HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS

1. In what bone in the body is depressed fracture usually seen? SKULL

2. What cartilage covers the epiphysis of long bones? HYALINE CARTILAGE
3. What minerals are mostly stored in bones? CALCIUM AND
PHOSPHORUS
4. In most of the bones formed in the body, what cartilage is involved?
HYALINE CARTILAGE
5. What cell in the bone is responsible for enlarging the medullary cavity?
OSTEOCLAST
6. Which of the following bones is formed on fibrous membranes? FLAT
BONES
7. If the blood calcium level is increased, what would happen to blood
hormone levels? DECREASED PARATHYROID HORMONE
8. What would happen to the body if the parathyroid glands were
inadvertently removed after thyroidectomy? HYPOCALCEMIA
9. This is located in the hard callus of long bones. WOVEN BONE
10. What bones serve as the floor of the anatomical snuffbox? SCAPHOID
AND TRAPEZIUM
11. What vitamin is mainly produced by bacteria residing in the large
intestines? VITAMIN K
12. What enzyme is mainly responsible for digesting carbohydrates into
oligosaccharides? PANCREATIC AMYLASE
13. What is secreted by the following cells?
Chief cells = PEPSINOGEN
Enteroendocrine cells = GASTRIN
Parietal cells = HYDROCHLORIC ACID
14. From the lumen to the outermost part what is the proper order of the
gastrointestinal mucosal lining? EPITHELIUM -> LAMINA PROPRIA ->
MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
15. What is responsible for the following actions?
Stimulates insulin release = GIP
Increases bile output by the liver = SECRETIN
Stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile = CHOLECYSTOKININ
16. This structure resembles lymph nodes and contains antigen-presenting
cells. MALT
17. This fracture is described as incomplete bone breakage commonly found
in children. GREENSTICK FRACTURE
18. This organ system consists of glands which secrete hormones to
regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use by
body cells. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
19. Afferent fibers carry sensory information from chemoreceptors and
mechanoreceptors in the GI tract to the brain stem and spinal cord.
TRUE
20. This hormone relaxes sphincter of the duodenal papilla to allow bile and
pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum. CHOLECYSTOKININ
21. Slow waves in small intestinal smooth muscle cells are: OSCILLATING
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
22. The submucosal plexus primarily controls secretion and blood flow.
TRUE
23. The parasympathetic system is usually inhibitory to the functions of the
GIT. FALSE
24. Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone? VERTEBRAE
25. Which of the following provides a rich ATP harvest producing 32 ATPs
per 1 glucose? OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
26. Which of the following does not belong? SUBMUCOSA
Lamina propria – Submucosa - None of the choices – Epithelium
-Muscularis mucosae
27. This is the contractile unit of muscles. SACROMERES
28. The role of this organelle is to detoxify toxic substances such as free
radicals. PEROXISOMES
29. Which of the following abolishes “receptive relaxation” of the stomach?
VAGOTOMY
30. Which of the following refers to wisdom teeth? THIRD MOLARS
31. This specialized structure stores calcium and release it on demand when
the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract. SACROPLASMIC
RETUCULUM
32. This is an example of a symphysis joint. INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
33. Which of the following changes occurs during defecation? INTERNAL
ANAL SPHINCTER IS RELAXED
34. This cellular component supports the cell and give it shape. It is involved
in intracellular and cellular movements. MICROTUBULES
35. Which of the following is TRUE about the diaphysis? IT MAKES UP
MOST OF THE BONE’S LENGTH
36. What is the major extracellular cation which plays a significant role in
water balance? SODIUM
37. What is the major element making up the human body? OXYGEN
38. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has some gastrin-like properties because both
CCK and gastrin: HAVE FIVE IDENTICAL C-TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS
39. Reflexes in which both afferent and efferent pathways are contained in
the vagus nerve are called vasovagal reflexes. TRUE
40. How many thoracic vertebrae does a normal human being have? 12
41. What vitamin is produced by bacteria residing in the large intestines?
VITAMIN K
42. Which of the following is the site of secretion of intrinsic factor?
GASTRIC FUNDUS
43. The submucosal plexus is also known as the Auerbach plexus. FALSE
44. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in the myenteric and
submucosal plexuses. TRUE
45. Secretion of which of the following substances is inhibited by low pH?
GASTRIN
46. How many deciduous teeth does a person have at two years old? 20
47. Efferent fibers carry information from the brain stem and spinal cord to
the GI tract. TRUE
48. Which of the following substances is secreted in response to an oral
glucose load? GIP
49. The enteric nervous system integrates and coordinates the motility,
secretory, and endocrine functions of the GI tract. TRUE
50. This is an example of a hinge joint. PHALANGEAL JOINTS
51. Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parathyroid hormone?
CAUSES HYPOCALCEMIA
52. This part of the stomach is funnel-shaped and is continuous with the
small intestine. PYLORUS
53. A 35-year-old female painter complained of pain in the palmar aspect of
her right hand. This would be aggravated during painting but would be
relieved after shaking her hands. There is also numbness predominantly in
the fifth finger and extending to the thenar eminence. You examined the
patient by gently tapping the ventral area of her wrist. There was tingling
in the nerve distribution. What sign were you able to elicit? HOFFMAN-
TINEL SIGN
54. Which of the following is TRUE in both cardiac and skeletal muscles? IT
HAS STRIATIONS
55. A 35-year-old female painter complained of pain in the palmar aspect of
her right hand. This would be aggravated during painting but would be
relieved after shaking her hands. There is also numbness predominantly in
the fifth finger and extending to the thenar eminence. What nerve is most
likely affected? MEDIAN NERVE
56. The pelvic nerve innervates from the upper large intestine up to the
anus. FALSE
57. A 24-year-old male graduate student participates in a clinical research
study on intestinal motility. Peristalsis of the small intestine: INVOLVES
CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE BEHIND THE FOOD BOLUS
AND RELAXATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IN FRONT OF THE BOLUS
58. The myenteric plexus primarily controls the motility of the GI smooth
muscle. TRUE
59. A 35-year-old female painter complained of pain in the palmar aspect of
her right hand. This would be aggravated during painting but would be
relieved after shaking her hands. There is also numbness predominantly in
the fifth finger and extending to the thenar eminence. You examined the
patient by fully flexing her wrist for 60 seconds. There was tingling in the
nerve distribution. What sign were you able to elicit? PHALEN SIGN
60. Which of the following is the site of secretion of gastrin? GASTRIC
ANTRUM
61. Which of the following is TRUE about the skeletal muscles? IT HAS
STRIATIONS
62. These cells produce intrinsic factor needed for the absorption of vitamin
B12. PARIETAL CELLS
63. Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits: GASTRIC EMPTYING
64. A 35-year-old female painter complained of pain in the palmar aspect of
her right hand. This would be aggravated during painting but would be
relieved after shaking her hands. There is also numbness predominantly in
the fifth finger and extending to the thenar eminence. What of the
following muscles is LEAST likely affected? ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI
65. Which of the following does NOT belong? STEREOCILIA
Circular folds – Stereocilia – Plicae circulares – Villi - Microvilli
66. Micelle formation is necessary for the intestinal absorption of: VITAMIN
D
67. Where is the site of Vitamin B12 absorption? ILEUM
68. When parietal cells are stimulated, they secrete: HCl and INTRINSIC
FACTOR
69. A 35-year-old female painter complained of pain in the palmar aspect of
her right hand. This would be aggravated during painting but would be
relieved after shaking her hands. There is also numbness predominantly in
the fifth finger and extending to the thenar eminence. Which of the
following is NOT a risk factor for this condition? HYPERTENSION
70. Which of the following substances is released from neurons in the GI
tract and produces smooth muscle relaxation? VASOACTIVE
INTESTINAL PEPTIDE
71. Which of the following is the breakdown product of sucrose? GLUCOSE
+ FRUCTOSE
72. This is an example of a convergent muscle. PECTOLARIS MAJOR
73. This anatomic term refers to a location away from the midline of the
body. LATERAL
74. Which of the following muscles in the hand is supplied by a branch of the
ulnar nerve? PALMARIS BREVIS
75. Which of the following refers to the production of glucose by the liver
from noncarbohydrate substances? GLUCONEOGENESIS
76. Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding swallowing? THE
NASOPHARYNX CLOSES AND BREATHING IS STIMULATED
77. Select where the hormones originate:
Somatostatin → HYPOTHALAMUS
Vasopressin → HYPOTHALAMUS
TSH → PITUITARY GLAND
Cortisol → ADRENAL CORTEX
Prolactin → PITUITARY GLAND
78. G proteins are used in the adenylate cyclase, Ca2+–calmodulin, and IP3
second messenger systems. They have extrinsic GTPase activity.
STATEMENT 1 IS CORRECT. STATEMENT 2 IS INCORRECT.
79. Which of the following is the most potent anabolic hormone known?
INSULIN
80. Down-regulation of receptors may mean decrease in the number of
receptors or decrease in the affinity of receptors. Similarly, up-regulation
of receptors may mean increase in the number of receptors or increase
in the affinity of receptors for a hormone. BOTH STATEMENTS ARE
TRUE
81. Partner and Description of Hormones
Vitamin D → STEROID HORMONE
cAMP → PROTEIN KINASE A
IP3-DAG → PROTEIN KINASE C
Aldosterone → STEROID HORMONE
Phospholipase C → PROTEIN KINASE C
82. What component of the vascular system is the site of highest
resistance? ARTERIOLES
83. What receptors are found on arterioles of the skeletal muscle? B2-
ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
84. What nerve carries information from the carotid sinus to the vasomotor
center in the brain stem? CN IX
85. Somatotropin is the most important hormone for normal growth to adult
size. It is homologous with prolactin and human placental lactogen. TRUE
86. What is the normal lining epithelium of the upper part of the respiratory
system? PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED EPITHELIUM
87. Which of the following is NOT an attempt to increase the arterial
pressure to normal? DECREASED VENOUS VASOCONSTRICTION
88. Predominant Ion in a Ventricular Action Potential:
Repolarization → Na+
Initial repolarization → K+
Resting membrane potential → Na+
 Upstroke → Na+
Plateau → Ca2+
89. Which of the following lung volumes or capacities can be measured by
spirometry? VITAL CAPACITY (VC)
90. Arrange in proper order how G proteins are activated or inhibited:
cAMP activates protein kinase A → D
cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase → E
Conversion of ATP to cAMP → C
Hormone binds to a receptor in the cell membrane → A
GDP is replaced by GTP → B
91. Which of the following is the site of highest airway resistance? MEDIUM-
SIZED BRONCHI
92. Order of Reactions in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis. Use letters A to E:
Sodium-iodide symporter transports I- into the thyroid follicular cells →
A
Conversion of T4-T3 → E
Coupling of MIT and DIT → C
Deiodination of MIT and DIT → D
Organification → B
93. Sequence of Conductive System of the Heart. Use A, B, C, D, E in order
of sequence:
AV node → B
Left and right bundle branches → D
Purkinje fibers → E
SA node → A
Bundle of His → C
94. When the muscarinic receptor in the heart is stimulated, the heart rate
decreases.