fiment Property Senior High School General Physics 1 Quarter 2 - Module 4 Mechanical Waves and Sound BTC y = P Sa [ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY MODE Department of Education ¢ Republic of the PhilippinesSound waves (A. ®&) What I Need to Know In the previous lessons, you have leamed that a sound is nothing but a longitudinal wave that travels through a medium. How do you know when a sound is high-pitched? low-pitched? In this lesson, you are to explain how sound waves are produced; relate frequency to pitch; compare the speed of sound in various media; relate plane waves to spherical waves; and recognize the Doppler Effect, and determine the direction of a frequency shift when there is relative motion between a source and an observer. Figure 11.1 (a) The sound from a tuning fork is produced by (b) the vibrations of each its prongs. (c) When a prong swings to the right, there is region of high density and pressure. (d) Once the prong would swing back to the left, a connected part of lower density and pressure occurs. Whether a sound wave conveys the shrill whine of a jet plane or the melodic whistling of a bird, it begins with a vibrating object. Perform the activity high or low. z \ What's New Activity 11.1.4 High or Low? Objective: 1, To determine the factors that affect pitch. 1Materials: Guitar, guitar pick Procedure: Strum each guitar string without holding the frets. (String #0 is the lowermost string while string #6 is the uppermost string). Record all your observations and answer the guide questions on a separate sheet of paper. Data and Results: String # Pitch (High or Low) aa) a) Guide Questions 1. Which string vibrates the most when strummed? 2. Which string vibrates the least when strummed? 3. Which string has the highest frequency? 4. Which string has the highest pitch? 5. Which has the lowest frequency? 6. Which string has the lowest pitch? 7. How would you relate pitch and frequency? ie \ What Is It Production of Sound Waves How is sound produced? In the activity high or low, you strummed the guitar string. You have noticed the back and forth motion of the string. The motion from one place to another and back again is called vibration. Sound waves are made by a vibratory object in a medium. To further understand how sound is produced; let's consider a vibrating tuning fork as shown in Figure 11.1. The vibrating prong of a tuning fork, shown in Figure 11.1(b), air molecules nearby is set into motion. As the prong swings to the right, as shown in Figure 11.1(c), a region where there is movement of prong air molecules are disturbed and forced closer together. The area of high air pressure and the same time with high molecular density is called a compression. As the prong moves to the left, as in Figure 11.1(d), at the right molecules are disperse, causing the density and air pressure are lower than normal. This region of lower density and air pressure is called a rarefaction. The vibrations of air molecules(sound wave) are parallel to the course of wave movement. Thus, sound waves are longitudinal. Figure 11.2 (a) Once the tuning fork vibrates, (b) a number of compressions and rarefactions go off from each prong. (c) The ctest corresponds to compression, and the trough corresponds to rarefaction The crests, in Figure 11.2, correspond to compressions and troughs, on the other hand, correspond to rarefactions. Since compressions (higher pressure) and rarefactions (lower pressure), the sine curve represents as shown above exhibits the changes in air pressure resulting from the propagation of the sound. ‘Sound Waves: Its characteristics It was mentioned in the previous module that frequency is described as the quotient of the number of times (n) a periodic phenomenon occurs over the time (t) in which it occurs: f=n/t. Sound waves that the average human ear can hear is called audible sound waves, it has frequencies between 20 and 20 000 Hz. Individual’s hearing depends on age and experiences of loud noise, to cite a few factors. Sound waves with frequencies less than 20 Hz are called infrasonic waves, and those above 20 000 Hz is called ultrasonic waves. Animals such as Elephants (infrasonic) and dogs (ultrasonic) use sound waves to communicate and to stay alive. Pitch figures out how high or low we perceive the sound with the ear in an auditory way. As the frequency of sound increases, the pitch rises. The frequency of a wave is an object quantity that can be measured, while pitch refers to how different frequencies are perceived by the human ear. Wavelength decreases as the frequency increases. Thus, infrasonic waves have longer wavelengths than audible sound waves, and ultrasonic waves have shorter wavelengths. Because of their short wavelengths, ultrasonic waves have widespread medical applications. For example, ultrasonic waves can be used to produce images of objects inside the body. It is possible because sound waves are partially reflected when Figure 11.3 Ultrasound Machinethey reach a boundary between two materials of different densities. On the other hand, dolphin echolocation works in a similar manner. A dolphin sends out pulses of sound, which return in the form of reflected sound waves. These reflected waves allow the dolphin to form an image of the object that reflected the waves. Dolphins use high-frequency waves for echolocation because shorter wavelengths are most effective for detecting smaller objects ‘Sound waves can travel through solids, Table 11.1 Speed of sound in various media liquids, and gases. Because waves consist Medium vtmls) | of particle vibrations, the speed of a wave (Gases depend on how quickly one patticle can | ~ air (0%) 331 transfer its motion to another particle. For air (25°C) 346 example, solid particles respond more | aif (100°C) 366 rapidly to a disturbance than gas particles do TET 20 because the molecules of a solid are closer ea"iy(ay 317 together than those of a gas are. As a result, sound waves generally travel faster through | Liquids at 25°C solids than through gases. Table 11.1 shows | metmylalcohol tao the speed of sound in various media. The | water 4490 speed of the sound also depends on the ‘Solids =~=~CS*~<“CS*S*«*Y temperature of the medium. As temperature | aluminum 5100 rises, the particles of a gas collide more | copper 3960 frequently. And so, the disturbance in gases | 0", ayo disperses faster in high temperatures than in| PCa eg rubber lower temperatures. Sound waves go from one place to another off from a source (where there is vibration) in all directions. When a person plays a stringed musical instrument in the middle of a room, the resulting sound can be heard throughout the room because the sound waves spread out in all directions. Such three-dimensional sound waves are approximately spherical. We shall assume that sound waves are exactly spherical unless stated otherwise. Figure 11.4 shows a representation of a spherical wave with a series of disks (circles) surrounding the source. The disks represent the points or locations of compressions termed as wave fronts. Hence, we are considering a three-dimensional phenomenon in two dimensions; each disk represents a spherical area. eT Wave fronts Figure 11.4 Representation of a spherical wave Figure 11.5 Rays between wave frontsBecause each wave front corresponds to the center of a compression, the distance between adjacent wave fronts is equal to one wavelength, y. The lines which are perpendicular to the wave fronts are termed as rays. Rays indicate the direction of wave motion. Each wave front corresponds to a crest of the sine curve, Which in turn corresponds to a single ray. Since compressions are presented through crests of the sine curve, each wave front crossed by a ray would correspond to a crest of the sine curve. Figure 11.5 shows a small portion of a spherical wave front that is many wavelengths away from the source. With this case, considering the rays. are close to become parallel lines, same with the wave fronts as close to becoming parallel planes. Thus, at distances from the source that are great relative to the wavelength, we can approximate spherical wave fronts with parallel lines. Such waves are called plane waves. Apparently, a plane wave is just any small portion of a spherical wave that is far from the source. Plane waves can be treated as a series of identical one-dimensional waves, all travelling in the same direction. The Doppler Effect You have probably experienced hearing the siren of an ambulance or someone drives by honking a car horn. You have noticed that the pitch of the siren and pitch of the horn change. The pitch would be higher as the vehicle approaches and the pitch would be lower as the vehicle moves away. As you read earlier in this lesson, the pitch of a sound depends on its frequency. But in this case, the siren or the car horn is not changing its frequency. How would you explain this change in pitch? Figure 11.6 As this car moves to the left, an observer in front of the car at point A, hears the car hom at a higher pitch than the driver, while an observer behind the car at point B, hears a lower pitch, Figure 11.6 shows a car that is moving. There is a conditional circumstance relating to the moving car and the observer at rest. The condition may affect the way the wave fronts (sound waves) are generated by the car's horn and as perceived by the observer. Although the frequency of the car hon (the source of frequency) remains constant, the wave fronts reach an observer in front of the car, at point A, more often than they would if the car was stationary. The reason is that the source of 5the sound waves is heading toward the observer. Thus, the frequency heard by this observer is greater than the source of frequency (the speed of the sound waves does not change). Meantime, the wave fronts reach an observer behind the car, at point B, less often than they would if the car was stationary. So, the frequency heard by this observer is less than the source of frequency. These changes in pitch brought by the relative motion of the source on the listener are known as the Doppler Effect. It was named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler (1803-1853) who first described it Accordingly, frequency determines pitch; the Doppler Effect affects the pitch heard by each listener on the street. The observer in front of the car hears a higher pitch, while the observer behind the car hears a lower pitch. In the situation given, a source that is moving with respect to the observer at rest, Doppler Effect happens also even the observer is moving with respect to the source at rest, or both are moving even having different speed. That is, Doppler Effect happens whenever there is a relative motion between the audience (observer) and the wave source. Fay What’s More Activity 11.1.2 Sound Check! Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 2. Describing Sound. a. Think of words (at least 10) that can be used to describe sound. Example: loud b, Classify the words (in 2.a) under categories that you can think of. Example: stressful Below is a template as your reference but you may create your own comprehensive one Category 4 Category 2 Category 3( What | Have Learned X From the concepts that you have leamed, perform the task below. Please use a clear paper as your answer sheet. Task: There are words inside the box. Select the best word to complete the sentence. 1 point audible compression plane wave vibrations pitch temperature Doppler Effect 1 is the location in a longitudinal wave where pressure and density are quite greater than the normal. 2. The sound from a tuning fork produced by the of each of its prongs. 3. Sound waves that the average human ear can hear are called 4. The perceived highness or lowness of a sound, depending on the frequency of the sound is known as . 5. The speed of sound depends on the of the medium 6. Any small portion of a spherical wave that is far from the source can be considered a 7. A frequency shift that is the result of relative motion between the source of waves and an observer is known as > What! Can Do Performance Task: Collect newspaper clippings or magazine articles that deal with the issue of noise pollution. Read these sources and cite some social, economic, environment, political, and ethical implications of this issue. Place all your outputs (newspaper clips/magazine articles and implication) collected on SCRAP BOOK. You may use recycled materials or other resources available at home to make your scrapbook creative and presentable. Do not use glitters, colored sand, and other bulky designing materialsYour output will be assessed in accordance with the following criteria Presentation/Creativity/Neatness - 10 points Relevancy of the article - 10 points Coherency of ideas 40 points Total: 30 pointsPEST) 2 Sound intensity and resonance What's In You have learned in lesson 1 how sound waves are produced, You were also able to relate frequency to pitch and compared the speed of sound in various media. You have also known the relation of plane waves to spherical waves and recognized the Doppler Effect of which you were able to determine the direction of a frequency shift whenever there is a relative motion between the audience (observer) and the wave source. Now we will study on sound intensity, forced vibrations and resonance. (Qn { What I Need to Know Ss One a piano player hits a piano key, the hammer inside the piano hits the wire causing it to vibrate as shown in Figure 11.7. The wire’s vibrations transferred to the piano’s board. As the soundboard vibrates, it exerts a force on air molecules around it, resulting air molecules in motion. Accordingly, as the soundboard vibrates. back and forth, its kinetic energy is then converted into sound waves. By this, the vibration of soundboard gradually dies out Figure 11.7 Once the piano wire vibrates, energy is transferred to the piano’s soundboard, in response, energy then transferred into the air in the form of sound, In this lesson, you wil learn to calculate the intensity of sound waves; relate intensity, decibel level, and perceived loudness; explain why resonance occur; and apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the distance from the source.QB What's New Activity 11.2.4 Drop it, | Guess! Objective: Make qualitative observations when different objects are drop. Materials: a softball or a tennis balll, ball pen, and a nail Procedure: 1. Ina concrete floor/ground. Drop the objects one at a time on the floor. 2. Observe how each one sounds. 3. Then with a friend drop the same set of objects one at a time 4. Ask your friend to blindfold you. Your friend would ask you to guess the objects that he/she dropped Guide Questions Answer the following questions below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper 1. Did the sounds produced by the objects differ? 2. Did they have the same pitch? 3, What are the possible reasons why they show different sounds? é \ What Is It Sound Intensity As mentioned in Lesson 1, sound waves travelled in air are classified as longitudinal waves. When sound waves travel from the source, energy is transferred from one point (air molecule) to another. Moreover, the rate of energy that is transferred through a unit area of the plane wave is termed as intensity of the wave. Since power, P, is defined as the rate of energy transfer, we can describe intensity in terms of power. P Intensity = The SI unit for power is the watt. So, the unit for intensity is watts per square meter (W/m”). Consider a spherical wave; energy propagates in an equal amount in all directions. In this case, the power emitted by the source (P) is distributed over a spherical surface (area = 4mr’), given that there is no absorption in the medium. 10Intensity = * INTENSITY OF A SPHERICAL WAVE Powor Intensity = —————_Pewes —_, Gay (aistance from the source) The equation indicates that the intensity (sound wave) has decrease when the distance from the source (r) increased. The equal amount of energy is scatter over a larger area is absolutely the rationale. Figure 11.8 presents a spherical shape of a sound wave that travels off from the source. Figure 11.8 A spherical shape of @ sound wave that Travels off from the source. Two compressions (wave fronts) are shown here, with radir, and ra The inverse square law (sound) is relevant to small sources of sound that produce sound equally in all directions, Supposed that the medium which the sound travels the same and does not reflect or absorbed the surface or the air. Given with this condition, sound travels as a spherical wave. It extends out uniformly in al directions and its wave fronts form the surface of a sphere. From the intensity of a spherical wave equation, lage Rearranging this formula would help you to determine the power of the source P= 4nr? I. Figure 11.9 exhibits the general presentation of Inverse Square Law. The illustration presents a point source that extends uniformly infuse in all directions without a limit to its range. Moreover, the intensity of the influence at any given radius () is the source strength divided by the area of phenomena. The inverse ‘square law applies also to other phenomena (such as force, light and radiation) aesiace Figure 11.9 The Inverse Square Law in its general presentation, uSample Problem 1 Mary measured the sound intensity at a distance of 3.5 from a bell ringing to be 5.0 x 107 Wm. We assume that the bell acts as the point source of sound (Neglect the effects of reflection and absorption). What is the total power of the sound emitted by the bell? 11 (3.5m) x 6.0 x 10° Wm? TW Using the equation of sound intensity produced by a source, | =, the sound intensity it produces is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. tad Inverse square law can be restated as “the intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source”. When comparing sound intensities at two different distances r, and r» from its source, the power of the source is constant. And so, P = 411r;7l, = 4m1r2“lz. This relationship would then give the formula: Sample Problem 2 Given that the sound intensity 4.0 m from the sound source is 5.0 x 10° W m?. What is the intensity at (a) 20 m; and (b) 13 m from the source? Solution (2) Given: 14.0 m; Reguired: Iz eB 5.0 x 10°Wm? (4.0 m)? (2.0m? = 20x 10°Wm? ‘Solution (b) Given: r:=4.0 m; Required: I, b ns =5.0 x 10° Wm”; n=13m. 3 5.0.x 10° Wm? (4.0 my (13m)? =4.7x10'Wm? 12The given examples show the following general ‘rules of thumb’: if you halve the distance, the intensity is multiplied by 4; if you double the distance, the intensity is divided by 4. Meanwhile, factors to determine which sounds are audible are intensity and frequency. Figure 11.10 shows human hearing depends on both the frequency and the intensity of sound waves. Figure 11.10 Human hearing depends on both the frequency and the intensity of sound waves The graph presents sounds at low frequencies (below S0Hz) or high frequencies (above 12 000Hz) must be relatively intense to be heard, whereas sounds in the middle of the spectrum are audible at lower intensities. The threshold of hearing describes to have the softest sounds that can be detected by the average human ear. It has a frequency of 1000Hz and an intensity of 1.0x10'? Wim?. On the other hand, threshold of pain is the loudest sounds that the human ear can tolerate have an intensity of about 1.0 Wim’. Below is the table showing conversion of intensity to decibel level. Table 11.2 Conversion of intensity to decibel level Intensity | Decibel Intensity | Decibel (Wim?) | level (dB) Examples (Wim?) | level (dB) Examples 1.0x10" 0 threshold of hearing | 7.0x10 70__| vacuum cleaner 1oxt0 10_| rusting leaves. .0x10" 80 | alarm clock 10x10 20 | quiet whisper 10x10 90 | fawn mower 1.0e10 ‘30 | Whisper 7.0x10° 100__| power motor 1.0x10 40_| mosquito buzzing | 7.0x10" 110 auto hom at 1m 1.ox10 50 | normal conversation | 1.0xt0! 120 | threshold of pain T.Ox10 60 air conditioning at 6m | 1.0x10° 150 | nearby jet airplane Relative intensity simply determine by relating the intensity of a sound wave to the intensity at the threshold of hearing (human perceptions of loudness). It can also be referred to decibel (dB). The decibel is a common measure of sound intensity that is one tenth of a bel on the logarithmic intensity scale. The original unit of decibel level is be/, was named in honour of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of telephone. The decibel is equivalent to 0.1 bel. Forced Vibrations and Resonance In an instance when you held an isolated guitar string and plucked it, you can hardly hear any sound from it. But when you attached the same string on a guitar then you plucked it, the intensity of sound increases dramatically. What isresponsible for this difference? To answer the question, we consider the figure below of pendulum set in motion — a set of pendulum suspended from a beam and bound by a loose rubber band. If one pendulum is set in motion, its vibrations are then transferred by the rubber band to the other pendulums which will then begin vibrating. That process is called forced vibration. In a guitar once plucked, the vibrating strings force the bridge of the guitar to vibrate and the bridge would then transfer the vibration to the guitar body. The forced vibrations in the given example with a guitar are called sympathetic vibrations. Figure 11.11 ifone blue pendulum is setin motion, only the other blue pendulum whose length is the same will eventually oscilate witha large amplitude or resonate. In the previous module on vibrations and waves, the frequency of a pendulum depends on its string length. Therefore, every pendulum will vibrate at a certain frequency known as its natural frequency. Refer to Figure 11.11, the two blue pendulums have the same natural frequency, on the other hand the green and yellow have different natural frequencies. For instance, the first blue pendulum has been moved, the other pendulums (green and orange) would experience a slight vibration. But the other blue pendulum would swing back and forth with much ampiitude in it because the natural frequency matches the frequency of the pendulum that was initially set in motion. This system is said to be in resonance. Because the energy is transferred from one pendulum to the other, the amplitude of vibration of the first blue pendulum will decrease while the second blue pendulum’s amplitude increases. The human ear transmits vibrations that cause nerve impulses to communicate with other organs. Human ear is divided into three sections: outer, middle, and inner — as shown in Figure 11.12. Figure 11.12 The Human Ear The sound wave would pass through the ear canal and then to the eardrum. The eardrum then vibrates (because of sound wave) and transfers the vibration to the small bones in the middle ear. These bones transmit the vibrations to the inner ear (cochlea). The cochlea has different natural frequencies in different positions. ‘Sound waves of different frequencies would vibrate (resonate) at different locations 4thus creating impulses in different nerve fibers. And these impulses are sent to the brain which interprets as sound of varying frequencies. @) What's More Activity 11.2.2 Play with my Guitar ‘Objective: Make qualitative observations of forced vibration. Materials: guitar string (loosened or isolated) , a guitar Procedure: 1. Hold both ends of a loosened guitar string. 2. Let your friend strum or disturb the string. Then listen to the sound produced. 3. Get a guitar. Attach the guitar string to the sounding board (wooden part of the guitar). Strum or disturb the string. Guide Question Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. How did the sound of the loosened string compare to the sound made by the string connected to the sounding board? Activity 11.2.3 Test for RESONance Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Why do different objects make different sounds when dropped on the floor? 2. Why can a tuning fork or bell be set into resonance while a paper cannot? 3. If the handle of a tuning fork is held solidly against a table, the sound becomes louder. Why? What I Have Learned From the concepts that you have learned, perform the task below. Read carefully each item and find the answer in the table full of letters. Once the answer is found, write the correct word/s and the position of the answer, it could be written diagonally, horizontally, vertically or reversed. Please use a clear paper as your answer sheet. 3 points (1 point-correct word; 2 points-correct position) 1s1. The rate at which energy flows through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. 2. Human hearing depends on both the and the intensity of sound waves 3. The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. 4. Its the softest sounds that can be heard by the average human ear. 5. Itis determined by relating the intensity of a sound wave to the intensity of the threshold of hearing. 6. A condition that exists when the frequency of a force applied to a system matches the natural frequency of vibration of the system. RAQSTUIZYOPCQXTILG ESEIBCGYFDEADZXGNY LFWEDXJKYOPDSGXIVOD ATILAYXGPBIUSDTRAVR TIFSLZIFRESONANCEE I1'GMESEDOCVGIEREFSE VJLEOJROAVAHISHSAD EKPIFOOANRFAKYSMODS 'BHJRCNDUOFNNETABY NEOKEYDNDQENIPNSPB TS I1GacstLEESAHOUHOO EXHVSEOGORGEGRANUA NTGDYHRAFIVGSONURQ SQDESONACENEERINEX IVQESFREYCNEUQERFE TGRUDPOUGOUFGBIVAH YHO!DGYUPBSEQZGYNY TGETDGHWAZTOPJKODII he ( What I Can Do Performance Task: In your community, go to a playground and find a swing (Please be extra careful in doing the whole duration of this task). Sit on one of the swings, pump or ask someone to push at different rates: 1) equal to the natural frequency of the swing; 2) slower than, and 3) faster than. Then, observe whether the rate at which you pump or are pushed would affect the amplitude of vibration. 16Using a long size bond paper, make a diagram showing the different rates — faster than, slower than, and equal to the natural frequency of the swing. Make sure you have measurements in the illustrations. Answer the following questions: 1. Are some rates more effective at building your amplitude than others? 2. Explain how your results support the statement that resonance works best when the frequency of the applied force matches the system's natural frequency. You will be given two (2) days to conceptualize and execute your ideas. Your output will be assessed in accordance with the following criteria. Presentation of diagrams/illustrations _- 15 points Coherency of answers Question 1 - 5 points Question 2 = 5 points Total: 25 points 7Harmonics What's In From your previous lesson, you have learned to calculate the intensity of sound waves; relate intensity, decibel level, and perceived loudness; explain why resonance occur; and apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the distance from the source At this time, you will study on standing waves on a vibrating string and beats. he What I Need to Know As mentioned within in the previous topics on vibrations and waves, a spread of standing waves will occur once a string is fixed at one end and set into vibration at the opposite by a tuning fork or simply moving your hand. Figure 11.13 shows the vibratory strings of a violin produce standing waves whose frequencies rely on the string lengths. Figure 11.13 The vibratory strings of a violin produce standing waves whose frequencies rely on the string lengths. In this lesson, you will be able to describe standing waves on a vibrating string; describe qualitatively and quantitatively the superposition of waves; relate harmonics and timbre; and relate the frequency distinction between two waves to numbers of beats detected per secondWhat’s New Activity 11.3.1 Go with the Beat Material: Electrical fan Procedure: 1. Move to a room with an electrical fan. 2. Hum at the frequency of the fan. Procedure: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. C > What Is It \. Standing Waves on a Vibratory String Interference could be a basic property of waves. It happens once two or a lot of waves exist within the same medium which produces a resultant wave. For instance, interference happens once two identical waves (same amplitude and frequency/wavelength) travel within the same medium however in an opposite directions. The superposition of these waves under certain conditions leads to standing waves. Therefore, standing waves can be created only in a medium of finite size like in a rope or spring mounted at each ends or in a solid rod which has a finite length. Refer to Figure 11.14 that shows superposition of waves. The principle of ‘superposition states that once two or a lot of waves meet at a particular point, the resultant wave incorporates a displacement which is the algebraic total of the displacements of every wave. Figure 11.14 Superposition of waves 19The figure shows two waves (red and green) that are superposing to produce the resultant wave (purple). The graph presents only three points where it tells how the displacement of the resultant wave is calculated. Let us say, time = 0, the displacement of the red wave was -0.9 (since displacement is a vector quantity, we consider the negative sign) and the displacement of the green wave was -2.1. And 0, the displacement of the resultant wave (purple) would be the vector sum of the two waves (red and green), giving the values of (-0.9) + (-2.1) = -3. Moreover, the vibrations on the string of a musical instrument like the violin in Figure 11.13 usually consist of many standing waves together at the same time, every of that incorporates a completely different wavelength and frequency. Thus, sounds you hear from stringed instruments even those sound like a single pitch actually consist of multiple frequencies. Table 11.3 shows many doable vibrations on an idealised string, Table 11.3 The harmonie series The ends of the strings that have no vibration should always be nodes (N). The simplest vibration which will occur is shown in the first row of Table 11.3, where the middle of the string experiences most of displacement, and so it is an antinode (A). Since the distance from one node to the next is always half a wavelength ~ the length of the string is equal to Ay/2. Therefore, the wavelength is twice the string length (Ai=2L). The speed of a wave is equal to the frequency times the wavelength, it can be rearranged, v=fhysof=2 By substituting the value for wavelength as shown above for frequency, we an tell that the frequency of the vibration equals to the speed of the wave divided by twice the string length. Fundamental frequency = f, = = =The frequency of vibration is termed the fundamental frequency of the vibratory string. Table 11.3 on second row shows the second harmonic. As presented, three nodes are there and so the string length is equal to one wavelength. Because this wavelength is half the previous wavelength, the frequency of this wave is twice as much. f= 2h, The arrangement pattern continues, and also the frequency of the standing wave within the third row is thrice the fundamental frequency. And that, the frequencies of the standing wave patterns, are all integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. The structured frequencies are known as harmonic series. ‘Since each harmonic is an integral multiple of fundamental frequency, the equation for the fundamental frequency is generalized to incorporate the whole harmonic series. Therefore, 1, = nfs, where fy is the fundamental frequency (f; = 2) and f, is the frequency of the nth harmonic. (Note that v in the speed of waves on the vibratory string and not the speed of the resultant sound waves in air). frend, 2423.0 (speed of waves on the string) frequency = harmonic number X (2\(length of vibrating string) Table 11.4 shows the different musical devices: tuning fork, a clarinet, and a viola at the same pitch. The harmonics of the three as shown in the second column add along consistent with the principle of superposition to provide the resultant waveform shown in the third column of the table. Additionally, it explains why a clarinet has a sound different from a viola even when both musical instruments are sounding with an equivalent note at the same volume. Timbre — a combination of harmonics that produces the characteristic sound of an instrument is referred to as the spectrum of the sound. Table 11.4 The harmonics of different devices: a tuning fork, a clarinet, and a viola at the same pitchBeats Interference happens once two waves meet. The points of overlap can either be a node or an antinode point. A node has very low energy (low amplitude) while an anti-node carries the most or largest amount of energy (maximum amplitude). The changes of interference patterns between loudness and softness varies or depends in a way the listener hear it. This variation from soft to loud and then back to soft is called a beat. Figure 11.15 shows how beat occur. Figure 11.15 Interference of two waves In Figure 11.15(a), the waves made by two tuning forks of various frequencies begin precisely opposite on another. Consider the principle of superposition; these waves would combine as shown in Figure 11.15(b). Out of phase — when two waves are exactly opposite and complete destructive interference happens. Thus, at ty No sound is detected. In phase — after a few more cycles the crest of the blue wave matches up with the crest of the red wave at tz. By this time, constructive interference occurs, hearing a loud sound. At ts, no sound is detected As time passes, the waves are still be in and out of phase, the interference perpetually shifts between constructive interference and destructive interference. The beats are then heard by the listener. a What's More Activity 11.3.2 Essay to Be-In (Beat-Interference) Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. It must contain at least three sentences each item. 1. Is interference a property of some types of waves only or is it a property of all types of waves? 2. When a wave source moves towards a receiver, does the receiver encounter an increase in wave frequency, wave speed or both?3, Suppose a piano tuner hears 3 beats per second when listening to the combined ‘sound from her tuning fork and the piano note being tuned. After slightly tightening the string, she hears 2 beats per second. Should she loosen the string or should she further tighten the string? Why? =~] What I Have Learned From the concepts that you have learned, perform the task below. Fill the graphic organizer to complete the concepts on Harmonics. Use a separate paper as you answer sheet. HARMONICS Topis| | governed by this pnp Stancing Waves afi k tes describe slots tht delve ¥ 2 |. a __] Te fequencis othe snatapalaiies occurs hen ro are all integral muttiples ofthe urdamerial f= re 8. 1 pavesoeran ones ue. _] The eaalono har ia The pont cf vec etherbe ‘monio series of stznaing y wavesona vibating 8] fa Jao] fis sting.% What I Can Do Performance Task: Make a straw whistle by cutting six holes in it. By covering some of the holes at a time, find out how you change the sound that it produces. Using any gadgets, record the sounds your straw whistle produces. The sound recording would run from 30 seconds to 60 seconds. You will be given two (2) days to conceptualize and execute your ideas. ‘Your output will be assessed in accordance with the following criteria. Harmony - 10 points Beats = 10 points Overall 5 points Total: 25 points Enrichment Activity: Is there a source of noise in your community that majority of individuals acknowledge to noise to be a problem? If so, find out what causes the noise and what people want to do to relieve the problem. Hold a panel discussion to analyze the ‘opinions of each side, and propose your own solution.