl;ld.

,e;j njhopy;El;gk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ. ,J gbg;gbahf

gUj;jpapYk; GFj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F gp.b gUj;jp vd;W ngau;. ,g; gp.b
njhopy;El;gj;jhy; gUj;jpf; fha;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;ftpy;iy
mjd; msTk; ngUftpy;iy. Mdhy; gp.b gUj;jp gapuplg;gLk; msT
$baJ. Fwpg;ghf> kfhuh~;l;uh> Me;jpuh> kj;jpagpuNjrk;> fu;ehlfh>
jkpo;ehL>F[uhj; khepyq;fspy; ,it $bf;nfhz;Nl te;jJ. gp.b gUj;jp
gapupl;l gpwF NtW gapu;fs; gapuplg; gLtjpdhy; mg;gapu;fSf;F
ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLtijf; fz;lwpe;jdu;. gp.b gUj;jpahy; kz;tsq;fs;
nfl;Lg; NghtijAk; fz;lwpe;jdu;. czTg; gapu;fshd ney;>
fj;jup>ntz;il> Nrhah Nghd;w gapu;fSf;Fk; gp.b tif
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gUj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l tpisthy;> ney; Nghd;w
czTg; nghUs;fspy; ,e;j gp.b njhopy;El;g gapu; tuf; $lhJ vd;W

237
tptrha Mu;tyu;fs; jk;fUj;ij Kd;itj;jdu;. mf;fUj;Jf;fspd; gb
kugZ khw;wg; gapu;fs; capu;r;#oiy ghjpf;Fk; vd;gjhy; mit gpd;du;
jilnra;ag;l;lJ.

gpd; 1970 – y; ekJ ehl;L rl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j nra;Kiw kl;LNk

(Process) cupik ngwj;jFjp vd;w epiyia khw;wp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLk;
nghUSf;Fk; (Product) cupik jug;gLk; vd;w Gjpa rl;lk;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lj;ij ekJ ehLk; ifnahg;gkpl;L
tbTupikr; rl;lj; jpUj;jj;ij 1995 KjNy Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
jw;Nghija tpijr; rl;lkhdJ 2004 - y; Nghlg;gl;lJ. ,NjhL
fhg;Gupikr; rl;lKk; Nghlg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; xd;W tpijj;jhy; gy
Mapukhfg; gy;fpg; ngUFk; ,e;jpa cotu;fspd; tpijfs; Nrhjpf;fgl
Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; rl;lj;ijf; ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpkhFk;

,itfs; xUGwk; ,Uf;f jd;dhu;tyu;fs;> „,aw;if tpijfisg;

ghJfhj;J tUfpd;wdu;. rhd;whf> G+Tyfpd; ez;gu;fs; ,af;fj;jpd;
rhu;ghf tpijj;jpUtpoh elj;jg;gl;lJ. mq;F E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ney;
tpijfs;> gotpijfs; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;ld. jkpofk; KOJk;
cs;s tpij Nrfupg;ghsu;fis (ney; n[auhkd;> Nahfehjd; kw;Wk;
mwr;rY}u; nry;tk;) xUq;fpizj;J kPz;Lk; ,aw;if Ntshz;ikf;Fj;
jpUk;gpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,sk; jiyKiw tptrhapfsplk; midj;J
tpijfisAk; ngUf;fr; nra;J; mijg; gutyhf;fp kPz;Lk;> gd;dhl;L
tzpf mbik Kiw tpijfspd; tpahghuj;ij xopj;J> ek;Kila
ghuk;gupa tpijfis kPlL; Uthf;fk; nra;J kPz;Lk; ghuk;gupa
tptrhapfSf;Nf jpUk;gj; jUtJ vd;w fUj;Jf;fisAk;
Kd;itj;jdu;‟.12 ,itNa> ,tu;fspd; tpij jpUtpohtpd; Nehf;fkhfTk;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,j;jifa ,jo;fs;> jp ,e;J Nghd;w ehspjo;fs;
NkYk; gy njhz;L epWtdq;fs; vd ,it midj;Jk; ,d;iwa
#oypy; ghuk;gupa tpijfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;L tUtJ
ngUk; kfpo;r;rpf;FupajhFk;.

5.2.7 ,d;iwa etPd ePu;ghrd Kiwfs;

ePu;gg
; hrdk; nra;tjw;fhf etPd Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. ,d;iwf;F “mNef tptrhapfs; MWfspypUe;Jk;>
ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspypUe;Jk;>jq;fspd; gapUf;Fj; jz;zPu;gha;r;Rtjw;F
kpd;rhu ePu; ,iwf;Fk; ve;jpuq;fs;> Foha;fs; kw;Wk; njspg;ghd;fs;

238
Nghd;wtw;wpy; VNjDk; xd;wpid cgNahfpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,it kl;Lk;
,d;wp> J}ty; Kiw (Over head irrigation)> Nkw;gug;G ghrdk; Kiw
(Surface irrigation)> vdg; gytpj ePu;g;ghrd KiwfSk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.”13 mit Royp ePu;gg
; hrdk;> nrhl;L ePu;g;ghrdk;
vd;gdthFk;.

5.2.7.1 Royp ePug

; hrdk;

Royp ePug;ghrdk; (pivot irrigation) vd;gJ taypd; midj;Jg;

gFjpfSf;Fk; jz;zPu; gha;r;rg;gLfpw tifapy;> xU tl;lj;jpy; cs;s
njspg;Gg; Gaq;fis efu;j;Jtjw;Fk; Nkhl;lhu;fs; my;yJ
Foha;fspYs;s jz;zPu; mOj;jj;ij cgNahfpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
gad;gLfpwJ. MapDk;> #lhd ntapypy; njspj;j jz;zPu;j; Jspfs;
jhtuq;fspypUe;J rPf;fpukhfNt Mtpahfptpl KbAk;. ,k;Kiwfs;
ngUk;ghYk; G+e;Njhl;lq;fspYk;> cSe;J Nghd;w gaW tiffspYk;
,k;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

5.2.7.2 nrhl;L ePu;ghrdk;

nrhl;L ePu;g;ghrdk; vd;gJ gapu;fspd; Ntu;fSf;F Neubahf

my;yJ epyj;jpy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Foha;fspYs;s Jisfspd; topahf
cgNahfpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,r;nrhl;LePu; ghrdKiw fUk;G> fpoq;F>
njd;id Nghd;wtw;wpw;;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

ney; Nghd;w mad kz;lyg; gapu;fSf;F mjpf ePu;

Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa Kiwiag; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. NkNy
$wg;gl;Ls;s etPd ePu;ghrd Kiwfs; jz;zPu;g; gw;whf;Fiwiar; rup
nra;Ak; tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gkhf mikfpwJ. NkYk;
kpd;rhuk; nfhz;L me;ePiu vLj;jhYk; rpf;fdkhfNt Ntshz;ik
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,aw;if mspj;j ePiu rupahfg;
ghJfhj;Jg; gapu;nra;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; ePu; Nkyhz;ikiag; ghJfhj;jw; nghUl;L

Nte;ju;fs; Kjy; filrpf; Fbkf;fs; tiu ePu;ts Mjhuj;ij
ngUf;fpAs;sdu;. mjw;Nfw;w njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; mtu;fs;
mwpe;Js;sdu;. jw;NghJ Neuj;ijr; RUf;fp mjpNtfkhf Ntiy nra;Ak;
njhopw;fUtpfs; ,Ue;Jk;> Ntshz;ik nra;tjw;F NghJkhd ePupd;wp
gw;whf;FiwNa epyTfpwJ.

239
5.2.8 vUf;fs; (Manures)

vU vd;w nrhy; epyj;jpw;F ,lg;gLk; mq;ffg; nghUs;fisf;

Fwpf;Fk;. ,it ,aw;ifapNyNa ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. (c.k;)
“khl;nlU> fk;Ngh];l;> gRe;jio Nghd;w gupkhzk; kpFe;j ,aw;if
vUf;fSk;> Gz;zhf;F> vYk;Gj;J}s;> ,uj;jj;J}s; Nghd;w gupkhzj;jpy;
Fiwe;j> jhtu czTr; rj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j ,aw;if vUf;fSk;
cz;L”.14,d;wstpy;nrbfSf;F> nraw;if cuq;fs; Nghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghl;lh~; kw;Wk; A+upahit fye;J ,Lk;NghJ gapu;fs; nropg;ghfTk;
tsikahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; ,e;j nraw;if cuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; epyj;jpw;Fk;> kf;fSf;Fk; gy jPikfs; Vw;glf;$Lk;.
,tw;iw Nehf;Fk; NghJ rq;ffhyj;jpy; gapu;fSf;F ,aw;if
cuq;fis kl;LNk gad;gLj;jp mofhdnjhU ,aw;ifAld; ,iae;j
tho;f;ifia mk;kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jikia czuKbfpd;wJ.

5.2.8.1 cuq;fs; (Fertilisers)

nraw;if Kiwapy; njhopw;rhiyfspy; jahuhFk; ,urhad cu

cg;Gf;fis cuq;fs; vd;w nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fpNwhk;. “nraw;if
czTfspy; mjpf mstpy; jhtu czT mlq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. ,urhad
cuk; itj;jhy; jhdpaq;fs; nropf;Fk;.”15 ,d;iwa etPd cyfpy;
,urhadg; nghUl;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy; cuk; kw;Wk; G+r;rpf;
nfhy;ypfspd; %yk; mtw;wpd; kz;zpd; mikg;G Kw;wpYk;
mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. vd;W „kz;GO vd;Dk; cotd; tsu;g;Gk;
njhopy;El;gKk;‟ vd;w E}yhy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. kz;Zk; mijr;rhu;e;j
capupdq;fSk; capUs;sit vd;gij cze;J cuq;fisg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. nraw;if cuk; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fSf;F ,ilapy; ,aw;if rhu;e;j
njhO cuKk;>kz; GO cuq;fSk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,J etPd
,aw;if cuk; MFk;. cuq;fspd; mjPj tsu;r;rpahy; vUf;fs; vd;w
ngau; $l cuk; vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

5.2.9 fisAk; fis vLj;jy; KiwAk;

gapu;fis gapu;nra;j gpd;G mit xUfl;lj;jpy; tsu;r;rp

epiyia mile;J tpLfpwJ. mg;gUtj;jpy; mg;gapu;fspd; ,ilapilNa
fisr;nrbfs; Kisf;ff; $Lk;. mf;fisr;nrbfs; epyj;jpy;
Njitapy;yhj xd;W. mJ gapu;fSf;F ey;yijtplj; jPikfisNa
240
mjpfkhfr; nra;fpwJ. fis vLg;gjw;Fk;> fis tuhky; jLj;J
epWj;Jtjw;Fk; tptrhapfs;mjpfkhfr; nryT nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhak;
Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk; mitfs; nkhj;j kf#iyAk; Fiwf;fpwJ.

kz;iz mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl fisfs; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

fisfis jLf;f jw;NghJ gytpj KiwfSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mit “Kd; jLg;G Kiw> gpd; jLg;G Kiw vd;W ,uz;lhff;
gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mitfs; 1. tsu;g;Gj; jLg;G Kiw> 2. jP vupg;G
jLg;G Kiw> 3. ,urhadj;jLg;G Kiw 4. capupay; jLg;G Kiw”16
vd;gjhFk;. tsu;g;Gj; jLg;G Kiwapy; - epyj;jpy; cs;s gapu;fSf;F
Vw;g ePu;gg
; ha;r;rp fisfis ePf;Fjy;. fis epiwe;j epyj;jpy; jP %l;b
fisfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w Kiwfnsy;yhk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

5.2.9.1 ,urhadj; jLg;G Kiw

jw;rkak; ,e;j Kiw> fis xopg;gjpy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. fisfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j fisf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs;
cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,it “1. fisr;nrbkPJ
gLk;gbahfj; (Contact herbicide) njspf;Fk; kUe;Jfs;. 2. kuq;nfhy;yp
tifiar; Nru;e;j kUe;Jfs; (Translocated herbicide) vd ,Utif
cz;L. ,e;j ,urhadf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; Ntu;fspd; %ykhfNth
my;yJ ,iyfspd; %ykhfNth cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rpy
Kf;fpakhd ,urhadf; fisf;nfhy;ypfs;>

1. 2 – 4 – D.>

2. M.C.P.A.,

3. 2 – 4 – 5 – T.,

4. T.C.A.,

5. DOWPAN”.17 Nghd;w ,f;fisf;nfhy;ypfs; jw;NghJ

gad;ghl;by; cs;sd. ,aw;if Kiwapy; nray;gLk; Ntshz;ikf;F
,t;tiff; fisf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; Nghlg;gLtJ ,y;iy.

241
  “2 – 4 – D vd;Dk; fisf;nfhy;yp kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;jJ. ,J
gy;NtW jd;ikfspy; fpilf;fpwJ. ,ij Fiwe;j msT
tPupaj;jpy; cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fPo;f;fz;l gapu; tiffs;
,f;fisf;nfhy;ypahy; ghjpg;gilayhk;. (c-k;) jpuhl;ir>
Gifapiy> jf;fhsp> gUj;jp> ney; Nrhsk;> fUk;G Kjypad.
M.C.P.A - ,JTk; 2 – 4 – Diag; Nghd;wJ. Mdhy; mjpf
ehisf;F ,jd; jLg;Gr; ,Uf;Fk;.
 2 – 4 – 5 – T: kutifiar; Nru;e;j jhtuq;fis mopf;f ,J
gad;gLfpwJ.
 T.C.A., ,J> Gy;tifj; jhtuq;fis mopf;f gad;gLfpwJ.”18

,k;kUe;Jfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ fhw;W mbf;ff; $lhJ.

,k;kUe;Jfs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Ke;jpAk;> gpe;jpAk; kz;zpy; <ug;gjk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fisf;nfhy;ypfs; tpijfs; itg;gjw;F Kd;ghfNt
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fisf; nfhy;ypfis Neu;j;jpahfg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

5.2.10 gapu;Row;rpapd; jj;Jtk;

gapu;Row;rp Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;ifapy;>“gapu;Row;rp nra;a

NtWgl;l gapu;fis kpf;f ftdj;Jld; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nju;e;njLf;Fk; gapu;fs; thdpiyf;Fk; epyj;jd;ikf;Fk; Rw;Wg;Gw
#o;epiyf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.”19 vd;W
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Rw;Wr;#oy;> thdpiy>epyj;jpd; jd;ik ,it
%d;wpw;Fk; Vw;w nghUj;jg;ghLs;s tifapy; ftdkhff; ifahs
Ntz;Lk;. mitNa rpwe;j gapu;#ow;rp KiwahFk; vd;gij
mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk;> ,g;gapu;Row;rpKiwahy; cz;lhff; $ba
gad;ghLfs; Fwpj;J $Wifapy;>

1. “epyj;jpd; ngsjPfj; jd;ikia rhjhuzkhd Kiwapy;

epiyngwr; nra;fpwJ.
2. ny$k; gapu; nra;tjhy; epyj;jpw;Fj; jior;rj;Jk; mq;ffg;
nghUSk; mjpf mstpy; Nru;gg
; pf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. vUf;fisAk; cuq;fisAk; rpf;fdkhd gyDs;s Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;j gapu;r; Row;rp gad;gLfpwJ.
4. vg;nghOJk; epyj;jpy; gapu;fs; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.

242
 5. gapu;Row;rp epyj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; tp~g;nghUs;fspd; jPikfisr;
rupf;fl;Lfpd;wJ.
6. gapupd; juj;ij cau;j;JfpwJ.”20 vd;W mg;gad;ghLfs; Fwpj;J
$wg;gLtij mwpaKbfpwJ.

NkYk; ,g;gapu;Row;rp Kiwapy; mjhtJ> “,k;Kiwapy; xU gapu;

tpise;jTld; kWgapWf;nfd cOjy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa (Post harvest) tptrha eltbf;iffspy;
kWfhy; cOjy; (ew;.210) Kf;fpak; MFk;.”21 ,j;jifa gapu;Row;rp
Kiwapd; jj;Jtk; rq;f ,yf;fpafspy; gutyhf cs;sd.

5.2.11 ney; kw;Wk; rpWjhdpaq;fspd; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Cd; czTfs;> ney; Nghd;w

ngUe;jhdpaq;fs;> rpWjhdpaq;fs; Kjypa czTfis kf;fs;
cz;ldu;. md;W jz;zPUf;Fj; jl;Lg;ghLk;> cztpw;Fg; gQ;rKk;
,y;iy vd;whYk; rpW jhdpaq;fis mtu;fs; vLj;jjd; Nehf;fk; ey;y
MNuhf;fpakhd rj;J epiwe;j cztpid cl;nfhz;L cly;
typikNahL tho;tjw;fhfNt ,t;tifahd cztpid
vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;gij czuKbfpd;wJ. ,d;W rpW
jhdpaq;fspd; cw;gj;jp Fiwe;Js;sJ. gRikg;Gul;rpapy; muprp
cw;gj;jpf;F kl;LNk gr;irf;nfhb fhl;lg;gl;lJ. 1951-52 Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J ,d;iwa epiyia xg;gpl;lhy;>

1. “muprp cw;gj;jp ehd;F klq;F mjhtJ 400 rjk; tsu;e;Js;sJ.

2. ngUtifj; jhdpaq;fshd Nrhsk;> Nfo;tuF> fk;G> cw;gj;jp 70
rjk; tsu;e;Js;sJ.
3. rq;ffhyr; rpwg;Gs;s rhik> jpid tuF> Fjpiuthy; Nghd;wit
cw;gj;jp 80 rjk; Fiwe;Js;sJ.
4. gaW tifg;gapu;fspy; ,e;jpa mstpy; cw;gj;jp 15 rjk;
tsu;r;rp> jkpo;ehl;by; 5 rjk; tsu;r;rp.

ePu;r; nryTs;s ney; cw;gj;jpia cau;j;jpAk; ePu;r; nryT Fiwe;j

jhdpa cw;gj;jpfis cau;j;jhkYk; xU rkd;ghlw;w cw;gj;jp
tsu;r;rpiag; gRikg; Gul;rp tpistpj;Js;sJ. ngUe;jhdpaq;fshd
Nrhsk;> fk;G>Nfo;tuF Mfpatw;wpd; cw;gj;jp $b tUtjd; fhuzk;
mit kdpju;fs; cz;gjhy; kl;Lk; my;y. fwitg;gRf;fSf;Fk;

243
vUikkhLfSf;Fk; mlu;jPtdk; toq;fTk;; ,it njhlu;e;J
gapuplg;gLfpwJ.”22 vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

5.2.11.1 fUk;Gr; rhFgbapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpfs;> khw;wq;fs;

fUk;Gr; rhFgbapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s tsu;r;rpfs; khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J

Muha;tjw;F Kd;dhy;> mit jkpofg; gFjpfspy; gapuplg;gl;ljw;fhd
jlaq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJ mtrpakhfpwJ. ,jw;Fr;
rhd;whf>“jkpo;ehl;bd; goikahd gapu;fspy; fUk;Gk; xd;whFk;. Nkw;Fj;
njhlu;r;rp kiyabthuq;fspy; fUk;G gapuplg;gl;l milahsq;fs;
,d;Wk; cs;sd. mtu;fs; vs;Sr; nrf;Ffisg;Nghy;> fUk;GfisAk;
miuj;Jg; ghF vLg;gjw;F fy; nrf;Ffisg;
gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhu;fs;.”23 vd;w $w;W mikfpd;wJ. NkYk;
“njhz;ilkz;lyk; fUk;Gr; rhFgbapy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wpUe;jjhy;
fUk;Gfis miuj;Jg; gpopAk; ve;jpuq;fSk;> fUk;Gr; rhw;iwf; fha;r;rpa
Gif #o;e;j MiyfSk; (ngUk;ghz;. 260-262) md;W mg;gFjpapy;
,Ue;Js;sd.”24

,f;fUk;G jFe;j tpiyapy;yhky; cw;gj;jp msT Fiwe;J

tUfpwJ. vdpDk; fUk;G rhFgb kl;Lk; cau;e;J tUfpd;wJ. ,f;fUk;G
cw;gj;jpahdJ ,urhad cuq;fshYk;> nfhba G+r;rpkUe;JfshYk;
cUthf;fg;gLtjhy; mjd; tp~g;nghUs; kl;Lk; vQ;Rk; tha;g;Gs;sJ.
mt;thNw> nty;yk; jahupg;gpYk; rup> nts;isr;ru;ff
; iu jahupg;gpYk; rup
fe;jfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JTk; xUtifahd
cly;eyf;Nfl;bw;F toptFg;gjhFk;. vd;w ,f;fUj;ij ,aw;if
Ntshz;ikapy; tho;tpay; njhopy;El;gq;fs; vd; Dk; E}ypd; top
ngwKbfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> etPd ru;f;fiu Miyfs; vd tsu;r;rpg; ngw;W tUk;

#oy; xUGwk; ,Uf;f tho;thjhuj;ij cau;j;Jk; tpiy ,y;iy
vd;gNj cz;ik. ,jd; nghUl;L ,d;wstpy; fUk;G cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;
rq;fk; vd;w xd;W cUthfpAs;sijAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mr;rq;fj;jpdu; %ykhf fUk;gpw;F fl;Lg;gbahd tpiy Njit vd;Wk;>
ld;dpw;F &.1000 vd;w tpiyia epu;zapf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w gytpjkhd
Nfhupf;iffisAk; fUk;G tptrhapfs; murplk; njhlu;e;J
epge;jidfshf itj;Jf; nfhz;Ljhd; tUfpd;wdu;.

244
5.2.12 tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khWjYk; vjpu;tpisTfSk;

1960 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfkhd gRikg;

Gul;rpahy; Gjpa tpijfs;> ,urhad cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs; Gjpa
ve;jpuq;fs; vdg;gyTk; ngUfpd. ,tw;wpd; fhuzkhf>

o rpW> FW tptrhapfSf;Fk;> tptrhaj;njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; Ntiy

tha;g;G Fiwe;jJ.
o ,Jtiu fhy;eilfs; tptrhaj;jpy; tfpj;J te;j ,lj;ij
buhf;lu;fs; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;ld.
o ve;j jl;g ntg;g epiyAk; jhf;Fg; gpbf;ff; $ba ghuk;gupa
tpijfs; kiwe;J tPupatpj;Jf;fs; Gof;fj;Jf;F te;jd.
o kio ePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;Fupa rupahd nray;ghLfs; ,y;yhky;
Nghapd.
o epyj;jb ePu; mjpfkhf cwpQ;rg;gl;ljhy; ePu;kl;lk; ntFthf fPNo
nrd;wJld; ngUthupahf fly; ePu; cs;Ns GFk; mghaKk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
o fyg;G cuq;fisAk;> A+upah> ry;Ngl;fisAk; ek;gp njhO
cukhdJ iftplg;gl;lJ.
o ,aw;ifahd G+r;rp jLg;GKiwfs; iftplg;gl;L capu;f;nfhy;yp
Kiwfs; gad;ghl;Lf;F te;jd. ,jdhy; fhLfs; gyTk;
mopf;fg;gl;ld.

NkYk;> epyj;jpd; capu;j;jd;ik mope;jJ epyj;jb ePiu ek;gp

VupFsq;fs; guhkupf;Fk; gzpfs; Klq;fpg; Nghapd. ghrdj;Jf;fhf
gad;gLj;jg; gl;l ePupy; cuKk;> capu;f; nfhy;ypfSk; fiuj;J
tplg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; ePu;epiyfspy; thOk; kPd; Nghd;w capu;fs;
mope;jd. guhk;gupa fhy;eil tsu;g;G Kiwfs; kiwe;J ; etPd
fhy;eil tsu;g;G Kiwfs; tsu;r;rp mile;J te;jd. NkYk;
fhy;eilfspd; jPtdq;fSf;Fk;> mitfSf;F Vw;glf;$ba
Neha;fSf;Fk; ,urhadj;ijAk; etPd kUj;Jtj;ijANk ek;g Ntz;ba
mtyepiy Vw;gl;lJ. nghJthf ghu;j;Njhkhdhy; ,e;jpa ehl;Luf
fhy;eilfs; Fiwe;J> ntspehl;L ,ufq;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.

245
5.2.12.1 Ntshz;ikapd; ,d;iwa epiy

1. epyk; cOgtDf;F gfpu;e;jspf;fg; gltpy;iy. gRikg;Gul;rp

mwptpay; njhoy;El;gk; tptrhaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF
epyk; eQ;rhdJ. kz;zpd; capu;j;jd;ik mopf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. Ntjpapay; cuq;fshYk; G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfshYk; ePu; khRg;gl;lJ.
kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl Kbahj tz;zk;> rupnra;a Kbahj
tz;zk; epyKk; ePUk; khrile;J Nghapd.
3. tpijfs; tptrhafsplk; ,y;yhky; Nghapd.
4. tptrhapfspd; jw;nfhiyfs; ehSf;F ehs; ngUfp tUfpd;w
nfhLikahd mtyepiyfs; tsuyhapw;W.

,j;jifa tptrha Kiw khwNtz;Lk;. ,k;Kiw khw Ntz;Lk; vd;why;

mjw;F ,aw;if tptrhak; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhf mikaf;$Lk;.
,jd;gbNa cyf ehLfs; kj;jpapy; ,aw;if Ntshz;ik Kiwf;F
ngUk;tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. 1972 Mk; Mz;L gd;dhl;L
,aw;if Ntshz;ik ,af;fk; IFOAM njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa
,aw;if Ntshz;ikf;F cyfpd; gy;NtW ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j gy;NtW
ty;Ydu;fSk; gy Mz;LfshfNt topfhl;b te;Js;sdu;.

 1861 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;if top Ntshz;ikf; Fwpj;J `q;Nfup

ehl;bd; mUfpy; &lhy;g; ];ildu;.
 1881 Mk; Mz;L kz;GOf;fspd; nray;ghL Fwpj;J lhu;tpd;.
 1877 Mk; Mz;L kz;GOf;fspd; nray;ghL Fwpj;J nrd;rd;.
 1884 Mk; Mz;L kz;GOf;fs; Fwpj;J cu;F fhl;L Mfpa
mwpQu;fs; topfhl;bAs;sdu;. NkYk; nrd;idiar; Nru;e;j lhf;lu;
Ry;jhd; mfkJ ,];khapy; vd;gtu; kz;GO tsu;g;gpd; je;ij
vdTk; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.

jkpo;ehl;by; ,aw;if Ntshz; tpQ;Qhdp vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Nfh.

ek;kho;thu; vd;gtu; ,aw;if Ntshz;ikf;fhd gapw;rpfisAk;
mJFwpj;j fUj;juq;FfisAk; mjw;fhd gy tpopg;Gzu;TfisAk;
tptrha kf;fSf;fhfNt nray;gLj;jp te;Js;shu;. ,jd; gydhf gyUk;
gadile;jdu;. “,urhad cuq;fspd; jPikfis gw;wpAk; fupk
Ntshz;ikapd; ed;ikfis Fwpj;Jk; kf;fsplj;jpy; tpopg;Gzu;T ngUfp
tUk; ,t;Ntisapy; kz;GO cuj;jpw;fhd tpw;gid tha;g;GfshdJ
epiwe;j tsu;r;rpia vl;bAs;sJ. ,urhad cuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtijg;

246
Nghd;Nw ,k;kz;GO cuj;ijAk; gad;gLj;JkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
kz;GO vUtpy; cs;s Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis nrbfs; clNd cwpQ;rpf;
nfhs;Sk;epiyapy; cs;sJ.”25 vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

moptidj; juf;$ba ,aw;iff;Fg; Gwk;ghd ,urhad kUe;Jfs;

gyTk;> GjpJ Gjpjhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l tz;zk; ehSf;F ehs;
tsu;e;J tUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghfg;> “gy ehLfspy; jilnra;ag;gl;l b.b.b
Nghd;w G+r;rp kUe;Jfs;> tpisr;ry;fis tPzbj;J gf;ftpisTfis
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba ,urhadq;fs;; vdg; gyTk; jq;Fjilapy;yhky; ekJ
ehl;by; tpw;gidf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tw;why; mjd;cw;gj;jpAk;
ngUfpaJ. ,jdhy; kz;Zk;> jz;zPUk;> fhw;Wk; J}a;ik ,oe;J
eQ;rhf khWfpwJ. ,aw;if tptrha Kiwfis tpupthf;Fk; gzpia
jd;dhu;t mikg;GfsplNk tpl;Ltpl;L muR xJq;fpf;nfhs;s KbahJ.”26

vdNt> ,j;jifa nfhba epiyiakhw;w Ntz;b vjpu;tUk;

,isar%fk; kdjpy; nfhz;L gRikahd ,aw;if Ntshz;ikia
Nkk;gLj;j toptif nra;a Ntz;b gy Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,itNa> gRikg; Nghuhspfspd; Nehf;fkhFk;. NkYk;
,k;khw;wk; Fwpj;J> gpugy ehspjopd; topahf> xUtupd; Neu;ff
; hzy;
xd;W gpuRukhdJ. mit> “,aw;if tptrhaj;Jf;F muR MjuT
,y;iyNa vd;w Mjq;fk; nghJthf Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
rPf;fpuNk khwptpLk; vd;gJ vd;Dila ek;gpf;if. mjw;fhd mwpFwpfs;
gutyhfj; njupa Muk;gpj;Js;sd.”27 vd;W fpshl; My;thu]; vd;w
Nfhthitr; Nru;e;j ,e;jpahtpd; Kd;ddp ,aw;if Ntshz; mwpQu;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mf;$w;wpd; topAk; kw;w ,aw;if Mu;tyu;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fs; topAk; ghuk;gupa Ntshz;ikia kPl;LUthf;fk;
nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij czuKbfpwJ.

5.3 nerTj;njhopy;fs;

gy jiyKiwfshfj; njhlUk; ,e;jf; iftpidf; fiyj;njhopy;

,d;Wk; kpFe;j tsu;r;rpfisg; ngw;W tsu;e;J tUfpd;wJ. mt;tifapy;
gz;ila fhye;njhl;Nl jkpou;fspd; gad;ghl;by; nerTj;njhopy;El;gk;
,Ue;J tUtij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. me;nerTj; njhopy;Fwpj;J
Nkiyehl;lwpQu;fs; Fwpg;gpLifapy;> “nrUkdp ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j
nku;yhQ;r; vd;w mwpQu; ,e;jpaehl;bDila gl;lhilapd; rhay; vd;Dk;

247
nghUs;Fwpj;J 1983 –y; ,yz;ldpy; cs;s ,e;jpaf; foj;jpy;
nrhw;nghopT xd;wpid Mw;wpAs;shu;. mjpy; gz;L njhl;L ghuj ehl;by;
gl;L nerthdJ xU jdpr;rpwg;Gilajha; tpsq;fp te;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

NkYk;> My;gpy;l;lu; vd;w gpnuQ;Rg; NguwpQu;> ,e;jpaj; Jzpfs; vd;w

E}ypy; ,e;jpa nerTj; njhopypd; nra;KiwfisAk; mjd; tz;zr;
rpwg;GfisAk; mjpy; xspUk; jhkiu> Ky;iy> mUk;G> khk;gpQ;R
Nghd;w cUtq;fisAk; tpae;J ghuhl;bAs;shu;. ,t;thNw>gUj;jp
nerthdJ Kjd; Kjy; ,e;jpahtpy;jhd; nra;ag;gl;lnjd;Wk;>
mq;fpUe;Nj NkdhLfSf;Fg; gutpanjd;Wk; tatu; rhz; khu;ry;
vd;gtUk; $Wfpd;whu;.”28

gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;wha;thsu;fs;> NkdhLfSf;F ,e;jpahtpdpd;Wk;

,wf;Fkjp nra;j nghUs;fSs;> JzpAk; xd;W vdj;jtwhJ
Fwpg;gpLtNj jFe;j rhd;whFk;. ,j;jifa ghuk;gupa nerTj;
njhopyhdJ me;epa cw;gj;jpapdhy; Njha;T ngw;whYk;> gl;L Nghd;w
cau;uf nertpdpy; gy Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk; tsu;r;rpfisAk; mile;J
tUfpd;wJ.,j;njhopyhdJ rpwpa jwpfs; nfhz;L cUthdJ. jw;NghJ
gy;NtWtpjkhd jwpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mit Fwpj;J
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5.3.1 ghuk;gupa jwpfs;

jwpfisf; nfhz;L nea;Ak; njhopyhdJ Fbirj; njhopyhfNt

rq;f fhyj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; nerthsu;fs; jq;fs; tPLfspNyh
my;yJ xl;L nkhj;jkhff; $l;LwT epWtdj;jpd; %ykhfNth jwpfis
epWtp nerT nra;J tUk; tof;fk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. jwpfs;
ifj;jwpfshfNth> tpirj;jwpfshfNth mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYk; vspikahd fl;Lj;jwp Kjy; epiyj;j jiuf;fl;Lj;jwp tiu

gy tiffs; cs;sd. nerTj;jwp gy;NtW $Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
mit E}y; mil> mr;R> jwpg;gyif> ehlh> ifg;gyif> Rq;F>
Njhiz> eLfy;> Rj;Jf;fl;L jhu;fl;il> ry;yil> Kl;lhj;jpup gUtl;lk;
,uhl;bdk;> rg;G+up> CL> gl;Lf;fl;il>tbtikg;G> ml;il ,it Nghd;w
,d;Dk; gy cl;$Wfs; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tif nerTj;njhopypy;
nea;tjw;fhd gzpfs; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf mikfpd;wd. rhak; NghLjy;>
ghT rupnra;jy;> ,ior; rpf;nfLj;jy;> fQ;rp NghLjy;> njk;Ngw;Wjy;>

248
jwpNaw;Wjy;> rupif tbtikg;Gr; nra;jy; (Glit> Ntl;b)> nea;jij
kbj;jy; gpd;G mtw;iw tpw;gidnra;jy; vdg; gy gbepiyfs;
,e;nea;jy; njhopypy; mlq;fpAs;sd.,e;j nray;Kiwfs; rq;f
,yf;fpag; gjpTfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

5.3.2 etPd jwpfs; ,ae;jpuq;fs;

ghT E}ypy; Cil E}iy tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwfspy; gpd;dp

bird;fis cUthf;FtNj nea;jy; vd;gu;. (nea;jy; - nea;Ajy;)

 ghT E}y; - Njitahd mfyj;jpw;F E}y;fis itj;J

10>15 NriyfNsh> Ntl;bfNsh tUk; mstpw;F ePskhf
E}y;fis xU cUisapy; ,Uf;fkhf Rw;wp itg;gJ
ghT vdg;gLk;.
 CilE}y; - ghT E}ypy; FWf;fhfg; gpd;dg;gLk; E}y;
Cil E}y; vdg;gLk;.

Kjypy; iffspdhy; E}y; gpd;dg;gl;L Jzp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;

nea;tij Ntfg;gLj;j kdpj Mw;wypdhy; ,aq;ff; $ba ifj;jwp
tiffs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. fp.gp 1700 - y; tpirj;jwp
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp 1733- ,y; ifn[l; kp~pd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
gpd;Gjhd; nerT njhopy; xU Gjpa vOr;rpiaf; fz;lJ. ,e;j [f;fhu;l;
kprpdhy; ve;j bird;fisAk; Jzpfspy; nfhz;L tu KbAk;. fp.gp 1837
– Mk; Mz;L gtu;Y}k; jwpfs; ePuhtpahy; ,af;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s ifj;jwpfs; ePuhtpahy;
,af;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd;du; cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s ifj;jwpfs; midj;Jk;

gtu;Y}Kf;F khwpd. fp.gp 1856 – y; tlmnkupf;fhtpy; cs;s
ifj;jwpahsu;fspy; 90 rjtPjk; Ngu; gtu;Y}Kf;F khwp tpl;lhu;fs;. lhgp>
l;uhghf;];> [f;fhu;l; lhtp Nghd;w kp~pd;fshy; Jzpfspy; bird;fis
cUthf;fyhk; vd;w epiy cUthdJ. NkYk;> l;uhghf;]hy;
fl;lq;fisAk; gy epw E}y;fisAk; Cilapy; Nru;ff
; KbAk; vd;w
xU tsu;r;rp epiyAk; cz;lhdJ. lhgptp [f;fhu;l; kp~pdhy; epidf;ff;
$ba ve;j xU bird;fisAk; vspjpy; nea;a KbAk; vd;w mstpw;F
mf;fUtpahy; nea;jy; njhopypy; xU msg;gwpa Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
mLj;j 150 tUlj;jpy; jwpfUtpfspy; gytpj Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk;

249
mile;J jw;NghJ ehlhNt ,y;yhj jwpfs; eilKiwf;F te;Jtpl;lJ
vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;.

5.3.2.1 gtu;Y}k; jwp tiffs;

rNuh> Nug;gpau;> GNuhf;lu; Vu;n[l;> thl;lu; n[l; vd;W ehd;F

tiffs; cz;L. ,jpy; Nug;gpau; jwp tiffspy; ehd;F tpjk;
,Uf;fpwJ. ,jpy; ,uz;L ehlhf;fSk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Xlf;$ba
jwpfSk; cz;L. ,e;j jwp tifapy; ,uz;L gf;f Xuq;fspYk;; E}y;
ntl;lg;gLtjhy; rhjh fiu tuhJ. ntl;b ijf;fg;gLk; Jzp tiffs;
,jpy; mjpfk; nea;ag;gLfpwJ. Gnuhrf;lu; Vu;n[l;> thl;lu; n[l; - ,J
ehlh ,y;yhj jwp tiffs; rNuh tif jwpfs; xU epkplj;jpw;F 200
Kiw E}y; Cilapy; Vw;wg;gLk;.

Vu;n[l; tif jwp xU epkplj;jpw;F 1200 Kiw E}y; Cilapy;

Vw;wg;gLk;. ,jpy; ehlh fpilahJ. ,JNt etPduf jwp tif .,e;j
jwpahdJ E}iy kl;LNk vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;. fhw;wpid nrYj;Jk; me;j
rp];lj;jpd; tpiy kpfTk; mjpfk;. ,e;j tpiyiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf
fhw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf jz;zPiu cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; jw;NghJ
thl;lu;n[l; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

5.3.2.2 epNahNkl;bf; jwp

ifj;jwpapy; ngupa bird;fs; nea;Ak; NghJ xb fk;gpfspd;

vilfs; $Lk;. fhyhy; kpjpj;J fk;igfis khw;Wtjw;F Kw;gLifapy;
fhy;fspy; mjpf typ Vw;glf;$Lk;. mjw;F mjpftY Njitg;gLk;.
mtw;iwf; Fiwf;Fk; tpjkhf epNahNkl;bf; vd;Dk; jwp
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. fk;ig E}y; 2000 ,iofs; vd;why;> me;j E}y;
tupirapy; xd;W tpl;L xd;whf 1>3>5>7> vd;W ,iofis xU
fk;igapYk; 2>4.6.8 vd;W xd;W tpl;L xd;whf mLj;j fk;igapYk; vd
NkYk; fPOk; efu;j;jg;gLk; nghOJ ghtpd; nkhj;j ,iofspYk;
ghjpE}y; NkYk; ghjpE}y; fPOk; efUk;. ,jw;fpilNa FWf;fhf Cil
E}y; nrYj;jp Jzp cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> ,tw;wpy; JzpfSf;F Vw;gTk;> Ez; Ntiyg;ghLfSf;F

Vw;gTk; fk;igfs; gpizf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpy;; vj;jidahtJ ,io
ve;j fk;igapy; Nfhu;ff
; Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zp> vz;zp ,iofis

250
Nfhu;g;gtu;fNs Kf;fpag; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fshf fUjg;gLtu;.
mtu;fNs mr;R gpizg;gtu;fs; Mtu;.

5.3.3 etPd E}y; tiffs;

gUj;jpg; gQ;rpid gad;gLj;jpg; gl;L Kjyhd gy;NtW tif

MilfisAk; gy;NtW epw tz;zq;fisAk; jwp Nghd;w vspatif
fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp nerTj;njhopy; rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jikia
rq;fg;ghly;fs; top njspaKbfpd;wJ. ,d;W gUj;jpNahL> gytif
E}y; ,iofSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mit>

1. ,aw;ifahd gQ;Rj;Jzp nerTfs; (fhl;ld; gUj;jp ,io> rzy;>

%q;fpy; kw;Wk; gy)
2. nraw;if ,io gQ;Rj;Jzp nerTfs; (ghypa];lu;> tp];Nfh];
kw;Wk; gy)
3. kpUf cNuhk nerT (Ty; vdg;gLk; Ml;bio kw;Wk; gy) vd;w
%d;W gpupTfs; kl;Lkpd;wp jdpahf ,jw;nfd;Nw njhopy;
gpupTfSk; cUthfpAs;sd.

5.3.4 nerTj; njhopy;El;g gpupTfs;

nerTj;njhopy; El;gj;ij gy;NtW gpupTfshf gpupf;fyhk;. gUj;jp

Milfis cLj;jp kfpo;e;j kf;fs;> jw;NghJ gytifahd
E}y;fshyhdJk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJkhd cilfis mzpe;J
kfpo;fpd;wdu;. jioahilfspdpd;W khw;wk; ngw;w kdpju;fs; jj;jk;
,dj;jpw;nfd ghuk;gupa cilfis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. jw;fhyj;jpy;
,e;epiy khwp gytifagd nghd;gjpj;j> kzpg;gjpj;j> ituk; gjpj;j>
Kj;Jf;fs; gjpj;j Milfs; vdg; gytifapy; Milufq;fs; tsu;e;J
te;Js;sd. jkpou;fs; ,j;Jiwapy; nfhz;l njhopy;El;gj; jpwdhy;
ngUk; njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthfpAs;sd vdyhk;. rhd;whf:

1. “gQ;rbj;jy; ([pd;dpq;)– (Gwk;. 299> 324> ew;. 299))

2. E}y; jahupg;G (];gpd;dpq;)– (Gwk;.125> 326)
3. E}iy gjg;gLj;Jjy;> rhag;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; nertpw;F
jahu;gLj;Jjy; (Guh]]pq;> ilapq; kw;Wk; tPtpq;gpugNurd;)”29

251
Nghd;w epiyfspy; ,t;tifahd ,ioj;jahupg;G Kiwfs;
tsu;r;rpiaAk; khw;wq;fisAk; ngw;Wte;Js;sd. NkYk; ,k;%d;Wk;
,d;wstpy;; NtWNtW njhopw;rhiyfshf tsu;r;rpg;ngw;W te;jhYk;
;,j;njhopy;El;g gpupTfshdJ rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
te;Js;sJ.

5.3.5 nerTj; njhopypy; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;

,e;jpahtpy; jkpofk;> Me;jpuh> fu;ehlfk; Mfpa khepyq;fs; gl;L

nertpy; ,d;wstpy; Kd;dpiy ngw;W tpsq;fp tUfpd;wd.
mz;ikf;fhykhf ,e;jpahtpy; jahupf;fg;gLk; gl;bid Nkiyehl;bdu;
tpUk;gp thq;Ffpd;wdu;. me;j mstpw;F ,e;jpaj; njhopy;El;gk; tsu;e;J
cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; jhd; “ky;gup> Kfh> lhru;> Vup Mfpa ehd;F

tifahd gl;Lfs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; ky;gup gl;L 87 tpOf;fhL
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gl;Lr;Nriy jahupg;gpw;F Nfhwh vd;wiof;fg;gLk;
gl;L E}y; Kf;fpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;; J}a rupif>
jq;fk;> nts;sp Mfpatw;iwAk; gad;gLj;jp ,g;gl;Lr;rupif
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpofj;jpy;> fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUtz;zhkiy>
jQ;rhT+u;> Nryk;> Nfhit> jpUney;Ntyp> flY}u; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy;
gl;Lr; Nriyfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. khepyk; KOtJk; 88
gl;Lf; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; 43 Mapuj;J 741
NgUf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;Nlhu; cWg;gpdu;fshf cs;sdu;.”30 NkYk; fhQ;rpGuk;
,e;nerTj;njhopYf;F kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;w gFjpahFk;. ,q;F
ghuk;gupakhfNt gl;Lg;Gilitfis nea;Ak; nerthsu;fs; cs;sdu;.
gl;Lfs; kl;Lkpd;wp Jz;Lfs;> gLf;if tpupg;Gfs;> Yq;fpfs; Mfpad
<Nuhl;bypUe;J Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

5.3.6 jw;fhy epiy

ngUikf;Fupa nerTj;njhopyhdJ fr;rhg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy

Vw;wj;jhYk;> %yg;nghUl;fspd; jl;Lg;ghl;lhYk;> ,izajs tzpfr;
#jhl;lq;fshYk;> fLikahd neUf;fbf;F cs;shfp tUfpd;wJ. NkYk;
gl;Lg; Glit jahupg;gpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rupif tpiy kpfkpf
cau;e;Js;sjhy; gl;Lg;Glit cw;gj;jpapy; ngUksT Njha;T
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;. NkYk; nerthsu;fSila $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspy;

252
tpw;gidfs; ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> gyUk; Ntiyapd;wp
jtpf;Fk; epiy Vw;glf; $Lk; vd;gijAk; kWg;gjw;fpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbfpd;wJ.

5.4 fl;llj;njhopy;

kf;fs; ghJfhg;G Njb kug;nghe;Jfs;> ghiwfspy; tho;e;J

te;Js;sdu;. gpd; jdf;nfd xU tPLf;fl;l Muk;gpj;Js;sdu;. rq;fg;
ghf;fspy; cs;s gjpTfspd; top rpW $iu Kjy; tpaf;f itf;Fk; gy
fiyeak; kpf;f fl;llq;fs; tiu fl;bAs;sdu;. ,f;fl;llq;fs;
fhyj;jhy; mopahky; kuig Rl;b tUfpd;wJ. ,f;fl;llj;njhopy;
jw;nghOJ gy khw;wq;fisAk; tsu;r;rpfisAk; ngw;W tsu;e;J
tUfpd;wd. fiy rhu;e;j fl;llj;njhopy;El;gq;fs; kpFe;j,aw;if
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; etPd
njhopy;El;gj;jpwdhy; fiyeak; kpFe;j gy mLf;Fkhb fl;llq;fs;
cUthfp tUfpd;wJ.

kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jhy; neUf;fbf;F ,ilapy; xU tPL.

tPlL
; [d;dYf;F mUfpNyNa kw;nwhU tPL> Rw;Wr;Rtu; $l ,y;yhky;
tPjpia neUf;fpf; fl;bapUf;Fk; tpj tpjkhd fl;llq;fs; vdj;
jw;NghJ gythwhd fl;llq;fisAk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd
fl;blq;fs; jdpahu; fl;Lkhd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; murpd; tPl;L trjp
thupaj;jpd; %yk; fl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,itfs; fhyj;jhy; mopTg;ngwhky;
cs;sjh vd;W Nehf;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,t;tifahd fl;llq;fspy;
gyTk; ngUk;ghd;ikahf tptrha epyq;fs;> fhLfs; Nghd;w ,aw;if
epyq;fs; gytw;iwAk; mopj;J mtw;wpypUe;Nj fl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

5.4.1 fhk;Nghrpl; fl;Lkhdk;

fl;llq;fspy; nghJthf fy;> kzy;> rpnkz;l; vd;gJ nghJthd

Nru;khdkhf cs;sd. fhk;Nghrpl; El;gj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ij Muha;e;jhy;
fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;ghfNt fpNuf;f ehfupfj;jpNyNa ,jd; RtLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vfpg;jpau;fSk;> nkrngl;Nlhkpau;fSk; fhk;Nghrpl;
El;gj;jpwd; ngw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. me;jf; fhyj;jpy;
kz;Zk; itf;Nfhy; Nru;khdKNk cWjpahd fl;Lkhdq;fis
cUthf;fg; NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,g;gbg; gy nghUl;fis
xd;wpizj;J mtw;iw cUthf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; md;iwf;Nf
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ.” 31 vd;w ,j;jutpidg; ngwKbfpd;wJ.

253
5.4.1.1 fk;Nghrpl; vd;gJ

fl;Lkhdq;fspy; mbg;gilapNyNa khWg;gl;l Fzq;fis cila

nghUl;fis xUq;fpizg;gij fhk;Nghrpl; vd;ghu;fs;. ,g;gb khWg;gl;l
nghUs;fs; xUq;fpizAk; NghJ> xt;nthU nghUSf;nfd ,Uf;Fk;
jdpg;gl;l jd;ikfSk; ,ize;J Kw;wpYk; khwhd gyk; fpilf;Fk;.

1. “tPlb
; d; fhk;Nghrpl;by; ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;fs;> kuq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjhL> /iggu;fpsh]; uP,d;Nghu;];L
gpsh];bf;> mOj;jj;ij jhq;ff; $ba kuq;fSk; gy;NtW
msTfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
2. rpnkz;l; - ghypkiur; Nru;j;J cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,k;Kiwahy; tpupry;fs; tpLtij jtpu;f;f KbAk;. ,jd;
cWjpj; jd;ikia mnkupf;fd; nrhirl;b ghu; nl];bq;
mz;l; nkl;Bupay;]; ru;tNjr epWtdk; jug;gLj;jp cs;sJ.”32

,f;fk;Nghrpl;lhy; cUthFk; fl;llq;fs; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F tbtk;

khwhJ. guhkupg;gjw;F vspikahdJ. jP tpgj;Jfshy; mjpfk; Nrjk;
MfhJ. ,t;tif fhk;Nghrpl; fl;llq;fs; ek; ehl;by; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khwhf ,aw;if Kiwfs; Kw;wpYk; khw;wk; ngw;W
ngupJk; kwe;J kiwe;J tpl;ld.

5.4.2 gRikf; fl;llq;fs;

kf;fs; capu;tho czTg; nghUl;fs; vt;tsT mtrpaNkh;

mt;thNw> mt;tho;f;ifapy; ePz;lnjhU MNuhf;fpaj;ijf; filg;gpbf;f
,aw;if nry;tq;fSk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. ,t;thW ,aw;ifia
mopj;Jk;> etPd njhopy;El;g nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpfisf; nfhz;Lk;
nraw;if top fl;llf;fiy tsu;e;J tUk; #oypy; gRikf;
fl;llq;fSk; cUthfpd;wd.

“gpuhq;f; yhapl; iul; (Lloud Wright) 1867Mk; Mz;L mnkupf;fhtpy;

gpwe;jtu;. etPdf;; fl;llf; fiyj;jj;Jtj;jpy; xd;W Mu;fhdpf; fl;llf;
fiy vd;gjhFk;. (Organic architecture) ,e;jj; jj;Jtk; iul;lhy;jhd;
cUthdJ. mjdhy; ,tiu Mu;fhdpf; fl;llf; fiyapd; je;ij vd;W
$wyhk;. ,e;jj; jj;Jtj;Jf;F cjhuzkhff; fhl;lg;gLk; fl;llk;
/ghypq;thl;lu; (Fallingwater) fl;llk; vdg;gLk;. ,ijf; fl;baJ

254
iul;jhd;. ,f;fl;llk; 1935 – Mk; Mz;L mnkupf;fhtpy; kpy;ud; vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.”33 ,t;thW ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhj;Jf; fl;lg;gLk;
fl;llq;fshdJ ,d;wsTk; may;ehLfspy; mjd; rpwg;ig ,of;fhky;
kpspu;e;J tUfpd;wJ vd;gij ,j;jutpdhy; njspaKbfpd;wJ. Mdhy;
ghuk;gupakhfNt ,aw;ifiar; rhu;e;J fl;lg;gl;bUe;j fl;llq;fs;>
Fbirfs;> $iutpLfs;> %q;fpy; tPLfs; vdg;gyTk; ,d;iwa etPd
fl;llKiwf;F khwpaijAk; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.

5.4.3 fl;llj; njhopyhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

tPLfl;Ltjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; midj;Jk; ,aw;iffis

mopj;J cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. “kz;> nrq;fw;fshf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nrq;fy;iyf; Fiwthfg; gad;gLj;Jk; njhopy;El;gj;ijf;
filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; Mw;wy; tPzhtijf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. xU
%l;il rpnkz;l; jahupf;f 90 fpNyh fhu;gd;-il-Mf;i]L nrythfpwJ.
NkYk; fl;Lkhdf; fk;gpfs; jahupf;fTk; epiwa kpd;rhu Mw;wy;
nrytopfpwJ. Mf jw;Nghija ,e;jf; fl;Lkhd El;gj;ij Rdhkp>
nts;sk; Nghy xU Nguplu; vd;Nw Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.”34 goq;fhy
fl;llq;fspy; ngUk;ghydit kz;Zk;> fw;fSk; nfhz;L
fl;lg;gl;litNa MFk;.

,j;jifa nraw;if Kiwapy; ,Ue;J khWgl;L> ,d;iwf;Fg;

gRikf; fl;blq;fs; vdf; ftu;r;rpfukhf tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLgit
cz;ikahd gRikf;fl;llq;fs; my;y. fz;zhbiaAk;
mYkpdpaj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhz;L tbtikj;Jf; nfhz;L mjidg;
gRikf;fl;llk; vd;W jw;nghOJ $wpf;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;.

,aw;if xspiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;> kioePu; Nrfupg;G> fopTePu;

Nkyhz;ik vd ,itg; gRikf; fl;Lkhdj;Jf;fhd mk;rq;fs;. rpy
epWtdq;fs; #upa kpd;rf;jp Kiwia kl;Lk; fhl;bg; gRikf;fl;llk;
vdr; rhd;wpjo; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd. rq;ffhyj;njhopy; El;gj;NjhL
xg;gpl;L ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhj;Jk; Ez;Ntiyg;ghLfs;
epiwe;j Xtpaq;fisj; jPl;bAk; tz;zkakhd fl;llq;fs; gyTk;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,aw;ifg; nghUs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; mitfs;
kPz;Lk; tsu;ff
; g;gl;lJ.

255
 jw;fhy etPd fl;Lkhd fl;llq;fs; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpjhd;
vdpDk; ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fshd kz;> kzy;> kuk;> nraw;ifahf
cUthf;fg;gl;l kpd;rhuk;> fhu;gd;-il- Mf;i]L Nghd;w Ntjpapay;
nghUs;fspd; gad;ghLfs; mtw;wpy; kpFjpahf cs;sJ. ,jid
Nehf;fpd; rq;ffhy kf;fspd; fl;ll njhopy;El;gk; rhyr; rpwe;jjhFk;.
mit ntWk; fy;> kz;> Rz;zhk;G> fLf;fha; ,tw;wpd; fyitahy;
fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. epyeLf;fk; Nghd;w mghaq;fisj; jtpu;f;f mk;Kiw
ngupJk; cWJizahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; MNuhf;fpakhd fhw;iw Rthrpj;j
; du;.
mtu;fspd; clypd; jl;g ntg;g epiyahdJ rPuhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d;iwa
fl;Lkhd Kiwapdhy; cly; c~;zk;> ,jdhy; gytpj gf;ftpisTfs;
vdg; gy ,lu;ghLfisAk; re;jpf;f NeupLfpwJ.

5.6 jr;Rj;njhopy; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;

“jr;Rj;njhopy; nra;Nthu; jr;ru;> Mrhup Nghd;w ngau;fspy;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.”35 ,d;wstpy; kuk; rhu;e;j jr;Rj; njhopy;fs;
ngupJk; tsu;e;Js;sd. “tPlL
; f;F Ntz;ba fjTfs;> ehw;fhypfs;>
fl;by;fs;> nja;t Cu;tyq;fSf;fhd Nju;fs;> coTf;fUtpfs;> ,irf;
fUtpfshd tPiz> kj;jsk;; NkYk; kPdtu; gad;gLj;Jk; fl;L kuq;fs;>
glFfs;> ts;sk;> Njhzp vdg;gyTk; ,tu;fspdhNyNa
nra;ag;gLtjhFk;. mg;nghUl;fs; ,d;wstpy; rpW> ngU fUtpfisg;
gad;gLj;jpAk;> etPd ,ae;jpuf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;Lk; vspjhfg;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,tw;why; mf;fUtpfs; gytpj khw;wq;fisAk; ngw;W
tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; cOfUtpfs;> kPdtf; fUtpfs; vdg; gyTk;
etPdkakhdjhy; rpWfUtpfis kl;LNk jr;ru;fs; ,d;wstpy; ngupJk;
nra;J tUfpd;wdu;.

trjp gilj;j jr;ru;fs; etPdf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L

nrhe;jkhff; fil itj;J> mtupd; fPo; $ypahl;fshfg; gy
jr;ru;fisf; nfhz;L njhopy; nra;J tUfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs;
,j;njhopypy; ngUksT Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,Nj
njhopypy; filepiyapy; ,Ue;J eyptile;J tUk; jr;ru;fisAk;
fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,j;jr;Rf; fUtpfspd; tsu;r;rp xU rpyiu
Kd;Ndw;wg;ghijapy; nfhz;L nrd;Ws;sJ. xU rpyu; mf;fUtpfis
thq;f Kbahky; eyptile;J te;Js;sdu; vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

256
goq;fhy muz;kidfspYk;> Nfhapy; Nju;fspYk;> khspiffspYk;> tPlL
;
epiyaq;fspYk; jr;ru;fspd; Neu;j;jpahd ifj;jpwd; kpf;f
kuNtiyg;ghLfisf; fhzyhk;.”36 jw;NghJ ifj;jpwd; Ntiyg;ghLfs;
Fiwe;J ,ae;jpu Ntiyg;ghLfNs kpFjpahf epfo;e;J tUfpd;wd.

5.7 rpw;g> xtpaq;fspd; jw;fhy tsu;r;rpfs;

jw;fhy etPdj;Jtj;jpw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; rpw;gf;fiyapy; gytpj

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;l NghjpYk; Njha;T Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ. tsu;r;rp
Vw;gltpy;iy rpw;gf;fiyfis tsu;f;Fk; nghUl;L ,d;W khky;yGuk;>
NgUu;> jpUKUfd; G+z;b Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rpw;gg; gs;spfs; nray;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. MapDk; goq;fhyr; rpw;gq;fisg;Nghy EZf;fk;> ghtid
Kjypatw;iwf; nfhLj;J fy;ypw;F XusT moF Nru;j;Js;sdu;.
,d;iwa etPd Afj;jpy; rhzf;fy;> fy; mWf;Fk; ,ae;jpuq;fs; vdg;
gw;gy Gjpa fUtpfisf; nfhz;L rpw;gq;fisr; nrJf;fpdhYk;
mtw;wpy; Gjpa tsu;r;rp xd;Wk; Njhd;wtpy;iy vdyhk;.

Gjpa ,ae;jpuf; fUtpfshy; Ntiyg; gS kl;LNk Fiwe;J

cs;sJ. ek; Kd;Ndhu; fy;ypd; tiffisg; gpupj;J mjd;
jd;ikiaAk; epwj;ijAk; mwpe;J mjw;F Vw;w tbtpy; gythwhd
rpw;gq;fisAk; mikj;jdu;. ,d;W jd;ik> epwk; vd;w vijAk;;
filg;gpbg;gJ ,y;iy vd;gNj ngUthupahd fUj;jhFk;. rpw;gq;fisf;
Nfl;gtu;fSf;F mr;rpw;gq;fis tbj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; Ntiyfis
kl;LNk ,d;wstpy; ngupJk; nra;J tUfpd;wdu;. mJ jtpu gz;ila
Kiwapy; fhzg;gl;l EZf;fKk; capNuhl;lKk; mupjhfNt njd;gl
NeupLfpwJ.

“goq;fhyj;jpy; rpw;gpfs; gyu; muru;fshy; Kw;W}l;L (ru;tkhdpak;)

ngw;W tho;e;J te;Js;sdu;. mtu;fSila if td;ikia
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf ,d;Wk; gy Nfhapy;fs; epiyj;J epw;fpd;wd.
,tw;iwf; fz;L gpw ehl;lhUk; tpag;gilfpd;whu;fs;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; Nkdhl;lhUila cjtpapdhy; GJtpjf;fiyfs; gy

cyTfpd;wd. mf;fiyf;Fupa rpwg;gpid Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w gpwnkhop
E}y;fs; gyTk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Rtu; Xtpaq;fs;
ngupJk; kiwe;J tpl;ld.Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;l epiykhwpmr;rplg;gl;l
Xtpag; glq;fis tPl;Lr; Rtu;fspy; njhq;ftpl;L tPli
; l moF ghu;f;Fk;
epiy tsu;e;J tUtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

257
 glhk; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaNj glk; vd;Dk;
nrhy;yhFk;. glhk; vd;gjw;Fj; Jzp vd;gJ nghUs;. Rtupy; Xtpak;
vOjpaJ NghyNt goq;fhyj;jpy; glhq;fspYk; (JzpfspYk;) Xtpak;
vOjpdhu;fs;. me;jj; JzpfSf;Fr; rpj;jpug; glhk; vd;W ngau;.”37 ,it
Nghd;w Xtpak; kzpNkfiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5.8 nfhy;yd; njhopy;

goq;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa ,Uk;Gg; nghUs;fisAk; ntz;fyg;

ghj;jpuq;fisAk;> kz;fyd;fisAk; tpQ;Qhdk; tsu;r;rpaile;j
jw;fhyj;jpYk; gad;ghl;by; ghu;ff
; Kbfpd;wd. mjpf msptpy; ,y;iy
vd;whYk; xUrpyg; gFjpfspy; ,d;Wk; Gof;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. mitfs; fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g khw;wq;fisg; ngw;whYk;
kf;fSld; neUq;fpa cwTilajhf ,d;Wk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,Uk;igf; fha;r;rp cUf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd.

fl;Lkhdg; nghUs;fspy; ,Uk;G Kf;fpa nghUshf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJk;
xU fhuzk;. Ntshz;ik> jr;R njhopw;fUtpfs; vd etPd njhopy;El;g
fUtpapd; gad;ghL kpFjpahdjhy; rpWnjhopy; nra;Ak; nfhy;ydpd;
NtiyahdJ kpfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ.

5.9 nghJthd khw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

“kdpjd; tpyq;nfwpe;J Ntl;ilahb> fha;> fdp cz;L. fhLfspy;

tho;e;j fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu rKjhaj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapid
Ma;Nthkhdhy;> tsu;r;rpfs; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk;> mtd; cUthf;fpa
GJf;fUtpfs; mtDf;Fj; Jiz epd;wpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.”38 vd;Dk;
th. nr. Foe;ijrhkpapd; $w;Wf;F Vw;g etPd> mjpetPd
njhopw;fUtpfs; njhopy; El;gj;jpwdhy; ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wk;
mile;Js;sJ. kf;fs; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; gy
ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; ngw;Ws;sdu; vdyhk;.

vy;yh ehLfspYk; njhopy;fs; ngUfp tUtjhy;> njhopy;El;g

epGzu;fspd; Njit mjpfkhfp tUfpd;wJ. “,e;jpahtpy; gy nghwpapay;
fy;Y}upfSk;> njhopw;gapw;rpf; $lq;fSk;> njhopy;El;g Muha;r;rp
epiyaq;fSk;> gy njhopy;El;gg; gs;spfSk; ey;y Kiwapy; tsu;e;J
tUfpd;wd.”39 vdpDk; kdpjd; capu;tho czTg; nghUl;fs; vt;tsT
mtrpaNkh mt;thNw njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;F njhopy;El;gKk; NjitahFk;.
258
kz;> ePu; Nghd;w ,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhj;jYld;> kf;fspd;
MNuhf;fpaq;fisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L njhopy;El;gj;ijr; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;why; ed;ikfs; mjpfupf;Fk; tpjkhf mtw;iw
nray;Kiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid ,t;tha;T
njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ.

5.10 njhFg;Giu

1. njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpfSk; khw;wq;fSk; vDk; ,t;tpaypy; fhy

tsu;r;rp kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.
2. fhy Xl;lj;jpy; mwptpay; njhopy;El;gq;fs; ehSf;F ehs; gy;fpg;
ngUfp Gjpa nghUs;fNshL cUthfpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mg;GJikfs; fhyk; fhykhf ek;khy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;j
kuGrhu; njhopy;fspYk; jq;fSila jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jj;
jtwtpy;iy. ,t; cz;ikfis ,t;tpay; tptupj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ.
3. rq;f ,yf;fpa Ntl;ilj; njhopy; mtw;wpy; ifahsg;gl;l
fUtpfs; khwp Gjpa mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij
Jg;ghf;fp (JKf;fp) Nghd;w fUtpfspd; %ykhfg;
Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
4. kPd;gpbj;njhopYk; mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;fhuzkhf gy;NtW
Kiwfspy; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sikia kpd;glFfs;> jpirf;fhl;Lk;
fUtpfs;> kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fs;> kPdtu; ghJfhg;G Nghd;w
gy;NtW nray;ghLfspy; GFj;jg;gl;;Ls;sikia mwpaKbfpwJ.
5. Mepiu tsu;j;jy; kw;Wk; Mepiufspd; fyg;gpd cw;gj;jp
Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd;
fhuz fhupaq;fs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
6. Ntshz;ikj;njhopy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; vd
fhytiuaiur; nra;ag;gl;L gQ;rk; Kjyhf gRikg;Gul;rp
tiuapyhd mwptpay; khw;wj;jpd; fhuzpfs; Gjpa fUtpfspd;
tuTfs; tpijfs;> mtw;Wf;fhd khw;wq;fs;
vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sd.
7. ghrdKiw ,d;iwa r%f Njitf;fhd ePu; Nkyhz;ikia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xd;whfpd;wJ. vdNt ghrdj;jpy;
ifahs Ntz;ba Gjpa mwptpay; Kiwfs; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
8. cuk; ,Ljy; mtw;wpd; Njit> tifg;ghLfs; Mfpait
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,urhad khw;wk; mtw;why; tpisAk;

259
 rhjf> ghjfq;fs; mtw;why; cz;lhFk; r%fg; gpd; tpisTfs;
Mfpad tptukhf vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
9. ,ae;jpukakhf;fg;gl;l jw;fhy njhopw;rhiyfspd;
cUthf;fj;jpw;F Ke;ija nerTj;njhopyhdJ jw;nghOJ
mile;Js;s khw;wq;fs; mtw;wpd; NjitfSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
10. fl;llj;njhopy; mtw;wpw;f;fhd mwptpay; njhopy;El;g Njit>
fhyj;Njitahd tzpfkakhf;fy; Nghd;w khw;wj;ijAk;
njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpiaAk; tpsf;fpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
11. jr;Rj; njhopy;> rpw;gj;njhopy;> Xtpaj;njhopy; Mfpad jw;NghJ
mwptpay; tsu;r;rpNahL kpFe;j khw;wq;fisg; ngw;Wj;
jpfo;fpd;wikg; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

260
 rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. jl;rzh%u;j;jp.> ,e;jpa tptrhak; New;W ,d;W ehis> g – 10.

2. nghd;Drhkp.> g.f.>mwptpay; rpy ghu;itfs;> g – 106.
3. NkyJ.> gf; - 107>108.
4. NkyJ.> g -114.
5. NkyJ.>
6. ek;kho;thu;.Nfh.> coTf;Fk; cz;L tuyhW> gf; - 22>23.
7. ehuhazd;.Mu;.v];.> ,aw;if Ntshz;ik tho;tpay;
njhopy;El;gq;fs;> gf; - 5>6.
8. NkyJ.> g – 11.
9. ek;kho;thu;.Nfh.> ve;ehLila ,aw;ifNa Nghw;wp> g – 33.
10. jl;rzh%u;j;jp. ,uh.>,e;jpah New;W ,d;W ehis> g – 18.
11. NkyJ.>g -21.
12. G+TyF Rw;Wr;#oYf;fhd ,Ukhj ,jo; khu;r;-Vg;uy; 2015> g.2
13. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf; fsQ;rpak;> g -29.
14. kupaFoe;ij. m.> Nty;rhkp. ng.>Ntshz;ikAk; nra;KiwfSk;>
g -123.
15. NkyJ.> gf; - 123>124.
16. NkyJ.> g – 101.
17. NkyJ.> g – 105.
18. NkyJ.>
19. NkyJ.> 96.
20. NkyJ.> gf; - 96> 97.
21. %u;j;jp.m.fp.> mwptpay; tuyhW> ghfk; - 2> g – 102.
22. ehuhazd;.Mu;.v];.>,aw;if Ntsh;ikapy; tho;tpay; njhopy;
El;gq;fs;> gf; - 18>19.
23. jkpofj; njhopy; tsu;r;rpapy; fk;a+dp];Lfs;> g – 70.
24. uh[;nfsjkd;.> Muk;gf;fl;l KjyhspaKk; jkpo;r;r%f khw;wKk;>
g-40.
25. kz;GO vd;Dk; cotd;> g – 76.
26. Jiukhzpf;fk;. Nt.>cUf;FiyAk; coTj; njhopy;> gf; - 60>61.
27. jp ,e;J ehspjo;> epyKk; tsKk; - Neu;f;fhzy;> ehs; -
28.03.2015.

261
28. hhttps: //ta.wikipedia. org/s/78f
29. hhttp: //ta.wikipedia. org/s/jlc
30. hhttps: //ta.wikipedia. org/s/78f
31. jp ,e;J ehspjo;> ehs; - 14.03.2015.
32. NkyJ.>
33. NkyJ.> ehs; - 28.03.2015.
34. NkyJ.> ehs; - 16.03.2016.
35. hhttps: //ta.wikipedia. org/s/5fo
36. NkyJ.>
37. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.>Ez;fiyfs;> g – 25.
38. Foe;ijrhkp. th.nr.>mwptpay; jkpo;> g -27.
39. Foe;ijfs; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> g – 73.

262
 KbTiu

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; vd;w ,e;j

Ma;T Kd;Diu KbTiu ePq;fyhf Vida ,ay;fspd; topahf rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; gjpthfpAs;s njhopy;fs;> njhopy;El;gq;fs; njhlu;ghf
Muha;e;jjd; gadhfg; gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fis juTfshfg;
ngwKbfpwJ. mit>

 .; rq;ffhyj; njhopy;fs; Xu; mwpKfk; vd;Dk; Kjy; ,aypy;

njhopy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjd; nrhy; tpsf;fKk; mJ ,yf;fz
fhyk; Kjyhf vj;jifa gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
vd;gijAk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; njhopy; vd;Dk;
nrhy; gad;gl;l tpjKk; mj;njhopy;fspd; tiffSk;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 njhopy;fs; - ngUe;njhopy;fs; VO tifahfTk;>
Jizj;njhopy;fs; %d;W tifahfTk;> rpWnjhopy;fs; gjpndl;L
tifahfTk;> NkYk; ,jugpw njhopy;fSk; milahsg;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfSk; mtw;wpd;
tpsf;fq;fSk; rhd;WfSld; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Ntl;il> Mepiu tsu;j;jy; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;
vDk; ,uz;lhtJ ,aypy; rq;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l njhopy;fs;>
mtw;iwf; filg;gpbj;j kf;fs; mjw;F Jiz epd;w fUtpfs;>
mj;njhopy;fs; epfo;j;jg;gl;l Kiwfs; mjdhy; kf;fSf;F
fpilj;j gad;fs; gw;wpAk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Ntl;ilj;njhopy; gw;wpa tpsf;fKk; mjd; njhlf;fKk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntl;ilj;njhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fs;
Ntl;ilahLtjw;F cjtp nra;j eha;fspd; jd;ik Fwpj;Jk;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;khd;> gd;wp> Kay;> ahid> Gyp> cLk;G>
vyp Nghd;w tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLtjw;Fj; jFe;j
nray;ghLfSk; mtw;wpd; KiwfSk;> NtWgl;Ls;sikia
vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 gwitfis Ntl;ilahLk; nray;fSk; mtw;wpf;fhd epfo;j;J
KiwfSk; Kiwg;gb tpsf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. Ntl;ilahLtjd;

263
 %ykhf fpilf;Fk; khkprq;fs;> Ntl;ilj;njhopy; GupNthupd;
czthfTk;; ,Ue;Js;sik tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Ntl;ilj;njhopw;fUtpfspy;> Fwpg;ghf mk;G> tpy;> tiyfs;>
ftz;fw;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gad;ghl;ilAk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk;
El;gq;fisAk; rq;f ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfNshL vLj;Jf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 mwpTrhu; njhopy;El;gq;fs; vdr; rpytw;iwf; fz;lwpe;J mit
epfo;j;jg;gLk; newpKiwfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. r%fg;
gad;ghl;by; mj;njhopy; El;gq;fs; ngUk; ,lj;jpidAk; r%fg;
nghUshjhu Vw;wj; jho;TfisAk; <Lfl;Lk; gz;lkhw;W
KiwfisAk; kf;fs; iff;nfhz;bUe;jik tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 kPd;gpbj;njhopy; mjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tiy Kjyhd
fUtpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;wit $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;Yk; Neuk;> #oy; Nghd;w ek;gpf;ifr; rhu;e;j
njhopyhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kPd; gpbf;fr; nry;Nthu;
eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;wf; $ba njhopw;nray;ghLfs; mjNdhL
njhlu;Gila Jizf;fUtpfs;> kPd; tpw;Fk; njhopy; Nghd;wit
njupag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jkpou;fspd; njhlf;ffhyj; njhopyhfTk; nry;tk; vdf;
fUjg;gl;lJkhd Mepiufs; tsu;j;jy; njhopy; gw;wp
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. Mepiufspd; gad;ghLk;> Mepiu tsu;gG
; j;
njhopy;El;gq;fSk;> gad;ghl;Lf; fUtpfSk;> Nka;r;ry; epyq;fSk;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mepiu Nka;j;jy; %ykhf fpilf;Fk; ghy;
cw;gj;jp mjw;Nfw;w jPtdq;fs;> fhy;eilg; guhkupg;Gj;
njhopy;El;gq;fs; Mfpadtw;iw etPdf; fhy;eil
njhopy;El;gq;fNshL xg;gpl;Lk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Ntshz; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; vDk; %d;whk; ,aypy;
,yf;fzpfs; $wpa Ntshz;ikg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;> rq;ffhyj;jpy;
Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy; ngw;w nghUs; epiy Mfpait
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Ntshz;ik nrhy; tpsf;fk; mtw;wpd; Jizj; njhopy;fs;> epyk;
rhu;e;j kf;fspd;> njhopy;rhu;e;j nray;KiwfSk; El;gq;fSk;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fhy khw;wj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
Ntshz;ikj;njhopypd; Gjpa kuGfisAk; fUtpfisAk; gw;wpa

264
 nra;jpfs; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; jhdpa tiffs; fz;lwpag;gl;L tpsf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 fiyapay; njhopy;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; vDk; ehd;fhtJ
,aypy; fiy kw;Wk; r%fj;NjitfSf;fhd> nerT> fl;llk;>
jr;R> kz;ghz;lk;> cNyhfk; rhu;e;j njhopy;fs;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fiy vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; mjd; tpsf;fk;
Mfpait nghUj;jKw tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Milfs; nerT nra;Ak; Kiwfs; kw;Wk;> Milfspd; tiffs;>
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; Nghd;witfs;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rhakpLjy; mtw;Wf;fhd NtWghLfs; mit
ifahsg;gLk; tpjq;fs; Nghd;wit mwptpay; Nehf;NfhL
vLj;jpak;gg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 fl;llj;njhopy; mtw;wpd; tifg;ghLfs; mjw;Fj; Njitahd
Jizg;nghUs;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;;gl;Ls;sd. fl;llq;fspd;
tiffs; mit Njhw;wj;ijg; nghWj;Jk; njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;Jk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jr;Rj;njhopy;> kuj;jr;R> fy;jr;R vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mit
mf;fhyj; NjitfSf;F Vw;g fjT> tz;b> Nju;> fl;by;
Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;tw;fhd nray;Kiwfs;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. jr;Rj;njhopy;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> eLfy;
Nghd;wit r%f milahsq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
 mf;fhy cNyhfj; njhopy;fs; ,Uk;G> ntz;fyk;> nghd;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd njhopy; nra;KiwAk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;
tpsf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd. mt;tifapy; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpfSk;
khw;wq;fSk; vDk; ,t;tpaypy; fhy tsu;r;rp kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahj ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.
 fhy Xl;lj;jpy; mwptpay; njhopy;El;gq;fs; ehSf;F ehs; gy;fpg;
ngUfp Gjpa nghUs;fNshL cUthfpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mg;GJikfs; fhyk; fhykhf ek;khy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;j
kuGrhu; njhopy;fspYk; jq;fSila jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jj;
jtwtpy;iy. ,t; cz;ikfis ,t;tpay; tptupj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ.
 rq;f ,yf;fpa Ntl;ilj; njhopy; mtw;wpy; ifahsg;gl;l
fUtpfs; khwp Gjpa mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij
Jg;ghf;fp (JKf;fp) Nghd;w fUtpfspd; %ykhfg;
Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
265
  kPd;gpbj;njhopYk; mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;fhuzkhf gy;NtW
Kiwfspy; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sikia kpd;glFfs;> jpirf;fhl;Lk;
fUtpfs;> kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fs;> kPdtu; ghJfhg;G Nghd;w
gy;NtW nray;ghLfspy; GFj;jg;gl;;Ls;sikia mwpaKbfpwJ.
 Mepiu tsu;j;jy; kw;Wk; Mepiufspd; fyg;gpd cw;gj;jp
Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd;
fhuz fhupaq;fs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Ntshz;ikj;njhopy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; vd
fhytiuaiur; nra;ag;gl;L gQ;rk; Kjyhf gRikg;Gul;rp
tiuapyhd mwptpay; khw;wj;jpd; fhuzpfs; Gjpa fUtpfspd;
tuTfs; tpijfs;> mtw;Wf;fhd khw;wq;fs;
vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sd. ghrdKiw ,d;iwa r%f Njitf;fhd
ePu; Nkyhz;ikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xd;whfpd;wJ. vdNt
ghrdj;jpy; ifahs Ntz;ba Gjpa mwptpay; Kiwfs;
Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
 cuk; ,Ljy; mtw;wpd; Njit> tifg;ghLfs; Mfpait
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,urhad khw;wk; mtw;why; tpisAk;
rhjf> ghjfq;fs; mtw;why; cz;lhFk; r%fg; gpd; tpisTfs;
Mfpad tptukhf vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,ae;jpukakhf;fg;gl;l jw;fhy njhopw;rhiyfspd;
cUthf;fj;jpw;F Ke;ija nerTj;njhopyhdJ jw;nghOJ
mile;Js;s khw;wq;fs; mtw;wpd; NjitfSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 fl;llj;njhopy; mtw;wpw;f;fhd mwptpay; njhopy;El;g Njit>
fhyj;Njitahd tzpf kakhf;fy; Nghd;w khw;wj;ijAk;
njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpiaAk; tpsf;fpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jr;Rj; njhopy;> rpw;gj;njhopy;> Xtpaj;njhopy; Mfpad jw;NghJ
mwptpay; tsu;r;rpNahL kpFe;j khw;wq;fisg; ngw;Wj;
jpfo;fpd;wikg; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; ,aw;ifaAld; ,iae;J tho;e;Js;sdu;.

mk;kf;fspd; njhopy;Kiwfspy; gy mope;jpUg;gpDk; xUrpytw;iw;
kf;fs; ,d;Wk jq;fs; kughf gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wdu;. mj;njhopYk;
njhopy;El;gq;fSk; fhytsu;r;rpapd; fhuzq;fshy; tsu;e;J tUk;
#oypy; ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; mj;njhopy;El;gq;fs; ,d;Dk;
khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfyhk;. vdNt> fhy Xl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g tsu;r;rp ngWk;

266
jd;ik nfhz;ldthf ,g;nghUz;ik mikAk; vdyhk;. Mifahy; ,t;
Ma;tpy; fz;l KbTfs; Kbe;j Kbghf vz;zhky; ,jd;
nghUz;ikapy; Nkyha;T nra;a Kay;Nthu;; ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy;
mjd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L mj;njhopy;El;gk; rhu;e;j
juTfis NkYk; tYg;ngWkhW mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w
fUj;jpid ,t;Ma;T Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

267
 JizE}w;gl;bay;

m. Kjd;ik E}y;fs;

1. rhkpehjIau;. c.Nt.> - FWe;njhif ciuAld;

lhf;lu; c.Nt.rh. E}y;
epiyak;> nrd;id>
ntspaPl;nlz;: 221.

2. Rg;gpukzpad;. r.Nt.> (c.M) - rq;f ,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L

NfhtpY}u; klhyak;>
NfhtpY}u;> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2003.

3. NrhkRe;judhu;.ngh.Nt.> (c.M) - gj;Jg;ghl;L tupir 1

jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irt rpj;jjhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id>
kW gjpg;G 2007.

4. NrhkRe;judhu;.ngh.Nt.> (c.M) - gj;Jg;ghl;L tupir 2

jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irt rpj;jjhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id>
kW gjpg;G 2008.

5. NrhkRe;judhu;.ngh.Nt.> (c.M) - gupghly;

jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irt rpj;jjhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id>
kW gjpg;G 2008.

6. NrhkRe;judhu;.ngh.Nt.>(c.M) - Iq;FWE}W
jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irt rpj;jjhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id>
kW gjpg;G 2009.

268
7. Jiurhkpg;gps;is. xsit.R.>(c.M) - GwehD}W – (201-400)
jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irt rpj;jjhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id>
kW mr;R 2007.

8. Jiurhkpg;gps;is. xsit.R.>(c.M)- gjpw;Wg;gj;J>

jkpo; tsu;r;rpj; Jiw>
nrd;id>
gjpg;G> 2014.

9. er;rpdhu;ff
; pdpau;. (c.M) - fypj;njhif>
jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irt rpj;jjhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id>
kW gjpg;G 2007.

10. ehuhazrhkp Iau;> m.> - ew;wpiz ehD}W>

jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
E}w;gjpg;Gf;fofk;>nrd;id>
kW mr;R 2007.

11. ghyRg;gpukzpad;. F.nt.> - GwehD}W> Gj;jfk; 1>2>

tpRtehjd;. m.> ehfuhrd;. tp.> epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
MNuhf;fparhkp.,uh> jpyftjp. f.> nrd;id> %d;whk; mr;R>
rj;jpaehuhazd;. nt.> 2007.

12. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;. e.K.> - mfehD}W

Ntq;flhryk; gps;is. uh.> (c.M) (fspw;wpahid epiu)>
jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa>
E}w;gjpg;G fofk;> nrd;id>
kWgjpg;G> 2009.

13. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;. e.K.> - mfehD}W (kzpkpilgtsk;)

Ntq;flhryk; gps;is. uh.>(c.M) jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa>
E}w;gjpg;G fofk;> nrd;id>
kWgjpg;G> 2007.

269
 14. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;. e.K.> - mfehD}W (epj;jpyf;Nfhit)
Ntq;flhryk; gps;is.uh.> (c.M) jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa>
E}w;gjpg;G fofk;> nrd;id>
kWgjpg;G> 2008.

M. Jizik E}y;fs;

1. mUzhryk;. K.> - jkpOk; cyfr; nrk;nkhopfSk;>

n[af;Fkhu;. gh.> ghit gg;spNf~d;]; ntspaPL>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2011.

2. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;. kh.> - jkpoff; fiyAk; gz;ghLk;>

rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2011.

3. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;. kh.> - jkpoff; fiyfSk;

fy;ntl;LfSk;>
ghit gg;spNf~;];> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G 2011.

4. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;. kh.> - gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp

rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp>
GJnly;yp> Kjy; gjpg;G>
2012.

5. ,uhkrhkp. Jsrp.> - jkpof tuyhw;wpy; xspu;tJ

fsg;gpuu; fhyk;>
tpopfs; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2014.

6. ,uhkRg;gpukzpak;.t.j - njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;

(%yKk; ciuAk;)>
G+k;Gfhu; gjpg;gfk;>nrd;id>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> 2012.

270
7. ,uhkehjd; nrl;bahu;> - rq;ffhyj; jkpou; tho;T>
ny.g.fU.> Kj;ijah epiyak;> nrd;id>
ehd;fhk; gjpg;G> 1977.

8. ,sq;Nfh Vw;fhL> - jhdpaq;fs;>

kpd;D}y; ntspaPL>
http; // Free tamil
Ebooks.com,
nrd;id> 2014.

9. ,sk;G+uzhu;> (c.M) - njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;

rhujh gjpg;gfk;>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> 2006.

10. fbfhryk;. e.>(g.M) - rq;fr; r%fk;.

ghyh[p. G.> mKj epiyak; ypkpnll;>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1995.

11. fdfrig. tp.> - Mapuj;njz;Z}W Mz;Lfl;F

mg;ghj;Jiu> (nkh.M) Kw;gl;l jkpofk;>
jpUney;Ntyp njd;dpe;jpa
irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;>
1962.

12. fhe;jpjhrd;.f.> - rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ghzu;

tho;tpay;>
cyfj; jkpoha;r;rp epWtdk;>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G.

13. fhu;j;jpf;.jP.> - jkpo; ,aw;if rhu;e;j

tho;;tpay;>
,ay;thif gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
%d;whk; gjpg;G> 2015.

271
14. fpUl;bd%u;j;jp> Nfh.> - jkpou; gz;ghl;by; rq;F>
mUs; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 1999.

15. Fg;jh. r.gp.> - mwptpaYk; mjd;

mwthzd;. f.g> (nkh.M) newpKiwfSk;>
GJitg; gy;fiyf;fofj;
jkpopay; Jiw> GJr;Nrup>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 1990.

16. Foe;ijrhkp. th.nr.> - mwptpay; jkpo;

ghujp gjpg;gfk;>nrd;id>
Vohk; gjpg;G> 2006.

17. ifyhrgjp.f.> - gz;ilj; jkpou; tho;Tk;

topg;ghLk;>
epA+nrQ;Rup Gf;`T];> nrd;id>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G>1991.

18. Nfhrhk;gp. b.b.> - gz;ila ,e;jpah mjd;

ehuhazd;.Mu;.v];.> gz;ghLk; ehfupfKk;>
(nkh.M) epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> jpUj;jpa ,uz;lhk;
gjpg;G> 2006.

19. Nfhjz;luhkd;. gp.> - ,e;jpa fiyfs; - Xtpak;>

rpw;gk;> ,ir> ehl;bak;>
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1987.

20. Nfhtpe;jd;. fh.> - jkpou; gz;ghL>

irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf;
fofk;> nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G>
1999.

272
21. rrpty;yp. tp.rp.> - gz;ilaj; jkpou; njhopy;fs;>
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1989.
22. rz;KfRe;juk;. rpt.> - coT – nerT fiyr;nrhw;fs;
jpyftjp gjpg;gfk;>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 1993.

23. rz;Kfk; gps;is. K.> - rq;fj; jkpou; tho;tpay;>

cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;
nrd;id> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G>
2004.

24. rz;Kfd;> nfhLKb r.> - goe;jkpou; nghwpapay; El;gj;jpwd;>

kPdhNfhghy; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2006.

25. rhkpehjd;. j.> - rq;f fhyj; njhopy;El;gk;>

md;dk; ntspaPL jQ;rhT+h;>
Kjw;gjpg;G> brk;gh;> 2013.

26. rpjk;gudhu;. rhkp.> - njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpou;>

kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2000.

27. rpjk;gudhu;. rhkp.> - ghl;Lj; njhifAk; jkpou;

gz;ghLk;>
mwpTg; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2003.

28. rpjk;gudhu;. rhkp.> - goe;jkpou; tho;Tk; tsu;r;rpAk;>

nrz;gfh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2010.

29. rpahksh. n[.> - rq;ffhy muR cUthf;fk;>

ghit gg;spNf~d;]; ntspaPL>
jQ;rhT+u;> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2010.

273
30. rptQhdk;. f.> - goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
ef;fPud; ntspaPL> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G>2011.

31. rpw;rNrrd;> - tptrha mwptpay;>

,uhK epiyak;> nrd;id>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> 1997.

32. Rg;gpukzpad;. e. - rq;ffhy tho;tpay; (rq;fj;

jkpoupd; murKiwAk;
r%ftho;Tk;)>
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1986.

33. Rg;gpukzpad;. r.Nt>(g.M)- njhy;fhg;gpak; ,sk;G+uzu;

ciu>
nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2009.

34. RNu~;. Nfh.> - ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tho;tpay;

rpe;jidfs;>
mwpTg;gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2007.

35. Ry;jhd; mfkJ - kz;GO vd;Dk; cotd;

,];khapy; tsu;g;Gk; njhopy;El;gKk;>
vjpu; ntspaPL> nghs;shr;rp>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2012.

36. #upaehuhaz - jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhW

rh];jpupahu;. tp.Nfh.> (nkhop E}y;)> G+k;Gfhu; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id> ,uz;lhk;gjpg;G> 2007.

37. nry;tuhR. rpyk;G eh.> - rq;f ,yf;fpaKk; r%ftpaYk;

kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2002.
274
38. NrJuhkd;> gp.> - Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
jkpou; tho;tpay;>
epA+nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp)ypl;>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2011.

39. jl;rzh%u;j;jp. ,uh.> - ,e;jpa tptrhak; New;W ,d;W

ehis>GJit mwptpay; ,af;fk;>
GJit> Kjw;gjpg;G>
2007.

40. jl;rzh%u;j;jp. m.> - jkpou; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk;>

aho; ntspaPL> nrd;id>
kWgjpg;G> 2014.

41. jkpoz;zy; - njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;yjpfhuk;>

kPdhl;rp Gj;jfk; epiyak;>
jpUj;jpa Kjw;gjpg;G 2010.

42. jpUehfypq;fk;.M.>(g.M) - Nfhl;ghl;Lg; ghu;itapy;

Mw;Wg;gil>
fht;ah ntspaPL>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2015.

43. Jiukhzpf;fk;. Nt.> - cUf;FiyAk; coTj;njhopy;>

epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> 2005.

44. NjtNeag;ghthzh;. Qh.>- gz;ilj; jkpo; ehfhpfKk;

gz;ghLk;>
G+k;Gfhh; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id> 2009.

45. eluhrd;. ,uh. - cyfj; njhopy;El;g

Kd;Ndhbfs;>
Gf;]; /Nghu; rpy;ud;>
275
 nrd;id> %d;whk; gjpg;G> 2012.

46. ek;kho;thu;. Nfh.> - coTf;Fk; cz;L tuyhW>

tpfld; gpuRuk;: 328> nrd;id>
gd;dpnuz;lhk; gjpg;G> 2008.

47. ek;kho;thu;. Nfh.> - ve;ehLila ,aw;ifNa

Nghw;wp>
tpfld; gpuRuk;: 648> nrd;id>
ehd;fhk; gjpg;G> 2014.

48. ek;kho;thu;. Nfh.> - ehd; ek;kho;thu; NgRfpNwd;>

tpfld; gpuRuk;: 883> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2014.

49. ey;yf;fz;Z. Mu;.> - jkpofj; njhopy; tsu;r;rpapy;

fk;A+dp];Lfs;>
epA+nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp)ypl;>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2005.

50. ehuhazd;.Mu;.v];. > - ,d;iwa tptrhak;>

epA+nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp)ypl;>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2014.

51. ehuhazd;. Mu;.v];.> - ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy;

tho;tpay; njhopy;El;gq;fs;
jhkiu ntspaPL>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> Nk> 2015.

52. ehuhaz NtYg;gps;is> - jpUf;Fws; (%yKk; ciuAk;)

eu;kjh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. 2013.

53. gf;jtj;ryd;. fp.kh.> - coTk; tho;Tk;

kyu;epiyak;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G>1956.
276
54. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> - gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;>
nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>
ntspaPlL
; vz;: 85>
nrd;id. tpupthf;fg; ngw;w
jpUj;jpa gjpg;G> 2003.

55. gukrpthde;jk;. m.K.> - rKjhaKk; gz;ghLk;>

jkpo;f;fiyg; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1972.

56. gukrpthde;jk;. m.K.> - jkpof tuyhW>

jkpo;f;fiyg; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Ie;jhk; gjpg;G> 1995.

57. goepag;gd;. M.> - goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpak; Xu; Ma;T>

epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2001.

58. godpr;rhkp. nr.> - GwehD}w;wpy; jkpou; gz;ghL>

thzpg;gjpg;gfk;> Nfhit>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 1986.

59. godpNtY. Nf.> - rq;f ,yf;fpak; ghl;LkuGk;

vOj;J kuGk;>
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Kjy;gjpg;G>
2010.

60. gd;dPu;nry;tk;. kzpNfh.>- Fwtu; goq;Fb ,dtiuapy;

Ma;T> ty;ypdk; ntspaPL>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2009.

61. ghyRg;gpukzpad;. F.nt.>- rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fiyAk;

fiyf;Nfhl;ghLk;>
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2016.
277
62. ghY}u; fz;zg;g - jkpo; E}y; tuyhW>
Kjypahu; m];tpd; Vn[d;]p> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2011.

63. GUNrhj;jkd;. jp.> - mwptpay; Ntshz;ik gapu;

ghJfhg;G>
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G 2001.

64. Nguhrpak; (c.M) njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;>

njd;dpe;jpa E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;>
jpUney;Ntyp> 1972.

65. nghd;Drhkp. g.f.> - mwptpay; rpy ghu;itfs;>

md;dk; ntspaPL> rptfq;if>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G> 1991.

66. krhdG /GNfhfh> - ,aw;if topapy; Ntshz;ik>

fay;tpop (nkh.M) vjpu; ntspaPL> nghs;shr;rp>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2014.

67. kztofd;. M.> - goe;jkpou; njhopy;El;gk;>

ma;adhu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2010.

68. kztofd;. M.> - njhiyNehf;F>

ma;adhu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2010.

69. kupaFoe;ij. m.> - Ntshz;ikAk; nra;KiwfSk;

Nty;rhkp. ng.> %d;whk; gjpg;G> 1971.

70. kiwkiyabfs;> - Ntshsu; ehfupfk;>

fof ntspaPL>nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 1963.

278
71. khzpf;fthrfd;. Qh.> - rpyg;gjpfhuk; - njspTiu>
ckh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
vl;lhk; gjpg;gfk;> 2013.

72. khijad;. ng.> - rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;

rKjhak;>
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2004.

73. kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;. nj.ngh- jkpOk; gpwg;gz;ghLk;>

epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> vl;lhk; gjpg;G> 1999.

74. KUfd;. ,uh - rq;fg;ghf;fspy;

njhy;Fbf;$Wfs;>
nry;tpg;gjpg;gfk;> 2003.

75. KUNfrd;. r.> - jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

rKjhar; rpe;jidfs;
jpUf;Fws; gjpg;gfk;> Kjy;
gjpg;G> 2006.

76. %u;j;jp. m.fp.> - mwptpay; mfuhjp>

kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id> %d;whk; gjpg;G>
2000.

77. nksdFU.rp.> - gz;ilj; jkpou; tuyhWk;

,yf;fpaKk;>
miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;>
%d;whk; gjpg;G> 2010.

78. uFehjd;. vk;.Mu;.> - cyf kakhf;fYk; ,e;jpa

tptrhapfSk;>
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf;`T];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 2005.
279
79. uj;dk;. f.> - rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ahidfs;>
kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2005.

80. uh[; nfsjkd;> - jypj; ghu;itapy; jkpo;g;

gz;ghL (rq;f fhyk;)>
nfsup gjpg;gfk;> GJr;Nrup>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 1994.

81. uh[; nfsjkd;> - Muk;gf; fl;l KjyhspaKk;

jkpo;r; r%f khw;wKk;>
jkpopdpntspaPL> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G 2009.

82. Uf;kzp. ,uh.> - Ky;iyg;ghl;Lk;

gz;ilj;jkpofKk;>
fht;ah ntspaPL> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2008.

83. nu[pj;Fkhu;. j.> - kuG topj; njhopy;fs;>

fht;ah ntspaPL>
nrd;id> Kjy;gjpg;G> 2009.

84. Y}ap];.> - mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;

El;g fiyf;fsQ;rpak;>
guhfhd; ntspaPL> 2007.

85. tujuhrd;. nt.> - jkpo;g;ghzu; tho;Tk; tuyhWk;>

ftpf;Fapy; mr;rfk;> nrd;id>
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 2007.

86. thdkhkiy. eh.> - jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;>

epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T];>
nrd;id> Mwhk; gjpg;G 2007.
280
87. thdkhkiy> eh.> - tpQ;Qhdj; njhopy;El;gg;
Gul;rp>
miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2008.

88. tpRtehjk;. fp.M.ng.> - jkpou; fiy tPuk; kw;Wk;

rhkp rpjk;gudhu;> ehfupfk;>
ijay; ntspaPL> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2007.

89. tpd;nrd;l;. ,yh.> - jkpo; epyKk; ,dKk;>

khjt;. f.> (nkh.M) ghujp Gj;jfhyak; ntspaPL>

nrd;id> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G>

2013.

90. tpj;jpahde;jd;. R .> - jkpou; rhy;G> (rq;ffhyk;)

Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;>
ehd;fhk; gjpg;G> 2006.

91. nts;isthuzd;. f.> - rq;ffhyj; jkpo; kf;fs;>

nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>
etk;gh;> 2012.

92. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.>- jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf;

fiyfs;>
tre;jh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2003.

93. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.> - goq;fhyj; jkpou; thzpfk;>

(rq;ffhyk;)>
nrz;gfh gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id> 2011.

281
 94. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp.> - Ez;fiyfs;>
ghit gg;spNf~d;];>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G>2012.

95. itj;jpaypq;fd;. nr.> - jkpo;g;gz;ghl;L tuyhW>

(%d;whk; ghfk;)
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
ntspaPL> etk;gh;> 1999.

,. Mq;fpy E}y;fs;

1. AOUDA (Editiors) - Dictiennairse Pratique Fruncris

Tamoul Pondicherry (INDE)
First 1996.
2. -- - The American Heritage and
Science Dictionary, copy right 2002,
published by Houghtom miffin. all
rights reserved.

<. fl;Liufs;

1. ma;ak;ngUkhs;. e.> - jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy;

gd;Kf MSik>

nrk;%jha; gjpg;gfk;>

nrd;id> 2013.

2. fiyr;nry;td;. g.> - Ma;Tr;rpe;jid tupir 14

Ie;jkpo; Ma;T kd;wk;>

gjpg;gfk;> kJiu> 2014.

282
c. fsQ;rpaq;fs;

1. Foe;ijfs;; - jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;fofk; -

fiyf;fsQ;rpak; njhFjp Ie;J>

xupad;l; yhq;kd; ypkpnll;>

Kjy;gjpg;G> 1972.

2. tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; - jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;

njhFjp Ie;J
jQ;rhT+h; brk;gh;> 1987.

3. tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; - jkpo;gg

; y;fiyf;fofk;

njhFjp gjpndhd;W

jQ;rhT+h; brk;gh;> 1991.

C. mfuhjpfs;> epfz;Lfs;

4. mz;zhkiy. ,.> - f;upahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo;

(KjypNahu;) mfuhjp (tpupthf;fpj;

jpUj;jpa Gjpa gjpg;G)

jkpo; - jkpo; - Mq;fpyk;>

ntspaPL Cre-A :H-18, gpshl;
vz;.3 jpUthd;kpA+u;>
nrd;id> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 2008.

5. mUzhryk;. g.> - rq;f ,yf;fpag;

(K.g) nghUl;fsQ;rpak;>
njhFjp %d;W r-Njh>
jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
jQ;rhT+u;> 1988.

283
6. ,yk;Nghjud; (g.M).> - gioa jkpo; mfuhjp>
gpq;fy Kdptu; nra;j
gpq;fye;ij vd;Dk;
gpq;fy epfz;L>
kPdhNfhghy; gjpg;gfk;>
Kjw;gjpg;G> 2009.

7. fjpu;Nty; gps;is> - jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp

(%d;whk; ghfk;)
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp
epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id>
kWgjpg;G 1998.

8. re;jpah eluh[d; - kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp>

(g.M) ,uz;lhk; ghfk;>
re;jpah gjpg;gfk;> 2004.

9. rpq;fhuNtY - mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp

Kjypahu;. M.> jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;>
GJnly;yp> kWgjpg;G> 2001.

10. Nriy rfNjt Kjypahu;- fofj;jkpo;f; ifafuhjp>

fhop rpt fz;Zrhkpg; jpUney;Ntyp> njd;dpe;jpa
gps;is E}w;gjpg;Gf;fofk;> nrd;id>
kWgjpg;G> 2011.

11. uhkfpU~;zd;. g.> - mNlhd; jkpo; - jkpo; -

nghd;kzp> KjypNahu; Mq;fpyk; mfuhjp>
mNlhd; gg;sp~pq; F&g;>
jpUtde;jg;Guk;>
Gjpa gjpg;G 2013

284
v. Ma;NtLfs;

1. fUg;Grhkp. fh.> - Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy;

Ntshz;ik
Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtL>
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
2005.

2. Rarhujh. R.> - GJr;Nrup tl;lhu

kPdtj;njhopy;rhu; mwpTfs;>
Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtL>
GJitg;gy;fiyf;fofk;.
2005.

3. uh[Fkhup. M.> - GJr;Nrup tl;lhu kf;fs;

tof;fhw;wpYs;s njhopw;fUtpfs;
,sKidth;gl;l Ma;NtL>
GJitg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
GJr;Nrhp> 2008.

4. ts;sp. K.> - thD}u; tl;lhu kuGtop

Ntshz;ik Kiwfs;>
,sKidth;gl;l Ma;NtL>
GJitg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
GJr;Nrhp> 2002.

5. Nkdfh. F.> - rq;ffhy nea;jy; jpiz –

kf;fs; r%ff; gz;ghL>
Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtL>
k.jp.jh. ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up>
jpUney;Ntyp> 2014

285
V. ,jo;fs;

1. fhL - #oypay; ,Ukhj ,jo; nrg;lk;gu;> mf;Nlhgu; 2014

2. jp ,e;J ehspjo; (jkpo;) epyKk; tsKk;> 28.03.2015

3. etPd Ntshz;ik ,jo;> Vg;uy; khj ,jo; 2015.

4. etPd Ntshz;ik ,jo;> Nk khj ,jo; 2015.

5. etPd Ntshz;ik ,jo;> Mf];l; khj ,jo; 2015.

6. G+TyF – Rw;Wr;#oYf;fhd ,Ukhj ,jo; khu;r; - Vg;uy; 2015.

I. ,izajs Kftupfs;

1. http://www.tamilvu.org/

2. https://ta.wikipedia.org/s/5fo

3. http//dictionary, reference.com.site

4. Vishawakarmaviswass.com/pagid=327

286
 gpd;dpizg;G vz;. 1

(njhopy;fs; nra;tjw;F nry;Yk; fhl;rp> njhopy;nra;jy;> ctikfs;

%yk; ntspg;gLk; epiyfspy; cs;s ghly;fs; gjpTr;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.)

Ntl;ilahly;

1. ew;.> - fhdtd; 285>Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yjy; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis

NjLjy; 43> 265:1-5> 285> Ntl;il ehapd; gad;ghL 82> gd;wp 13:3-
4> 75:6-8> 82:4-11> 119:1> 336:3-8> 13:4 (mk;G) Ks;sk;gd;wp 85:8-10>
285:1-2 (mk;G)> Gyp 119:1-3> vyp 83:5-6> tpy; 3:5> 352:1-2> Ntld;
92:5> mk;G13:3-4> mk;G FwpjtWjy; 165:1-5. gJq;fp ,Uf;Fk; Gyp
322> ahid 103> ngha;f;Fop mikj;jy; 336:3-8> ahidiaf;
nfhy;Yk; Gyp 36>148>383>158> nfhf;F 291> md;dk; 356:2.

2. FWe;.> fhil 389:1-2> tpy;.12:2-3> 272:6> mk;G 12:2-3> NtLtu; kw;Wk;

Fuy; 12:2-3> 322:1-2> kwtu; 331:1-3> Gyp kw;w tpyq;fSf;fhf
vjpu;ghu;j;jy; 141> Fapy; 192> kapy; 105> ahidapd; nfhk;ig
tpw;wy; 100.
3. Iq;.> Ntl;il kwtu; 352:1-2> GypNahL NghupLk; Mz; gd;wp 266>
Gwh 425:1-2> mk;G 363:1-2> nfhf;F 86:1-5> vapdu; 363:1-2> fhf;if
391> ctik (tpy;iy cila fhis Nghy;) 390:3.
4. gjpw;W.> Ntl;il Cd; gz;lkhw;W 30:9-13> nfhf;F 83>
5. gup.> Fapy; 15.
6. fyp.>– Fwpjg;ghJ fizj;njhLg;gtu; 39> Gyp 65:24-25> ftz; 23:2>
38:18> 39:16> khd; 23:1-17.
7. mfk;.> - NtLtu; nray; 182:1> Ntl;il eha; mioj;jy; 182:1-6>
318:13-15> Ntl;ilahba Cd; 61:6-9> khd; 34> 97> 107> 219:12-16>
284:8-9> 285> 371> gd;wp 248:2-10> Ks;sk; gd;wp 182:5-8> ahid
61:6-9> 165> 172:6-8> 172:6-8 (mk;G)> Kay; 284.9-11> 84> nfhf;F
290:1-4> fhil 387:8-12> tpy; 35:6> 167:7-9> 231:5> 245:7> 282:1-2>
193:2> 167:9> 185:5> mk;G 159:5> 161:1-4> ths; 309:1-6> tiy 7:11-12
Ntl;ilf;F Kd; xg;gid 182:1> NtLtu; fhl;rp;.318:13-15> 264:8-11>
gz;lkhw;wk; 61:7-9> 282:1-2> khkprk; ghly;.107> Gyp ahidiaf;
nfhy;Yjy; 29> 112> 268> khdpd; Fuiyf; Nfl;Fk; Gyp 141> 238>

287
 Gypia Ntl;ilahly; 19:5:9> gd;wpia Ntl;ilahLk; Gyp 72>
FUF 145> FWk;G+o; 103> fpsp 192> Fapy; 25> nfhf;F 120>
8. Gwk;.>–ehia cila Ntld; 33:1-6> khd; 202:1-4> 205:7-9 33:1-3>
gd;wp 177> 379> gd;wpf;fwp czT 379> Ks;sk; gd;wp 374:10-15>
ahid 214:4> 86:3-5> 17:14-23> Gyp 19:5-6> cLk;G 320> 325> vyp
322:3-5>190> fhil 214:4-5> tpy; 257:3-4> 150:12-13> khkprk; 258:4>
Kay; fwp 334> 319> 319> gz;lhkhw;wk; 33:1-3> Gyp ahidiaf;
nfhy;Yjy; 190> 237> Gyp Nghd;w khwd; 52> kapy; 344> 13>
nfhf;F 277> 342.
9. jpUKUF.> fhdtu;.194.
10. rpWghz;.>– vapw;wpau; 175.
11. ngUk;ghz;.> gd;wpia vjpu;ghu;j;jy; 106-107> 110> gd;wp tsu;j;jy;
336-345> eha; Mepiuiaf; ftu;jy; 138-143> 111-116> khkprk;
ghJfhj;jy; 132-133> gd;wp 336-345> Kay; 112-116> tiy kw;Wk;
ftz; 112-114> cLk;G 132-133> Ntlu; 136-147.
12. kJ.fh.>– Ks;sk; gd;wp 294-295.
13. FwpQ;.> Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yjy; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffisj; NjLjy;
123-128> 132> eha;apd; fhty; 240> kwtu; 128-132>
14. gl;.> - ahid 223-224> tpy; 266> ftz; 71-73.
15. kiygL.> - Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yjy; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffisj;
NjLjy; 274-275> khkprk; ghJfhj;jy; 175> khd; 404-405> ahid
572> cLk;G 174-180> eha; gad;ghL 175-177> gz;lkhw;wk; 117>
ftz; tPRjy; 203 -206.

kPd;gpbj;njhopy;

1. ew;.> fhyKk; RoYk; 4:1-3> 11:6> 388:2-6> kPd; 272:1-6> 101:1-2> 19:1-
2> Rwh 27:7-9> 45:6-7> 78:1> ngUkPd; (jpkpq;fyk;) 219:5-6> 239:3>
tiy cyu;j;Jjy; 4:3-4> 38:1-2> 45:8-9> 63:1> 67:7-9> kPd; tiy
74:1> 78:1> 101:2-4> 44:5> 111:1-3> 111:6-8> 111:2-8> 175:1-2> 199:5-6>
207:8> 207:9-12> 215:11> 215:12> 219> 239:2-3> 354:7> 331> 343:5> 354:7>
258:7-8> 388:5> 392:1> kPd;tpw;wy; 47:9> 340:1-8> kPd; 91:3-8>127:4-5>
159:6-7> 195:1-2> 207:2-3>291:1-5> kPd; fhaitj;jy; 49:3-4> jpkpy; 11:6>
mk;gp 354:7> ,uTg;nghOJ kPd; Ntl;il 175> 215> 239> vwpAsp
388:3, J}z;by; Ks; 199:5-6> 207:9-12.

288
 2. FWe;.>– kPd; kw;Wk; tiyfs; 184:6> 123:5> 166> 304:1> 54:3-4>144:4-5>
160:1-2>166:1-3> 128:1-2> vwpAsp 304:1> J}z;by; Ks; 54:3-4>fstd;
(ez;L) 318:8.
3. Iq;.->kPd; 164:1-2>180:2-3> 278:1-3> 111:2-3 J}z;by; Ks; 278:1-3>
4. gjpw;W.> tpy; 30:9> kPd; Ntl;il 10.
5. fyp.> 85:22-23> 134:24-25> J}z;by; Ks; 85:22-24>fstd; (ez;L)
88:10.
6. mfk;.- tiy 10:10> 30:1-3> FOthf nry;Yjy; 30:3-8> 36-1-8> 70:3-
4> fhyKk; RoYk; 50:1> 100:5-7> 170:10-12> 187:23> 190:1-3> 210:1-6>
236:2> 240:4-7> 260:1-5 270:1-3> 300:1-3> 320:2-3> 340:14> glF 60:1-
3>Njhzp 50:1> mk;gp 187:23>Rwh120:10> J}z;by; Ks; 36-1-8>
fstd; (ez;L) 235:11> kPDf;F khw;whf ntz;nzy; 340:14.
7. Gwk;.>kPd; gpbj;jy; 24:3-4>fhyKk; RoYk; 343:5> 381:23-24> jpkpy;
60:1> 399:15-16> Njhzp 343:5> mk;gp 381:23-24> J}z;by; Ks; 399:15-
16>
8. rpWghz;. Eisau;> 156-158> kPd; 162-163.
9. ngUk;ghz;.>kPdtu; 263-268>274-284.
10. kJ.fh.>kPd; tpw;gtu; 255-256>319-320> 115> ngUkPd; 375-337.
11. gl;. kPd; gpbj;jy; 111-122>80-81>86-101> tiy cyu;j;Jjy; 83> 90-93>
197> J}z;by; Ks; 80-81> 90-93> tiyQu; 197.
12. kiygL.> 456-457>> J}z;by; Ks; 456-457.

Mepiu tsu;g;G
1. ew;.> 142> ,ilau; 169:6-7> 266:1> 266:3> 240:8-9> Nkhu; tpw;wy; 12:1-
4> ML 142:2-7.
2. FWe;.> ,ilau; 220:3-4> Mepiufis tsu;j;jy; 108> 344:3-5> ML
tsu;j;jy; 198> ntz;nza; cUf;Fjy; 58:5.
3. Iq;.> Nfhtyu; 304:1-2> 3:1-3.
4. gjpw;W.> Nfhtyu; 20:21-22.
5. fyp.> 6> 107:11-12> Mau; 110.
6. mfk;.> 14:7-11> 21:22> Mepiu 54:7-12> ,ilau; 274:8-9> Nfhtyu;
74:15-16> 354:3-5> japu; filjy; 87:1.
7. Gwk;.> 5:1-3> 54:11> 117:4-5> 166:19-22> 224:13-17> 385:2>390> 399> 264>
355:1-2> japiu ciua itj;jy; 276:4-5>; ntz;nza; cUf;Fjy;
152:27> gz;lkhw;W – japu;f; nfhLj;J ney;thq;Fjy; 33:2-6.

289
 8. ngUk;ghz;.> ,ilau; 156-160> 164-165> 166-168> japu; filjy; 149-
156> 175> 243 - 244> Nkhu; 229> nea; tpw;W fd;W thq;Fjy; 160 -
165.
9. Ky;.gh.> Nfhtyu; 12-16.
10. neLey;.> Nfhtyu; 3 – 8 Nka;j;jy; njhopYf;F ,ilA+whf
tUk; nts;sj;ij ntWj;jy; 22.
11. FwpQ;.> Nfhtyu; 221.
12. kiygL.> nrk;kwpahL> nts;shL $baf; fhl;rp 331.

Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;

1. ew;.> cotu; kfs; 97:9> 61:1> coT 22:1> 25:6> 121:1-2> 190:5-6> vU
,Ljy; 271:1-2> 343:3> 375> 315:4-5> 328:1-3> ehw;WeLjy; 60:1-9> 400:1-
2> jpidg;gapu; ghJfhg;G 134:3-5> 206:4-5> 13:3-4> 389:6-7> tpij 210:1-
4> ePz;l ney; tay; 400:1-2> gapu; Row;rp Kiw 294:9-10> jz;Zik
350> jl;il 134> ftz; 206> jpid mWtilf; fhyk; 373> jpid
386:2-3> 44:6-7> ntz;nzy; 183:1> Itdney; Fw;wy; 373:3-4> ney;yup
$u;ths; 195:5-6> fUk;G 39:11> 298:7> 366:7> vz;nza; Ml;Lk;
nrf;fu;fs; 238> cSe;J 89:4-6.

2. FWe;.> cotd; 131:5> nrk;kz; 40:4-5> tz;ly; kz; 238:3-4> fupry;

kz; 116:3-4> kzw;ghq;fhd kz; 281:1> 236:3> 299:3> 378:2> fspkz;
400:4-5> fisfis ePf;Fjy; 309:1> CLgapu; 82:4-5> tpijg;ngl;b
155> gapu;ghJfhg;G> jhfilf;Nfhy; nfhz;L ahidia tpul;ly; 357
(nQfpop - jhfilf;Nfhy;)> Fspu; 291> 360> tuF 282:1-2> fUk;G
35:3> 149:3> 180:3>198:2> 262:7> 267:2> 384:1> fjpu; mupe;j jhs; (tuF)
220:1-2> jpidg;Gdf; fhty; 198:1-2> 214:1> 141> jpid 214> 72:4>
mty; ,bj;jy; 238:1-3> gUj;jp 72:4-5> gr;irg;gapW 10:2> cSe;J
384:1> mtiu 82:3-4.

3. Iq;.> 270:1-3> nre;ney; 27> gapu; Row;rp Kiw 47:3> fUk;G 4:4> 12:1>
18:2> 55:1> 65:1> 87:2.
4. gjpw;W.> 28:7> 27:9> 66:18> gytifahd tpijfs; 76:11> rhyp ney;
29> Kle;ij ney; 32> fyg;ig 43:16> nfhs;S 75:11>

290
 nts;sj;jpidj; jLj;jy; 30:18-15> ney;ybj;jy; 71:4> fUk;G 13:3>
30:14> 50;:3> 75:6> 87:4.
5. fyp. ehQ;rpy; 8:5> 101:45-46> Vu; 136> fUk;G 40:28> 63:8> 64:14>
76:15> 112:6> 131:29> 143:32> Itd ney; Fw;wy; 40:3-5> 43:11-4>
6. gup.>20:62-63> fyg;ig 4:38> cotu; 6:9-10> 7:38-39> fUk;G 7:5> 19:34>
39.
7. mfk;.> 41:4-6> 26:23-25> coTj;njhopy; 126:11> vU ,Ljy; 165:4>
237:11-14> ePz;l ney; tay; 243:6-7>256:15> 294:9-10> ghJfhg;G
Kiwfs; 292:10-11> 392:1-3> ePu;gg
; hJfhg;G 252:12-13> 46:6-8>
fisfis ePf;Fjy; Jsu; 184:12-14> cotu; ngUq;fsk; 30:8-9>
nre;ney; 126> 61> jpid 28:3-5> tuF 194:9-12> 393:4-6> 393:11-12>
fUk;G 13:22> 114:4> 156:6> 217:4> 235:12> 237:11> 256:15> 302:10> 306:6>
346:7> mty; ,bj;jy; 141:17-18> 129:7-8> gr;irg;gapW 37:12> 262:1-4>
mtiu 294:9-11.

8. Gwk;.> Vu; 35> taiyr; nrg;gk; nra;jy; 61:1-3> ePz;l ney; tay;
61:7> 74:4> 120:3> 159:15-19> 168:3-8> 186:1-2> ehw;W tpLjy; 61: 1-2>
230:13> 335:4-12> 325:1> ney;yWj;jy; 13:10-11> 348:1-2> ePu;g;ghrdk;
nra;jy; 322:1> cOjy; 289:1-3> ePu;gg
; hJfhg;G 7:11-12> 18:18-21> 118:1-
2> 35:27-31> 385:8-9> 387:34-36> jpidg;Gdf; fhty; 159:16-17> jpid
159> 168> 333:8-9> tuF> nfhs;S 379> 384> 335> 197:12> 120:2> 215:1
jSk;G 61:3> mupg;giw 395> 396:3-4> ney; Fw;wy; 399:1-2>
ntz;nzy; 33> Itd ney; 159> msit 189> vs; 321:1-3> gapW
297:3> nfhs;S 15:5> 335:3-4> 392:10-11> fUk;G 16:5> 22:15> 24:13>
28:12> 35:10> 42:15> 99:2> 392:20-21> 384:2-3> 322:7> gUj;jp 393:12-13>
125:1.
9. nghUeu;.>75> cO nfhO 117>fUk;G 193> 216.
10. rpWghz;.> kUjepy tUzidfs; 178-185> 186 – 195.
11. ngUk;ghz;.> kUj epykf;fspd; njhopy; gz;G 206-246> Vu; cOjy;
243> khLfshy; epyj;ij kpjpj;jy;> epyj;ij kl;lg;gLj;Jjy; 253-
254> vU ,Ljy; 154> 255-256> 197-206>; fisfis ePf;Fjy; 212-213>
mty; ,bj;jy; 225-226> ney;yWj;jy; 230-231> ehw;W eLjy;
212>mWtil nra;jy; 228-240> fUk;G ,ae;jpuk; 259-262.
12. kJ.> fh.> kUj epykf;fspd; njhopy; gz;G> tskhd kz; 246-270>
Vu; cOjy; 259 -260> ePu;gg
; hJfhg;G 90-91> 93> 89-92> Vw;wk; 89>

291
 tl;b 94> tpise;j ney; 257 – 260> jpid 271-272> fUk;gpd;
ve;jpuk; 258-262.
13. FwpQ;.> jpidg;Gdf; fhty; kw;Wk; jpid 35- 39> 153> gapu;
ghJfhg;G 40-44.
14. neLey;.> Kw;wpa ney;.45.
15. Ky;.gh. fUk;G 32.
16. gl;.> 8> fUk;G 9> 162> 240>nre;ney; 13>ePu;g;ghJfhg;G 283-284>
17. kiygL.> kUj epykf;fspd; njhopy; gz;G 100-185> vs; 102-106>
fisfis ePf;Fjy; 122> fUk;G ,ae;jpuk; 341> cotu; ngUq;fsk;
454-464.

nerTj;njhopy;
1. ew;.> gUj;jp ngz;bu; 353:1-2> gUj;jp gapu; 247:3> 353:1-2>
fQ;rpapLjy; 90:1-2> rhak; 33:6> jioahil170:3-4> 359:4-6> 96:7-8>
64:4> gQ;rpid tpijapypUe;J gpupj;J vLj;jy; 247:3-4>
fQ;rpapLjy; 90:1-2> nre;Jtuhil 33:6.
2. FWe;.> fQ;rpapLjy; 330:1.
3. Iq;.> jioahil 256:1-2
4. gjpw;W.> gl;L Mil 12:21.
5. fyp.> jiyaiz 72:1-2> rhaNkw;wg;gl;l Mil 72:1>
fUe;Jtuhil 108:10> G+ Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; $ba Mil 56: 10-11>
111:3> 111:16-17.
6. gup.> cil 4:8.
7. mfk;.> gUj;jp gapu; 129:6-7> gQ;rpid tpijapypUe;J gpupj;J
vLj;jy; 133:6> Nkyhil 86> fQ;rpapLjy; 34:11> 387:6-7> Mil 86>
8. Gwk;.> gUj;jp ngz;bu; 326:4-5> 125:1> gUj;jp gapu; 299:1> 324:7>
326:5> Ez;zpa ,io 29:2> 159:4> 284:4.
9. Gwk;.> gUj;jp gapu; 299:1> 324:7> 326:5> 345:20> 392:15> 393:12-13>
E}y; 125> 326> nky;ypa Mil 393:17-18> 383:11-12> Mil 189:5>
fQ;rpapLjy; 311> fypq;fk; 383:12> ePyr; rhak; 274:1.
10. jpUKUF.> nky;ypa Mil 15> 131>138> Ez; Ntiyg;ghL 157>
gUj;jp E}y; 68.
11. nghUeu;.> nky;ypa Mil 82-83> gl;L 155.
12. rpWghz;.> E}y; nea;jy; 236> E}y; cwp 236.
13. ngUghz;.> Mil 175> nky;ypa Mil 469> gUj;jp E}y; 334.

292
 14. Ky;.gh.> Mil 66-67> rhak;.37.
15. FwpQ;.> jioahil 101 – 105.
16. kJ.fh.> gUj;jp 487-490> Nkyhil 431-433> 513> gUj;jp E}y; 640>
fypq;fk; 513> Glit 431 – 433> 513.
17. neLey;.> Ez;Ntiyg;ghL 157-163> rhak; 159.
18. gl;.> gl;L.107.
19. kiygL.> 561> fypq;fk; 561.

fl;llj; njhopy;
1. FWe;.> Nky; $iu 254:7> nrq;fy; tPL 29> kid 29.
2. Iq;.> nrq;fy; tPL 60> eLfy; 352:1-2.s
3. gjpw;W.> muz;kid thapy; 12:7> 88.
4. gup.> neLefu; 8:1-5.
5. fyp.> coT 8:4> 35:17> 90:19> 96.
6. mfk;.> Nky; $iu 172:9> nrq;fy; tPL 384:13> nrq;fy; tPL 370:5>
nrq;fy; Nfhapy; 296> Rz;zg; nghb. 167> khspif 15> 93:12>
167:4> neLefu; 93> 167> 176:20> 385:5.
7. Gwk;.> nrq;fy; tPL 47:4> neLefu; 68> 70> 378> 23:9-10> 176:20> 177>
287> 390:7> 53:3.
8. ngUk;ghz;.> Nky; $iu 88> 264> 150> 51-52 nrq;fy; tPL 405>
khlq;fs; 322> 333> 348> 369 – 370> 402 – 411.
9. FwpQ;.> Nky; $iu 158.
10. Ky;.gh.> muz;kidf; fhg;gsu; 60 – 66.
11. kJ.fh.> Nky; $iu 310> nrq;fy; tPL 112> khlk; 429> 406> 451>
357 – 359> neLefu; 169> muz;kid thapy; 65> 352 - 356>
Nguitfs; 759 – 762.
12. gl;.> neLefu; 111> 261> khlk; 285> 142-145.
13. neLey;.> epyj;ij Nju;T nra;gtu;fs; 76-79> khlq;fs; 110-111> 60-
63> neLefu; 49> muz;kid thapy; 84 – 88> 72 – 114.
14. kiygL.> khlk; 484.

293
jr;Rj; njhopy;
1. ew;.> kuj;jr;R 12> 18> kuf;fyd;fs; 189> 299> Xtpak; 182:2.
2. FWe;.> kuj;jr;R> Nju; 45:1> 61:1> nghd; jfLfshy; mikf;fg;gl;l
Nju; 205:1-3.
3. fyp.> kuj;jhy; nra;j ghid> ghit 59:5-6.
4. mfk;.> kuj;jr;R> Nju; 234:8.
5. Gwk;.> kuj;jr;R 206:11-12> Nju; 87:3> 206:11-12> 290:4-5.
6. gjpw;W.> Xtpak; 88:28.
7. gup.> kuj;jr;R Nju; 6:35> Xtpak; 19:48-52> 21:29.
8. rpWghz;.> kuj;jr;R> Nju; 252 - 258> 246 – 261>
9. ngUk;ghz;.> kuj;jr;R> ngUe;jr;ru;> 247> rflk; 46-50> 248-249.
10. neLey;.> kuj;jr;R fl;by; 115-123> fjT 80-86> fy;jr;R 76-79>
xtpak; 113 – 115> 145> 147.
11. kiygL.> kuj;jr;R> Nju; 323-324.
12. kJ.fh.> kuj;jr;R> ehtha; 83-84> 352-356> Xtpak; 484-485.
13. gl;.> kuj;jr;R> ehtha; 173-175.

nfhy;yu; njhopy;
1. ew;.> ,Uk;G 133:9-11> 249:1> ,Uk;igf; fha;r;Rjy; 13:3-9> 125:3-4>
ePiu Cw;Wjy; 133:7-11> nghd; 313:1-3> 25:3-4> 166:1> 124:7>
nghd;Diuf;fy; 25:3-4> jiyazp 86:5-7> ifazpfs; 77:9-10>
tpuyzp 188:3-4> fhyzp 110:45> nts;sp 124:6-7> nrk;G 153:2-3>
363:4-6.
2. FWe;.> ,Uk;G 92:5> ciyf;fyk; 12:1> 172:6> 198:4> 392:5> nghd;
155:4> nghd; Ngiw 233:3> Gypg;gy; jhyp 161:3> nghw;fhRfshy;
Nfhu;ff; g;gl;l khu;gzpfs; 67:3> 104:2>
3. Iq;.> ,ilazp 316:1.
4. gjpw;W.> ,Uk;G 74:14-15> nghd; 30:13> 34:2> 64:2> jiyazp 45:1>
fOj;jzp 16:15-16.
5. gup.> ,Uk;G ths;.7:57-58> nghd; 12:87> 21:18> jq;fj;ijr; Rj;jk;
nra;jy; 12:87> 21:18.
6. fyp.> ,Uk;G> Nty; 120:17> nghd; CJiy 85:1> El;g
Ntiyg;ghLfs; 25> jiyazp 81:23> tpuyzp 84:22-23> ,ilazp
85:3-4> fj;jp 64:21> tae;jfk; xU tif mzp 79.

294
 7. mfk;.> ,Uk;G 72:3-6> 81> 202:5-8> 224:2-3> 198> 123:8-10> rhidf;fy;
356:10> nghd; 282:1-10> fhyzp 321:15> nts;sp 142:16-17.
8. Gwk;.> ,Uk;G 21:7> ,Uk;Gj; jfL 36:7> 95:5> neLNty; 180:1> 312:3>
ciyf;fyk; 170:17> nghd; 218:1-4> 11:17-18> 40:3-4> 126:1-3>
itukzpfs; nra;gtu;fs; 28:1-4.
9. jpUKUF.> ,Uk;G 78> nghd;>126:1-3>40:3-4> jiyazp 23-25> 83-84>
fOj;jzp 104> fhjzp 86.
10. nghUeu;.> ,Uk;G> fj;jpupif 29> nfhO 117> mupths; 242> nghd;.
fOj;jzp 161-162.
11. rpWghz;.> ,Uk;G 257> 193> csp 52> nghd; fOj;jzp 26> fhjzp
30>
12. ngUk;ghz;.> ,Uk;G 436 – 440> 90-91> 206-208> 436-440 nghd; 220-
225> nghd;Diuf;fy; 220-225> jiyazp 485> fhjzpfs; 161> 312-
316.
13. kJ.fh.> ,Uk;G 382 – 383> 635> 636> 637> nghd;> nghd;id
neUg;gpy; cUf;Fjy;> 512> nghd; khw;W mwpjy; 513> fOj;jzp
681>715> 569> fhjzpfs; 139-140> 709> nrk;G 779 – 780> 514.
14. neLey;.> tpuyzp 143> 144> fhjzpfs; 139-140.
15. Ky;;.gh.> ,Uk;G 35> 59> nghd; jiyKb (ftrk;) 76.
16. FwpQ;.> fOj;jzp 121- 122.
17. kiygL.> nghd; 440.

kz;ghz;lk; nra;jy;
1. ew;.> kz;ghid 12:1> Fatd; 200> KJFatd; 293> kz;
nghUl;fs; (jRk;G – japu; nfhz;L te;j jRk;G) 33:3.
2. gjpw;W.> fyd;fs; 42:10-22.
3. fyp. kz; nghUl;fs; (kz;fy kz;il) 106:2.
4. mfk;.> jhopfs;. 165:11> 308:6> 369:6> kz;ghid 77:7-8.
5. Gwk;.> jhop 200:4> 237:7> 256:1> 228:2-4> nre;jhop 238:1> 256> kz;
nghUl;fs; (rhb) 297:6> fyk; 32:8-9> fUq;fyd; 322:5> 168:9> kz;
nghUl;fs; (kz;fy kz;il) 103:3.
6. ngUk;ghz;.> fyd;fs; 56> 377> kz;ghidfs; 99.
7. Ky;.gh.> xU tifg; ghj;jpuk; (fd;dy;) 57.
8. neLey;.> xU tifg; ghj;jpuk; (fd;dy;) 66.
9. kiygL.> 474 - 475> RoYk; rf;fuk; 247.

295
 gpd;dpizg;G 2

,ay; - 1

cg;G tpistpj;jy; Nfhop tsh;j;jy;

,ay; - 2

Ntl;ilj; njhopy;

khid Ntl;ilahly;

296
 Gypia Ntl;ilahLjy; ahidiag; gpbj;Jg; gof;Fjy;

kPd; gpbj;njhopy;

tiyia tPRjy; tiyia cyu;j;Jjy;

neLq;fapw;wpy; mike;j tiyfs; J}z;by; Ks; gad;ghL

297
 Mepiutsh;j;jy;

,ay; - 3

Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;

Vu; cOjy; rhy; coT

Vw;wk; ,iwj;jy; ehw;W vLj;jy;

298
elT eLjy; tpise;j new;gapu;

Ntshz; fUtpfs;

kuf;fyg;ig ,Uk;Gf; (nfhO) fyg;ig

jSk;G (guk;Gg; gyif) ePu; ,iwj;jy;

299
 Fak;ths; (mupths;)

,ay; - 4

nerTj; njhopy;

ifj;jwpapy; nea;jy; gl;Lj;Jzp

fl;ll tiffs;

ghuk;gupaf; fl;llq;fs;

300
 jr;Rj; njhopy;

cspfs; ku ,iog;Gsp

fy; jr;Rr; rpw;gq;fs; $u; cspfs;

nfhy;yd; njhopy;

,Uk;Gf; nfhy;yu; nghd; nfhy;yu;

301
 nghd;id cUf;Fjy; / rupnra;jy;

kz; ghz;lk; nra;jy;

RoYk; (tPy;) rf;fuk;

mLg;G> rl;b> ghid Kjyhd kz;ghz;lg; nghUl;fs;

302
 ,ay; - 5

Ntl;ilj; Jg;ghf;fp (JKf;fp)> lhu;r;rp (tpsf;F) gad;ghL

Crp> kzp tpw;wy;> G+idg; ngl;b fPupg;gps;isf; fz;zp

etPd kPd; gpbf;fUtpfs; / ,ae;jpu Nghl;Lfs; (glFfs;)

303
etPd ,ae;jpug; ghy;fwf;Fk; fUtp / gz;iz khLk; fd;Wk;

etPdj; jPtdq;fisf; nfhz;L fhy;eilfisg; guhkupj;jy;

kugZkhw;w khLfs;

304
 etPd Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;

rpW ,ae;jpu cOfUtp / ngupa ,ae;jpu cOfUtp (buhf;lu;)

,ae;jpu elT kpd; Nkhl;lhu; ePu; ghrdk;

nrhl;LePu;g; ghrdk; mWtil ,ae;jpuk;

305
 G+r;Rf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs;

G+r;R kUe;J njspj;jy; gapu;g; ghJKiwfs;

etPd nerTj; njhopy;

306
etPd nerTj; jwpfs;

etPd nerTj; jwpfs;

307
etPdfl;llj; njhopy;

fhk;Nghrpl; fl;llq;fs;

308
 etPdj; jr;Rf; fUtpfs;

Mf;fpW ,Uk;G ,iog;Gsp

rpw;gj;ij nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; cg;Gj;jhs; 2> 3> 4 mq;Fy csptiffs;

mr;R thu;f;fg;gl;l (Nkhy;bq;) fspkz; njhopy;

309