Bond N E W   E DITION

11+ Test Papers

Non-verbal
Reasoning
Standard
The secrets of 11+ success

Text © Andrew Baines 2007

Original illustrations © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2007
The right of Andrew Baines to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London,
EC1N 8TS.
Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
First published in 2003 by:
Nelson Thornes Ltd
This edition published in 2007 by:
Nelson Thornes Ltd, Delta Place, 27 Bath Road
CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH, United Kingdom
07  08  09  10  11  /  10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2 
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7487 8494 3
Page make-up by Wearset Ltd
Printed and bound in Croatia by Zrinski
Published by Nelson Thornes. Nelson Thornes is a Wolters Kluwer company, and is not
associated in any way with NFER-Nelson.

01_NVR_ST_secrets869.indd 1 8/8/07 12:38:57

 The secrets of 11+ success in non-verbal reasoning

How 11+ exams work Tutors’ top tips for 11+ success
Approaching 11+ exams for the first time can be a Find out what exams your child will sit but don’t
daunting experience. They are unlike any other agonise over ‘school gate gossip’. Find out what
school exam your child will take for several reasons: the exams are and get the advice that the
secondary schools give out, but don’t waste your
There’s no pass mark. Success or failure energy following rumours about what the pass
depends on your child’s performance relative to mark is or exactly which questions will come up.
the performance of other children sitting the test. It’s better to spend your time helping your child.
The pass mark can vary from year to year and
from school to school. It’s always worth practising. Whatever
secondary schools say, it’s worth it. Children can
They can’t be retaken. There is no second improve their performance by 10–15 per cent by
chance with the 11+ so it all rests on your child’s careful practice.
performance on the day.
Start early if you can, but don’t worry if you
There’s no national syllabus. 11+ exams vary haven’t. Ideally it is best to start preparation for
from area to area, and often from town to town. the 11+ exam at least one year ahead. However,
Often schools are extremely unwilling to give out don’t panic if you don’t have that much time;
any information about the content of the exams. even a few weeks can make a difference.

It’s often impossible to see past papers. This Make a simple action plan. However long you’ve
varies from area to area but the actual papers got, have a clear, simple strategy. There are two
usually remain a closely guarded secret. key principles:
– start from your child’s present level of
Selective schools give out very little advice. It is
knowledge
common for selective schools to give out only
the vaguest advice to parents when approaching – help your child to learn from their mistakes.
the exam and to discourage very much practice. The Parents’ Stress-free Guide to the 11+
provides a set of ready-made action plans you
All these factors make preparing a child for the 11+ a
can use, whether you have two years or just a
mysterious and often stressful process for parent
few weeks to go.
and child alike. The most common question parents
ask about using practice tests is ‘What percentage Motivation, motivation, motivation! You have to
does my child need to get to pass?’ Unfortunately take your child with you on this journey. A simple
there’s no easy answer to this but we can give rewards system can be highly effective. The
guidance. (See ‘What a score means and how to Parents’ Stress-free Guide to the 11+ can
boost it’ on page 4.) The second most common provide a tried and tested motivational system if
question is ‘How can I help them improve?’ The you want one.
following sections give our tutors’ top tips to help
Don’t just practise. There’s a tendency to think
your child through the 11+ process and boost their
that just practising one paper after another will
scores. We strongly recommend that you think about
do the trick. It’s far more important to learn from
purchasing at least two of the Bond books mentioned
mistakes. Going through the paper afterwards
inside the front cover. These are:
with your child and filling in the gaps in learning
The Parents’ Stress-free Guide to the 11+. The is crucial.
essential manual that provides a simple and Stay calm, manage stress, build confidence.
practical 4-step system for making the most of Don’t talk about the 11+ all the time. Use breaks,
11+ preparation. treats and bite-sized learning sessions to keep
things fresh. Be realistic about your child’s
How to do … 11+ Non-verbal Reasoning. All the
potential. Pass or fail, it’s important to try to make
question types in these tests are fully explained
this process a positive one.
in this guide to 11+ non-verbal reasoning.
Manage the exam day. Make sure that you have
everything ready for the day, that your child tries
to get a good night’s sleep, eats breakfast and
gets there in good time.

01_NVR_ST_secrets869.indd 2 8/8/07 12:38:58

 How and when to use these tests These question types test understanding and
recognition of shape and pattern. They rely on the
It’s best to use them as real exam practice. ability to:
These tests are mock exams. They are set out in
a style as close as possible to the real thing – find shapes that are similar or different
though the format will vary from area to area. It is sort given shapes or symbols according to their
best to use them as authentic exam experience common features.
quite close to the exams rather than for general
practice, and to have practised non-verbal
reasoning questions first, using Bond’s Papers. Group 2: Missing shapes
Follow the instructions in the answers booklet on
4 Find shapes that complete a sequence.
timings and administering the tests.
5 Find a given part within a shape.
What’s in a non-verbal reasoning 6 Find a missing shape from a pattern.
exam?
These question types also test understanding of
Non-verbal reasoning is not a subject that your child shape and pattern. They rely on the ability to:
will study as part of their school curriculum, but it is
dependent on a set of core skills integral to maths, identify and apply a rule
science, design and technology. It does not rely on see shapes within shapes and patterns within
literacy skills: all the questions are in pictorial or patterns
diagrammatic form.
make deductions from given sets of objects or
The exact scope and content of an 11+ non-verbal symbols.
reasoning test will differ across UK regions, but a
typical paper will test your child’s ability to:
Group 3: Rotating shapes
process graphic or pictorial information
7 Recognise mirror images.
apply logical thinking and problem-solving skills
8 Link nets to cubes.
understand how objects relate to each other in
space (spatial awareness) The principles of reflection and rotation of shapes
form the basis of a range of non-verbal reasoning
find and follow patterns and rules question types. These question types test:

apply maths skills: rotation, reflection and understanding of symmetry

symmetry
knowledge of 3-D shapes
work systematically.
spatial awareness.
All non-verbal reasoning questions can be
categorised into four main groups and a set of 10
question types. These papers practise most of the
Group 4: Coded shapes and logic
types; some, which are rarely set in 11+ exams, are   9 Code and decode shapes.
not included here for lack of space, but are practised
in the range of Bond’s Third, Fourth and Fifth papers 10 Apply shape logic.
in Non-verbal Reasoning. You will find a full
These question types test understanding of shape
explanation of all the non-verbal reasoning question
and logic skills. They rely on your ability to:
types in How to do … 11+ Non-verbal Reasoning.
think systematically and make deductions
Group 1: Identifying shapes find and apply a given rule
1 Recognise shapes that are similar and different.
identify common features
2 Identify shapes and patterns.
see shapes within shapes.
3 Pair up shapes.

01_NVR_ST_secrets869.indd 3 8/8/07 12:38:59

 angles
What a score means and how to
boost it reflection

For the reasons given above it is impossible to say lines of symmetry

that a certain score can guarantee a pass in the
rotation
actual exams. However, we suggest that a score of
85% (51/60) would be a standard to aim at, without 3-D shapes.
using this as a benchmark to frighten your child with.
The best motivator is to see the scores going 2 Play games that develop non-verbal reasoning
up.  Here are some tried and tested tips for skills. Playing games and solving puzzles are
improvement: two of the best ways to improve observation and
reasoning skills as well as to develop spatial
Go over any incorrect answers. Always go over awareness. Children are often more receptive to
incorrect answers so that your child can see learning and developing skills when they don’t
what went wrong. To help with this process, each realise that’s what they’re doing!
answer in these test papers is explained and also
has an individual tutorial reference icon: B 3  . The following games and puzzles will prove
This icon links to the relevant section in How to helpful:
do … 11+ Non-verbal Reasoning so your child
Complete jigsaws and sliding-piece puzzles
can read more about the question type and
(complex pictures and numerous pieces will
complete more practice questions if needed.
create more of a challenge).
Practise what you can’t do. Do all the practice
Work out ‘spot the difference’ puzzles (the
you can at the questions you find hard.
more detail in an image, the greater the skills
Use the Next Steps Planner inside the front test).
cover. This will provide a plan for what to do next
Decipher visual brainteasers – try one a day
when a test has been marked.
over breakfast.
Improve basic exam technique. Work on
Play tiling games involving tetrominoes (e.g.
improving speed, working efficiently – coming
Tetris) or pentominoes (e.g. Katamino). These
back to trickier questions later – and pacing over
types of puzzles are widely available for most
the 30 minutes.
games consoles and are often found on
Follow the golden rules above! mobile phones. They promote spatial
awareness and can also support your child’s
understanding of key maths concepts:
Skills and games to help with rotation, symmetry, nets, area, perimeter and
non-verbal reasoning volume.

In order to be successful at non-verbal reasoning Unravel other maths-based logic puzzles that
there are a set of invaluable background skills to can help to develop spatial awareness as well
practise. These are the ability to: as strengthen basic maths abilities (e.g.
Sudoku and Kakuro).
think logically
Assemble 3-D interlocking or shape-building
analyse images puzzles and construct 3-D modelling kits.
spot common links, patterns, differences and Solve dissection puzzles such as tangrams.
rules These Chinese puzzles encourage spatial
relate objects to space awareness and problem-solving skills
because they consist of seven geometric
work systematically. shapes that, when put together correctly, form
a rectangle or a square. They can also be
1 Reinforce key maths concepts. A number of positioned in various outlines to form other
non-verbal reasoning question types are shapes (e.g. an animal or a person). Ready-
underpinned by some key maths skills, so it made tangram sets are widely available or you
will be extremely beneficial to strengthen your can have fun together making your own out of
child’s understanding in these areas. In stiff card.
particular, your child needs to be comfortable
working with: Crack a Rubik’s cube!

01_NVR_ST_secrets869.indd 4 8/8/07 12:38:59

 Bond N E W   E DITION
11+ Test Papers
Non-verbal
Reasoning
Standard – Notes / Answers

This booklet contains:

advice on how to administer the tests
answers
tutors’ explanations for every answer
links to How to do … 11+ Non-verbal Reasoning

Text © Andrew Baines, Nelson Thornes 2007

Original illustrations © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2007
The right of Andrew Baines to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London,
EC1N 8TS.
Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
First published in 2003 by:
Nelson Thornes Ltd
This edition published in 2007 by:
Nelson Thornes Ltd, Delta Place, 27 Bath Road
CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH, United Kingdom
07  08  09  10  11  /  10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2 
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7487 8494 3
Page make-up by Wearset Ltd
Printed and bound in Croatia by Zrinski
Published by Nelson Thornes. Nelson Thornes is a Wolters Kluwer company, and is not
associated in any way with NFER-Nelson.

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 1 8/8/07 12:39:42

 How to administer the tests

What do you need? 1. Ask your child to work through the example and

practice questions for all of the sections in the test
A quiet, well-lit place to sit the test. booklet at their own speed. They should then look at
A stock of pencils. the ‘Answers and explanations’, to ensure that they
A pencil sharpener and an eraser. understand how to solve the practice questions for
Blank paper for rough working. each section.
A clock or timer.
2. Tell your child to go back to Section 1 and begin
Before you start the test questions. They should continue on to the
next sections until they have finished all of the test
Try to provide a calm yet formal atmosphere in which your
questions in the test booklet, or until 30 minutes have
child can take the test. It is important that you recreate
passed. As there are five sections in the test booklet,
the real test as closely as possible, so try to ensure your
inform your child that they will have six minutes for
child has an appropriate work space and no distractions.
each section. When the time is up, if they have not
Choose a time to do a test when your child is rested and
finished all of the questions, they should draw a line
relaxed.
at the point they have reached. They can always
Standard tests ask children to fill in, write or circle continue after the time to get more practice, or else
answers on the test paper itself. Therefore, when reading leave the remaining questions for another time.
the front page of the test paper with your child, point
Encourage them to think about whether they should try
out the importance of answering carefully and crossing
to speed up, or to work more carefully, depending on
or rubbing out any altered answers clearly. Ensure that
how they finish the paper.
enough rough paper is available for working out answers;
they should not use the empty space on the paper for
workings. Marking and feedback
Allow 30 minutes per test. On average, they will have just The answers that follow should be given one mark. Do
over 30 seconds to answer each question, so encourage not take marks away for wrong answers, but do not
them to move on from questions they are stuck on before award half marks. You will end up with a score out of 60.
too much time is wasted. Your child may find it helpful to Use the chart below as a guide for turning the score into
put a cross in pencil by questions that have been missed a percentage. 51/60 equals the target score of 85% (see
out so that they can be quickly spotted later on. Remind ‘The secrets of 11+ success in non-verbal reasoning’
them that they can always go back at the end if they have booklet).
time left.
Marks 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
In order to provide an authentic test experience, this % 17 25 33 42 50 58 67 75 83 92
paper should be set in sections, as follows:
After marking, follow these steps:
1. Go to Section 1 of the test booklet and work through Go over any incorrect answers. Always go over
the example with your child. Your child should then incorrect answers so that your child can see what
try the two practice questions; give them the correct went wrong. To help with this process, each answer
answers when they have finished and discuss any in these test papers is explained and also has an
difficulties with them. Explanations of how to do individual tutorial reference icon: B 3 . This icon
the practice questions are found in the ‘Answers links to the relevant section in How to do … 11+
and explanations’. Your child should then complete Non-verbal Reasoning so your child can read more
Section 1. They have six minutes for this section. about the question type and complete more practice
When the time is up they should stop writing. If they questions if needed.
have not finished, draw a line at the point they have
reached. You can always allow them to continue Use the Next Steps Planner inside the front cover.
after the time to get more practice, or else leave the This will provide a plan for what to do next when a
remaining questions for another time. test has been marked.

2. Proceed through the other sections in the same way.

If you do not wish to sit with your child through this

process, adopt the following procedure:

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 2 8/8/07 12:39:42

 Answers and explanations
Please refer to this diagram if you need help visualising the  5 c Step 1 The size of the shape is reduced.
different angles that are referred to in some of the answer Step 2 An identical shape is added to the left and
explanations below. shaded black.
0   6 d The solid outline of the shape is changed to a dotted
315° 45° line and a larger solid outine of the shape is added to
the outside.
  7 e Step 1 The shape is rotated 180°.
Step 2 The solid lines in the centre of the shape are
270° 90° changed to dotted lines.
  8 c Areas shaded black become unshaded and unshaded
areas become striped.
225° 135°   9 a Step 1 The shape is reflected vertically (flipped to the
right).
180°
Test 1
Section 1
B 3

Practice 1 Step 2 The solid lines that form the left-hand side of the
e The shaded inner shape becomes unshaded and the shape and the central section are changed to
unshaded inner shape becomes shaded. dotted lines.
Practice 2 10 a The shape is rotated 180°.
b The right-hand side of the shape becomes indented. 11 b Step 1 The shape is repeated.
  1 e The larger shape remains the same; however, the Step 2 The inner shape is repeated and placed above
smaller outer shape is removed. the outer shape.
  2 b The top halves of both shapes are removed. Step 3 The inner shape becomes striped.
  3 a Step 1 The shape is rotated 90° anticlockwise. 12 a The shape is rotated 90° clockwise and the areas with
black shading become unshaded.

Section 2
B 2

Step 2 The shape is copied, reflected horizontally Practice 1

(flipped over) and attached to the bottom. b The pattern is a hammer shape with no base and a
rectangular head.
Practice 2
d The inner shape is a square. The outer shape has one
right angle (90°) and is a mixture of straight and curved
lines.
Step 3 The shading on the bottom half of the shape is   1 b The total of all of the sides of the inner shapes is 10.
reversed so that the shaded sections become   2 a The dotted line of symmetry divides the shape in half
clear and the clear sections become shaded. with the bottom half being the reflection (or mirror
image) of the top half.
  3 d Step 1 The inner shapes are a circle inside a rectangle,
with the circle touching the sides of the
rectangle.
Step 2 The outer shape has four sides.
Step 4 The entire central square becomes unshaded.
  4  d The total of all of the sides of the inner shapes is 12.
  5 a Both shapes are identical in size and shape.
  6 a Each triangle has a small, a medium and a large
version of the same shape. The smallest shape is
unshaded and the medium and largest shapes are
 4 a Step 1 The shape is rotated 90°. shaded.
  7 b The shapes have horizontal lines of symmetry:

Step 2 A larger outline of the shape is added to the

outside.  8 c The shape is made up of an unshaded right-angled
triangle and a diagonally striped triangle that does not
have a right angle.
  9 d The composition of the shape is:
• two boxes with crosses
• one box shaded black
Step 3 The hexagon is changed to a rectangle and sits • five unshaded boxes
only in the inner shape. • four boxes with dots
• four boxes with stripes
10 c Step 1 A small square is inside a larger square.
Step 2 A circle is inside a pentagon.
Step 3 The pentagon and larger square overlap.

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 3 8/8/07 12:39:47

 11 a Step 1 A shape has a smaller version of the same   3 c Step 1 A black square is added to a corner each time
shape inside. in an anticlockwise direction.
Step 2 The shapes have four sides with a small square
at each corner.
Step 3 The corner squares are positioned behind the
larger shape.
12 c Step 1 The pattern inside the box (shown as a smiley Step 2 The number of small black dots increases by
face in the first shape) has a vertical line of one each time as they move around the edges
symmetry. of the shape in an anticlockwise direction.

The missing box must have two black squares and two
Step 2 The first horizontal line is in the same position in dots on the sloping edge:
each box.
Step 3 The second horizontal line is in the same
position and extends over the two vertical lines
of the box border.
  4 a This sequence has two alternating patterns. Each
Section 3 pattern follows the same rule.
B 4
Step 1 In the first pattern the contents of box 1 rotate
180° to form box 3. The contents of box 3 rotate
Practice 1 180° to form box 5.
e The sequence is two pictures that alternate.

1 3 5
Step 2 In the second pattern box 4 must have been
formed by the contents of box 2 being rotated
Practice 2 180°.
a The number of stars and the number of solid straight
edges increase by one each time.
  1 b Step 1 The outer shape alternates between a pentagon
and a square.
Step 2 The inner shape changes with each step in the
sequence: each shape has one more side than 2 4
the previous shape.   5 b Step 1 The arrow moves 135° in a clockwise direction.
  2 b Step 1 The number of small rectangles on the box
borders is reduced by one each time.

Step 2 The bottom trapezium (▲❙❙❙❙▲) is always shaded
black.
Step 2 The inner square loses one side in an Step 3 The central square alternates: boxes 1, 3 and 5
anticlockwise direction each time. show the same shading and boxes 2 and 4
show the same shading.
1 3 5

Step 3 A line is added to the centre of the box each
time in an anticlockwise direction. It eventually
forms a cross. 2 4
Step 4 The striped trapezium moves anticlockwise.
When it reaches the bottom position it is hidden
because this trapezium is always black (see
Step 2).
Step 4 The number of corner points increases by one
each time. These are added in an anticlockwise
direction.

Step 5 The small circle moves clockwise but when it
reaches the bottom position it is hidden (see
above).
 s it is the fourth in the sequence, the missing box
A
must have one rectangle, one side of the square, three
lines of the cross and three corner points:

The missing box must therefore look like this:

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 4 8/8/07 12:39:54

   6 a Step 1 The number of black arrows starts at two, goes 11 b Each box rotates a quarter turn (90°) anticlockwise to
down one each time until zero, then the form the next box.
sequence begins again starting at three. 12 c The two shapes in one box swap positions in the next
Step 2 The middle arrow alternates from being shorter box, i.e., the large outer shape becomes the small inner
than the others to being the same length. shape and the small inner shape becomes the large
Step 3 The number of black dots increases by one outer shape.
each time. The missing box must therefore contain a large outer
As it is the fifth in the sequence, the missing box must square with a smaller inner shape.
have two black arrows, a short middle arrow and four
black dots:
Section 4
B 9

Practice 1
  7 d Step 1 The diagonal cross alternates in size. d First letter: represents the inner shape.
   (nothing)
R S
Second letter: represents the outer shape.

Step 2 The horizontal line alternates in length from one
box to the next. The vertical line remains the
same length. X Y
Step 3 The shading moves towards the centre one The answer is SY because there is no inner shape (S)
square at a time, then moves back out one and the outer shape is a circle (Y).
square at a time. Practice 2
a First letter: represents the outer shape.

As it is the fifth in the sequence, the missing box must P Q
have a shorter diagonal cross, a longer horizontal line,
and a shaded outer square: Second letter: represents the number of inner lines:
E = 2
F = 1
G = 0
The answer is QE because the outer shape is a
hexagon (Q) and there are two inner lines (E).
  8 b The stripes in each section of the shape rotate 45°   1 b First letter: represents the position of the arrows.
clockwise each time.
  9 e The boxes are grouped into pairs.
1 2 3

L M N
Second letter: represents whether the arrows are bold
(F) or not (G).
Step 1 Each pair has one more dollar sign ($) and The answer is NF because the arrows are directly
one more pound sign (£) than the preceding opposite each other (N) and are bold (F).
pair.   2 b First letter: represents the angle of the bar.
Step 2 The first box of each pair is rotated 180° to form
the second box of that pair.

$ $ $ $ $ $ S T U
£
££ ££
££ ££ ££ Second letter: represents the number of shaded
£ ££
$ $ $
sections:
As it is the fourth in the sequence, the missing box C = 2 sections
must have two dollar signs in the bottom of the box and D = 3 sections
three inverted pound signs as shown above. E = 1 section
10 b Step 1 Each box contains a different set of shapes. The The answer is TC because the bar is tilted to the right
three linked shapes are always on a diagonal (T) and has two shaded sections (C).
from top right to bottom left.   3 c First letter: represents the shaded inner shape.
Step 2 The pattern alternates so that the striped

shapes become clear and the clear shapes
D E F
become striped.
Step 3 The middle shape alternates from being in front Second letter: represents the number of squares.
of the other two shapes to being behind them.
As it is the third in the sequence, the missing box must
have two striped circles sitting diagonally from top right
to bottom left and the middle circle must be behind the
other two: X Y Z
The answer is EY because the shaded inner shape is a
circle (E) and there is only one square (Y).
  4 e First letter: represents whether the arrow is pointing up
(A) or down (B).

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 5 8/8/07 12:39:59

 Second letter: represents the shading of the circles: 12 c First letter: represents whether the shading is striped
G = inner circle clear, outer circles shaded (I), light grey (J) or black (K).
H = inner circle shaded, outer circles clear Second letter: represents which segment is shaded.
The answer is BH because the arrow is pointing down
(B) and the inner circle is shaded but the outer circles
are clear (H).
  5 e First letter: represents whether the two shapes at the
ends of the line are the same (S) or different (T). T
T U
U V
V W
W
Second letter: represents whether the shapes have a The answer is JW because the shading is light grey (J)
pattern inside them and are joined by a vertical line (K) and the lower left segment is shaded (W).
or whether they are empty and joined by a horizontal
line (J).
The answer is SK because the two shapes are the
Section 5
same (S), they have a pattern inside them and are B 6
joined by a vertical line (K). Practice 1
  6 a First letter: represents the outer shape. d The bottom row is a horizontal reflection (flipped over
version) of the top row.
Practice 2
e Each row has one of each of the three shapes.
  1 e Step 1 Each box in a row has the same central shape:
X Y Z Top Row = circle
Middle Row = triangle
Second shape: represents whether the inner symbol is Bottom Row = square
? (L) or ! (M). Step 2 The top half of each shape is unshaded and the
The answer is XM because the outer shape is a bottom half is shaded.
hexagon (X) and the inner symbol is an exclamation Step 3 The lines are the same for each box in a
mark (M). column:
  7 d First letter: represents whether the shape: Left column = 1 vertical line ( | )
• is empty and sits vertically (J) Middle column = 1 diagonal line from top right
• contains a line and sits horizontally (K) to bottom left (/)
• contains a line and sits vertically (L). Right column = 2 diagonal lines from top right
Second letter: represents whether the shape is small to bottom left (//) and 1 diagonal line from top
(R) or large (S). left to bottom right (\)
The answer is KS because the shape contains a line The missing box must contain a square with the top
and sits horizontally (K) and is large in size (S). half unshaded, two diagonal lines from top right to
  8 b First letter: represents the direction of the arrow. bottom left and one line from top left to bottom right:

D E F G

Second letter: represents whether the inner bar is   2 b The shape from the first box in a row is rotated 90°
shaded (R) or unshaded (S). clockwise.
The answer is ER because the arrow is pointing to the   3 a Step 1 The largest shape in the first box in each row is
left (E) and the inner bar is shaded (R). rotated 180° and then shaded.
  9 b First letter: represents the shape of the lines.

H I J

Second letter: represents the size of each shape in a pair: Step 2 The smaller version of the same shape
V = different sizes increases in size and is rotated 180°.
W = same size
The answer is IV because each shape is a reversed S
(I) and the two shapes are different sizes (V).
10 c First letter: represents the position of the square:
C = top left
D = bottom right Step 3 The thickness of the lines does not change from
E = centre the box on the left to the box on the right.
Second letter: represents whether the diagonal line is Step 4 The smallest shape increases in size slightly
thin (F) or thick (G). and links the other two shapes.
The answer is DG because the square is located in the The missing box must therefore look like this:
bottom right (D) and the line is thick (G).
11 c First letter: represents the outer shape.

J K   4 d The shapes in the top row are reflected horizontally
Second letter: represents the inner symbol. (flipped over) and the solid lines that form the letters
become dashed.
?

R S T
The answer is KR because the outer shape is a
rectangle (K) and the inner symbol is an arrow (R).

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 6 8/8/07 12:40:03

   5 c Step 1 The objects in the box in the first column are Step 3 The shape in the bottom right corner in the
moved to the dotted line in the box in the right-hand box moves to the bottom left corner
second column. and becomes shaded in the left-hand box.

Step 2 Each object is copied, reflected horizontally
The missing box must therefore look like this:
(flipped over) and placed on the opposite side
of the dotted line.

10 d Step 1 Each row has a different shape. The number of

shapes increases by one in each column.
  6 d The boxes in the middle row contain the objects from
Step 2 There is one shape in the left-hand column,
both the top and bottom rows. The position of each
which is shaded black.
object remains the same.
Step 3 The two shapes in the middle column overlap.
  7 b Step 1 The boxes in the same row contain the same
The area where they overlap is unshaded
shapes.
(highlighted by dashed lines on the diagram
Step 2 The shading of the smallest central shape in
below).
the right-hand column becomes clear in the
left-hand column.

Step 4 The three shapes in the right-hand column also
overlap. The top half of the third shape overlaps
the middle of the other two shapes. Only the
Step 3 The striped background in the right-hand area where all three shapes overlap remains
column becomes clear in the left-hand column. unshaded (highlighted by dashed lines on the
diagram below).

Step 4 The clear outer shape in the right-hand column
becomes striped in the left-hand column. The missing box must therefore look like this:

  8 a Step 1 Each row consists of a solid shape, a group of 11 d Each box rotates 90° anticlockwise.
x’s and a star-like shape.
Step 2 The shape made of solid lines can be formed
by connecting the outline of the shapes in the
other two boxes.

The missing box must contain a group of x’s that, when
joined together, correctly form the hexagon as shown 12 c Step 1 Each row has a different shape. The size of the
above. shape increases with each column.
  9 a Step 1 The diagonal shape in the right-hand box is Step 2 The number of lines increases by one with each
repeated in the left-hand box but with the column.
bottom arrow removed. Step 3 The lines in the third box in a row are made up
of the lines in the first two boxes.

Step 2 The shape in the top left corner in the right-hand The missing box must therefore look like this:
box becomes unshaded and crossed through in
the left-hand box.

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 7 8/8/07 12:40:08

 Test 2   9 c The shape remains the same but is reduced in size.
10 a Step 1 The overall shape is rotated 90°.
Section 1
B 3

Practice 1
e The shaded inner shape becomes unshaded and the
unshaded inner shape becomes shaded. Step 2 The individual sections of the overall shape are
Practice 2 joined together.
b The right-hand side of the shape becomes indented.
  1 e Step 1 The shapes are rotated 90° clockwise.

Step 3 The central section becomes striped.
Step 4 The shape is placed in a frame that is the same
Step 2 The shapes are reflected vertically (flipped to shape as the central section. In the missing
the left). shape this would be a circle.
The missing shape must therefore look like this:
becomes

  2 c Step 1 Solid lines remain solid and dashed lines
remain dashed. 11 b Step 1 The central shape stays in the same position.
Step 2 The inside shape is moved from the centre to Step 2 The small shapes at the vertices rotate.
one of the corners and duplicated in the other
corners.
  3 e Step 1 The shape is rotated 150° clockwise.

Step 3 The lines of the smaller and the larger shapes
are visible where the shapes overlap as shown
Step 2 The shaded inner shape becomes unshaded. above.
The other shape remains the same. 12 a Step 1 The overall shape is rotated 90° clockwise:
  4 e The shapes remain the same except that the dashed
lines become solid and the solid lines become
dashed.
  5 c Step 1 The overall shape is enlarged slightly.
Step 2 The border of the shape is made up of smaller
versions of the overall shape, which for the Step 2 The solid outer line becomes dashed.
missing pattern is a square.
  6 d Step 1 The arrow is rotated 90° anticlockwise. Section 2
B 2

Practice 1
b The pattern is a hammer shape with no base and a
rectangular head.
Step 2 The arrow is reduced in size. Practice 2
Step 3 The shading on the different sections of the d The inner shape is a square. The outer shape has one
arrow is swapped so that the unshaded right angle (90°) and is a mixture of straight and curved
sections become shaded and the shaded lines.
sections become unshaded.   1 e Step 1 The outer shape is an oval.
Step 2 The inner shapes are a circle and square which
are linked and a pentagon (five sides) which sits
separately.
becomes
  2 b The large shape is a triangle. Each triangle has a small,
a medium and a large version of the same shape. The
  7 b Step 1 The large shape is reflected in a vertical mirror medium-sized shape is unshaded and the small and
line and the two shapes are joined. large shapes are shaded.
  3 a The individual shapes that make up the overall shape
are identical.
  4 e The outer shape is a hexagon made up of dashed lines.
It contains a tick mark, an ‘x’ and a question mark.
  5 a The outer line of the square is solid and the inner line is
Step 2 The small shape is placed in the centre of the dashed. The inner shapes consist of two shaded
large shape and becomes striped. squares and one unshaded square.
  8 d Step 1 The shape is copied and reflected vertically   6 d Step 1 Each large shape is divided in half by a dashed
(flipped to the right). line.
Step 2 Small circles are placed behind each vertex of
the large shape.
Step 3 In the areas where the circles and the large
shape overlap, the line of the circle is hidden.

Step 2 The dashed inner line becomes solid and the
solid outer line becomes dashed.

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 8 8/8/07 12:40:13

   7 c The shapes have a vertical line of symmetry (both sides   3 d A new larger square is added each time.
of a line drawn down the middle of the shape are the   4 b The sequence is made up of four shapes: a square, a
same). cross, a triangle and a circle. The number of each of
the shapes in a box ranges from 0 to 3.
Step 1 The number of each of the shapes is repeated
in two consecutive boxes; however, sometimes
the first or second of these boxes isn’t shown in
the sequence. Instead, if more of the sequence

were shown, the box would be placed at either
  8 b Step 1 One of the three inner shapes is a smaller copy
end. For example:
of the outer shape.
Step 2 The other inner shapes are a shaded triangle shown sequence
and an unshaded circle.
  9 e Each overall shape has a small, a medium and a large
rectangle. One of the rectangles is intersected by the
other two rectangles. These two rectangles do not
intersect each other. three two one
10 c Step 1 Each overall shape is made up of two versions Step 2 The number of each of the shapes then
of the same shape. increases or decreases by one from one pair of
Step 2 Each version contains a small square that has boxes to the next. Again, sometimes the first or
one half shaded and one half unshaded. second of these boxes doesn’t appear in the
Step 3 The two versions are the same; however one given sequence but, if more of the sequence
has been rotated 180°. were shown, it would be placed at either end.
The location of the shapes in a box does not matter.
The sequence for each of the shapes is therefore:
Square
11 b Each ring has a small, a medium and a large version of
the same shape. The medium-sized shape is unshaded
and the largest and smallest shapes are shaded.
12 b The shapes have a vertical line of symmetry (both sides
of a line drawn down the middle of the shape are the
same). three two one
Cross

two one none
Section 3 Triangle
B 4

Practice 1
e The sequence is two pictures that alternate.

none one two

Circle

The direction of the stripes remains the same.
Practice 2 none one two
a The number of stars and the number of solid straight As it is the fifth in the sequence, the missing box must
edges increase by one each time. therefore look like this:
  1 a The striped shading moves from one square to the next
in a clockwise direction each time. The direction of the
stripes remains the same.
  2 c Step 1 The diagonal square loses a side in an
anticlockwise direction each time.
  5 d Step 1 The large triangle in each box is repeated every
third box.

Step 2 The central square is divided into four boxes, one
of which is shaded. This shading moves in an
anticlockwise direction from one box to the next. Step 2 The small outer triangle is inverted (flipped
over) from one box to the next.
Step 3 The small outer triangle remains on the same
side of the large triangle for the first pair of boxes,
then moves to the next side in a clockwise
As it is the third in the sequence, the missing box must direction for each of the following pairs.
therefore look like this:

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 9 8/8/07 12:40:19

 As it is the fifth in the sequence, the missing box must As it is the fourth in the sequence, the missing box
therefore look like this: must therefore look like this:

11 a Step 1 The arrow shape rotates 45° anticlockwise each
  6 a The shape alternates between being large and small
time.
and is rotated 90° anticlockwise each time.
  7 d The overall shape is rotated 90° clockwise each time.
As the missing box is the first in the sequence, it must
have been used to form box 2. Box 1 is, therefore,

formed by rotating box 2 90° anticlockwise.
Step 2 The other shape also rotates 45° anticlockwise.
The direction of the ends alternates between
pointing outwards and pointing inwards.

Box 1 Box 2
  8 e Step 1 The shapes rotate 45° anticlockwise each time. As it is the fifth in the sequence, the missing box must
therefore look this:

Step 2 Additionally, the J-shapes are inverted (flipped 12 a The lines of the cross extend one square at a time until
over) each time. they reach the outer square, then reduce in length one
square at a time.
The missing square must therefore look like this:

As it is the second in the sequence, the missing box
must therefore look like this:

Section 4
B 9

Practice 1
  9 c Step 1 The black pencil shape rotates 45° clockwise d First letter: represents the inner shape.
each time.    (nothing)
R S
Second letter: represents the outer shape.

Step 2 The small rectangle alternates between being X Y
striped and clear. The answer is SY because there is no inner shape (S)
Step 3 The small rectangle moves clockwise around and the outer shape is a circle (Y).
the pencil, landing on the next side each time. Practice 2
a First letter: represents the outer shape.

10 d Step 1 The number of short, diagonal lines decreases P Q
by one each time. Second letter: represents the number of inner lines:
Step 2 The number of triangles increases by one each E = 2
time. The first time a new triangle is added it is F = 1
unshaded. Each time after that, a triangle is G = 0
added to the centre of the row and is shaded. The answer is QE because the outer shape is a
As such, the shaded triangles are bordered on hexagon (Q) and there are two inner lines (E).
each end by a white triangle.   1 c First letter: represents the location of the line:
P = top
Q = middle
R = bottom
Second letter: represents whether the line is horizontal
(U) or vertical (V).
Step 3 The number of squares increases by one each The answer is QU because the line is in the middle (Q)
time. The first time a square is added it is and is horizontal (U).
unshaded. Each square after that is shaded and   2 b First letter: represents the direction of the outer shape.
added between the two unshaded squares.

M N O
Second letter: represents whether the inner rectangle is
striped (D) or shaded black (E).
The answer is NE because the outer shape points right
(N) and the inner rectangle is shaded black (E).

10

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 10 8/8/07 12:40:24

   3 e First letter: represents whether the small shape is a 11 c First letter: represents the location of the black square:
square (T) or a circle (U). L = bottom
Second letter: represents whether the symbol is made M = middle
up of one version of a shape (H) or two (I). N = top
Third letter: represents whether the small shape is Second letter: represents whether the size of the
unshaded (E) or shaded (F). semi-circle is large (A), small (B) or medium (C).
The answer is UIF because the small shape is a circle The answer is MC because the black square is located in
(U), the symbol is made up of two circles (I) and the the middle (M) and the semi-circle is medium-sized (C).
small circle is shaded (F). 12 d First letter: represents whether the size of the triangle is
  4 e First letter: represents the position of the shapes: small (N), large (O) or medium (P).
F = top row Second letter: represents whether the inner line is
G = bottom row horizontal (S), vertical (T) or diagonal (U).
H = middle row The answer is OU because the triangle is large (O) and
Second letter: represents which of the three shapes is the horizontal line is diagonal (U).
striped:
S = shape on the right Section 5
T = shape on the left B 6
U = shape in the middle
The answer is HT because the shapes are located in Practice 1
the middle (H) and the shape on the left is striped (T). d The bottom row is a horizontal reflection (flipped over
  5 e First letter: represents whether the shape is unshaded version) of the top row.
(S) or striped (T). Practice 2
Second letter: represents the position of the arrow: e Each row has one of each of the three shapes.
M = far left   1 c Step 1 The central symbol from the first box in each row
N = centre is repeated and gets larger in the second box.
O = far right
The answer is TM because the shape is striped (T) and
the arrow is positioned on the far left (M).
  6 a First letter: represents whether the cross is
medium-sized (T), large (U) or small (V).
Second letter: represents whether the square is large
(G), small (H) or medium-sized (I).
The answer is TI because the cross is medium-sized (T) Step 2 The two symbols inside the bottom shape in the
and the square is also medium-sized (I). left-hand column are removed and placed to the
  7 d First letter: represents whether the sections of the shapes left of the central symbol in the right-hand
that don’t overlap are striped (G) or unshaded (H). column. The frame for these two symbols is
Second letter: represents whether the section where discarded.
the two shapes overlap is unshaded (P), striped (Q) or
black (R).
The answer is HP because the section where the two
shapes don’t overlap is unshaded (H) and the section
where they do overlap is unshaded (P).
  8 d First letter: represents the direction of the arrows.
Step 3 The top rounded bar is made smaller and the
diagonal lines of the two inner symbols are
deleted. These two symbols are then placed to
the right of the central symbol.
A B C D
Second letter: represents whether both arrows are
shaded (N), both arrows are unshaded (O), or one
arrow is shaded (P).
The answer is CP because the arrows point upwards
(C) and one of the arrows is shaded (P).
  9 c First letter: represents whether there is an inner circle The missing box must therefore look like this:
(E) or not (D).
Second letter: represents the position of the arrow and
the direction in which it is pointing.

  2 b Each box in the first column must contain a circle, a
square and a hexagon. Working from right to left, each
shape alternates from being shaded to unshaded.
N O P Step 1 The shape in the right-hand column is repeated
The answer is DO because there is no inner circle (D) in the middle column and a second shape is
and the horizontal arrow is pointing to the right (O). added and shaded black.
10 b First letter: represents whether the inner shape is a Step 2 The shapes in the middle column are repeated
rectangle (Q), a cross (R) or a square (S). in the left-hand column and a third outer shape
Second letter: represents the position of the trapezium is added and shaded black.
(outer shape). Step 3 The boxes in each column contain the same
number of lines:
First column= 4 lines
Second column= 3 lines
Third column= 2 lines
E F G H The length and direction of the lines is the same
The answer is QH because the inner shape is a rectangle within each column. The lines are always
(Q) and the trapezium’s shortest side is on the right (H). placed underneath the central shapes.

11

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 11 8/8/07 12:40:27

 As the middle column contains a hexagon and a circle, 10 d Step 1 Each column has a square, a triangle and a
the third outer shape to be added to the missing box hexagon.
must be a shaded square. Step 2 The top row contains small shapes, the middle
The missing box must therefore look like this: row contains medium-sized shapes and the
bottom row contains large shapes.
The missing box must therefore contain a
medium-sized hexagon.
11 a The bottom image is a horizontal reflection of the top
  3 a The symbols in the top row are reflected horizontally image.
(flipped over) in the bottom row. The lower inner shape is 12 b The shapes in the top row rotate 45° clockwise as they
then shaded. move down the column.
  4 a Working from left to right, the symbols in each box are
rotated 180°. Therefore, the symbols in the left-hand
and right-hand boxes of each row are the same. Test 3
  5 a The pattern of the top row is repeated in the third row. Section 1
  6 a Step 1 The large shape in the bottom row is reflected B 3
horizontally (flipped over along the dashed line
shown below) and the shaded section becomes Practice 1
unshaded. e The shaded inner shape becomes unshaded and the
unshaded inner shape becomes shaded.
Practice 2
b The right-hand side of the shape becomes indented.
  1 b The overall shape is rotated 90° clockwise and the
shading is removed.
  2 d Step 1 The two small shapes are moved inwards so
that they rest on the lines of the larger shape.
Step 2 The two smaller shapes in the right-hand Step 2 The small shape on the right is rotated 180° and
column are reflected vertically (flipped over its lines become dashed instead of solid. This
along the dashed line shown below). shape then becomes transparent.
  3 d The outer lines beyond the diagonal lines shown below
are removed, leaving only the three inner lines of each
shape.

The missing box must therefore look like this:   4 c Step 1 The three overall shapes are reflected
horizontally (flipped over) and then joined
together.
Step 2 The shading of the three identical shapes is
reversed.
  7 e Step 1 The stars in each column have the same   5 e Step 1 The overall shape (including the letter at the
shading: bottom) is copied and reflected vertically
Left column: black (flipped to the right).
Middle column: striped
Right column: grey
Step 2 As they proceed down the columns, each star is
rotated 90° clockwise. The same point remains b b b b
shaded.
Step 2 The small shapes swap places.

90°

b b b b
90° Step 3 The type of line used for the small shapes is

swapped so that the dashed line becomes solid
and the solid line becomes dashed.

  8 c Each row has three versions of the same shape.
Step 1 The size of the shape in each row increases
from one box to the next.
Step 2 Each row has one shape that is unshaded, one b b b b
that is shaded black and one that is striped.   6 c Step 1 The overall shape is rotated 180°.
The missing box must therefore contain a
medium-sized striped triangle.
  9 b Step 1 The boxes in the right-hand column are rotated
180° and repeated in the left-hand column.
Step 2 The solid lines become dashed and the dashed
lines become solid. Step 2 The lines change from solid to dashed.
The missing box must therefore look like this: Step 3 A solid line border is added around the dashed
shape.
Step 4 A small circle is placed below the bottom line of
the border.

12

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 12 8/8/07 12:40:31

   7 c Step 1 The first shape of the first pair is rotated 90°   9 b The others have more ticks than crosses, whereas in
clockwise to form the first shape of the second this option there are more crosses than ticks.
pair. 10 e The two smaller shapes overlap the larger shape for all
symbols except in option e, where the small unshaded
shape is placed next to the larger shape.
11 a The others all have three lines meeting inside the
shape, whereas this option has four lines.
Step 2 The second shape of the first pair is rotated 180° 12 b In the others, the dashed line separates shaded and
to form the second shape of the second pair. unshaded squares, whereas this option has two
shaded squares and one unshaded square on the
same side of the dashed line.
Section 3
  8 c The overall shape is rotated 90° anticlockwise and the
B 4
largest of the individual shapes is shaded.
  9 a The pieces fit together as if parts of a jigsaw puzzle. Practice 1
10 a Step 1 The diagonal stripes are removed from the e The sequence is two pictures that alternate.
smaller shape.
Step 2 A larger dashed outline of the same shape is
placed around the smaller shape.
11 d Step 1 The shape is rotated 90° clockwise.

Practice 2
a The number of stars and the number of solid straight
Step 2 An arrowhead is added to the end of the line edges increase by one each time.
that is empty.   1 d Step 1 The unshaded area inside the rectangle moves
from left to right in three steps, then the pattern
starts again.

Step 3 The inner part of the shape at the end of the
other line is removed, leaving the outer frame.

Step 2 The number of shaded rhombuses (diamond
shapes) below the rectangle decreases from
Step 4 The part that was removed moves to the bottom 3 to 0 in three steps, then the pattern starts
of the line with the arrowhead and has its again.
shading reversed.

12 a Step 1 The outer frame of the grid becomes thicker. 3 2 1 0 3
Step 2 The left-hand column remains the same.
Step 3 The shapes at the top of the middle and The missing box must therefore look like this:
right-hand columns move to the bottom row.

Section 2
B 1   2 d Step 1 The direction of the large outer arrow alternates
from pointing upwards to pointing downwards
Practice 1 from one box to the next. Its style also
d The others all have the shortest side of the trapezium alternates from having a solid line to a dashed
(the large shape) at the top. line.
Practice 2 Step 2 The direction of the small inner shape alternates
c The other shapes have sides that are all the same from pointing downwards to pointing upwards
length. from one pair of boxes to the next pair. Its style
  1 c The other arrows all travel in a clockwise direction also alternates from having a dashed line to a
around the inside of the square. solid line from one box to the next.
  2 c The others all have the two unshaded squares close to The missing box must therefore look like this:
each other but in option c the two unshaded squares
are separated by the shaded square.
  3 c The others all have different shapes at the ends of each
line, whereas this option has the same shape at both
ends.   3 e Step 1 The diagonal lines are reflected vertically
  4 c The others all have one black square in the smallest (flipped to the right) from one box to the next.
section of the divided rectangle. Step 2 The inner rectangle alternates from lying
  5 a All of the other shapes are symmetrical. vertically to lying horizontally in the centre of the
  6 a It is the only one with the same number of horizontal box.
lines as stars (two of each). Step 3 The shading of the rectangle is split into three
  7 e The others all have the same number of short horizontal equal sections. The shading decreases by one
lines as there are vertical lines, whereas option e has section at a time until only one shaded section
four short horizontal lines but only three vertical lines. is left. The shading then starts to increase by
  8 e The others all have a bold line in between two thinner one section at a time.
lines, whereas this option has one thin line in between
two bold lines.

13

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 13 8/8/07 12:40:35

 The missing box must therefore look like this: The missing box must show one large arrow pointing
upwards with two horizontal lines, next to two small
arrows pointing downwards:

  4 c Step 1 The shape alternates from being a hexagon to a
rhombus (diamond shape).
Step 2 Each shape has one central horizontal line and 11 d Step 1 The overall shape rotates 90° anticlockwise
the number of vertical lines inside each shape each time.
increases by one each time. Step 2 The shaded section of the rhombus (diamond
The missing box must contain a hexagon, with one shape) alternates between the two triangles that
central horizontal line and four vertical lines: are touching the unshaded rectangle.
The missing box must therefore look like this:

  5 c Step 1 The number of horizontal lines and shaded
circles increases by one each time. 12 b The sequence is made up of two alternating boxes. The
Step 2 The position of the shaded circles alternates missing box will therefore look the same as the second
from being placed on the right-hand end of box.
each line to the left-hand end.
The missing box must therefore look like this:
Section 4
B 9

Practice 1

d First letter: represents the inner shape.
  6 b Step 1 The square remains in the same position in
each box.    (nothing)
Step 2 The circle moves in a clockwise direction from R S
one box to the next. The area where the two Second letter: represents the outer shape.
shapes overlap is shaded.
The missing box must therefore look like this:

X Y
The answer is SY because there is no inner shape (S)
  7 a Step 1 The number of shaded squares decreases by and the outer shape is a circle (Y).
one each time from alternate sides. Practice 2
Step 2 The number of horizontal lines increases by one a First letter: represents the outer shape.
each time, alternating from being added below to
above the ellipse (oval shape).
The missing box must have the middle three squares in
the ellipse shaded, and two horizontal lines – one above P Q
the ellipse and one below: Second letter: represents the number of inner lines:
E = 2
F = 1
G = 0
The answer is QE because the outer shape is a
  8 d Step 1 Each group of shapes moves around the box, hexagon (Q) and there are two inner lines (E).
from one corner to the next, in a clockwise   1 b First letter: represents whether the shape is a square (J)
direction. or a triangle (K).
Step 2 One circle is removed from the group of circles, Second letter: represents the position of the shape that
becomes shaded, and replaces a square in the is shaded:
group of squares each time. V = middle
Step 3 The replaced square is shaded and moves W = top
ahead to the next corner. X = bottom
The missing box must therefore look like this: The answer is JX because the shape is made up of
squares (J) and the bottom square is shaded (X).
  2 a First letter: represents the inner symbol:
F =
G =
  9 c Step 1 The square containing the cross moves H =
clockwise half a side each time. Second letter: represents whether the hexagon is small
Step 2 The square containing the circle moves (A) or large (B).
clockwise from one corner to the next. The answer is FB because the inner shape is (F) and
The missing box must therefore look like this: the outer shape is a large hexagon (B).
  3 c First letter: represents the type of shape used to make
the pattern.

10 a Step 1 The number of small arrows decreases by one
each time. The small arrows always point R S T
downwards.
Step 2 The number of horizontal lines on the large arrow Second letter: represents whether the pattern is
decreases by one each time. The direction of the pointing to the left (V) or to the right (W).
arrow alternates from pointing upwards to Third letter: represents whether there are two shapes
pointing downwards. (E) or three shapes (F).

14

02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 14 8/8/07 12:40:39

 The answer is TWE because the pattern: is made up of 11 a First letter: represents the direction in which the outer
rhombuses (diamond shapes) (T); is pointing to the shape is pointing.
right (W); and is made up of two shapes (E).
  4 c First letter: represents the shape used to make the
pattern:
E = M N
F = Second letter: represents the number of shaded
G = squares inside the shape:
Second letter: represents whether there are three X = 1
shapes (A), one shape (B) or two shapes (C). Y = 2
Third letter: represents whether the shapes are shaded Z = 0
(J) or unshaded (H). The answer is NX because the shape is pointing
The answer is FBJ because the shape is a circle (F), downwards (N) and has one shaded square inside (X).
there is only one (B) and it is shaded (J). 12 d First letter: represents whether the large triangle
  5 d First letter: represents the position of the crosses on the contains a black shaded section (G) or not (F).
line: Second letter: represents the direction the large triangle
R = top is pointing:
S = bottom A = upwards
T = middle B = to the left
Second letter: represents whether there are three C = downwards
crosses (C), one cross (D), or two crosses (E). The answer is GC because the large triangle has one
The answer is TD because the cross is in the middle of black section (G) and is pointing downwards (C).
the line (T) and there is only one cross (D).
  6 b First letter: represents the position of the hexagon.
Section 5
B 6
Practice 1
O P d The bottom row is a horizontal reflection (flipped over
Second letter: represents whether there are two lines version) of the top row.
(H) or three lines (I) inside the hexagon. Practice 2
Third letter: represents whether one inner section of the e Each row has one of each of the three shapes.
hexagon is shaded (T) or all sections are unshaded (U).   1 a Step 1 The pattern in the left-hand column is rotated
The answer is OIT because the top and bottom of the 90° anticlockwise in the right-hand column.
hexagon are flat (O), it has three inner lines (I) and one
inner section is shaded (T).
  7 e First letter: represents whether the shape is a square
(J), rectangle (K) or triangle (L).
Second letter: represents whether the inner stripes are Step 2 A figure eight shape is added at the open end
diagonal (R) or horizontal (S). of the shape.
Third letter: represents whether the inner stripes are The missing box must look like this:
solid (B) or broken (C).
The answer is KSC because it is a rectangle (K) with
horizontal inner stripes (S) which are broken (C).
  8 a First letter: represents the inner shape.

  2 c The pattern in the top box is repeated in the bottom box.
I J K   3 e The top row contains rhombuses (diamond shapes),
the middle row contains hexagons and the bottom row
Second letter: represents the position of the inner
contains circles.
shape:
Step 1 Each row has a large, medium and small
V = bottom left
version of its shape.
W = top right
Step 2 Each shape is divided in half by a straight line:
X = bottom right
the rhombuses by a vertical line; the hexagons
The answer is IW because the hexagon (I) is in the top
by a diagonal line and the circles by a
right corner of the square (W).
horizontal line.
  9 c First letter: represents whether the hexagon is striped
Step 3 The position of the inner shape in each row,
(H) or unshaded (I).
alternates from one side of the dividing line to
Second letter: represents whether the hexagon is at the
the other.
top (R), the bottom (S) or the middle (T).
Step 4 In each row, one of the inner shapes is unshaded,
The answer is HT because the hexagon is striped (H)
one is striped and one is shaded black.
and placed in the middle row (T).
The missing box must contain a large hexagon, with the
10 e First letter: represents the thickness of the outer line of
inner shape shaded black and placed above the
the circle.
diagonal dividing line:

D E F

Second letter: represents the direction of the stripes:   4 c Step 1 The top section of the shape in the first column
X = diagonal increases in size in the second column.
Y = vertical
Z = horizontal
The answer is FX because the circle has a thick outer
line (F) and diagonal stripes (X).

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02_NVR_ST_NotesAns_869.indd 15 8/8/07 12:40:42

 Step 2 The bottom section remains the same size but it The missing box must therefore look like this:
becomes shaded black and a horizontal line is
drawn through it in the right-hand column.

The missing box must therefore look like this: 10 a The boxes in each column contain different versions of
the same shape:
Left = rhombus (diamond shape)
Middle = square
Right = triangle
  5 a Step 1 Each pattern in the top row is repeated in the Step 1 Each column has one box containing one shape
bottom row. and two boxes containing two of the shapes.
Step 2 In the bottom row, the small unshaded triangle Step 2 The boxes with two versions have one shaded
flips over from the inside to the outside of the shape and one unshaded shape. In one box the
rhombus (diamond shape). shaded shape is on the left, and in the other the
shaded shape is on the right.
Step 3 In each column, the shape or shapes are at the
top in one box, in the middle in another and at
Step 3 In the bottom row, the small black triangle flips the bottom in another.
over from the inside to the outside of the The missing box must have two triangles, with the
rhombus then slides around to the other side of shaded version on the right-hand side, and both
the point. shapes placed at the bottom of the box:

The missing box must therefore look like this: 11 d The symbol in each box is made up of three connected
shapes: a small rectangle, a straight line and a small
black circle.
Step 1 In each row, the straight line is positioned: once
diagonally pointing to the top right-hand corner;
  6 b Moving from left to right in each row, the number of once diagonally pointing to the top left-hand
lines decreases by one each time and the squares corner and once vertically.
alternate between being shaded and unshaded. Step 2 In each row, the black circle is placed twice at
  7 e Step 1 Each column has three large versions of the one end of the line and once in the middle of
same shape and three small versions of the the line.
same inner shape: Step 3 In each row, the rectangle is placed twice at one
Step 1  Column Large shape Inner shape end of the line and once in the middle of the
Step 1  Left square triangle line. In the top and bottom rows, the rectangle
Step 1  Middle octagon square is unshaded.
Step 1  Right circle circle The symbol in the missing box must therefore look like
Step 2 As you go down each column, a new shape is this:
added to the inner shapes: a hexagon is added
in the middle row; a square is added in the
bottom row.
The missing box must show a large octagon that
contains a small square inside a hexagon, inside a 12 b The pattern in this matrix works from left to right.
square: Step 1 The two shapes on the top row in the left-hand
column are copied and reflected horizontally
(flipped over). The copies are then attached to
the top of the original shapes in the right-hand
column.
  8 a Step 1 Different-sized versions of the same shape are
shown in each row:
Step 1  Top = triangle
Step 1  Middle = square
Step 1  Bottom = hexagon Step 2 The left-hand and right-hand shapes in the
Step 2 Each shape in the left-hand column is shaded middle row swap positions, but do not change
black and has a horizontal line below it. In the direction.
middle column, the shapes are striped and
have two outer lines that are parallel to the sides
of the shape. In the right-hand column, there
are two unshaded versions of the same shape,
one placed inside the other, and both are made Step 2 The central symbol in the middle row remains
up of solid lines. unchanged.
The missing box must contain two unshaded Step 3 The line in the third row is copied and the copy
hexagons, one placed inside the other, with both being is added below the last line of the pattern.
made up of solid lines:

The missing box must therefore look like this:
  9 c Step 1 Each pattern in the top row is rotated 90°
clockwise to form the pattern in the bottom
row.
Step 2 The square is moved slightly to the left.

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 Test 4 Step 2 The flag shape is moved to the other end of the
large shape.
Section 1
B 3

Practice 1
e The shaded inner shape becomes unshaded and the Step 3 The lines of the triangular section of the flag
unshaded inner shape becomes shaded. shape become dashed.
Practice 2
b The right-hand side of the shape becomes indented.
  1 e Step 1 The first shape is copied and turned
horizontally.   8 d The overall shape is reflected horizontally (flipped over).
Step 2 The copied shape is placed on top of the
original shape. The lines where the shapes
overlap show through.
  2 b The outer shape is reduced in size and rotated 180°.
The inside shape is removed.
  3 a The two shapes swap positions.
  4 e Step 1 The shape is copied and reflected vertically
(flipped to the right).

  9 b Step 1 The shape is rotated 180° and the shading is
removed.
10 a The shape is rotated 180° and reduced in size.
Step 2 The sections that jut out horizontally become 11 e Step 1 The shape is rotated 180°.
striped.
  5 b Step 1 The shape is rotated 90° anticlockwise.
B
M
M

Step 2 A smaller version of the top section of the original

Step 2 The left-hand letter is rotated so that it is the shape is placed inside the larger version.
right way up.

B B
M

12 e The overall symbol is made up of 3 shapes:

Step 3 The central line is reflected vertically (flipped to A B C
the right).

B B Step 1 The right-hand section of Shape C is detached
M

at the point where it intersects with Shape B

Step 4 The small shape at the base of the central line is and is moved outside Shape A.
moved above the first bend.

B Step 2 The bottom section of Shape C that overlaps
M

  6 b Step 1 The shape is rotated 180°. The shaded square Shape A is removed.
becomes unshaded.

Step 3 The diagonal shading in Shape B moves from
the bottom right-hand corner to fill the rest of
Shape B.
Step 2 The outline of the original shape is copied,
rotated 90° clockwise and placed on top of the
original shape.

Section 2
B 1
  7 b Step 1 The large shape is reflected vertically (flipped to
the right). Practice 1
d The others all have the shortest side of the trapezium
(the large shape) at the top.
Practice 2
c The other shapes have sides that are all the same length.
  1 d The others have the same number of slanted lines as
small vertical lines, whereas this option has six diagonal
lines and eight small vertical lines.

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   2 d The other shapes have two diagonal lines of symmetry,   2 e Step 1 The number of small horizontal lines increases
whereas this option is not symmetrical because the by one each time. The position of the lines
lower triangle is not centred on the mirror line. alternates from being in the top left corner of the
  3 d Each of the other options includes a black square box to the bottom right corner each time.
inside a circle.
  4 a When the others are positioned with the straight line at
the bottom, the small shaded section is always on the
right. In this option, the shading is on the left.
  5 e In the others, the number of ‘leaves’ on the left of the Step 2 The diagonal shape is rotated 180° each time
stem is always greater than the number of ‘leaves’ on from one box to the next.
the right-hand side. Step 3 Another U-shaped section is added to the
  6 d The outer shapes of the other options have five sides diagonal shape each time.
whereas the outer shape in this option has six sides.
  7 d The others have five small inner shapes, whereas this
option has four.
  8 d
A
B D Step 4 The number of shaded circles at the opposite
C end of the diagonal shape increases by one
The other options have the shaded circle at the corner each time.
of sides A and B, whereas in this option the circle is The missing box must therefore look like this:
placed at the corner of sides B and C.
  9 d The other options all contain five circles, whereas this
option only has four.
10 e In the others, the squares are on opposite sides of the
circle, whereas in this option the squares are on the   3 e Step 1 Each box has five shapes. Four of the shapes
same side of the circle. are shaded black and one is unshaded.
11 a The others have a circle in the central rectangle. Step 2 The shape that is unshaded moves
12 b The other options show different rotated versions of the anticlockwise to the next corner and becomes
same shape. Option b has been rotated and then shaded. The other shape in this corner
reflected. becomes unshaded. For example:

Section 3
B 4

Practice 1 Step 3 This unshaded shape now moves anticlockwise
e The sequence is two pictures that alternate. to the next corner and becomes shaded. The
other shape in this corner becomes unshaded.
For example:

Practice 2 This pattern continues throughout the sequence so the
a The number of stars and the number of solid straight missing box must therefore look like this:
edges increase by one each time.
  1 b Step 1 The letters in the first box are reflected
horizontally (flipped over) to form the second
box.
  4 a Step 1 The number of triangles in the centre of the box
increases by one each time.
Step 2 The small black dot moves forward five squares
in a clockwise direction each time.

Step 2 The letters in the second box are reflected Step 3 The square in which the small black dot was
vertically (flipped to the right) to form the third located is removed in the following box.
box.

The missing box must therefore look like this:
Step 3 The pattern then starts again, so the third box is
reflected horizontally to form the fourth box.

  5 c The first three boxes form a repeating block. The
missing box will therefore look the same as the first
box.

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   6 c The sequence is made up of two alternating patterns. Step 2 The black shading moves from one box to the
The missing box therefore relates to boxes 3 and 5. next in the following order:
Working from left to right, box 5 is rotated 90° bottom left → bottom right → top left → centre
anticlockwise to form box 3. Box 3 is rotated 90° → top right.
anticlockwise to form box 1.

Step 3 Once a shape that was shaded black has
become unshaded it is removed.
1 3 5 The missing box must therefore look like this:
  7 e Step 1 One arrow pointing upwards is added each time.
Step 2 One parallelogram is added to the front of the
row each time. The new parallelogram always
has opposite shading to the parallelogram on
its right. 11 e The shapes rotate 90° clockwise from one box to the
next.
12 c This sequence has two alternating patterns. Each
pattern follows the same rule.
Step 1 In the first pattern the contents of box 1 are
Step 3 One square is added to the bottom right-hand reflected horizontally (flipped over) to form the
corner of the row of squares each time. The contents of box 3. The contents of box 3 are
new square always has opposite shading to the reflected horizontally to form the contents of
square above. box 5.

The missing box must therefore look like this:
1 3 5
Step 2 In the second pattern, box 4 must have been
formed by the contents of box 2 being
reflected horizontally (flipped over).
  8 b Step 1 The shapes rotate 90° anticlockwise each time.
Step 2 The number of arrows decreases from three to
two to one then back up to three again.

2 4

Step 3 The number of small shaded squares Section 4
decreases from six to five to four then back up B 9
to six again. Practice 1
The missing box must therefore look like this: d First letter: represents the inner shape.
   (nothing)
R S
Second letter: represents the outer shape.
  9 b Step 1 The boxes are grouped into pairs. The shape in
the first box of each pair is reflected horizontally
(flipped over) to form the shape in the second
box of each pair. X Y
The answer is SY because there is no inner shape (S)
and the outer shape is a circle (Y).
Practice 2
a First letter: represents the outer shape.

P Q
Step 2 In the second box of each pair, the shaded Second letter: represents the number of inner lines:
section becomes unshaded and the unshaded E = 2
secton becomes shaded. F = 1
The missing box must therefore look like this: G = 0
The answer is QE because the outer shape is a
hexagon (Q) and there are two inner lines (E).
  1 e First letter: represents whether the arrow is pointing up
(A) or down (B).
10 d Step 1 The stripes are removed from one shape each Second letter: represents whether the two circles
time in the following order: attached to the arrowhead are shaded (G) or unshaded
top left → centre → top right. (H).
Third letter: represents whether all of the circles are
shaded (R) or whether the circles are a mixture of being
shaded and unshaded (S).

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 The answer is BHS because the arrow is pointing down The answer is NZ because the top section of the shape
(B), the small circles attached to the arrowhead are is (N) and the bottom section of the shape is
unshaded (H) and there is a mixture of shaded and (Z).
unshaded circles (S).   9 d First letter: represents the small objects on the points of
  2 e First letter: represents the medium-sized shape. the larger shape:
M = squares
N = crosses
O = circles
P Q R S Second letter: represents the larger shape.
Second letter: represents whether the @ symbol is the
right way up (D) or upside down (E).
Third letter: represents whether there is a large shape
(L) or not (M). A B C
The answer is PDM because the medium-sized shape The answer is OA because the small objects are circles
is a hexagon (P), the @ symbol is the right way up (D) (O) and the overall shape is a hexagon (A).
and there is no large shape (M). 10 d First letter: represents whether the bottom shape is
  3 b First letter: represents whether there is one internal line shaded (F) or unshaded (G).
(G) or three internal lines (H). Second letter: represents whether the top shape is
Second letter: represents the direction of the shape. striped (P), unshaded (Q) or shaded (R).
The answer is GQ because the bottom section of the
shape is unshaded (G) and the top section is unshaded
(Q).
11 a First letter: represents whether the inner triangle is
C D E
small (Y) or large (X).
The answer is GE because there is one internal line (G) Second letter: represents whether the inner triangle is
and the shape is pointing to the left (E). unshaded (A) or shaded (B).
  4 d First letter: represents the number of V shapes. Third letter: represents whether the outer circle is small
(F) or large (G).
The answer is XAG because the inner triangle is large (X)
V W X and unshaded (A), and the outer circle is large (G).
Second letter: represents the type of shape that sits 12 b First letter: represents whether the inner shapes point
inside each V. to the left (M) or the right (N).
Second letter: represents whether the rectangle is
vertical (F) or horizontal (G).
F G H Third letter: represents whether the rectangle is striped
Third letter: represents the number of lines below the V (R) or unshaded (S).
shapes: The answer is MGR because the inner shapes point to
A=2 the left (M), the rectangle is positioned horizontally (G)
B=1 and is striped (R).
C=3
The answer is XFB because there is one V shape (X), Section 5
the shape inside the V is a triangle (F) and there is one B 6
line below the V shape (B).
  5 d First letter: represents the style of the inner shape: Practice 1
N = unshaded square d The bottom row is a horizontal reflection (flipped over
O = no inner shape version) of the top row image.
P = shaded square Practice 2
Second letter: represents whether the size of the outer e Each row has one of each of the three shapes.
square is large (I) or small (J).   1 e The symbols in the top row are repeated in the bottom
The answer is OJ because there is no inner shape (O) row. The square in the centre of each symbol becomes
and the outer square is small (J). a circle in the bottom row.
  6 e First letter: represents the number and position of the   2 e Step 1 The shapes in each row rotate 90° clockwise
circles: from one box to the next.
A = one circle at the top Step 2 Each row has one shape with a solid line, one
B = two circles, one at the top and one at the bottom with a broken line and one with a dashed line.
C = one circle on the intersection of the two lines Step 3 Each shape has a shaded inner circle.
Second letter: represents whether the lines of the cross The missing box must therefore have a shape that points
are thin (W) or thick (X). to the left, which has a solid line and contains a shaded
The answer is CW because there is one circle placed circle:
on the intersection of the two lines (C) and the lines of
the cross are thin (W).
  7 c First letter: represents whether the inner letter is c (L), a
(M) or e (N).
Second letter: represents whether the overall shape is   3 b The shapes in the right-hand column are reflections
horizontal (C) or vertical (D). (copies flipped to the right) of the shapes in the
The answer is LD because the inner letter is a ‘c’ (L) left-hand column.
and the overall shape is vertical (D). The missing box must therefore look like this:
  8 e First letter: represents the top section of the shape.

L M N
Second letter: represents the bottom section of the
shape.   4 a Step 1 The shapes in the bottom row are reflections
(flipped over versions) of the shapes in the top
row.
X Y Z

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 Step 2 The solid lines of the original shapes become 10 d Step 1 The arrow is copied three times, with each copy
dashed in the reflections. The dashed lines of being placed at 90° intervals. The arrows do not
the original shapes become solid in the touch each other.
reflections.
The missing box must therefore look like this:

Step 2 The small squares are copied over to the top of
the box. The squares are then repeated at the
  5 e Step 1 Each row has two small versions and one large base of the box but, for these copies the
version of the same shape. shading is reversed.
Step 2 The shapes in the left- and right-hand columns The missing box must therefore look like this:
are divided in half by a straight line that extends
beyond the shape.
Step 3 The shapes in the middle column contain three
straight lines. These lines follow the same
direction as the lines in the other shapes in the
row, but they do not extend beyond the shape. 11 c Step 1 The small squares in the boxes in the left-hand
The missing box must therefore look like this: column are repeated in the boxes in the right-
hand column.
Step 2 Each row has a different style of line.
Step 2  Top =

  6 e Step 1 Each row and each column contain a circle, a
square and a hexagon. Step 2 Middle =
Step 2 The shapes in each row are the same size:
Top = small
Middle = medium
Bottom = large Step 2 Bottom =
The missing box must therefore look like this:

Step 2 Two boxes in each row have one version of the

line or group of lines and one box has two
versions.
  7 d Step 1 The shape in the bottom row is copied and Step 3 Each row has a different symbol.
reflected horizontally (flipped over) in the top Step 2  Top =
row. Step 2 Middle =
Step 2 Bottom =
Step 4 In each box in a row, the symbol is placed in
one of three positions: to the left of the lines, to
the right of the lines or in between the two
versions of the lines. For example:

Step 2 Unshaded shapes become shaded and shaded
shapes become unshaded. ? ? ?
The missing box must therefore look like this:
As it is in the right-hand column and is in the bottom
row, the missing box must therefore look like this:

  8 d The shapes in the left-hand column are copied and ?
reflected vertically (flipped to the right) in the right-hand
column. 12 a Step 1 The cubes in the top row are reflected
horizontally (flipped over) in the bottom row.
The circle on the top face of the original cube is
removed.

  9 b Step 1 The shapes in the right-hand column are
repeated in the left-hand column.
Step 2 The shaded squares become unshaded.
Step 3 The number of triangles and black dots
decreases by one.
Step 4 A central line is added between the two angular
lines. Step 2 The small triangles are also reflected
The missing box must therefore look like this: horizontally (flipped over) but the dashed line
becomes solid.
The missing box must therefore look like this:

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