Engineering

Electrical Engineering fields

Okayama University Year 1998

A hybrid active filter for damping of

harmonic resonance in industrial power
systems
Hideaki Fujita Takahiro Yamasaki
Okayama University Okayama University
Hirofumi Akagi
Okayama University

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 A Hybrid Active Filter for Damping of Harmonic Resonance
in Industrial Power Systems

Hideaki Fujita, Member, IEEE, Takahiro Yamasaki, and Hirofumi Akagi, Fellow, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering
Okayama University
Okayama-city, 700-8530, JAPAN

Abstmct- This paper proposes a hybrid active filter for

damping of harmonic resonance in industrial power systems.
The hybrid filter consists of a small-rated active filter and a
5th-tuned passive filter. The active filter is characterized by
detecting the 5th harmonic current flowing into the passive
filter. It is controlled in such a way as to behave as a nega-
tive or positive resistor by adjusting a feedback gain &om a
negative to positive value, and vice versa. The negative re-
sistor p-nted by the active filter cancels a positive resistor
inherent in the passive filter, so that the hybrid filter acts as
an ideal passive filter with infinite quality factor. This si* Common Bus
nificantly improves damping the harmonic resonance, com-
pared with the passive filter used alone. Moreover, the ac- &
tive filter acts as a positive resistor to prevent an excessive
harmonic current from flowing into the passive filter. Ex-
perimental results obtained from a 20-kW laboratory model
verify the viability and effectiveness of the hybrid active fil-
ter proposed in this paper.

Harmonic- Capacitors/
I. INTRODUCTION Producing ~ ~ ~ ~ Linear
, n i
Loads ~
Loads Filter
Non-linear loads such as diode or thyristor rectifiers and
cycloconverters draw non-sinusoidal currents from utility Fig. 1. Industrial power system.
grids, thus contributing to the degradation of power quality
in utility or industrial power systems. Notably, voltage
distortion or voltage harmonics in the power systems are
becoming so serious that 5th and 7th harmonic voltages are tiveness in cost/performance [5]-[ll]. Control schemes for
barely acceptable at the customer-utility point of common the active filter have been presented to provide the required
coupling [11. functionssuch as harmonic compensation, harmonic damp-
Oku, et al., have reported a serious status of harmonic ing and/or harmonic is016%, t'ion.
pollution in Japan [2][3]. The maximum value of 5th har-
monic voltage in the downtown area of a 6.6kV power This paper proposes a hybrid active filter consisting of
distribution system exceeds 7% under light-load conditions a small-rated active filter and a specially designed passive
at night. The 5th harmonic voltage increases on the 6 . 6 filter. The active and passive filters are connected in series
kV bus in the secondary of the primary distribution trans- with each other. The hybrid filter is connected in parallel
former installed in a substation, whereas it decreases on with other loads in the vicinity of the secondaryof a distri-
the 77-kV bus in the primary under light-load conditions bution transformer installed at the utility-consumer point
at night. These facts based on the actual measurement of the common coupling (PCC). It is, therefore, different in
suggest that the increase of 5th harmonic voltage on the the point of installation from pure active filters and hybrid
6.6kV bus at night is due to harmonic resonance between axtive filters which have been installed in the vicinity of
line inductors and shunt capacitors for power factor correc- harmonic-producing loads. The purpose of installing the
tion installed on the distribution system. This harmonic hybrid filter proposed in this paper is to damp the har-
resonance may occur, not only in utility power systems, monic resonance in industrial power systems, as well as to
but also in industrial power systems for factories, plants, mitigate harmonic voltages and currents. This paper de-
office buildings and so on. Harmonic damping, therefore, scribes the principle of operation of the hybrid filter and
would be as cost-effective in mitigating harmonic voltages discusses three different harmonic detection methods for
and currents as harmonic compensation [4]. the active filter used in the hybrid filter. Experimental re-
Hybrid filters consisting of active and passive filters con- sults obtained from a 20-kW laboratory model verify the
nected in series or parallel with each other combines the viability of the hybrid filter and its effectiveness in har-
advantages of both filters, thus leading to the best effec- monic damping and harmonic mitigation.

0 1998 IEEE
0-7803-4489-8/98/$10.00 209
 PCC
VEUS UPCC Load Capacity
20 k W
LT
5th Passive
Filter

Control Circuit

Fig. 2. Singlephase equivalent circuit. 5t h-Harmonic

Voltage Generator
TABLE I
C I R C UCONSTANTS.
~ Active Filter

Fig. 3. Experimental system.

lRL
34, ZWV, 6@Hz, 20.kW base

RESONANCE
11. HARMONIC
Fig. 1 shows such an industrial power system as manu-
facturing factories or commercial buildings, in which linear
Fig. 4. Singlephase equivalent circuit.
and nonlinear loads, capacitors for power factor correction
and passive filters are connected on a common bus. The
primary of a distribution transformer installed by the con- 111. HYBRIDACTIVEFILTER
sumer is connected to the PCC, while the secondary sup-
plies the liner and nonlinear loads through the common A. Experimental system
bus. The power system may”cause harmonic propagation Fig. 3 shows a system configuration developed for this
as a result of series and/or parallel resonances between the experiment. Table I summarizes the circuit constants in
power capacitors and the leakage inductor of the distribu- Fig. 3. The industrial power system is rated at 200 V,
tion transformer. 60 Hz and 20 kW, assuming no-load conditions under which
Fig. 2 shows a single-phase circuit equivalent to the the severest harmonic propagation occurs. The active fil-
power system under the assumption that only a 5th har- ter consists of three single-phase voltagesource PWM in-
monic voltage exists at the PCC. Here, h. is the leakage verters using twelve power MOSFETs. Each inverter is
inductance of the transformer; Cis the capacitance of the connected in series with the 5th-tuned passive filter via
capacitors for power factor correction; R, is the resistance a single-phase matching transformer with a turns ratio of
equivalent to the loads. The common bus voltage VEus 1:lO. An inductor I&(=”%) is connected in series down-
includes a 5th harmonic voltage v E U S 5 which is given by stream of the PCC, in order to represent a leakage inductor
of a distribution transformer. A shunt capacitor C (=70%)
is connected in parallel on the common bus. Combination
of the inductor and the capacitor forms a series and/or
parallel resonant circuit, the resonant frequency of which
is around the 5th harmonic frequency. A 5th-harmonic
A no-load condition of R, = CO yields a relationship of generator consisting of a three-phase voltagesource P W
vEUS5> Vs5.This implies that harmonic propagation oc- inverter is used to simulate a 5th harmonic voltage existing
curs in the industrial power system. When the resonant upstream of the PCC.
frequency between LT and Ccoincides with the 5th har-
monic frequency, (1) is simplified as follows: B. Operating Principle of the Active Filter
Fig. 4 shows a single-phase equivalent circuit for the
industrial power system installing the hybrid filter on the
common bus. The active filter detects the 5th harmonic
current flowing into the passive filter, iF5, and then ampli-
The harmonic resonance may magnify the 5th harmonic fying iF5 by a gain K determines its voltage reference as
voltage by 4-10 times even in a full-load condition because follows:
h. has an inductance value of 2-5%. U*,* = K * ip5. (3)

210
 Fig. 6. Singbphase equivalent circuit when no harmonic voltage
Fig. 5. Singlephase equivalent circuit for 5th harmonics. exists in the supply voltage.

As a result, the active filter acts as a pure resistor of K [Cl] Assuming nmload conditions of R, = CO simplifies the
for the 5th harmonic voltage and current. The impedance above equation as follows:
of the hybrid filter at the 5th harmonic frequency, 2, is
given by

This indicates that adjusting the gain K is effective in re-

ducing I F 5 .
Here, rF is a resistance value of a resistor inherent in the
passive filter, and L, and C, are inductance and capxi- IV. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF HARMONIC
tmce values. When the gain K is controlled in a range of DETECTION METHODS
K < 0, the active filter presents a negative resistor to the A . Stability analysis
external circuit, thus improving the quality factor of the
passive filter, Q. Assuming that the passive filter is well Three different harmonic detection methods for the ac-
tuned at the 5th harmonic frequency, the impedance of the tive filter are considered and compared in view of system
passive filter is equal to rF. st ability.
Fig. 5 shows an equivalent circuit with the focus on the (a) Detecting the harmonic current flowing into the pas-
5th harmonic frequency. It is clear that Z, is 0 as long sive filter, IFh
as K = -rF. This implies that no 5th harmonic voltage
appears on the common bus. In general, VBvs5, which is VAF*= K I F h . (11)
the 5th harmonic voltage appearing on the common bus
voltage, and I S 5 ,which is the 5th harmonic current present (b) Detecting the harmonic voltage appearing across the
in the supply current, are given by passive filter, VFh
1

VA,F*
IZ K VFh. (12)
(c) Detecting the harmonic voltage appearing on the com-
mon bus voltage, K3LIsh

VAF*1K . VEVSh. (13)

In the following analysis, the harmonic-extractingcircuit
Assuming that K = -rF yields of the active filter is assumed to be ideal without time
delay, so that the transfer function of the control circuit
v
B VS
5 = 0, (7) is simplified as the gain K . Fig. 6 shows a singlephase
equivalent circuit from which the supply harmonic voltage
1 is removed. The total impedance of the passive filter, ZF(s)
Is5 = v V s 5 . (8)
p 5 h . is given by
1
When an overcurrent flows into the passive filter, the Z,(s) = rF+ sLF + -. (14)
active filter controls the gain K to be a positive value. S c7
i
Thus, the active filter acts as a positive resistor, preventing The external impedance seen from the installation point of
the passive filter from absorbing an excessive 5th harmonic the hybrid filter, Z ( s ) is given by
current. The 5th harmonic current flowing into the passive
filter, IF5 is given by 1
as) = 1 (15)
x & + +SC"

At first, it is necessary to calculate a loop transfer function

of each harmonic detection method.

211
(a) IF-detecting method ,
Fig. 6 allows us to calculate the transfer function from VAF (a): IF-detecting method
to IF,as follows: 2o (b): VF-detecting method
-
m
e,
0
5
The product between (16) and the gain K offers the loop '8 -20
transfer function, GI,, (s). 3
-40

10 30 50 100 300 500 101

(b) VF-detecting method Frequency [Hz]
The loop transfer function of this method, Gv,, (s) is also

h
given by

Moreover, the harmonic voltage appearing on the common

bus, VEUsh is given by

VBUsh = VFh + VAF +

(1 K ) V F ~ . (19)
(b): VF-detecting method
Setting the gain to K = -1 yields an ideal condition of
(c): vBus-detecting method
VEUSh 0. -180 b I
10 30 50 100 300 500 1000
( e ) VEus-detecting method
Frequency [Hz]
The loop transfer function of this method, GvEUs,(s) is
given by Fig. 7. Bode plots of each harmonic-extracting method.

The harmonic voltage on the common bus, VEUSh is given The VF-detecting method with a gain of K = -1 has the
magnitude of 0 dB and the phase angle of 0 in a frequency
bY range of less than 200 Hz and of more than 400 Hz, as
shown in Fig. 7(b), so that this system is marginally stable.
Therefore, the gain should be set in a range of 0 > K > -1,
An ideal gain of K = -CO results in a condition of V, =0.
to provide a gain margin.
However, such a realistic gain as K = -100 is taken in the
following analytical results As shown in Fig. 7(c), the VBUs-detectingmethod with
a gain of K = -100 has a phase margin of more than 20"
B. Analytical Results
although the magnitude is over 0 dB in a frequency range
Fig. 7 illustrates the Bode plots of the loop transfer func- of 150 - 600 Hz, so that this system is stable.
tions obtained from (17), (18) and (20), where the circuit
constants summarized in Table I are used for the analysis. It is assumed in the above analysis that the transfer func-
A load resistor of R,= 2 R, which is rated at 20 kW, is tion of the harmonic-extracting circuit in the control cir-
connected on the common bus. Since each harmonic de- cuit is a constant gain K , independent of frequency. If it is
tection method is based on a positive-feedback system, the implemented to amplify only the extracted 5th harmonic
system is stable as long as the magnitude plot is below 0 current or voltage by the gain K and to lower the gain
dB at the phase crossover frequency of L G(s)r 0. for other frequencies, the system stability of the three har-
The &-detecting method with a gain of K = -rF has monic detection methods can be improved. In addition,
a gain margin of -6 dB at the phase crossover frequency the I,-detecting method is superior in harmonic detection
around 300 Hz, as shown in Fig. 7(a), so that the system accuracy to the other methods because the ratio of the
is stable. When the tuned frequency of the passive filter is extracted harmonic component with respect to the funda-
300 Hz, this system theoretically falls into being marginally mental component is the highest among the three methods.
stable under no-load conditions. A realistic system, how- This experimentalsystem, therefore, takes the IF-detecting
ever, is stable even in no-load conditions due to existing method from the viewpoint of stability and harmonic de-
line resistors. tection accuracy.

212
 -li. I

I . _ _Negative-Sequence
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Component
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ - -II - - - - II- - - - - - , I
I
L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J
Harmonic-Extracting Circuit Gain-Adjusting Circuit

Fig. 8. Block diagram of control circuit.

V. CONTROL
CIRCUIT TABLE I1
Fig. 8 show a block diagram of the control circuit for the FFT ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORMS IN FIGS.9, 10, AND 11.
active filter. It consists of two parts; a circuit for extracting
the 5th harmonic current from the passive filter current iF
and a circuit for automatically adjusting the gain K. The
[%I 1- 5th harmonic voltages and currents
I Fig. 10 I Fig. 11 1
reference voltage for the active filter, vAF*is given by
27.0 (49.0)
UAF* K *i ~ 5 , 3.7
4.7 7.8
9.4
where the gain K is determined in the gain-adjusting cir- ( ) : values referred to vpcc= 2.3%
cuit. 34, 20&V, WHz, 2@kW base

A. Harmonic-extracting circuit
The extracting circuit detects threephase currents flow- The circuit compares iF52with a square of a limitation
ing into the passive filter through three AGCTs, and then value ips*. When iF52 is smaller than the square of iF5*,
the twephase currents on the a-p coordinates are trans- the circuit sets the gain in such a way as K = -rF. When
formed to those on the d - q coordinates by using a unit iF52is larger, an integral feedback controller in the cir-
vector (cos5wt, sin 5wt) with a rotating frequency of five cuit adjusts the gain in such a way as to make iF52equal
times as high as the line frequency. As a result, only 5th- iF5*.The purpose of the gain-adjusting circuit is to p r e
harmonic positivesequence currents on the d - q coordi- vent the passive filter and the active filter from overheating
nates are converted into two dc components, and the funda- and overcurrent, and thierefore the circuit requires a con-
mental current and other harmonic currents into ac compo- trol response as slow as 1-4 seconds. The integral gain is
nents. Therefore, the 5th harmonic positivesequence cur- set to KI = 0.4 Q/(A2s) in the following experiment. This
rents can be extracted from the currents on the d - q coor- implies that it takes about 2 seconds to adjust the gain
dinates through two first-order low-pass filters (LPFs) with from -2 Q to 0.
a corner frequency of 0.1 Hz. The inverse d - q transfor-
mation is applied to the extracted 5th-harmonic positive RESULTS
VI. EWEXIMENTAL
sequence currents, producing three-phase positivesequence
A. Damping effect of hurmonic msonance
5th harmonic currents. To extract 5th-harmonic negative
sequence currents, the same signal processing as the 5th- Figs. %11 show expeirimental waveforms obtained from
harminc positivesequence currents is performed except for Fig. 3. Table I1 summarizes FFT results of 5th harmonic
employing another unit vector (cos 5wt, -sin 5wt) with the voltages and currents, where vpcc, vEUsand vAF are given
opposite rotating direction. Finally, the extracted positive as the ratio of the 5th harmonic voltage with respect to
and negativesequence currents in each phase are added to the rated phase voltage of 200/& V, and is, & and iF are
obtain three-phase 5th harmonic currents. as the ratio of the 5th harmonic current with respect to
the rated load current of 60 A. In Figs. 10 and 11, a 2.3%
B. Gain-adjusting cimuit 5th harmonic voltage is injected upstream of the PCC by
The gain-adjusting circuit calculates a square of the ex- the harmonic voltage generator, as shown in Fig. 3. In
tracted 5th harmonic current every phase, and then sums Fig. 9, a 1.3% 5th harmonic voltage is injected, in order to
all of the three, producing aF5' as follows: reduce the 5th harmonic; current flowing into the capacitor
for power factor correction.
iF52 = iF5u2 + iF5"2 + iF5,2. When the hybrid filter is disconnected, that is, neither

213
 100 A - 80A-
&(=is) 0.y- i.9 0
\
-=t
5ms 30 A -
ac 0
Fig. 9. Experimental waveforms when the hybrid filter is discon-
nected.

5ms

Fig. 11. Experimental waveforms when the hybrid active filter is

installed.

Fig. 11 shows the experimental waveforms when the hy-

brid filter is installed. No harmonic voltage magnifica-
tion occurs even under the same conditions as Fig. 10,
so that vBus is almost sinusoidal. The 5th harmonic volt-
age and currents are reduced to onesixth as small as those
in Fig. 10. This indicates that the active filter connected
in series with the passive filter makes a significant contri-
bution to damping the harmonic resonance. The output
voltage of the active filter, uAF is opposite in phase to the
VAF 0 5th harmonic current present in iF. This implies that the
active filter acts as a negative resistor for the 5th harmonic
voltage and current. Therefore, the 5th harmonic current
in iR in Fig. 11 is 1.7 times as large as that in Fig. 10. The
required peak rating of the active filter is 0.14 kVA, which
Fig. 10. Experimental waveforms when only the passive filter is
installed.
is only 0.7%of the rated load of 20 kW.
B. Experimental results against overcurrent
the passive filter nor the active filter is installed, the 5th Figs. 12 and 13 show experimental waveforms when the
harmonic voltage on vEUsis magnified by 6.3 as a result gain K is kept as a constant value of -2 Q, and when
of the harmonic resonance between LT and C, as shown the gain is adjusted, respectively. Figs. 14-16 illustrate
in Fig. 9. In other words, a 5th harmonic voltage of 15% close-up waveforms of periods A, B and C in Figs. 12 and
would appear across LT and Cif that of 2.3% existed on 13. To realize overcurrent conditions in this experiment,
VPCC. the amplitude of the 5th harmonic voltage injected by the
When only the passive filter is installed, a 5th harmonic harmonic voltage generator is increased at a constant rate
voltage of 6.3%appears on vwus with a magnification factor of 0.5 V/s, and the limitation value of the 5th harmonic
of 2.7, as shown in Fig. 10 and Table II. Note that a much current flowing into the passive fiter is set to be 1.0 A. In
larger amount of 5th harmonic current flows in the passive Fig. 12, the 5th harmonic current flowing into the passive
filter than the fundamental current because the capacity of filter finally reaches 4.3 A as the injected 5th harmonic
the passive filter is as small as 2%. voltage is increased. The increased 5th harmonic current is

214
 A w
B
10 V T .
I
.
,

-
L ,

5s
Fig. 14. Close-up of pieriod A in waveforms in Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Experimental waveforms when K is kept as constant.

10 Vr
10 Vr

K 47---
-2 R

t-+
5ms

Fig. 15. Close-up of period B in waveforms in Fig. 12.

Fig. 13. Experimental waveforms when K is adjusted.

VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has propased a hybrid active filter intended
accompanied by the increased output voltage of the active for damping of harmonic resonance in industrial power
filter. systems. The theoretical analysis and experiment devel-
In Fig. 13, when the 5th harmonic current iF5is over the oped in this paper have verified the viability and cost-
limitation value, the gain-adjusting circuit starts to vary effectiveness in the hybrid filter. This paper has led to
the gain from a negative to positive vale, finally approach- the following conclusions:
ing to 1.7 Q. As a result of adjusting the gain, iF5 is even- The IF-detecting method is much better in stability
tually limited within 1.0 A. Note that a time delay of 1.3 s and detection accuracy than the other methods.
exists between the maximum point of the 5th harmonic cur- The hybrid filter can reduce the 5th harmonic voltage
rent in iF5 and the maximum point of a gain-rising rate of appearing on the common bus to onesixth as low as
1.2 R/s, because the first-order low-pass-filters with a cor- the passive filter wed alone.
ner frequency of 1.6 s are used in the harmonic-extracting The required rating of the active filter is less than 1%
circuit. In Fig. 16, the 5th harmonic current in iF5 is in of the rated load.
phase with the output voltage of the active filter vAF, and The active filter acting as a positive resistor at the
thus the active filter acts as a positive resistor of 1.7 R at 5th harmonic frequency prevents the passive filter from
the 5th harmonic frequency. overcurrent.

215
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