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Blockchain Programming

This document provides an overview of blockchain programming and developing decentralized applications (DApps). It discusses: - How DApps differ from traditional apps by running code on an open, decentralized network instead of a single server. - Popular blockchain platforms like Ethereum and programming languages like Solidity that allow defining and interacting with smart contracts. - Key concepts in blockchain programming like accounts, gas, transactions, and data structures like mappings and arrays. - Tools for developing and testing contracts like Remix, Infura, Metamask, and running a private blockchain network for experimentation. The document serves as an introduction to blockchain programming concepts and technologies needed for building decentralized applications on platforms like Ethereum.

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Uri Fontes
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
87 views

Blockchain Programming

This document provides an overview of blockchain programming and developing decentralized applications (DApps). It discusses: - How DApps differ from traditional apps by running code on an open, decentralized network instead of a single server. - Popular blockchain platforms like Ethereum and programming languages like Solidity that allow defining and interacting with smart contracts. - Key concepts in blockchain programming like accounts, gas, transactions, and data structures like mappings and arrays. - Tools for developing and testing contracts like Remix, Infura, Metamask, and running a private blockchain network for experimentation. The document serves as an introduction to blockchain programming concepts and technologies needed for building decentralized applications on platforms like Ethereum.

Uploaded by

Uri Fontes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learn Blockchain Programming

Ali Dorri
Traditional Programming

• Server runs the code


• User may or may not know the code Code to be
executed
• Complicated algorithms
• Database
t
R eques

se
R e sp o n
DApps: Distributed Applications
DApps: Distributed Applications

Open Source: All nodes have to verify the contract to verify transaction and
state in blockchain.

Decentralized

Incentive: Normally use token/assets to fuel the code

Algorithm/Protocol

Immutable
Different Blockchains, Different Platforms
• To store its transaction, each node has to verify two other transactions

• Self-scaling

• Reduce cost and delay


• Different blockchains

• Can be used to build blockchain and evaluate performance

• Open source
Solidity

• Influenced by C++, Java, and Python

• Runs on Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)

• EVM: The computer that all full nodes agree to run, i.e., runtime
environment for smart contract

• All nodes perform the code execution

• Write Solidity code online in: https://remix.ethereum.org


Accounts

• Each account has an address:


o External accounts: determined by public key
o Smart contract account: creator address and nonce

• Each account has balance in Ether (in “Wei” to be exact, 1


ether is 10**18 wei)
Gas

• Gas Limit
• Gas Price

Transaction fee = Gas limit * Gas price

Gas limit: Amount of liters of gas for a car


Gas price: Cost of liter of gas
Solidity

https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/introduction-to-smart-contracts.html
You can define Structs in solidity

struct Person {
uint age;
string name;
}

You can define Arrays in solidity as well

// Array with a fixed length of 2 elements:


uint[2] fixedArray;

// another fixed Array, can contain 5 strings:


string[5] stringArray;

// a dynamic Array - has no fixed size, can keep growing:


uint[] dynamicArray;
• Define Function
function setAge(string _name, uint _age) {

Function visibility

• Public
o Your contract can be called by anyone or any other contract
o Default
o Security issue
• Private
o Only functions within the contract can call the function
function setAge(string _name, uint _age) private {

• Internal
o Similar to private, but accessible to contracts that inherit from this contract

• External
o Similar to public, but can “only” be called outside the contract
• Return value
string greeting = "What's up";
function sayHello() public returns (string) {
return greeting;
}
• Function modifiers

• View: the function only views data, but not modifying any value, i.e., only
read action is performed.

• Pure: the function does not access data in blockchain, i.e., the return value
only depends on the input values.
function _multiply(uint a, uint b) private pure returns
(uint) {
return a * b;
}
• Mapping (keyàvalue)
mapping (address => uint) public accountBalance;

mapping (uint => string) userIdToName;

• How to find out the address of the person who called the transaction?

msg.sender

• Running a function with a condition:

function sayHiToVitalik(string _name) public returns (string) {


require(keccak256(_name) == keccak256(”Ali"));
return "Hi!";
}
Contract inheritance

contract Doge {
function catchphrase() public returns (string) {
return "So Wow CryptoDoge";
}}

contract BabyDoge is Doge {


function anotherCatchphrase() public returns (string) {
return "Such Moon BabyDoge";
} }

import "./someothercontract.sol";
Ownable

• “Ownable” is a contract from OpenZeppelin.

• OpenZeppelin is a library for secure smart contract development.

• Has a modifier named “onlyOwner”

contract MyContract is Ownable {

function likeABoss() external onlyOwner {


LaughManiacally("Muahahahaha");
} }

https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity
Payable

• Marks a contract as payable


contract OnlineStore {
function buySomething() external payable {

require(msg.value == 0.001 ether);

transferThing(msg.sender);
} }

• Withdraw
uint itemFee = 0.001 ether;
msg.sender.transfer(msg.value - itemFee);
What to do after writing the smart code?

To interact with a contract you need:

1.The address of the smart contract


2.The function you want to call, and
3.The variables you want to pass to that function.

JSON files
Infura
• Maintains a set of Ethereum nodes

• Connects you to the Ethereum

• Use the address in your API.

var web3 = new Web3(new Web3.providers.WebsocketProvider


("wss://mainnet.infura.io/ws"));

https://infura.io/
Metamask

• Browser extension for chrome and Firefox

• Allows users to manage their Ethereum accounts while


connecting to websites.

• As a developer, if you want the users to interact with


your DApp using website, you need to make it
metamask-compatible.

• Check if the user has installed metamask


Contract Application Binary Interface (ABI)

• Your contract in JSON format

• Clarifies how to call functions


Private Ethereum testnet

• Install Node.js,
o brew install node

• Install compiler
o npm install –g solc

• Install Ethereum
o brew tap ethereum/ethereum brew
o install ethereum
Create a
genesis.JSON file

https://medium.com/cybermiles/running-a-quick-ethereum-private-network-for-experimentation-and-testing-6b1c23605bce
Initialize the first node
geth --datadir ~/gethDataDir/ init genesis.json

Start the first node


geth --datadir ./myDataDir --networkid 1114 console 2>> myEth.log

Create account
personal.newAccount("<YOUR_PASSPHRASE>")

Check account
Eth.accounts
Checking account balance Eth.getbalance(eth.coinbase/eth.accounts[0])

Start mining Miner.start(1)

Add another node


geth --datadir ./peer2DataDir --networkid 1114 --port 30304
console 2>> myEth2.log

Node address admin.nodeInfo.enode

Verify peers Admin.peers


How to create your own cryptocurrency (ICO)?
Token

• Token is a smart contract that follows some common rules and


implements a standard set of functions.
Ping me at [email protected]

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