ASSOSA AGRICULTURAL TVET COLLEGE

Animal health care service

NTQF Level- IV

Learning Guide 14
Unit of Carry-out Veterinary Public
Competence: Health Activities
Module Title: Carrying-out Veterinary
Public Health Activities
LG Code: AGR AHC4 M05 L01 LG14

TTLM Code: AGR AHC4 TTLM 1021v1

LO1. Perform community awareness on

veterinary public health issues

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 1 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Instruction Sheet Learning Guide 01

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
 Structuring, finalizing and accepting VPH issues plans.
 Conducting Veterinary public health awareness activities regarding: Zoonotic
diseases; Source of infection; Mode of transmission; Prevention and control; and
Awareness on hygienic management of meat.
 Operating relevant equipment and materials correctly.
 Addressing Current public health issues.

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –

 Structure, finalize and accept VPH issues plans.

 Conduct Veterinary public health awareness activities regarding: Zoonotic
diseases; Source of infection; Mode of transmission; Prevention and control; and
Awareness on hygienic management of meat.
 Operate relevant equipment and materials correctly.
 Address Current public health issues.

Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 20.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 2 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page 6.
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #1.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.
8. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 2”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
9. Accomplish the “Self-check 2” in page 8.
10. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check 2).
11. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 3. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
12. Accomplish the “Self-check 3” in page 11.
13. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check 3).
14. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 1” in page 16. However,
if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #1.
15. Read the “Operation Sheet 1” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
16. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 2” in page 16. However,
if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #1.
17. Read the “Operation Sheet 2” and try to understand the procedures discussed.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 3 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
18. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 3” in page 16. However,
if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #1.
19. Read the “Operation Sheet 3” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
20. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 4” in page 17. However,
if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #1.
21. Do the “LAP test” in page 17 (if you are ready). Request your teacher to evaluate your
performance and outputs. Your teacher will give you feedback and the evaluation will be
either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on
additional work

. Structure, finalize and accept VPH issues plans.

Information Sheet-1

1.1. Identifying public health issues

Traditionally the VPH course was primarily focused on meat inspection, but now it has been
expanded to include:

 Quality assurance of animal-based products to meet consumer expectations;

 knowledge of the causes, epidemiology and control of food borne zoonotic and emerging
diseases;

 Adverse effects of agricultural and other human activities on food quality, animal welfare,
human health and the environment.

Other principles needed to maximize the effectiveness of any education/training should include:

 Provision of adequate financial assistance based on ability, commitment and financial need.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 4 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  A commitment to continuous learning by the candidate, educational institution and supporting
institution.

 A requirement to demonstrate a focused need and a plan to address it at a basic level before
advancing to a more technical level.

 An obligation for the candidate to be a catalyst for community change and improvement from
the perspective of VPH.

 An outcomes assessment to measure performance of the individual.

 Those participants should critique any courses or program to ensure their ongoing relevance.

 The services of lay workers could be better utilized for providing village level basic human and
animal care. This could be done through their education and training in vaccination,
presumptive diagnosis and subsequent reporting to veterinary or medical officers. Data
collection could also be achieved and above all, educating animal owners about the importance
of VPH, the risks involved and what steps can be taken to avoid them. Education of animal
owners and animal product producers is of critical importance, because without a change in
their attitude and practices, nothing substantial can be attained.

 community based VPH program, especially those involving grass roots approaches

 VPH program developed specifically to identify zoonotic infections and risks for children (9-16
years of age) working as apprentices in abattoirs. Abattoir waste water quality assessment was
also included as a measure of environmental pollution.

1.2. GENERAL PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND ATTRIBUTES

The new veterinary graduate should be able to:

 Communicate effectively with clients, the lay public, professional colleagues and responsible
authorities; listen effectively and respond sympathetically to clients and others, using language
in a form appropriate to the audience and the context
 Prepare clear case reports and maintain patient records in a form satisfactory to colleagues and
understandable by the public

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 5 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  Work effectively as a member of a multi-disciplinary team in the delivery of services to clients
 Be aware of the ethical responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon in relation to individual patient
care and client relations, and also more generally in the community in relation to their possible
impact on the environment and society as a whole
 Be willing to use one’s professional capabilities to contribute as far as possible to the
advancement of veterinary knowledge in order to benefit veterinary practice and further
improve the quality of animal care and public health
 awareness of own and employer’s responsibilities in relation to employment and health and
safety legislation, and the position relating to lay staff and public liability
 ability to use information technology effectively to communicate, share, collect, manipulate and
analyze information
 importance of complying with professional standards and policies of the practice
 Understand the need and professional obligation for a commitment to continuing education and
training, and professional development

1.3. PRACTICAL COMPETENCES

The new veterinary graduate should be able to undertake the following:

 Obtain an accurate and relevant history of the individual animal or animal group, and its/their
environment
 Handle and restrain an animal safely and humanely, and instruct others in performing these
techniques
 Perform a complete clinical examination
 Attend all species in an emergency and perform basic first aid
 Assess correctly the nutritional status of an animal and be able to advise the client on principles
of husbandry and feeding
 Collect, preserve and transport samples, perform standard laboratory tests, and interpret the
results of those generated in-house, as well as those generated by other laboratories

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 6 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Self-Check 1 Written Test

Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________

Time started: _______________________ Time finished: ____________________

Instructions: answer the following questions

1. What are the main concerns included in veterinary public health?(5 pts)
2. What are the principles used to maximize the effectiveness of health education?(5 pts)

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 7 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Conduct Veterinary public health awareness activities
regarding: Zoonotic diseases; Source of infection; Mode of

Information Sheet-2 transmission; Prevention and control; and Awareness on

hygienic management of meat.

Veterinary public health awareness activities include: May include, but not limited to:

 Creation of awareness on major zoonotic diseases, source of infection, mode of

transmission, prevention and control means to the public
 Awareness on hygienic management of meat,

4.1. Zoonotic diseases

: - are diseases that can be transmitted from animal to human beings

4.1.1. Parasitic zoonotic diseases

Taenia saginata / beef tapeworm/ bovine cysticercosis

Taeniasis is a parasitic (tapeworm) disease of the small intestine of man due to T. saginata (adult stage).

Cysticercosis is the tissue infection of cattle due to larval stage or cystic stage of T.saginata called
Cysticercus bovis (beef tapeworm). Taeniasis and cysticercosis are common where beef meat is eaten
raw or imperfectly cooked.

The cystic stage (C. bovis) or the ‘beef measle’ is at first is pin-head sized ,surrounded by a capsule of
connective tissue, oval-shaped, pinkish and through the delicate translucent capsule of the cyst
becomes thickened, opaque and greyish-white and the head can no longer be seen.

Later the Cysticercus begins to degenerate (die) under the influence of tissue fluids and become caseous
and eventually calcified. In general, C. bovis cysts are usually encountered singly, or in small numbers at

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 8 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
meat inspection. Most are degenerated forms; relatively few viable cysts are encountered from the
total.

Inspection procedures:

The routine inspection procedures for bovine cysticercosis consist of visual examination of the following
tissue of all bovine animals:

 Two incisions parallel to the jaw on the masseter muscles and one of the pterygoid
muscles.

 Incisions of the heart septum

 Incision of the ventral side of the tongue

 Incision in the triceps muscle

 Visual inspection of all exposed muscle surfaces.

Judgment:

 Slight or moderate infection: - warrants conditional passing. Parts of infected carcass

and organs are unfit for human consumption.

 Generalized infection: - warrants total condemnation

Cysticercus bovis detected in Alage (bovine

meat, courtesy of Cuban veterinary team)

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 9 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm/ swine cysticercosis):
Taeniasis due to T. solium is an infection of the small intestine of man with the adult stage of the pork
tapeworm.

Cysticercosis is the tissue reaction with its larval or cystic stage (Cysticercus cellulosae / ‘pork measles’),
which occurs most commonly in the musculature of the pig.

Predilection sites for C. cellulosae (cysticercosis) are heart, diaphragm, and internal masseter, tongue,
neck, shoulder, intercostals and abdominal muscles. The liver, lungs, kidneys, eye and brain are less
often affected.

The deep muscles of the thigh are often involved so that absence of infection of the usual sites does not
necessarily indicate the absence of cysts in the carcass musculature.

Judgment:

 In countries where pork measles seldom occur it warrants total condemnation of the carcass
and organs. Example, Ethiopia

 In countries where they occur frequently:

 Slight infection: conditionally passed. The treatment should be by cold or heat as

described in case of beef measles.

 Generalized infection warrants total condemnation.

Taenia hydatigena (C. tenicollis):

The adult tapeworms live in the small intestine of dog and other wild carnivores and the intermediate
stage (Cysticercus tenicollis) in cattle, sheep, goats and pigs.

The bladder worm is fairly large (diameter up to 5-6 cm), has a characteristic long neck and is therefore
called Cysticercus tenicollis. The larval cyst occurs under the peritoneum covering the liver, the
momentum or mesentery.

Judgment: - the parasite cannot be transferred to man.

 Acute infections: - condemn the liver and judge the carcass on its merits.

 Chronic cases: - removal of the cysts and removal of fibrotic tissue in the liver, or of the whole
liver.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 10 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Taenia ovis: -
An armed tapeworm which lives in the small intestine of dog and wild carnivores. The
intermediate hosts are sheep and goats. The bladder worm is called Cysticercus ovis.

Judgment:

 C. ovis cannot give rise to any parasite in man (has no zoonotic importance) but for aesthetic
reason affected organs or parts are rejected and subsequently destroyed in order to prevent
infection of dogs.

Echinococus granulosus (Hydatid cyst):

Hydatidosis due to E. granulosus is a serious zoonosis in which man is accidental intermediate host.
E.granulosus is one of the smallest armed tapeworm which lives in the small intestine of dog. The adult
worm is 0.5-2cm. long and consists of only three or four segments. The cystic stage is a hydatid cyst.

Fig: - Hydatidosis in liver

The size of hydatid cysts in animals varies from that of a marble to a small football; they contain a clear
watery fluid in which brood capsules may be floating around (so called hydatid sand). They are
surrounded by a reactive connective tissue capsule. Sometimes the cyst degenerate becomes smaller
with the fluid being replaced by caseous material, which may calcify.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 11 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Fig. Echinococus granulosus

Hydatidosis in man is a serious and sometimes fatal disease. In order to break the life cycle of the
parasite it is imperative that all organs or tissues containing cysts should be condemned and effectively
destroyed.

Fig:-Hydatidosis in man

Judgment:

 Condemnation and destruction of affected organs

 Total condemnation if cysts are found in muscles or bones (very rare case)

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 12 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Trichinella spirallis (Trichinella cyst):
It is a parasite of great public health importance in which the adult worm is found in the small intestine
of man, pigs, rats, dogs, cat, and other mammals.

The larvae enclosed in oval cysts (lemon-shaped) with their long axis parallel to the muscle fiber. The
cysts measure about 0.5 by 0.25mm. Even though the cyst can remain alive for many years it tends to
become calcified.

Infection results from the consumption of raw or undercooked flesh of animals containing viable
encysted larvae.

Judgment: as man may acquire the infection by eating infected pork

 The judgment is total condemnation.

Fascioliasis or liver fluke disease:

The disease is caused by a flattened, leaf-like, unsegmented, brownish-grey parasites affecting the bile
duct and liver of cattle, sheep and goats.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 13 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola gigantica

Acute fascioliasis:

 The liver is swollen, greyish-red in color and it is soft to the touch. Tracts filled with blood, dead
liver tissue and immature flukes are found in the liver.
Chronic fascioliasis: -
 Liver tissue is replaced by a fibrous connective tissue (cirrhosis) and in cattle by calcification of the
bile ducts which contain thick brown bile and liver flukes. In sheep, however, no calcification of the
bile ducts takes place.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 14 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Judgment:

 Acute fascioliasis: - it must be condemned as fevered carcass.

 Chronic fascioliasis: - markedly cirrhotic livers warrant total condemnation of the liver.

4.1.2. Bacterial zoonotic Diseases:

Anthrax
Anthrax is a peracute disease of ruminants manifested with septicemia, sudden death and
tarry blood from the body openings of the cadaver. It is caused by Bacillus anthracis.
Antemortem findings:
The peracute and acute forms in cattle and sheep are without clinical signs. Death may follow
in the acute form after 1 – 2 hours of illness. The acute form lasts about 48 hours.
Postmortem findings:

 Dark-tarry blood discharge from body orifices

 Absence of rigor mortis
 Hemorrhage of the mucous and serous membranes, lymph nodes and subcutaneous
tissue
 Enlarged spleen
 Severe hemorrhagic enteritis
 Degeneration of the liver and kidneys
 Bloating and rapid decomposition of carcass
 Localized lesions in the intestine of pigs (dysentery)

Diagnosis of anthrax is carried out by direct microscopic examination of tissues and fluids

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 15 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Anthrax.

Judgment:
 Condemnation of the carcass and its parts by burning or burial. If disposed by burial,
the carcass should be buried at least 6 feet below ground.
.
Brucellosis (contagious abortion, Bang’s disease):
Brucellosis of cattle is an infectious, contagious disease caused by Brucella abortus
Antemortem and postmortem findings:
In cattle

 Abortion in non vaccinated pregnant cows in the last 3 - 4 months of pregnancy

 Occasional inflammation of testes and epididymis
 Swelling of scrotum (one or both sacs)
 Edematous placenta and fetus
 Hygroma on the knees

In sheep

 Fever, increased respiration and depression

 Inferior quality of semen in rams
 Edema and swelling of scrotum (see Fig. 163A in Chapter 5)
 In chronic stage enlarged and hard epididymis, thickened scrotal tunics and
frequently atrophic testicles
TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service
TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 16 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  Infertility in rams and abortion in ewes

Judgment:
 Cattle carcass is approved (after removal of affected parts),
 In acute abortive form (after the miscarriage), cattle carcasses are condemned.

Brucellosis, Hygroma on the knee joints. This condition may be a sequel to Brucella
abortus infection.
Black quarter (black leg):
Black quarter is an acute infectious disease of cattle and sheep manifested by severe inflammation
of the muscle with high mortality. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei.
Antemortem findings:

 High fever (41°C)

 Lameness
 Loss of appetite
 Discolored, dry or cracked skin
 Stiff gait and reluctance to move
 Crepitating swellings often on the hips and shoulder
 In sheep gaseous crepitating sound cannot be felt before death

Postmortem findings:

 Lying on one side with affected hind leg stuck out. Commonly seen in cattle
 Bloating of carcass and blood stained frothy exudates from the nostrils and anus
 Dark red to black muscle of the loin, back or leg
TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service
TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 17 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  Sponge like bubbly appearance of the muscles with a peculiar rancid odour
 Yellowish, gelatinous subcutaneous tissue and associated gas bubbles
 Blood stained fluid in body cavities

Fig. : Black leg. Dark-red skeletal muscle of a heifer showing haemorrhage, necrosis, edema
and emphysema.
Judgment:
 Carcasses should be condemned.
 It is prohibited to slaughter and dress an animal diagnosed with this disease at
antemortem examination.

Tetanus (lock jaw):

Is usually fatal disease of all mammals in which tetany (tonic spasm of muscle), hyperesthesia and
convulsions are present. Horses are the most susceptible animals. It is caused by Clostridium tetani.
Ante-mortem findings:
 Muscular spasms begin in the region of the head (masseter muscle) and spread backwards to
other groups of muscle.
 Stiff stilted gait, difficulties in mastication and to open the mouth (lock jaw). Nystagmus and the
muscles are hard and board-like.
 Erected ears and prolapsed of the third eyelid
 Animal observed in ‘saw back stance’, tetany and convulsion
Post-mortem lesions:
 No significant post-mortem lesions are present
 Inefficient bleeding and degeneration of the muscles are usually present.
Judgment:

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 18 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  Total condemnation of the carcass and organs

John’s disease (Bovine Paratuberculosis):

Johne's disease is a chronic, infectious bacterial disease of adult wild and domestic ruminants
such as cattle, sheep, and goats.
Antemortem findings:

 Incubation period 2 - 3 years with range from 6 months to 15 years.

 Indifferent animal which stops eating at the end of the disease
 Gradual and chronic weight loss and emaciation
 Rough hair coat and dry skin
 Non responsive diarrhea with watery fluid faeces
 Submandibular edema (“bottle jaw”)
 Reduced milk production
 Mastitis and infertility
 Debility and death

Postmortem findings:

 Thickened and corrugated intestinal mucosa

 Enlarged caecal lymph nodes

Judgment:
 Carcass is approved when generalized systemic signs of disease are not present.
 A poor, thin and slightly moist carcass should be held in the chiller and assessed after 24
or 48 hours. If the dryness and setting of the carcass improves during this time it can be
released.
 The carcass with associated edema and emaciation is condemned.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 19 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Johne's disease. Thickened and corrugated intestinal mucosa.
Tuberculosis (TB):
Tuberculosis is a chronic disease of many animal species and poultry caused by bacteria of
the genus Mycobacterium.
Antemortem findings:

 Low grade fever

 Chronic intermittent hacking cough and associated pneumonia
 Difficult breathing
 Weakness and loss of appetite
 Emaciation
 Swelling superficial body lymph nodes

Postmortem findings:

 Tuberculous granuloma in the lymph nodes of the head, lungs (Fig. 68), intestine and
carcass. These have usually a well defined capsule enclosing a caseous mass with a
calcified centre. They are usually yellow in color in cattle, white in buffaloes and
greyish white in other animals.
 Active lesions may have a reddened periphery and caseous mass in the centre of a
lymph node.
 Inactive lesions may be calcified and encapsulated
 Nodules on the pleura and peritoneum
 Lesions in the lungs , liver, spleen, kidney
 Bronchopneumonia
 Firmer and enlarged udder, particularly rear quarters
 Lesions in the meninges, bone marrow and joints

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 20 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Lesion of tuberculosis in the lungs.
Judgment: Carcass of an animal affected with tuberculosis requires additional postmortem
examination of the lymph nodes, joints, bones and meninges.
 Carcasses are condemned
 Carcass of a reactor animal without lesions may be approved for limited distribution.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP):

This is an acute, sub acute or chronic highly infectious disease of cattle caused by
Mycoplasma mycoides var, mycoides.
Antemortem findings:

 Incubation: acute 10 – 14 days, chronic 3 – 6 months

 Morbidity: 90 % in susceptible cattle
 Mortality: 10 – 50 %
 Fever
 Depression
 Lack of appetite and loss of weight
 Coughing on exercise
 Shallow rapid respiration, grunting and gurgling
 Extended neck, lowered head and open mouth
 Arched back and outward rotated elbow
 Arthritis in young animals

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 21 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Postmortem findings:

 Fibrinous inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis)

 Straw colored fluid in the thorax (Fig. 64)
 Lobar pneumonia with red hepatization, marbled appearance of lung lobules due to
thickening of interlobular septae and interlobular pulmonary edema
 Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes
 Walled-off sequestra formation in chronic cases
 Hemorrhage in the heart

Judgment:

 Carcass is condemned if the disease is associated with fever, inadequate bleeding of

carcass, serous infiltration of the brisket and emaciation.
 Recovered animals showing no generalized signs of the disease are approved and the
affected organs are condemned.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Straw colored fluid in the thorax and partial
lung hepatization.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 22 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue):
Actinobacillosis is a chronic disease of cattle caused by Actinobacillus lignieresi. It is
manifested by inflammation of the tongue and less frequently lymph nodes of the head and
of even the viscera and carcass.
Antemortem findings:

 Loss of appetite
 Salivation and chewing
 Swollen tongue
 Mouth erosions
 Enlarged parotid and retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Postmortem findings:

 Enlarged tongue showing tough fibrous consistency. (“wooden tongue”)(Fig. 75)

 A cluster of small yellowish nodules and erosions of tongue mucosa
 Granulomatous lesions in the lymph nodes (Fig. 76)
 Marked thickening of the lower part of esophagus and stomach wall
 Raised plaques and erosions in the mucosa of rumen and reticulum
 Liver and diaphragm lesions due to contact spread from reticulum

Judgment:
 Carcass affected with active progressive inflammatory lesions of actinobacillosis in
lymph nodes and lung parenchyma is condemned.
 If the disease is slight and confined to lymph nodes, the head and tongue and whole
carcass are approved after the condemnation of lymph nodes.
 If the tongue is diseased and no lymph nodes are involved the head and carcass are
approved. The tongue is condemned.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 23 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Actinobacillosis. Multifocal, well demarcated yellow lesions in the retropharyngeal lymph node
of a bovine

Actinomycosis (‘lumpy jaw’):

Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of cattle and pigs and rarely in sheep and
horses. It is caused by Actinomyces bovis
Antemortem findings:

 Painful swelling of the maxilla and mandible (lumpy jaw); rarely in feet.
 Suppurative tracts in the granulation tissue breaking towards oral cavity or skin
 Ulceration of cheeks and gums and wart like granulations outward on head
 Difficult breathing and salivation
 Loss of weight
 Diarrhea and bloat

Postmortem findings:

 Lesions in the mandible (Lumpy jaw) or maxilla

 Granulomatous lesions in lower part esophagus or anterior part of the reticulum
 Local peritonitis

Judgment: see Actinobacillosis

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 24 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Actinomycosis. Diffuse granuloma in maxilla and formation of green yellow pus.
“Sulphur granules” are found in the pus.
Leptospirosis:
Is it is an important and relatively common disease of domestic and wild animals and man caused by
Leptospira species.
Post-mortem lesions:
 Anemia and jaundice
 Subserosal and sub mucosal hemorrhage
 Ulcer and hemorrhage in the abomasal mucosa, interstitial nephritis, haemoglobinuria.

Judgment:
 Acute Leptospirosis: carcass is totally condemned
 Chronic and localized condition may warrant an approval of the carcass

Hemorrhagic septicemia (pneumonic pasteurelosis):

Haemorrhagic septicemia is a systemic disease of cattle, buffalo, pigs, yaks and camels. It is caused
by Pasteurella multocida type B of Carter.
Antemortem findings:

 Disease more severe in buffalo than in cattle

 High fever up to 42°C
 Salivation and difficulties in swallowing
 Cough, and difficult breathing and associated pneumonia in later stages
 Edematous swelling of throat, dewlap, brisket and peritoneum
 Diarrhea

Postmortem findings:

 Subcutaneous swellings characterized with yellowish gelatinous fluid especially

around the throat region, brisket and perineum
 Enlarged hemorrhagic lymph nodes
 Hemorrhage in the organs
 Pneumonia

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 25 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  Rarely hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
 Petechial haemorrhage in the serous membranes which are extensive in some cases

Judgment:
 Carcass is condemned. If the disease is diagnosed on antemortem examination, an
animal should not be allowed to enter the abattoir. Dressing of such a carcass would
create potential danger for the spread of infection to other carcasses.

Haemorrhagic septicemia Fibrinous bronchopneumonia.

4.1.3. VIRAL ZOONOTIC DISEASES:

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD, Aphthous fever):
FMD is an acute viral and extremely contagious disease of cloven footed animals such as
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and antelope.
Antemortem findings:
Before vesicle formation:

 Incubation is 1 - 5 days or longer

 Morbidity: Nearly 100 %
 Mortality: variable depending on the strain of virus and its virulence and
susceptibility of host; 50 % in young animals, 5 % in adults
 Fever up to 41.7°C
 Dullness

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 26 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  Lack of appetite
 Drastic drop in milk production.
 Uneasiness and muscle tremors

After vesicle formation

 Smacking and quivering of lips

 Extensive salivation (Fig. 45) and drooling
 Shaking of feet and lameness

Postmortem findings:

 Necrosis of heart muscle (tiger heart), usually only in young acutely infected animals.

 Ulcerative lesions on tongue, palate, gums, pillars of the rumen and feet.

Judgment:
 In countries or in zones within a country free or nearly free of FMD diseased or suspect
animals are prohibited to be admitted in an abattoir or slaughtered.
 If FMD is suspected on postmortem examination the carcass and viscera are condemned
and appropriate action recommended by the regulatory authorities of the country must
be taken.
 In countries where this disease is present, the judgment should be in accordance with the
current animal health requirements, and consisted with effective public health protection.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 27 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Excessive salivation in a cow affected with FMD.

Rabies:
This is an acute infectious viral disease of the central nervous system in mammals.
Antemortem findings:
Furious form

 Incubation from 2 weeks to 6 months or longer

 Restlessness
 Aggressive, may attack other animals
 Sexual excitement
 Bellowing
 Paralysis and death

Paralytic form

 Sagging and swaying of the hind quarters

 Drooling and salivation

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 28 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  The tail is held to one side
 Tenesmus or paralysis of the anus
 Paralysis
 The animal falls to the ground

Postmortem findings: Possible inflammation of gastrointestinal mucosa

Judgment:
 In endemic areas carcasses may be approved if the animal was bitten eight days
before slaughter and within 48 hours of slaughter.
 The bite area and surrounding tissue must be condemned, and prevention taken to
prevent occupational hazards.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF, infectious enzootic hepatitis of cattle and sheep):
A highly contagious acute infectious viral disease of ruminants (mostly sheep), cattle and goats and man
transmitted by mosquitoes in which focal hepatic necrosis is a prominent feature. It causes a significant
high mortality in lambs. It is a notifiable disease.
Ante-mortem findings: special symptoms are absent. In sheep it is characterized by
 High morbidity and mortality particularly in young lambs, rapid course, fever, diarrhea, nasal
discharge.
 Abortion in pregnant ewes
 Lambs usually die within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms
 In cattle, the disease is less sever and less fatal, abortion in pregnant cows
 High mortality in calves.
Post-mortem lesions:
 Cyanotic visible mucosa
 Necrosis of liver in lambs (liver may be mottled grey, or reddish brown to bright yellow colored)
 Edematous and hemorrhagic gall bladder
 Hemorrhage of GIT, serosa, internal organs and lymph nodes.
 Partial erosion of ileum, caecum and colon
 Fetal hemorrhage, haemothorax
Judgment: -
 Total condemnation of the carcass and viscera

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 29 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Sheep pox:
It is a viral infectious disease of sheep caused by the Capri pox virus of the family poxviridae.
Post-mortem lesions:
 Skin lesions (papules, pustules, vesicles and scabs) particularly on the part of the body not
covered with wool, loss of wool.
 Reddish to whitish firm nodules in the mucosa of the pharynx and trachea.
 Edema and hemorrhage in the subcutis of affected areas.
 In sever case inflammation of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
 Inefficient bleeding in the initial stages of the disease.
Judgment: -
 Total condemnation in case of fever, inefficient bleeding, and emaciation, Otherwise the carcass
may be approved.

Self-Check 4 Written Test

Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________

Time started: _______________________ Time finished: ____________________

Instructions: answer the following questions

1. Write your judgment if you identify the following in your postmortem examination(6 pts.)

a. Anthrax

b. Johns’ disease

2. Mention two disease causing bloat at your postmortem diagnosis (4 pts.)

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 30 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
3. Mention two antemortem findings of tetanus (2 pts.)

4. What is the staining method used to identify TB? (2 pts.)

5. When do you decide local condemnation in case of wooden tongue? (2 pts.)

6. Identify the predilection site for------ (5 pts.)

a. C.bovis

b. C.cellulose

c. C.ovis

D. C. tenicullose

E. C. cerebralis

7. Write your judgment if you diagnose------ (6 pts.)

a. FMD___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

b. Rabies_________________________________________

c. Sheep pox______________________________________

d. RVF___________________________________________

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 31 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 2.5. Awareness on hygienic management of meat.

Inspecting food animal products

Inspection refers to examination of meat and other products for abnormalities and diseases.

Definition: - It is a supervision of meat and animal products with the objective of providing sound and
wholesome animal product for human consumption. A proper inspection service consists of a veterinary
examination of the live animal (ante-mortem inspection), and examination of the carcass and offal (post-
mortem inspection) and animal products, where necessary, laboratory tests of body tissues and fluids.

Judgment (decision) categories at ante-mortem inspection:

 Approved for slaughter without any restriction: This judgment is passed, if

 No evidence of disease is noted.

 Condemned for slaughter: This decision is made

 If specific contagious diseases or zoonotic diseases have been detected

 If the certificate accompanying the animal reveals the information that the animal has
been treated with antibiotics.

 Emaciated animals, & those animals carrying toxic residues. Immature and weak

 Slaughter authorized under special precautions: This judgment is passed

 If the animal is suspected to have been infected with noticeable disease. Such animal is
slaughtered in a separate section of the slaughterhouse or at the end of the slaughtering
of healthy animals.
 Authorization for slaughter delayed: This judgment is passed
 If the period of rest has not been maintained and
 Animal affected by a condition, which temporarily limits the fitness of meat for human
consumption.
 Emergency slaughter ordered: This judgment is passed
 If the animal is affected by a condition, which does not affect the quality of meat and the
public health. Such condition includes fracture of limbs, pelvis or ribs, extensive

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 32 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
 bruising, dystocia, transport tetany, pregnancy toxaemia in ewes, tympanitis, generalized
mastitis, asphyxia and obstruction of the esophagus

 This judgment is passed for 2 reasons:

>To relieve the animal from suffering and

> To save economic loss from death of the animal

NOTICE: Emergency slaughter should not be confused with causality slaughter refers to the slaughter
of animal suffering from chronic illness e.g. milk fever, obturator paralysis.

 judgment on emergency slaughtered carcass:

The carcass needs to be totally condemned, if

 The animal has died before slaughtering

 The carcass is not accompanied with visceral organs and presented for inspection

 The carcass reveals abnormal odor.

 Repetition of ante-mortem inspection:

Ante-mortem inspection shall be repeated, if
 the slaughter has not been effected within 24hrs
 Additional information or diagnostic test are required
 The animal reveals obscure dubious clinical signs during the initial ante-mortem inspection.
 Postponing the slaughter:

 The slaughter of the animal may be postponed, if curable disease is diagnosed

 The animal is found in stage of late pregnancy

 The animal has been found treated with drugs, which may affect the consumer.

Post-mortem inspections:
Post-mortem inspections refers to examination of the carcass and associated organs after slaughtering to
detect and eliminate abnormalities including contamination to ensure only meat fit for human
consumption is passed for food.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 33 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
Medial view of carcass with relevant lymph nodes

Decisions at post-mortem inspection:

 approved for human consumption: This judgment is passed
 When no disease or abnormal condition or residues are detected
 If the slaughter operation has been performed in hygienic manner
 Totally condemned: if one or more of the following conditions are met
 If the food animal is infected with infectious, contagious disease or zoonotic disease.
 If residues beyond the normal limit is detected
 If there is severe organoleptic deviation from normal meat

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 34 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
  The meat has been conditionally approved for human consumption, but this has not been
treated by heat or cold.
 Partially condemned for human consumption: This judgment is passed,
 If abnormalities or defects are encountered in certain parts of the organ or carcass. .
 Conditionally approved for human consumption: This judgment is passed,
 If the carcass or organ poses hazards to the public or animal health. But the hazard can
be eliminated through proper treatment
 Inferior meat
 If the meat is below accepted standard, but does not pose public hazard when consumed.
 Approved for human consumption with distribution restricted to limed areas: The judgment
is passed, if
 The animal originated from an area where there is an outbreak of disease and
slaughtering has been recommended to contain the disease in that area.
 The animal comes from quarantine stations.
 Detained: carcass may be detained for further inspection under
 Slight discoloration e.g. as in the case of jaundice
 If chemical, toxicological or microbiological examination is required.

Operate relevant equipment and materials correctly.

Information Sheet-3

5.1. Quarantine operations

Receiving animals
When the quarantine inspector receives animals, s/he should know the following points and make the
required arrangements.
• It is important to check all the papers that accompany each load, but it is equally important to establish a
checklist of observations about the animals that should be noted.
• Inspect the following information: date and time of shipment, animal health certificates (if available),
look for comments regarding vaccines or medications, etc. It is also reasonable to inspect the trucker's log
etc.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 35 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
• Weigh all animals on arrival.
• Look at shrink and condition, handling and transportation of animals on arrival
• Establish a check list for inspection that includes a rating scale for each item. The check list should
include a rating for temperament (tired, alert, active), outer condition (wet, dirty, clean), breed, frame and
finish description, lameness, swelling, and number and location of previous or existing tags (if available).
• Set a minimum standard for acceptance and be willing to refuse delivery. Feed and water should be
available to animals when they are unloaded.
• Cattle coming from feedlots should be placed on a high energy feed.
• For cattle coming from the range, the first feed offered should be excellent quality dry hay. Six to eight
hours after arrival, change the feed to a low medium energy totally mixed feed such as one-third corn and
two-thirds ground alfalfa hay. Within 24 hours, animals can be placed on a medium energy feed such as a
50/50 mix of corn and alfalfa.
• Bunk management is an important key to minimizing problems with new cattle. The inspector should
get assistance from the nutritionist to develop a cost effective ration and a proper monitoring system for
feed delivery.
• The best location for water troughs for all animals is directly behind the bunk pad apron. Flow-through
water troughs are the best type to use for new animals.

Processing animals
When the quarantine inspector processes animals, s/he should know the following points and make the
required arrangements.
• For animal coming directly from range lands, consider timely mass medication of animals to eliminate
or minimize an expected outbreak of TADs.
• Animals entering quarantine facilities should be given an ear tag that identifies the animal as a member
of a group of animals received and processed at the same time. Without identification, analysis of
performance and proper precautions for medication withdrawals cannot be accomplished. For animals
coming from range lands or those who have lost their ID, apply ear tag containing lot and individual
information.
• It is best to use disposable syringes and needles. Care must be taken to ensure that detergents and
disinfectants are thoroughly rinsed from syringes after cleaning, especially syringes used for modified
live vaccines. Detergents and disinfectants will kill modified live vaccines and may cause tissue irritation.
Always use the smallest needle possible. Most vaccines can be given with an 18 gauge, 1 to 1 1/2 inch
needle.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 36 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
• Never use the same needle on more than 10 animals. Be alert for damage to or contamination of the
needle and change the needle immediately.
• Most animals need 12 to 72 hours rest after receiving. It is best to schedule all processing early in the
morning and plan to finish before 11 a.m. It is a serious mistake to process highly stressed cattle after
mid-morning.
• Handle all animals carefully and slowly.
• If animals do not move through the facilities easily, have a qualified professional analyze the problem.
Frequently minor changes in the facilities can improve animal movement and decrease stress to both
animals and workers.
• Each set of animal gets a lot number and pen assignment based on its species and source as feedlot
(cattle) or range lands (cattle, sheep, goat and camels).
Feeding animals
When the quarantine inspector starts feeding animals, s/he should know the following points and make
the required arrangements.
• Cattle coming from feedlots should be placed on a high energy feed.
• Adapting newly arriving animals from the range to a dry lot ration without inducing gut irritation and
acidosis is a major factor in preventing disease in quarantine facilities.
• The quarantine facility nutritionist should typically start cattle on a moderate energy, total mixed, dry
ration offered in two to three split feedings during the first five to seven days after processing.
• It is very important to know the dry matter intake on a daily basis. Fluctuations in intake can lead to
subclinical acidosis. Subclinical acidosis is commonly misdiagnosed as respiratory disease.
• Keeping a daily log of feed consumption will not only help monitor feed intakes, but will also allow to
spot outbreaks of respiratory disease early.
• Feed consumption will typically drop approximately 25 percent 24 hours before there is a significant
rise in the body temperature of group animals.
Finding and treating sick animals
• The three keys to identifying typical sick animal are depression, abnormal gut fill and changes in
respiratory rate. However, these keys become difficult to assess in the afternoon.
• Quarantine inspectors should set up a system for scoring the severity of the illness. The system should
include a rating scale for depression and gut fill. Scoring should be done before the animal's temperature
is taken.
• Treatments must follow the manufacturer's recommendations; approved and monitored by the
quarantine inspector.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 37 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
• The quarantine inspector should set up a treatment program and establish cut off temperatures for
individual animal treatment.
• It is very important to identify and establish an individual record for each animal treated. These records
will allow to accurately evaluate treatment programs, establish appropriate withdrawal times and help
make decisions in the future treatments, should an infection relapses.
• Avoid giving medications in the hind leg muscles.
• Use subcutaneous or intravenous injections if approved by the manufacturer, or use the muscles of the
neck for intramuscular injections.
• Do not inject more than 10 cc per site and watch for injection site problems.
• It is important to protect sick animals from adverse environmental conditions such as mud, dust and
extreme heat or cold.
• Give sick cattle 18 to 24 inches of bunk space and avoid feeding hay in a feeder other than the bunk.
• Avoid the use of fermented feeds for sick cattle.
• The quarantine inspector together with the animal nutritionist should design an appropriate feeding
program for sick animals and for returning recovered ones to their home pen.

Quarantine operating Procedures

• Each animal must undergo quarantine procedures before export for a minimum period of 30 days.
• The exporter or agent coordinating the exportation must nominate a person who will be accessible to the
quarantine station manager if any problems arise.
• The quarantine facility will provide sufficient staff to undertake duties relating to the care and
maintenance of the animals, cleaning of the shed, loading, unloading and transportation of the animals
after the period of quarantine.
• The exporter will also provide all feed while water will be provided by the quarantine station.
• The quarantine pens should be cleaned thoroughly on completion of quarantine.
• The water troughs should be checked daily and cleaned once a week or more frequent if required.
• The feeders are to be cleaned every second day and topped up with fresh hay and if animals are being
fed grain the grain troughs should be cleaned daily.
• The quarantine station will provide staff for the supervision, oversight and assistance with all aspects of
animal health and husbandry directly related to the quarantine requirements.
• All staff of the exporter must abide by the rules and regulations of the quarantine station.
• Upon arrival at the station the livestock should be removed to their allotted pens and a proper
assessment of the physical and clinical condition should be made. Anything unwanted should be recorded
and the quarantine inspector consulted.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 38 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
• All animals are subject to a veterinary examination on arrival, and immediately before release.
• Inspectors are required to ensure that there is no direct contact between sick and healthy animals at any
time throughout the quarantine period. Where any direct contact occurs (outside of normal operational
practices) this must be recorded in a specific register for reference in case of a disease outbreak.
• Quarantine management will provide a health record sheet for each animal. These Health Record Sheets
need only be completed for animals that are observed to have a health problem.
• Treatments or any other relevant details must be recorded.
• Any health problems with animals must be immediately reported to the quarantine inspector.
• Staff attending to and caring for the export animals must note that all work clothes, shoes and other
protective clothes to remain on the station for the duration.
• Staffs assigned to work in these facilities shower into and out of the facilities, and are required to sign a
contract prohibiting contact with other animals for 24 hours prior to and after exiting the facility.
• No unauthorized visitors are permitted to enter the animal quarantine facility, authorized visitors must
wear overalls and boots provided by the quarantine station.
• Any equipment that has been in direct contact with animals must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected
after use and before being removed from the premises.
• Tests and treatments are conducted based on the requirements of importing countries under the
supervision of public Quarantine Inspectors.
• Blood samples or other material derived from animals in quarantine are not to be removed without
approval by the quarantine management
• If any animal fails a test or shows signs of disease, that animal and any or all other animals in the
premises may be detained in quarantine for further testing and/or observation at the exporter's expense or
destroyed without recompense.
• At the end of the specified quarantine period, if the Quarantine Inspector believes that a consignment of
animals still presents an unacceptable risk of disease spread, the consignment may be held in quarantine
for further investigation, observation, treatment, testing or for any other purpose appropriate to the
circumstances.
• If the risk cannot be effectively managed, destruction of the consignment may be ordered.
• Animals are handled in quarantine facilities on an ‘all-in all-out’ basis.

Animal handling

• Handle livestock quietly but firmly and with adequate equipment.

• Never lose your temper and needlessly upset an anima1.
• Harsh treatment may make an animal reluctant to return to stockyards or vehic1es.

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 39 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
• Animals separated from the mob, or placed in strange surroundings, may behave differently and be
unpredictable. Consequently, extreme care must be taken when handling them.
• Prepare yards and equipment before you begin operations. Always keep equipment, fences, yards, gates
and sheds in good repair.
• Yards should be of adequate size and strength to match the animals being handled.
• Be continually aware of the position of stock in a stockyard. Never turn your back on cattle, and always
be on alert for the possibility of large animals moving suddenly and crushing you against rails, fences and
other structures.
• When drafting stock, stand to the side of the drafting gate. Animals may run you down in an attempt to
get through. Animals separated from the mob, or placed in strange surroundings, may behave differently
and be unpredictable. Consequently, extreme care must be taken when handling them.
• If attacked by a bull beyond the reach of safety, do not panic and run. Face the animal and move toward
it. This way it is easier to out-maneuver and possibly frighten the animal.
• Animals requiring attention should be well secured before being treated. Injuries incurred as a result of
struggling animals constitute the majority of accidents involving stock.
• When working with stock, safety footwear with specially reinforced toe-caps and soles should be worn
to prevent crushed feet.
• However submissive the animal may appear, constant care should be exercised in handling, so that
control is maintained over its actions at all times.
• An animal exhibiting signs of aggression should be immediately left alone, or the necessary safety
precautions implemented i.e. isolation.

Address Current public health issues.

Information Sheet-4

Current public health issues include: Outbreak, vaccination, natural disaster, pandemics

Self-Check 2 Written Test

Name _____________________________ date _______________

Directions: answer the following questions correctly

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 40 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021
REFERENCE

TVET Program: Animal Health Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4 version 1 Level IV Page 41 of 36
TTLM, SEP. 2021